Academic literature on the topic 'Emulsions (pharmacy)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Emulsions (pharmacy)"
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DeDonato, Bethany M., Lisa I. Bickford, and Ryan J. Gates. "Microbial Growth in Neonatal Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administered Over 12 Versus 24 Hours." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-18.4.298.
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OBJECTIVES To determine whether an extended infusion time (24 hours) of intravenous fat emulsion is associated with an increase in microbial growth, versus a shorter infusion time (12 hours). METHODS Samples were collected from intravenous fat emulsions (n=132), from intravenous fat emulsions prepared in the current 24-hour infusion method (n=55), and from intravenous fat emulsions prepared in the twice-daily (12-hour infusion) method (n=55). In addition, samples were collected from pharmacy (n=22) to test for possible contamination. RESULTS No growth was observed in either arm of the study. CONCLUSIONS Current Kern Medical Center policy of preparation and administration of neonatal intensive care unit intravenous fat emulsion is safe and effective in regard to microbial growth.
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Janů, Michal, Helena Brodská, Marek Vecka, Ruta Masteiková, Eva Kotrlíková, Robertas Lažauskas, Rimantas Pečiūra, and Jurga Bernatonienė. "Comparison of Long-Term Stability of Parenteral All-in-One Admixtures Containing New Lipid Emulsions Prepared Under Hospital Pharmacy Conditions." Medicina 47, no. 6 (June 28, 2011): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina47060046.
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All-in-one (AIO) admixtures for parenteral nutrition are common in hospital pharmacy practices. They are extemporaneously prepared and should be stable during preparation, storage, and administration. Lipid emulsion is a clinically important and very susceptible component of instability. The objective of study was to evaluate the long-term stability of AIO admixtures containing modern lipid emulsions. Material and methods. AIO admixtures with two different emulsions (SMOFlipid and Lipoplus) containing the same amount of glucose and complex amino acid solution, and variable amounts of ions were prepared. Samples were evaluated at 2, 5, 8 and 30 days after preparation. The main indicator of AIO system stability was the amount of lipid globules greater than 5 μm in diameter, which is limited by pharmacopoeia. Optical microscopy was used for particle size measurement. Results. All prepared AIO admixtures remained stable during observation. The counts of overlimit lipid particles were within pharmacopeial limit nevertheless tended to increase in time. After 30-day storage, their value was influenced mainly by concentration of calcium ions, which at lower concentrations had a greater impact on SMOFlipid-based admixtures, whereas at the highest concentration on Lipoplus-based admixtures. The concentration of ions and osmolarity remained without changes; pH of admixtures slightly decreased. Conclusions. Both lipid emulsions were found to be suitable for preparation AIO admixtures with different concentrations of electrolytes. The formulations were stable even if contained high concentrations of divalent ions. The comparison of emulsions revealed the superiority of Lipoplus – electrolyte concentrations and duration of storage had a greater impact on admixtures with SMOFlipid.
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Dourado, Douglas, Camilla Barreto, Rafaela S. Fernandes, Ian M. R. Blanco, Danilo Oliveira, Neila Pereira, and Mateus F. Leite. "Development and evaluation of emulsifying systems of the material grease from Brazilian flora." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres15.069_3.5.130.
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Context: Oils and butter of seed from Brazilian biodiversity are extending the range of innovative products for cosmetics development. They have a fat potential similar to skin composition, leading to the improved performance of these product. Aims: Improve the emulsions spreadability through prior screening of grease composition and studying the viscosity, and the emulsions accelerated stability. Methods: Emulsions were formulated using oils from semiarid plants from Bahia: Syagrus coronate, Pachira retusa, and Pachira aquatica, so as to compare them with oils already standard in the production of cosmetics. Spreadability and stability tests were made comparing the results. The same criteria were used with Amazon seed butter: Virola surinamensis, Butyrospermum parkii, Astrocaryum murumuru, Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum. For the emulsions screening and performance, a system was developed for oil/ butter, following tests of accelerated stability, viscosity, and spreadability. Results: The combined system of spreadability was optimized using screening. Emollients containing oleic and palmitic acids, and light chain fatty acids obtained good spreadability. The oil emulsion containing Pachira retusa and Virola surinamensis butter had a higher viscosity. Conclusions: With high content of fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic or the light chain fatty acids obtain an appropriated appearance, texture, and spreadability for cosmetic use. Thus, oils with a low fatty acid content may be combined with butter that have a high fatty acid content and vice-versa. Analyzing and strategically combining grease composition, one can optimize the performance of cosmetic formulations.
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de la Paz, Nilia, Dania Pérez, Mirna Fernández, Caridad M. García, Vivian Martínez, Antonio Nogueira, and Oscar García. "In vitro release of dibucaine hydrochloride from chitosan semisolid vehicles: emulsion and hydrophilic gels." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres16.164_5.2.96.
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Context: Chitosan has received attention as a functional, sustainably renewable, nontoxic and biodegradable biopolymer for pharmaceutical applications. Aims: To evaluate the release of dibucaine hydrochloride from semisolid vehicles of oil/aqueous type emulsion and aqueous gels, stabilized by using chitosan (CH) or chitosan acetate (CHAc). Methods: Emulsions were developed by varying the emulsifying agent: polysorbate 80, CH or CHAc and by combining CH with polysorbate 80 or CHAc with polysorbate 80. The hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose F4M was added as a stabilizing agent in gel formulations. The release rates of model drug from semisolid vehicles were measured by using a dialysis sac. Drug release was also quantified by using a validated UV-VIS spectrophotometric method. Results: The pH values showed minimal changes for emulsion and gel formulations. The drug is a cationic salt, and it is not able to bind polymer cations by electrostatic repulsion. The rheological property of the vehicle type emulsion was adjusted to plastic and pseudo-plastic fluid to the gels. The drug release was independent of the viscosity of vehicles. Dibucaine release from both types of formulation was found to follow a square-root-of-time kinetic model, but a higher rate of release was obtained from gel formulations. Conclusions: It was shown that chitosan was adsorbed to the surface of polysorbate 80-coated droplets, and that the electrostatic attraction between the non-ionic surfactant and the drug retarded its release from a semisolid system. The multilayer emulsions showed more influence of the release of drug than CH or CHAc single layer emulsion.
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Yarnykh, Tetyana, Oleksandr Kotenko, Olga Rukhmakova, Julia Levachkova, and Volodymyr Kovalev. "INTRODUCTION OF LEARNING INNOVATIVE ELEMENTS ON THE LESSON EXAMPLE "PREPARATION OF EMULSIONS"." Science and Education 2021, no. 1 (March 2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2021-1-6.
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Improving the quality of education is one of the most important tasks facing the teacher. An indicator of the effectiveness of training is its compliance with conditions in which the future specialist will work. University graduates often face the difficult task of adapting the knowledge gained in the learning process to the realities of the workplace. Teachers of the National University of Pharmacy, in particular those who work at the Drugs Technology Department, try to introduce into the educational process classes in which applicants of higher education can see and participate in the work of modern pharmacies. The purpose of such classes is to increase the interest of applicants of higher education in training, demonstration and practice of using modern equipment, increase the efficiency of teamwork and others. The publication presents the experience of conducting classes on the preparation of emulsions using modern equipment with the participation of pharmacy staff who prepare extemporaneous medicines. To compare the efficiency of modern devices, applicants of higher education were divided into two groups, which prepared the emulsion by classical technology and using a homogenizer “Silent Crusher-M”. The result of this lesson is to increase the interest of applicants of higher education in the use of modern telecommunications equipment and devices, increase interest in obtaining theoretical knowledge due to the clarity of their practical implementation, increase awareness of professional development. Applicants for higher education were able to compare the effectiveness of the use of mechanization for the preparation of medicines; the need to acquire skills for further work in the pharmaceutical field, which increases their responsibility to learn.
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Leal, Guilherme Carneiro, Isabela Mazarim da Costa, Jéssica Bassi da Silva, Rafaela Said dos Santos, Marcos Luciano Bruschi, João Carlos Palazzo de Mello, Celso Vataru Nakamura, and Audrey Alesandra Stinghen Garcia Lonni. "Development, characterization, and evaluation by cutaneous bioengineering of a natural emulsion, to provide a standardized vehicle base for topical compounded preparations." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 16 (December 16, 2022): e509111638290. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.38290.
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The use of products containing natural and sustainable substances has shown a remarkable growth in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic market, such as in the compounding pharmacy. This research aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate the cutaneous bioengineering of natural and sustainable emulsions, providing a vehicle base for topical preparations. Nine O/W emulsions were developed changing the nonionic self-emulsifying wax (Cetearyl Olivate (and) Sorbitan Olivate, Cetearyl Glucoside (and) Cetearyl Alcohol, Candelilla/Jojoba/Rice Bran Polyglyceryl-3 Esters (and) Glyceryl Stearate (and) Cetearyl Alcohol (and) Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate), with or without the anionic co-emulsifier (Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate). They were characterized through preliminary stability tests, rheology and accelerated physicochemical stability study. Four formulations were approved (FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB5), but only FB1 (Cetearyl Olivate (and) Sorbitan Olivate with Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate) was considered stable, being selected for preservative efficacy evaluation and the cutaneous bioengineering. The hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of stratum corneum were analyzed comparing with a conventional topical vehicle (Emulsifying Wax NF). The clinical study showed that FB1 improved the skin hydration with no significant changes for TEWL, but demonstrated considered values. The FB1 could be classified as “skin friendly” and represents a promising natural and sustainable vehicle in compounded pharmacy preparations.
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Sampiev, A. M., M. P. Semenenko, A. A. Parfenyuk, E. V. Kuzminova, P. V. Miroshnichenko, and C. S. Polegayeva. "Pharmaceutical evaluation of applicability of bentonite clays appointments in ointments for veterinary purpose." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 2 (July 21, 2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.2.79.
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Bentonite clays, especially those with a high content of montmorillonite, are widely used in the oil refining, winemaking, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. Such a wide and multidirectional use is primarily due to their unique physicochemical properties. The presence of these properties in bentonites arouses interest in them in pharmacy as excipients (emulsifiers, stabilizers, structure formers, etc.) as part of various dosage forms. However, despite the direct mention in the current State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the possibility of using bentonites as excipients, a substance officially permitted for these purposes in Russia is not registered and is not produced. In this regard, the urgent task was to conduct a preliminary pharmaceutical assessment of bentonite from a domestic field for the potential possibility of using it in veterinary pharmacy. The study was carried out on a modified sodium form of bentonite, processed to a homogeneous fine powder in comparison with the original alkaline earth form. The assessment was carried out according to indicators for pharmacopoeia analysis: description, authenticity, pH of an aqueous suspension, weight loss on drying, the content of arsenic, iron, calcium, carbonate chlorides, the presence of coarse particles, microbiological purity, swelling, gelling, emulsifying ability and stability emulsions. The evaluation of the emulsifying ability, emulsion stabilization, gelling properties and a number of pharmacopoeia indicators of good quality demonstrated the potential possibility of using domestically deposited bentonite in veterinary pharmacy (using the example of the Kantemirovskoye deposit in the Voronezh region) as excipients in the composition of dosage forms for veterinary use, in particular, heterogeneous ointments. In this regard, the sodium modification of bentonite seems to be more promising for further in-depth study.
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Sah, Hitarth, and Prof (Dr ). G. Ganarajan. "Microspheress Types Preparation Evaluation and Applications: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53612.
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Abstract: Microspheres, also known as microspheres or “monolithic spheres” are small spherical particles that usually range from 1 to 1000 micrometres (µm). This multi-particulate drug delivery system is used in order to obtain controlled and prolonged drug delivery, thus improving the stability, bioavailability, and site specificity at a desired and predetermined rate. There are various methods in order to prepare/formulate the microspheres, such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, extraction of solvent, spray drying, Coacervation, Electrostatic or Electrodynamic, Template or Moulding methods and various other methods that include Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE). Every method has its own benefits and disadvantages therefore, the selection of appropriate method is critical in achieving the desired microsphere characteristic. This review covers the different methods used to prepare the microspheres, the variety of parameters used in order to evaluate their effectiveness and their applications in the field of pharmacy.
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Navarro-Pérez, Yisel M., Elisa Cedeño-Linares, Osvaldo Norman-Montenegro, Vivian Ruz-Sanjuan, Yunisley Mondeja-Rivera, Ana M. Hernández-Monzón, and Mirtha M. González-Bedia. "Prediction of the physical stability and quality of O/W cosmetic emulsions using full factorial design." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres20.908_9.1.98.
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Context: Full factorial design is effective in predicting the properties optimization and processing conditions of cosmetic emulsions. However, in most factorial designs, the technological quality and accelerated stability tests of emulsions are not included together as dependent variables. Aims: To predict the technological quality and physical stability of model cosmetic emulsions from the combination of formulation and processing factors using a 23 full factorial design. Methods: A 23 full factorial design with 95 % of confidence was generated in order to evaluate the influence of critical factors during the manufacture of cosmetic emulsions on their quality and physical stability. Emulsifier, concentration of stearic acid (formulation factors) and type of cooling (processing factor) were the independent variables, whereas spreadability, bulk density and pH were dependent variables for technological quality and centrifugation, heating-cooling and freeze-thaw cycles were dependent variables for physical stability of the emulsions. All cosmetic emulsions were prepared with a low stirring speed of 100 rpm. Results: The formulation containing 1% w/w sodium lauryl sulfate, 1.05% w/w stearic acid and prepared with continuous cooling, did not show indicative changes of physical instability by visual inspection after accelerated physical stability tests. These results were confirmed with emulsions stored for 12 and 24 months using real storage conditions. However, formulations containing an emulsifier blend composition (Tween 80: Sodium lauryl sulfate, 2:1 w/w), showed signs of creaming after these tests. Conclusions: Sodium lauryl sulfate at 1 % w/w, increased the physical stability of the emulsions by increasing their consistency and by other possible mechanisms. Real storage conditions confirmed the stability prediction performed using the combination of accelerated stability tests (centrifugation/cooling-heating/freeze-thaw cycles), aided by the purposed full factorial design.
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Gura, Kathleen M. "The Power of Networking and Lessons Learned From Omegaven." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25, no. 8 (November 1, 2020): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-25.8.663.
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As more meetings become virtual, the impact of “live” meetings is being reevaluated. Here one example of how a chance meeting at a national pharmacy meeting led to the development of a new drug therapy that reinvented how parenteral nutrition is provided to infants and children is described. Along the way, many lessons were learned both in the lab and at home. Addressing the challenges raised by others, understanding how the FDA works, and the power of parental involvement are all considered. Until 2013, the only FDA-approved lipid emulsions were those composed of pure soybean oils. Starting with compassionate use protocol in 2004, it took 18 years and hundreds of patients to bring a pure fish oil lipid emulsion to the US market. First used off label to treat a soy-allergic patient dependent on parenteral nutrition, researchers at Boston Children's Hospital later conducted animal studies on its role in treating and preventing intestinal failure associated with liver injury and later translated it into clinical trials that led to the drug's approval in 2018. This is a recount of those efforts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emulsions (pharmacy)"
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Corswant, Christian von. "Lecithin-based microemulsions for pharmaceutical use phase behavior and solution structure /." Lund : Lund University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68945035.html.
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Pozo, Carrascosa Alfonso del. "Aplicación de la conductimetría al estudio de emulsiones: parámetros conductimétricos en emulsiones fluidas O-A elaboradas con emulgentes no iónicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673132.
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El objetivo de la presente Memoria consiste en aplicar la conductimetría al estudio de la formación de emulsiones fluidas de tipo O/A, empleando como emulgentes mezclas de anfifilos no iónicos de los tipos de ésteres de sorbitano y ásteres de sorbitano etoxilados, concretamente, Tweens(R) y Spans(R).
Las emulsiones se elaboran por el procedimiento de inversión de fase, en condiciones isotérmicas (60ºC) y la curva de conductividad, determinada en continuo durante el proceso, se expresa en conductividades (k en mi-S) frente a un volumen de agua de baja conductividad(15-30 mi-S, a 60ºC) , que se va añadiendo sobre la fase lipófila mezclada con los anfifilos.
Del estudio de la curva conductimétrica y de sus principales parámetros se pretende obtener conclusiones acerca del emulgente más adecuado para la elaboración de emulsiones estables, llegándose al concepto de HLB requerido por la fase lipófila, a través del que denominamos HLB idóneo para cada mezcla de anfifilos. Mediante la elaboración de diagramas ternarios de equilibrio de fase, se pretende también conocer, exclusivamente mediante procedimientos conductimétricos, las concentraciones mutuas más adecuadas de emulgente y fase lipófila para las emulsiones flúidas O/A en los HLB idóneos y/o requeridos.
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Graf, Anja, and n/a. "Preparation and physico-chemical characterisation of microemulsion-based nanoparticles." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080701.121440.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate possible effects of different microemulsion structure-types and types of monomer used on the formation of poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles, the entrapment into and release of insulin from these formulations as well as the bioactivity of the insulin upon intragastric delivery of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles dispersed in the microemulsion template.
Methods: For two different microemulsion systems consisting of water, isopropyl myristate and either sugar-based surfactants or a macrogol glyceride-based surfactant-mixture, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were established. Microemulsion samples therein were identified and characterised with polarising light microscopy, viscosity and conductivity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy and self-diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the microemulsion structure-type. Nanoparticles were prepared from various microemulsion templates by interfacial polymerisation using ethyl (2) cyanoacrylate and butyl (2) cyanoacrylate. Particle size distribution and surface charge were measured using photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic mobility. The morphology of the particles was characterised by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Insulin was used as a model protein and the amount entrapped into and released from the particles was determined using a reverse phase HPLC assay. A diabetic rat model was employed to examine the bioactivity of different nanoparticle-microemulsion formulations with blood glucose and serum insulin as parameters measured by a proprietary glucometer and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively.
Results: The microemulsion system based on sugar-surfactants only formed solution-type microemulsions which could not all satisfactorily be used as a polymerisation template in the presence of insulin. The system however also showed an environmentally responsive gelling behaviour which may be suitable for depot delivery. The macrogol glyceride-based microemulsion system resulted in microemulsions with a continuous transition from water-in-oil to oil-in-water droplet-types via the bicontinuous structure-type. Microemulsion samples of each structure-type could serve as nanoparticle templates and resulted in particles with similar properties. Entrapment efficiency of insulin into the nanoparticles was template and monomer dependent. However, insulin was found to interfere with the polymerisation leading to a high variability in entrapment and release kinetics of these drug delivery systems. The degree of interference depended on the type of monomer and the size of the aqueous pseudo-phase of the microemulsion template. The interpretation of the results was further complicated by a possible competitive polymerisation initiation of insulin with the surfactant-mixture. Upon intragastric administration of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles dispersed in the oil-in-water microemulsion template a significant reduction in blood glucose could be achieved for up to 30 hours. However, no significant serum insulin concentration was detectable.
Conclusions: Structurally different microemulsion templates resulting in nanoparticles with similar properties may offer increased formulation flexibility, in that a microemulsion template can be chosen which best solubilises the drug. Thus the microemulsions investigated in this thesis may serve as nanoparticle templates for designing entrapment processes for peptides and proteins with a simple one-step preparation by interfacial polymerisation. However, only if one was able to optimise and control the factors leading to the high entrapment and release variability these nanoparticles on the basis of microemulsions might be promising carriers for the oral delivery of peptide and protein bioactives.
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Johnson, Olufunmilayo Lily. "The formulation of bio-compatible perfluorocarbon emulsions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315115.
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Beldengrün, Yoran. "Water-in-Water Emulsions for Obtaining Enzyme-Loaded Microgels and Encapsulated Emulsions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/662970.
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Encapsulation of enzymes into protective matrices is of interest in drug delivery or industrial processes, to control the release of the enzyme or protect it from harsh environments. We are studying the encapsulation of lactase (β-Gal) into drug delivery vehicles, templated by water-in-water (W/W) emulsions.
W/W emulsions are colloidal dispersions made of two immiscible aqueous phases that are in thermodynamic equilibrium, in absence of both oil and surfactant. This makes them of interest for environment friendly processes, in which organic solvents are replaced by aqueous ones, and for designing biocompatible delivery vehicles. Moreover, gelled droplets in the micron range, microgels, can be obtained by gelling and crosslinking the dispersed phase of W/W emulsions.
Two distinct W/W emulsion systems were selected to serve as templates: sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) / bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures and gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures.
In the first system, the NaCMC/BSA mixture, phase behavior of the polymer mixture was analyzed, showing that this system can form W/W emulsions under basic pH conditions (pH 11-13). Emulsions with droplets between 5-20 µm were obtained. Ca2+ crosslinked selectively NaCMC, while the trivalent ions Fe3+ and Al3+ crosslinked both polymers, thus also the entire emulsion. By dropping the emulsion into the trivalent crosslinker solutions, encapsulated emulsions could be obtained, which consist of BSA gel beads that contain encapsulated NaCMC emulsion droplets. Freeze-drying of those beads lead to particles with pores, whose size corresponded to that of the emulsion droplets. Bead size was minimized down to ~600 µm by electrospraying the emulsion into the ion solutions. These beads, composed of both polymers, BSA and NaCMC, remained stable when simulating pH conditions experienced during the passage from food to the stomach over to the intestine, making it an interesting delivery vehicle for oral delivery of active molecules. The challenges of immobilizing enzymes into this type of encapsulated emulsions have been studied and discussed.
In the second system, the gelatin/maltodextrin aqueous mixtures, the aim was to obtain gelatin microgels, crosslinked with genipin, to serve as enzyme carriers.
The phase behavior of gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures in water was analysed in details. Microgels were formed from the gelatin-in-maltodextrin emulsions by cooling and crosslinking the dispersed gelatin droplets with genipin. Particle sizes as small as 6 µm were reached.
Those microgels had a slight swelling response at pH values different from their isoelectric point (pI≈5) and shrank at increasing ionic strength. Crosslinking increased their stability in simulated gastric pH and temperature conditions.
Microgels could also be kept in a dry form, by freeze-drying the suspensions.
Various incorporation methods of the enzyme β-Gal were tested, to achieve highest encapsulation yield and activity recovery. Higher crosslinking degrees increased encapsulation yields. These conditions lead however also to the highest activity loss, due to direct contact between genipin and the enzyme, which partly deactivated the enzyme. Considering the activity loss, the highest activity recovery, which corresponds to active enzyme remaining inside the microgels, was achieved at intermediate crosslinking degrees. The enzyme remained active over at least one month, however a challenge was leakage of the enzyme from the microgels, which occurred faster at lower crosslinking rates. Therefore, of interest is the fact that the enzyme remained active after a complete cycle of freeze-drying and rehydration of enzyme-loaded microgel particles.
The enzyme-loaded crosslinked gelatin microgels were not able to preserve enzyme activity under simulated gastric fluid temperature and pH conditions. It was shown however that they have some protective effect on enzyme activity at pH 5.8 and 37 °C. These can be considered as preliminary results for their possible use in e.g. industrial production of lactose-hydrolyzed milk, which has similar pH and temperature conditions.
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Homs, Maria. "Estudi de la formació de nano-emulsions per mètodes de baixa energia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396651.
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Les nano-emulsions són emulsions, dispersions de dos líquids immiscibles, amb una mida de gota en el rang nanomètric, (20-200 nm). Degut a la mida de gota, presenten una sèrie de propietats que fan que tinguin aplicacions en sectors industrials molt diversos (farmacèutic, agroquímic, cosmètic i alimentari). Les nano-emulsions es poden preparar mitjançant mètodes de baixa-energia, en els quals s’utilitza l’energia interna química dels components del sistema per emulsionar. En aquests mètodes durant el procés d’emulsificació es produeixen transicions de fases que determinen la mida de gota mínima. Per això, el coneixement del comportament fàsic és un factor clau en l’estudi dels mecanismes de formació de nano-emulsions per aquests mètodes.
En la present tesi doctoral s’ha estudiat la formació de nano-emulsions de fase externa aquosa (O/W) per mètodes de baixa energia per tal d’aprofundir en els mecanismes de la seva formació. S’ha aconseguit formar nano-emulsions O/W amb un contingut d’aigua del 85% en sistemes aigua/tensioactiu no iònic/component oliós a temperatura constant per un procediment no descrit amb anterioritat que consisteix en l’addició d’un tensioactiu més hidròfil a fases de microemulsió O/W. Els radis hidrodinàmics de les nano-emulsions han estat similars al de les microemulsions inicials (15-20nm). Així mateix s’ha estudiat quines són les fases clau determinants de les propietats de les nano-emulsions obtingudes mitjançant addició d’aigua a temperatura constant a mescles binàries i ternàries de sistemes aigua/tensioactiu no iònics etoxilat/component oliós. L’estudi ha evidenciat que la formació de nano-emulsions es produeix mitjançant tres possibles mecanismes: (a) per inversió de fases (PIC), (b) per dilució de microemulsions O/W sense inversió de fases, i (c) per inversió de fases seguit de dilució de microemulsions O/W. L’estudi també ha fet palès que en la formació de nano-emulsions un factor clau es la coexistència dels components del sistema en una sola fase durant alguna etapa del procés d’emulsificació.
Entre les aplicacions de les nano-emulsions és de gran interès la seva utilització com a plantilla per a l’obtenció de nanopartícules. En aquesta investigació s’ha estudiat la formació de nanopartícules a partir de nano-emulsions polimèriques d’àcid poli(làctic-co-glicòlic) (PLGA) per possible aplicació en el camp de la biomedicina. S’ha investigat la influència de la concentració de polímer en la formació i propietats de nano-emulsions i nanopartícules polimèriques en medi aquós ja que aquest aspecte no ha estat descrit a la literatura. S’han format nano-emulsions O/W en un sistema aigua/tensioactiu no iònic/(PLGA en acetat d’etil) amb continguts d’aigua des del 45% fins a concentracions superiors al 90% i en un ampli interval de relacions oli-tensioactiu amb valors de radi hidrodinàmic en el rang de 7-75nm. La regió de formació de nano-emulsions i la mida de gota augmenten lleugerament amb el contingut de polímer. L’estudi del comportament fàsic ha posat de manifest la presència de fases de microemulsió inversa (W/O) i de cristall líquid laminar, demostrant així que es produeix inversió de fases durant el procés d’emulsificació. S’han preparat les nanopartícules polimèriques a partir de les nano-emulsions formulades amb 90% d’aigua pel mètode de l’evaporació del solvent. El radi hidrodinàmic de les dispersions de nanopartícules polimèriques, en el interval de 7-55nm, augmenta amb el contingut de polímer. A més s’ha incorporat un principi actiu, Dexametasona, a les nanopartícules i el percentatge d’encapsulació que ha estat superior a 90%, no varia amb el contingut de polímer. L’alliberació del principi actiu de les dispersions de nanopartícules a una solució receptora és més sostinguda que a partir de la solució aquosa, i l’eficiència d’alliberació del principi actiu disminueix al augmentar la concentració de polímer. Així mateix, l’ajust dels perfils d’alliberació a tres models matemàtics ha confirmat que el mecanisme pel qual el principi actiu s’allibera de la dispersió de nanopartícules és per difusió de Fick. Estudis preliminars de citotoxicitat in vitro han mostrat que les dispersions de nanopartícules amb i sense principi actiu encapsulat presenten percentatges de viabilitat superiors al 70%. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que aquestes nanopartícules polimèriques són d’interès per aplicacions biomèdiques.In the present thesis the formation of oil in water (O/W) nano-emulsions by low-energy methods have been studied to investigate the mechanisms involved in their formation. Nano-emulsions have been prepared water content in water/nonionic surfactant/oil systems at constant temperature by a novel procedure which consists in the addition of a more hydrophilic surfactant to O/W microemulsions. Moreover, the key phases determining the properties of O/W nano-emulsions generated by addition of water to binary and ternary mixtures in water/nonionic surcatant/oil systems at constant temperature has been studied. It has been found that nano-emulsion formation in these type of systems may take place by three different mechanisms: (a) by phase inversion, (b) by dilution of O/W microemulsion without phase inversion, and (c) by phase inversion followed by dilution of O/W microemulsions. It has been also noticed that the coexistence of the system components in a single phase during the emulsification process play an important role in nano-emulsion formation and properties. The use of nano-emulsions as template to obtain nanoparticles is focusing an increasing interest. In this research the formation of polymeric nanoparticles from polymeric nano-emulsions as potential nanocarriers for biomedicine has been studied. In particular, the influence of the polymer concentration on the formation and properties of nano-emulsions and nanoparticles in aqueous medium has been investigated since this aspect has not been reported yet. O/W nano-emulsions have been formed in a water/nonionic surfactant/(PLGA in Ethylacetate) system and polymeric nanoparticles have been generated by solvent evaporation method. An active molecule, dexamethasone, was successfully encapsulated and its release to a receptor solution as a function of polymer content was also evaluated. The results obtained in terms of particle size, stability, encapsulation efficiency, release and citotoxicity in vitro assays, have indicated that these polymeric nanoparticles are of interest for biomedical applications.
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San, Miguel Delgadillo Adriana. "Pickering emulsions as templates for smart colloidosomes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45760.
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Stimulus-responsive colloidosomes which completely dissolve upon a mild pH change are developed. pH-Responsive nanoparticles that dissolve upon a mild pH increase are synthesized by a nanoprecipitation method and are used as stabilizers for a double water-in-oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. These emulsions serve as templates for the production of pH-responsive colloidosomes. Removal of the middle oil phase produces water-core colloidosomes that have a shell made of pH-responsive nanoparticles, which rapidly dissolve above pH 7.
The permeability of these capsules is assessed by FRAP, whereby the diffusion of a fluorescent tracer through the capsule shell is monitored. Three methods for tuning the permeability of the pH-responsive colloidosomes were developed: ethanol consolidation, layer-by-layer assembly and the generation of PLGA-pH-responsive nanoparticle hybrid colloidosomes. The resulting colloidosomes have different responses to the pH stimulus, as well as different pre-release permeability values.
Additionally, fundamental studies regarding the role of particle surface roughness on Pickering emulsification are also shown. The pH-responsive nanoparticles were used as a coating for larger silica particles, producing rough raspberry-like particles. Partial dissolution of the nanoparticle coating allows tuning of the substrate surface roughness while retaining the same surface chemistry.
The results obtained show that surface roughness increases the emulsion stability of decane-water systems (to almost twice), but only up to a certain point, where extremely rough particles produced less stable emulsions presumably due to a Cassie-Baxter wetting regime. Additionally, in an octanol-water system, surface roughness was shown to affect the type of emulsion generated. These results are of exceptional importance since they are the first controlled experimental evidence regarding the role of particle surface roughness on Pickering emulsification, thus clarifying some conflicting ideas that exist regarding this issue.
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Krauel, Karen, and n/a. "Formulation and characterisation of nanoparticles from biocompatible microemulsions." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070424.130711.
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The aims of this study were to prepare poly (ethylcyanoacrylate) (PECA) nanoparticles on the basis of different types of microemulsions, to investigate the entrapment within and release of a bioactive from these particles and to establish a set of delivery systems with varying entrapment and release characteristics, thereby giving the formulator the opportunity of a more tailor-made approach in the development of a delivery system. Furthermore the scale up of particle preparation and the possible enhancement of the immunogenic properties of PECA particles by incorporation of the adjuvant Quil A was investigated.
Methods: Four phase triangles were established and microemulsion samples, used as a template to prepare nanoparticles, were characterised by viscosity and conductivity measurements, polarising light microscopy, freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo field emission electron microscopy (cryo FESEM) and self-diffusion NMR to determine their microemulsion type (droplet, bicontinuous, solution type). PECA nanoparticles were prepared from different types of microemulsions by interfacial polymerisation. Particle size, polydispersity index (PI) and [zeta]-potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic mobility respectively. Normal scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryo FESEM were used to visualise particles. Fluorescently labelled ovalbumin (FITC-OVA) was used as a model protein/antigen and entrapment within and release from nanoparticles was investigated. To scale up nanoparticle preparation an instrumental set-up with reactor, peristaltic pump and stirrer was used. A 2⁷ fractional factorial study was designed to observe possible factors or their interactions that could influence particle formation under scale up conditions. For an immunological study freeze dried formulations of PECA nanoparticles, having FITC-OVA and Quil A entrapped, were prepared, and activation and uptake of formulations by murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells in vitro were monitored.
Results: Results obtained from the measurements described above, for formulations from the four different phase triangles, indicated that microemulsions of w/o droplet, bicontinuous or solution type could be formed. It was possible to prepare PECA nanoparticles from all of the different types of microemulsions. Particles had an average size of 265 nm � 24, with an average PI of 0.18 � 0.05 and an average negative [zeta]-potential of -17 mV � -5. Particle size, PI and [zeta]-potential were not influenced by the type of microemulsion that was used as a polymerisation template. Entrapment and release were however influenced by the type of microemulsion and although entrapment of FITC-OVA was generally high for PECA particles, it was highest for particles prepared from a droplet type microemulsion. Entrapment could also be increased by increasing amounts of monomer. The rate of release was dependent on the amount of monomer used for polymerisation and the type of microemulsion used for particle preparation, with nanoparticles prepared from a w/o droplet type microemulsion showing the slowest release. Furthermore it was shown that particle preparation could be scaled-up with the instrumental set-up used in this study, but conditions need to be refined as the average particle size and polydispersity index were considerably larger (441 nm � 101, 0.68 � 0.14) when compared to particles prepared by the beaker-pipette method (see above). The adjuvant Quil A could efficiently be entrapped into PECA nanoparticles together with FITC-OVA. Incubation of DCs and T cells with the various formulations did, however, not result in increased uptake or activation.
Conclusions: PECA nanoparticles with high entrapment efficiency of antigen and adjuvant can be prepared from different types of microemulsions. Particles show different rates of entrapment and release depending on the type of microemulsion used as a polymerisation template, possibly because two different types of nanoparticles form. Nanocapsules are believed to form on the basis of droplet type microemulsions and nanospheres form on the basis of bicontinuous and solution type microemulsions. Freeze dried formulations of PECA nanoparticles, containing Quil A and FITC-OVA, were not able to induce an immune response, which might be due to charge repulsion effects between the negatively charged PECA nanoparticles and the negatively charged surface of dendritic cells. Moreover, no adjuvant effect of Quil A was apparent, perhaps caused by total encapsulation of the compound into the particle matrix with no active groups extending out displaying adjuvanticity.
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Lukoševičiūtė, Sabina. "Aliejus vandenyje (a/v) emulsinės sistemos su linų sėmenų aliejumi modeliavimas ir biofarmacinis tyrimas in vitro." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140618_215057-13575.
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Tyrimo tikslas – sumodeliuoti a/v emulsinę sistemą su linų sėmenų aliejumi ir biofarmaciniu tyrimu in vitro nustatyti sistemos sudėties ir vaisto formos įtaką modelinės hidrofilinės medžiagos išsiskyrimui iš a/v emulsinės sistemos. Tyrimo uždaviniai: nustatyti linų sėmenų aliejui reikalingą HLB skaičių ir sumodeliuoti a/v emulsinę sistemą; sumodeliuoti a/v emulsinę sistemą, kai aliejinė fazė – linų sėmenų aliejus ir ištirti fizikocheminius rodiklius; nustatyti modeliuojamos emulsinės sistemos stabilumą po 1 mėnesio pagal įvertintus fizikocheminius rodiklius; įterpti modelinę medžiagą – askorbo rūgštį į sumodeliuotą emulsinę sistemą ir ištirti askorbo rūgšties išsiskyrimą iš emulsinės sistemos tyrimu in vitro per pusiau pralaidžią membraną.
Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad linų sėmenų aliejui reikalingas HLB skaičius a/v emulsijai yra 7,51. Tirtos emulsinės sistemos, kurių aliejinė fazė: 20%, 30%, 50% ir 60% linų sėmenų aliejus, vandeninė terpė: išgrynintas vanduo, 0,5% ir 1% chitozano tirpalas ir 20% nuo aliejinės fazės emulsiklių spano 80 ir tvino 80 mišinys. Nustatyta, kad linų sėmenų aliejus ir chitozano tirpalas didina emulsijų klampumą, o chitozano tirpalas didina emulsijų rūgštingumą taip stabilizuodamas emulsijas ir suteikdamas dermatologiniams preparatams pageidaujamą rūgštinę pH reikšmę bei užlaikantis emulsijų išsisluoksniavimą. Sumodeliuota ir atrinkta a/v emulsinė sistema, kurios aliejinė fazė 50 proc. linų sėmenų aliejus, o vandeninė terpė 1 proc. chitozano... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Purpose of the research – design oil-in-water emulsion system with linseed oil and in vitro biopharmaceutical research determine system composition and drug form influence on hydrophilic agent release from o/w emulsion system. Task of the research: determine linseed oil required HLB value and design o/w emulsion system; design o/w emulsion system, when oil phase – linseed oil and study physico – chemical properties; establish emulsion system stability after 1 month by physico – chemical properties; incorporate ascorbic acid in emulsion system and investigate ascorbic acid release from emulsion system research in vitro through semi – permeable membrane. Studies showed that the required HLB of linseed oil for o/w emulsion is 7,51. Investigated emulsion systems, which oil phase was 20%, 30%, 50% and 60% linseed oil, aqueous phase – purified water, 0,5% and 1% chitosan solution also emulsifiers span 80 and tween 80 concentration was 20% by weight of the oil phase. It is established that linseed oil and chitosan solution also increase emulsions viscosity and delay emulsions creaming. Also chitosan solution increase emulsions acidity, stabilizes them and provide desired acid pH for dermatological preparations. Desighed and selected o/w emulsion system, which oil phase is 50% linseed oil, aqueous phase 1% chitosan solution according to microstucture, viscosity and pH value. This emulsion stayed stable during 1 month storage. Studies also showed that hydrophilic agent – ascorbic... [to full text]
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Pi, i. Boleda Berta. "Desenvolupament i recerca de formulacions per a vacunes veterinàries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668481.
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INTRODUCCIÓ: Aquesta tesi doctoral està inclosa dins del Pla de Doctorats Industrials de la Generalitat de Catalunya i s’ha realitzat conjuntament entre la Universitat de Barcelona i una empresa veterinària privada: Laboratoris Hipra, S.A.
OBJECTIUS: L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi ha estat obtenir emulsions estables, amb poder adjuvant i compatibles amb antígens per a la formulació de vacunes veterinàries.
MATERIALS I MÈTODES: Com que les emulsions són composicions afectades per múltiples factors, tots els experiments s’han plantejat mitjançant la metodologia del disseny d’experiments.
RESULTATS I DISCUSSIÓ: En la formulació d’emulsions o/w, l’objectiu ha estat trobar un substitut de l’Espessant A per evitar diferències de viscositat en l’emulsió resultant causades per la naturalesa de l’espessant en funció del lot utilitzat. S’ha començat substituint l’Espessant A per espessants sintètics sense modificar cap més factor de la formulació de partida, però no ha resultat ser un bon mètode per mantenir l’estabilitat de les emulsions formulades. Seguidament, amb l’assaig de diversos factors alhora, s’han aconseguit les primeres emulsions estables sense Espessant A. A partir d’una d’aquestes emulsions, la qual està composta pels espessants Espessant B i Espessant C, s’han plantejat diversos dissenys per buscar més alternatives d’espessants. Per una banda, s’han buscat més espessants principals per substituir el Espessant B i tenir més alternatives possibles de l’Espessant A. I per altra banda, com que la Espessant C és un espessant d’origen natural i, igual que l’Espessant A, proporciona diferències de viscositat segons el lot utilitzat, també se li han buscat substituts. Així doncs, s’ha aconseguit substituir la Espessant C per Espessant F i el Espessant D' ha resultat ser un bon espessant principal, mantenint en els dos casos l’estabilitat de les emulsions. A partir de tots els resultats d’estabilitat i viscositat obtinguts i de les preferències de l’empresa sobre els components de la formulació, s’ha obtingut una formulació definitiva composta per Espessant D', Espessant F i amb menys concentració de tensioactius i fase antigènica que la formulació de partida. Un cop optimitzades les concentracions dels espessants, s’ha fet un estudi amb diferents lots dels espessants que ha demostrat diferències significatives en la viscositat de l’emulsió en funció del lot de Espessant F utilitzat. S’ha vist que el motiu d’aquestes diferències és que el Espessant F necessita ser sotmès a un procés d’activació prèviament a la formulació per poder actuar correctament. Després de
repetir l’optimització amb el Espessant F activat i d’adequar el procés de formulació a nivell de producció industrial, s’ha confirmat que la formulació és robusta i no pateix diferències significatives en funció dels lots utilitzats. Per acabar, s’ha elaborat un estudi d’estabilitat durant 12 mesos que ha corroborat la possible substitució de la formulació de partida per la formulació dissenyada.
En la formulació d’emulsions w/o, l’objectiu ha estat substituir una fase oliosa de composició no coneguda per una fase de composició coneguda i senzilla de formular. S’han plantejat nombrosos dissenys per arribar a tenir una emulsió de signe w/o, estable i d’aspecte fluid. El problema ha estat aconseguir el signe d’emulsió desitjat, cosa que s’ha aconseguit disminuint la concentració del tensioactiu hidròfil de les formulacions. Un cop aconseguides algunes emulsions w/o estables, aquestes no han estat robustes ja que la seva repetició no ha donat els mateixos resultats o no s’han pogut formular amb PBS, fet necessari perquè una emulsió sigui compatible també amb antígens. Finalment, s’ha aconseguit una emulsió de signe w/o, aspecte fluid i estable composta per Oli K, Tensioactiu X, Tensioactiu S’ i Estabilitzant M. S’ha elaborat un estudi d’estabilitat durant 6 mesos que ha corroborat la possible substitució de la formulació de partida per la formulació dissenyada.
CONCLUSIONS: S’han obtingut dues formulacions noves en forma d’emulsió per a l’administració de vacunes per via parenteral d’ús veterinari que són repetibles, robustes, compatibles amb antígens i estables durant el període d’estabilitat assajat.INTRODUCTION: This thesis is the result of a collaboration between Universitat de Barcelona and a private company called Laboratoris Hipra, S.A. Veterinary companies suffer serious economic losses because of diseases such as swine fever. In order to prevent and treat them, veterinary industry makes use of vaccines, for example, in emulsion form. The development of emulsions is not an easy task because emulsions may present stability problems and incompatibility with the antigens selected therefor. AIM: To obtain stable and robust emulsions, which are compatible with the selected antigens. On the one hand, the first specific aim is to replace the natural thickener thickener A present in a commercial o/w emulsion, to avoid viscosity variability depending on thickener batches. On the other hand, the second specific aim is to replace the oil phase present in a commercial w/o vaccine of an unknown composition by a new oil phase. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS: Since emulsions are multifactorial systems, all the trials were planned using experimental design methodology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Regarding the o/w emulsion aim, the substitution of Thickener A by other thickeners was unsuccessfully tested. After many different tests, a stable emulsion comprising Thickener D' and Thickener F as thickeners was obtained. However, this formulation presented variability depending on the batch of Espessant F. This problem was solved by a previous activation of Thickener F. Finally, the definitive formulation with activated Thickener F passed correctly the toxicity test and stability test up to 12 months. Secondly, to develop a w/o emulsion with low viscosity and stable more than 24 hours was a though process. But finally, as a result of many trials combining different oils and surfactants, a formulation comprising ethyl oleate, Span® 80 and Kolliphor® ELP showed positive results regarding stability and viscosity up to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Two new emulsions were developed suitable to replace commercial vaccines keeping substantially their initial features such as viscosity, stability and toxicity.
Books on the topic "Emulsions (pharmacy)"
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Abraham, Aserin, ed. Multiple emulsions: Technology and applications. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2008.
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1947-, Benita Simon, ed. Submicron emulsions in drug targeting and delivery. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1999.
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Shunmugaperumal, Tamilvanan. Oil-In-Water Nanosized Emulsions for Drug Delivery and Targeting. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2020.
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Shunmugaperumal, Tamilvanan. Oil-In-Water Nanosized Emulsions for Drug Delivery and Targeting. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.
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Shunmugaperumal, Tamilvanan. Oil-In-Water Nanosized Emulsions for Drug Delivery and Targeting. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.
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Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences). CRC, 2000.
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Stable Nanoemulsions Studies in Interface Science. Elsevier, 2011.
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Nanodispersions for Drug Delivery. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Sharma, Anil K., and Raj K. Keservani. Nanodispersions for Drug Delivery. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2018.
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Nanodispersions for Drug Delivery. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Emulsions (pharmacy)"
1
Khan, Saeed Ahmad, and Saddam Uddin. "Oral Emulsions." In Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy, 67–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84977-1_6.
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Florence, A. T., and D. Attwood. "Emulsions, Suspensions and Other Dispersions." In Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 252–307. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14416-7_8.
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Clausse, Danièle, Delphine Daniel-David, François Gomez, Ljepsa Komunjer, Isabelle Pezron, Christine Dalmazzone, and Christine Noïk. "Emulsion Stability and Interfacial Properties - Application to Complex Emulsions of Industrial Interest." In Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy, 119–49. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631117.ch5.
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Velikov, Krassimir P., and Orlin D. Velev. "Stabilization of Thin Films, Foams, Emulsions and Bifluid Gels with Surface-Active Solid Particles." In Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy, 277–306. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631117.ch9.
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Bhanja, Dr Satyabrata, and Dr Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo. "EMULSION, MICRO EMULSION AND NANO EMULSION: A REVIEW." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 5, 438–49. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bapn5ch40.
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Hydrophobic pharmacological compounds are well-suited for administration through lipid dosage forms. One of the most widely used systems for many years has been emulsion. The use of emulsions in pharmaceuticals has expanded, particularly with the introduction of micro- and nano-emulsions. This essay aims to provide a summary of comparative elements such as definitions, theories, kinds, preparation techniques, benefits, drawbacks, and analysis techniques for emulsion, micro-emulsion, and nano-emulsion
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Kaur, Simranjeet, Rajni Dhiman, and Pooja Sharma. "AN EMERGING PARADIGM FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY: EMULGELS." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 12, 185–92. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bgpn12p5ch3.
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Semisolid mixes are the dermatological substances that get used superficially the most frequently. Topical drug delivery has a number of benefits, including the ability to self-medicate, preventing first-pass metabolism, lowering degradation, and enhancing patient compliance. These delivery methods can be found in a variety of solid, semi-solid, and liquid formulations, including powdered materials, creams, ointments, lotions, emulsions, and powders. The physiochemical characteristics of the carrier and the medication, which affect the release rates of the medications, determine how effective topical formulations are. A medicine that has been topically applied diffuses from the delivery system, travels to the intended site, and is absorbed by the skin. Increasing the drug's release from the dose form can boost skin absorption.
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Chauhan, Neha, Bhargavi Patel, Jimisha Kher, Hemangi Patel, and Dr Binal Gohil. "SELF MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 17, 22–43. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bkpn17p1ch2.
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In recent year many drugs are generated which have many challenges during the administration of the drug. The major challenges are the low aqueous solubility in the gastrointestinal track (GIT track) as well as they have poor bioavailability when they are administrated as oral route. These problems can be overcome by developing the self-micro drug delivery system (SMEDDS). Through which we can improve the aqueous solubility of drug and the bioavailability of drug. SMEDDS are the effective method in case of oral administration of drug. They form the physically stable emulsion in git track. The examples of some drug are griseofulvin, cyclosporine, ibuprofen, ritonavir etc.
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M N, Madhavi, Pankaj M. Pimpalshende, Satish B. Kosalge, Shubhangi M. Kaurase, and Rajashree V. Lode. "A NOVEL APPROACH TO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: MICROSPONGES." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 16, 170–83. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bkpn16p2ch2.
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To maximize therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness, innovative drug delivery technology has developed intensely competitive and is growing quickly. Microsponges are one of these cutting-edge developing techniques for precise, controlled, and target-specific medication administration. Microsponges are microscopic polymeric particles with porous surfaces resembling sponges, and pore ranges in size from 5 to 300 microns. The microsponge system can be made into gel, ointment, creams, liquids, or powders with good efficiency. More recently, it has been made into tablets and capsules for oral delivery. Lyophilization, ultrasonic assisted manufacturing, liquid-liquid suspension, and quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion can all be used for producing microsponges. Particle size, morphology, surface topography, loading efficiency, practical yield estimation, accurate density estimation, pore structure, compatibility tests, dissolution studies, and release kinetics will all be examined for these. The multifunctional microsponge technology is discussed in this review, along with its benefits, manufacturing processes, and applications..
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G, Subasri, Ram Kumar S, and H. Gayathri. "ADVANCES IN MICROENCAPSULATION: FROM TECHNIQUES TO APPLICATIONS." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 19, 213–23. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bgpn19p2ch6.
Full textAbstract:
Microencapsulation is a versatile and innovative technology with applications spanning various fields, including pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, agriculture, and more. This process involves encapsulating tiny particles or droplets within a protective shell, resulting in improved stability, controlled release, and enhanced functionality of the encapsulated materials. The encapsulation techniques can be classified into different categories such as spray drying, coacervation, emulsion-based methods, and layer-by-layer assembly. This abstract provides an overview of microencapsulation principles, methods, and their widespread applications. It highlights the significance of microencapsulation in extending product shelf-life, protecting sensitive ingredients, controlling release kinetics, and enabling targeted delivery. The choice of encapsulation material, core material, and encapsulation method greatly influences the final properties and performance of microcapsules. As research in microencapsulation continues to advance, the potential for designing novel formulations and optimizing encapsulation processes becomes increasingly promising. This abstract underlines the importance of microencapsulation as a tool for innovation in various industries and its role in shaping the future of functional materials and product design.
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R, Dr Prabhu, Mr Venkatesh Babu, Ms Naveena N, and Mr Dhilip S. "SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL EMULGEL FORMULATION OF QUERCETIN DIHYDRATE AND ZINC OXIDE: A POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR AZOLE-RESISTANT CANDIDIASIS TREATMENT." In Futuristic Trends in Pharmacy & Nursing Volume 3 Book 3, 390–406. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bapn3ch20.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the synergistic effects of quercetin dihydrate and zinc oxide in an antimicrobial emulgel formulation. An emulgel, a combination of gel and emulsion, was investigated as an alternative to traditional gel formulations because of their hydrophobic properties. Different gelling agents and quercetin dihydrate and zinc oxide concentrations were used to prepare twelve antimicrobial emulgel formulations (F1-F12). The components did not interact chemically according to FTIR studies. In addition to color, homogeneity, consistency, phase separation, pH, viscosity, and spreadability, the prepared emulgels were evaluated for a number of parameters. Among the formulations tested, Formulation F4 with 1% Carbopol 940 and 5% zinc oxide showed the best results. After 8 hours, the drug permeated 42.2% (quercetin dihydrate). Furthermore, formulation F4 exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, azole-resistant Candida species, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli. It appears that the developed antimicrobial emulgel, especially formulation F4, is potentially an effective treatment option for azole-resistant candidiasis, potentially improving patient compliance and treatment outcomes.