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Journal articles on the topic 'Emulsion polymerization'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 August 2024

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1

Prescott, S. W., M. J. Ballard, E. Rizzardo, and R. G. Gilbert. "RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization: What Makes it Different?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02073.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques have been the focus of a great deal of recent work, particularly in their application to emulsion polymerization, which is the method of choice for implementing most free-radical polymerizations on an industrial scale. RAFT/emulsion polymerizations have considerable technical potential: to 'tailor-make' material properties, to eliminate added surfactant from surface coatings, and so on. However, considerable difficulties have been experienced in using RAFT in emulsion polymerization systems. Here, progress in the application of RAFT techniques to emulsion polymerization is reviewed, summarizing the difficulties that have been experienced and mechanisms that have been postulated to explain the observed behaviour. Possible origins of the difficulties in implementing RAFT in emulsion polymerizations include polymerization in droplets, water sensitivity of some RAFT agents, slow transport of highly hydrophobic RAFT agents across the water phase, and surface activity of some RAFT agents.

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2

Wang, Qiao, Jin Liang Li, Ai Ping Fu, and Hong Liang Li. "Effect Factors on the Preparation of Polystyrene Microspheres by Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.304.

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Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization is a technique derived from conventional emulsion polymerization in which polymerization is carried out in the absence of emulsifiers. This technique is useful for the preparation of polymer colloids with narrow particle size distributions and well defined surface properties. Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization eliminates the disadvantages of conventional emulsion polymerizations stemming from the use of emulsifiers, e.g. impurities in products caused by residual emulsifier and poor water-resistance of films induced by polymer latex.

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3

Jiménez-Victoria, Ariadna, René D. Peralta-Rodríguez, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Gladis Y. Cortez-Mazatán, Lluvia de Abril A. Soriano-Melgar, and Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez. "Emulsion Polymerization Using an Amphiphilic Oligoether Ionic Liquid as a Surfactant." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173475.

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We investigate the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as a surfactant in emulsion polymerization (EP) reactions. ILs have been proposed as surfactants for micellar dispersions, emulsions, micro-emulsions and suspensions. Thus, it is important to acquire knowledge of the application of ILs in heterogeneous polymerizations. We selected the amphiphile cationic oligoether IoLiLyte C1EG™ as an IL for this purpose and compared its performance to that of the conventional surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) in the EP of methyl methacrylate and styrene. After we found the proper concentration range of the IL, this amphiphile showed similar polymerization rates to those observed with DTAB for both monomers. The evolution of monomer conversion and the final average diameter of formed polymeric particles were similar for both evaluated surfactants, demonstrating their capability to stabilize the EPs of the investigated monomers. We simulated the evolution of monomer conversion and particle size using a conventional model for emulsion polymerization, which showed good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the EP with this IL follows Smith-Ewart kinetics.

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4

Wen, Shao Guo, Shi Gao Song, Hong Bo Liu, Ji Hu Wang, Qian Xu, and Yan Shen. "Application of a Novel Initiator on Acrylic Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1415.

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New initiator of FFM6 is used to initiate the acrylic emulsion polymerization. The influences of concentration of FFM6 (c[I]) and polymerization temperature (T) on polymerization reaction rate (Rp) were discussed. Rp is proportional to (c[I])1.4 which is different with classical emulsion polymerization whose Rp is proportion to (c[I])0.4, that indicate polymerization mechanism of the reaction in the study is different with classical mechanism. The value of Ea, 56.4 kJ/mol, is lower than the value of general radical polymerization’s Ea (80.0-96.0 kJ/mol), which indicates the FFM6 can initiate acrylic emulsion polymerization at a lower temperature compared with the other kinds of initiator.

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5

Fei, Liang. "Synthesis and Properties of Acrylate Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Emulsion." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1386.

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Acrylate modified waterborne polyurethane (PUA) emulsion was prepared by means of core-shell polymerization processes. The structures and properties of emulsions were characterized by FTIR, TEM and DSC. The effects of polymerization temperature, the type and amount of initiator and the acrylic amount on the properties of emulsions were investigated. The experimental results showed that the emulsions prepared were core-shell composite, when the polymerization temperature was 70~75 °C, using oil-soluble initiator azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and the percentage of AIBN was 2.0%~ 2.5%, the properties of the emulsion can be better, and the water resistance, stability and mechanical properties of the PUA films were improved increasingly.

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6

Cheah, Pohlee, Caitlin N. Bhikha, John H. O’Haver, and Adam E. Smith. "Effect of Oxygen and Initiator Solubility on Admicellar Polymerization of Styrene on Silica Surfaces." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6308603.

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Although admicellar polymerization has been termed the surface analog of emulsion polymerization, previous reports utilizing free radical-initiated admicellar polymerization relied on high levels of the free radical initiator when compared to emulsion polymerization, likely due to the presence of oxygen in the reported admicellar polymerization systems. Admicellar polymerizations of styrene on the surface of precipitated silica initiated by either a water-soluble or a water-insoluble initiator were studied to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen and free radical initiator solubility on the kinetics, yield, and molecular weight of the polymer formed. Results show that the presence of oxygen reduces the polymer yield and limits molecular weight. The solubility of the initiator also affected the polymer formed in the admicellar polymerization of styrene. While monomer conversions and polymer yield were similar, the molecular weights of polymerizations initiated by a water-soluble initiator were higher than comparable polymerizations initiated by a water-insoluble initiator.

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7

ISHII, Keizo. "Emulsion Polymerization." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 71, no. 5 (1998): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.71.339.

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8

Qun Wang, Shoukuan Fu, and Tongyin Yu. "Emulsion polymerization." Progress in Polymer Science 19, no. 4 (January 1994): 703–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)90031-0.

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9

Huang, Tao, Qing-Xia Yuan, and Shu-Ling Gong. "Emulsifier-Free Acrylate-Based Emulsion Prepared by Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030730.

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The self-emulsifying acrylate-based emulsions with solid content 45 wt.% were prepared in 3.5 h by reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP), and the polymer molecular weight (Mn) could be 30,000 g·mol−1. The influences of methacrylic acid (MAA) amount, soft/hard monomer mass ratio, and iodine amount on polymerization and latex were investigated. A moderate amount of ionized MAA was needed to stabilize the emulsion. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was decreased with the increasing mass ratio of soft/hard monomer. A higher iodine amount resulted in lower Mn. The increased Mn after chain extension of the polymer with water-insoluble monomers in iterative one-pot method proved the living of polymer. Compared with conventional emulsion polymerization, molecular weight (Mn) could be controlled, and Mn of polymer synthesized in RITP emulsion polymerization is higher; emulsion of polyacrylate-containing hydroxyl monomer units prepared by RITP emulsifier-free radical polymerization is more stable. Good properties, such as hardness, water resistance, adhesion, and increased value of maximum tensile of films modified by reaction of polyacrylate with melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, indicated potential application in baking coating.

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10

Save, Maud, Yohann Guillaneuf, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Controlled Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Dispersed Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 10 (2006): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06308.

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Controlled radical polymerization (CRP), sometimes also termed ‘living’ radical polymerization, offers the potential to create a wide range of polymer architectures, and its implementation in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization, used on a vast scale industrially) opens the way to large-scale manufacture of products based on this technique. Until recently, implementing CRP in aqueous dispersed media was plagued with problems such as loss of ‘living’ character and loss of colloidal stability. This review examines the basic mechanistic processes in free-radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization), and then examines, through this mechanistic understanding, the new techniques that have been developed over the last few years to implement CRP successfully in emulsion polymerizations and related processes. The strategies leading to these successes can thus be understood in terms of the various mechanisms which dominate CRP systems in dispersed media; these mechanisms are sometimes quite different from those in conventional free-radical polymerization in these media.

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11

Sarker, P., J. R. Ebdon, S. Rimmer, M. A. J. Miah, and H. Ahmad. "Synthesis Kinetics of Polymer / Copolymer Latexes via Radical Ring-Opening Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropane." Journal of Scientific Research 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i3.28183.

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Radical emulsion polymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane (ECVCP) was examined in the presence of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. ECVCP underwent both emulsifier-in emulsion and emulsifier-free emulsion polymerizations to afford the ring-opened polymer in good yields. The copolymerization efficiency of this monomer was also evaluated with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as comonomers under the same reaction conditions. The emulsion copolymerization of ECVCP with a relatively hydrophobic monomer, lauryl methacrylate (LMA) was also investigated in presence of ?-cyclodextrin hydrate (?-CD) as a phase transfer agent. Polymerization/copolymerization kinetics, change in particle size and olefin contents were followed during the reaction.

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12

Bilal, Salma, Salma Gul, and Anwar-ul-Haq Ali Shah. "Calculation of particle size distribution of polyaniline salts using imagej." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2015.4105.

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The detailed analysis of particle size distribution is desirable in several technical fields that ma-nipulate granular/particulate materials including size reduction. This article describes the mani-pulation of scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of polyaniline (PANI) salts using ImageJ soft-ware. The PANI salts were prepared by two servable methods i.e. emulsion polymerizations and inverse emulsion polymerizations. 1,2 The effects of these synthesis routs on the particles shape and size distributions of the PANI salts were evaluated. Slight differences in the particle shapes were observed for these PANI salts. The polymer synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization method showed smaller size than the one prepared by emulsion polymerization method. This type of computer based image processing methods provide better solutions to practical measurement and size distribution analysis as compared to the time consuming and vague manual means.

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13

Sherrington, D. C. "Emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers." Reactive and Functional Polymers 36, no. 1 (February 1998): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-5148(97)84204-6.

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14

Dinache, Andra, Tatiana Tozar, Adriana Smarandache, Ionut Relu Andrei, Simona Nistorescu, Viorel Nastasa, Angela Staicu, Mihail-Lucian Pascu, and Mihaela Oana Romanitan. "Spectroscopic Characterization of Emulsions Generated with a New Laser-Assisted Device." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071729.

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This paper presents a spectroscopic study of emulsions generated with a laser-assisted device. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra of emulsions, recorded before and after exposure to laser radiation were used to characterize the effect of laser irradiation. The paper also presents a comparison between the calculated IR spectra and the experimental FTIR spectra of an emulsion’s components. FTIR measurements allowed the identification of absorption bands specific to each of the emulsions’ components. Moreover, it enabled the observation of destabilization of the emulsion in real-time. Raman spectroscopy allowed the observation of the modifications at a molecular level, by identifying the vibrations of the representative functional groups and the polymerization of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) molecules by analyzing the evolution of the carbonyl band. UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra of emulsions before and after exposure to laser radiation showed that the physical characteristics of the emulsions changed during irradiation—the dimensions of the droplets decreased, leading to an emulsion with a better time stability. These results proved that the employed spectroscopy techniques were powerful tools in emulsion analysis.

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15

Banetta, Luca, Giuseppe Storti, George Hoggard, Gareth Simpson, and Alessio Zaccone. "Predictive model of polymer reaction kinetics and coagulation behavior in seeded emulsion co- and ter-polymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 41 (2020): 6599–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01138j.

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16

Du, Kuan, Beichen Yu, Yimin Xiong, Long Jiang, Jun Xu, Yi Wang, Sheng Su, Song Hu, and Jun Xiang. "Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil over an Enhanced Interfacial Catalysis of Microemulsions Stabilized by Amphiphilic Solid Particles." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2023): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030573.

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Bio-oil emulsions were stabilized using coconut shell coke, modified amphiphilic graphene oxide, and hydrophobic nano-fumed silica as solid emulsifiers. The effects of different particles on the stability of bio-oil emulsions were discussed. Over 21 days, the average droplet size of raw bio-oil increased by 64.78%, while that of bio-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by three particles only changed within 20%. The bio-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by Ni/SiO2 was then used for catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. It was found that the bio-oil undergoes polymerization during catalytic hydrogenation. For raw bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation, the polymerization reaction was little affected by the temperature below 200 °C, but when the temperature raised to 250 °C, it was greatly accelerated. However, the polymerization of monocyclic aromatic compounds in the reaction process was partially inhibited under the bio-oil Pickering emulsion system. Additionally, a GC-MS analysis was performed on raw bio-oil and hydrodeoxygenated bio-oil to compare the change in GC-MS-detectable components after hydrodeoxygenation at 200 °C. The results showed that the Pickering emulsion catalytic system greatly promoted the hydrodeoxygenation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil, with most monocyclic phenolic compounds detected by GC-MS converting to near 100%.

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17

Su, Haojia, Zhengchun Cai, Zhengwei lv, Yongkang Chen, and Yongxin Ji. "Synthesis of water-based cationic polyacrylate copolymer emulsion by RAFT polymerization and its application as an inkjet printing agent." Pigment & Resin Technology 49, no. 5 (June 27, 2020): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-04-2020-0029.

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Purpose In this work, the authors used reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization to develop a new cationic acrylate modified epoxy resin emulsion for water-borne inkjet which have the advantages of both polyacrylate and epoxy resin. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This paper aims to contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry. Design/methodology/approach In this work, the epoxy acrylate was synthesized from RAFT agent and epoxy resin firstly. Cationic macromolecular emulsifier was prepared by RAFT polymerization, using 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and styrene as monomer, which was directly used to prepare the emulsion. The influences of the amount of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate on particle size, zeta potential and water contact angle were studied. Finally, the cationic emulsion was used to print images by inkjet printing. Findings The emulsion has the smallest particle size, the highest potential and the highest water contact angle when the DM content is 13 Wt.%. The transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the latex particles is core-shell sphere with the diameters in the range 120–200 nm. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry. Originality/value The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry.

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18

Brandl, Florian, Marco Drache, and Sabine Beuermann. "Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation Based Detailed Understanding of the Transfer Processes in Semi-Batch Iodine Transfer Emulsion Polymerizations of Vinylidene Fluoride." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091008.

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Semi-batch emulsion polymerizations of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) are reported. The molar mass control is achieved via iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) using IC4F8I as chain transfer agent. Polymerizations carried out at 75 °C and pressures ranging from 10 to 30 bar result in low dispersity polymers with respect to the molar mass distribution (MMD). At higher pressures a significant deviation from the ideal behavior expected for a reversible deactivation transfer polymerization occurs. As identified by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations of the activation–deactivation equilibrium, during the initialization period of the chain transfer agent already significant propagation occurs due to the higher pressure, and thus, the higher monomer concentration available. Based on the kMC modeling results, semi-batch emulsion polymerizations were carried out as a two pressure process, which resulted in very good control of the MMD associated with a comparably high polymerization rate.

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19

Jurjevec, Sarah, Antoine Debuigne, Ema Žagar, and Sebastijan Kovačič. "An environmentally benign post-polymerization functionalization strategy towards unprecedented poly(vinylamine) polyHIPEs." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 8 (2021): 1155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01677b.

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Interconnected highly porous poly(vinylamine) monoliths are produced by post-polymerization hydrolysis of emulsion-templated poly(N-vinylformamide) polyHIPEs (polymerized high internal phase emulsions).

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20

Hernandez-Vargas, Mireya L., Angel Romo-Uribe, and Jamil Baghdachi. "Influence of nanoparticle morphology on reaction kinetics, particle size and rheology in acrylic latex." MRS Proceedings 1767 (2015): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.222.

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ABSTRACTOrganic/inorganic (O/I) composite latexes combine the best attributes of inorganic solids with the processability, lightweight and handling advantages of organic polymers. There are common methods to produce polymer nanocomposites: melt compounding, in-situ polymerization and solution mixing. Emulsion polymerization is an unique chemical process widely used to produce waterborne resins with various colloidal and physicochemical properties. This free radical polymerization process involves emulsification of the relatively hydrophobic monomer in water by an oil-in-water emulsifier, followed by the initiation reaction with a water insoluble initiator. This research focuses on the synthesis and reactions kinetics of polyacrylic latex with the incorporation of various nanospheres (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3), and layered silicate (Bentonite nanoclay) nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization. The influence of nanoparticle concentration on reaction kinetics was also investigated. The results showed that the concentration of nanoparticles has significant influence on the monomer conversion, particle size, coagulum content and viscosity of the emulsion. Furthermore, the nanostructured emulsions were shear thinning, exhibiting a power-law behavior, and the viscosity was influenced by the nanoparticle morphology.

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21

Xu, Jianhui, Haiying Li, Shutong Tang, Shiqi Chen, Hao Huang, Jing Dang, and Yuanyuan Li. "Preparation and properties of ambient self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2783, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2783/1/012040.

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Abstract With styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers, a core-shell structure was utilized to synthesize a polymerization emulsion. Then, self-crosslinked polyacrylic acid emulsions with different crosslinking degrees were synthesized by changing the amount of DAAM using deception acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as functional monomers. The basic performance tests demonstrated that the inclusion of DAAM resulted in an increase in the emulsion’s stability and film’s solvent resistance; The DSC test demonstrated that boosting the crosslinking degree was advantageous in improving the T g of the film; according to FT-IR and microscopic tests, the crosslinking reaction took place in the system. The self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion of this system has a certain application prospect as a binder.

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22

Watanabe, Ryuta, Kakeru Izaki, Kazuya Yamamoto, and Jun-ichi Kadokawa. "Preparation of Nanochitin/Polystyrene Composite Particles by Pickering Emulsion Polymerization Using Scaled-Down Chitin Nanofibers." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060672.

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In this study, we investigate the Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene using scaled-down chitin nanofibers (SD-ChNFs) as stabilizers to produce nanochitin/polystyrene composite particles. Prior to emulsion polymerization, an SD-ChNF aqueous dispersion was prepared by disintegrating bundles of the parent ChNFs with an upper hierarchical scale in aqueous acetic acid through ultrasonication. After styrene was added to the resulting dispersions, the mixtures at the desired weight ratios (SD-ChNFs to styrene = 0.1:1–1.4:1) were ultrasonicated to produce Pickering emulsions. Radical polymerization was then conducted in the presence of potassium persulfate as an initiator in the resulting emulsions to fabricate the composite particles. The results show that their average diameters decreased to a minimum of 84 nm as the weight ratios of SD-ChNFs to styrene increased. The IR and 1H-NMR spectra of the composite particle supported the presence of both chitin and polystyrene in the material.

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23

Wu, Zhen, Chong Zhe Zhong, Yu Song, and Ying Qiang Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Novel Acrylate Emulsiones with Ketone-Hydrazide Crosslinking Structure Based on Application of Reactive Emulsifier." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.335.

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Polyacrylate emulsions (PAs) with core-shell structure were prepared by semi-continuous emulsion polymerization with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as crosslinkable monomers and compound emulsifier system of SDS/0P-21/MS-1, reactive emulsifier NRS-10 as emulsifier respectively. The polyacrylate emulsion with keto-hydrazide crosslinking was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), FTIR analyses demonstrated that the keto-hydrazide crosslinking reaction occur in the emulsion. The properties of both emulsions and films were tested by size analysis, viscosity analysis and others. The results showed that the average particle size with reactive emulsifier system of around 93 nm, coagulation rate of around 0.81% and water absorption rate of around 6.7% and the quality of polyacrylate emulsion with reactive emulsifier system was excellent.

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24

Wang, Chao, Thomas J. Vickers, and Charles K. Mann. "Use of Water as an Internal Standard in the Direct Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization by Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 7 (July 1993): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934415183.

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Direct analysis of the organic phase of an emulsion polymerization is described. Quantification uses the bending mode peak of water, which makes up the bulk of the reaction medium, as an internal standard. Although demonstrated with methyl methacrylate, the process is generally applicable to emulsion polymerizations. It does not require the introduction of an extraneous internal standard component into the reaction mixture.

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Zhu, Hong Xiang, Shuang Fei Wang, Ying Hui Wang, Nan Nan Xia, and Hui He. "Research on Synthesis of Neutral Sizing Agent by Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2755.

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In this paper, a sizing agent applied in papermaking was synthesized via emulsion polymerization using styrene (St), methyl acrylic acid (MAA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as monomer. In this process, potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as a initiator and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and OP-10 were used as the emulsifier or no emulsifier was used, while NB2Bwas used as a protective atmosphere for the reaction system. The product of emulsion polymerization with St and BA has a good comprehensive properties and a certain sizing effectiveness. Furthermore, the microwave irradiation could not only produce emulsions with small diametric particles but also shorten the polymerized time greatly.

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Harutyunyan, L. R., and R. S. Harutyunyan. "On the mechanism of acrylamide emulsion polymerization with the participation of its dimers." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (May 2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-136-3-50-56.

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The role of both dimeric and monomeric forms of acrylamide monomer in the process of polymerization in emulsions initiated by different type of initiators was discussed and the reasons for the reaction order with respect to monomer greater than unity were elucidated for acrylamide free radical polymerization in emulsions. The emulsion polymerization mechanism of acrylamide is discussed separately for the processes initiated by water-soluble initiator and oil-soluble initiator. The main difference in two cases is the distribution of acrylamide and initiator in aqueous and toluene phases. In the case of using water-soluble initiator, the initiator and acrylamide are in the same phase, whereas the molecules of the initiator and acrylamide are distributed between different phases in the case of using oil-soluble initiator. As a result, the participation of the dimers in the process of acrylamide emulsion polymerization is more efficient for the system where water-soluble initiator is used. For that system, it is suggested that both dimers and monomers of acrylamide participate in the propagation reaction at relatively low concentrations of acrylamide, which explains the value of the reaction order with respect to monomer greater than unity.

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Fouconnier, Benoit, M. Ali Aboudzadeh, and Francisco López-Serrano. "Silica-Supported Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene Pickering Emulsion Polymerization: Tuning Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity by pH and Co-Aid Adsorption." Processes 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101820.

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In this work, polymerizations of styrene (St) in the presence of divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crosslinking agent and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (VBS) have been performed in Pickering emulsions, using silica nanoparticles (SNps) as stabilizing agents and ammonium persulfate as a hydrophilic initiator. In oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with alkaline continuous phase (pH = 9) at 1, 2, and 3 wt% DVB (relative to St), polydisperse spheroid copolymer submicronic nanoparticles were obtained. Comparatively, polymerizations performed in Pickering emulsions with acidic continuous phase (pH = 5) allowed preparing St-co-DVB microspheres with core–shell structures at 1 wt% DVB and St-co-DVB hybrid monoliths with bi-continuous morphologies at 2 and 3 wt% DVB. It is noteworthy that this work reports Pickering emulsion polymerization as a new strategy for preparing hybrid percolated scaffolds with bi-continuous porosity. The proposed mechanisms originated by pH, DVB, and VBS and the drastic impact caused on the final morphology obtained, either hybrid particles or monoliths, are discussed herein.

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Lin, Shi-Yow, Chorng-Shyan Chern, Tien-Jung Hsu, Ching-Tien Hsu, and I. Capek. "Emulsion polymerization of styrene: double emulsion effect." Polymer 42, no. 4 (February 2001): 1481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00526-7.

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29

Sun, Yi Ming, Xia Xie, Xu Huang Chen, and Yan Lin Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of Fluoroalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer Emulsion Using in Glass Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 580 (October 2012): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.580.548.

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Copolymer emulsions containing fluorine were prepared by emulsion polymerization with MMA, BA and G06B using SDBS as emulsifier. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and DSC. The size and distribution of the latex particle in emulsion were obtained by particle size analyzer. The stability of emulsion was observed and the solvent resistance of latex films was investigated. Surface properties of the copolymer film were investigated by contact angle measurement. The results showed that adding fluorine group to copolymer could increase hydrophobic property of the latex film and decrease the surface free energy of copolymer film. Glass fiber will have excellent properties when combining with the copolymer emulsion.

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Chen, Tong Yu, Yan Jun Liu, and Qing Zhu. "The Conductivity Measurement of Polyethylene Glycol Dilaurate." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.718.

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In orlder to find out the law between conductivity of polyglycol aliphatic acid ester and concentration and polymerization degree, the relationship between conductivity of polyglycol aliphatic acid ester and concentration and polymerization degree was teated by using DDS-II conductivity experimen instrument, by taking a typical polyethylene glycol 200( 400, 600) dilaurate as the research object. Firstly, the conductivities at the water content from 10% to 90% were tested in the room temperatrure. The results showed that conductivity of the same emulsion increases with increasing the water content, then decreases with increasing the water content. This is because that the emulsion is the O/W emulsion, conductivity increases with increasing the water content. Then the liquid crystal is generated in the emulsion leading to the increase trend of conductivity slowing down. The emulsion changs into the W/O emulsion at last resulting in conductivity decreases with increasing the water content. Secondly, the relationship between conductivity of emulsion and polymerization degree were tested. The results of the experiment show that: the higher the polymerization degree, the smaller the conductivity o f the emulsion is. The reason is the higher the polymerization degree, the less the conductible ions of the emulsion is, finally cause the conductivity changs smaller and smaller.

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31

Korkut, Ibrahim, Fuat Erden, and Salih Ozbay. "Cost-Effective Control of Molecular Weight in Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene." Acta Chimica Slovenica 69, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2022.7655.

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This paper focuses on the determination of economically most feasible conditions to obtain polystyrene with various target molecular weights through ultrasound-assisted emulsion polymerization. Briefly, batch polymerizations of styrene have been performed by ultrasound-assisted emulsion polymerization process using different reaction feed compositions. Polymerization rates were calculated using the monomer conversions at various reaction times. Also, molecular weights of the synthesized polymers, as well as the Mark-Houwink constants, were determined by intrinsic viscosity and gel permeation chromatography measurements. It was found that the polydispersity index of the polymers is ranging from 1.2 to 1.5, and the viscosity average molecular weights are in between 100000–1500000 g/mol depending on the reaction conditions. Finally, model equations were also developed for response variables, and the most economical ways of reaching various target molecular weights were interpreted by response surface methodology based multi objective optimization.

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Lovell, Peter A., and F. Joseph Schork. "Fundamentals of Emulsion Polymerization." Biomacromolecules 21, no. 11 (June 16, 2020): 4396–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00769.

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Zhang, Shuai, Bo Qin, Zehuan Huang, Jiang-Fei Xu, and Xi Zhang. "Supramolecular Emulsion Interfacial Polymerization." ACS Macro Letters 8, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b01003.

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34

Österholm, J. E., Y. Cao, F. Klavetter, and P. Smith. "Emulsion polymerization of aniline." Synthetic Metals 55, no. 2-3 (March 1993): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90195-3.

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Gromov, V. F., T. O. Osmanov, I. V. Glazkova, I. A. Gritiskova, and E. N. Teleshov. "Emulsion polymerization of acrylamide." Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 30, no. 6 (January 1988): 1210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(88)90215-8.

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Österholm, Jan-Erik, Yong Cao, Floyd Klavetter, and Paul Smith. "Emulsion polymerization of aniline." Polymer 35, no. 13 (June 1994): 2902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90329-8.

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37

Gerrens, Heinz. "On semicontinuous emulsion polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 27, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070270108.

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Vanderhoff, John W. "Mechanism of emulsion polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 72, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 161–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070720121.

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Breuer, W., and R. Höfer. "Sulfosuccinates for Emulsion Polymerization." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 40, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2003-400408.

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Maehata, Hideo, Xinzhi Liu, Michael Cunningham, and Barkev Keoshkerian. "TEMPO-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 29, no. 6 (March 19, 2008): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200700750.

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Pham, Binh T. T., Chris H. Such, and Brian S. Hawkett. "Synthesis of polymeric janus nanoparticles and their application in surfactant-free emulsion polymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2015): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01125b.

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van Hamersveld, Eelco M. S., J. J. G. S. van Es, and F. P. Cuperus. "Oil–acrylate hybrid emulsions, mini-emulsion polymerization and characterization." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 153, no. 1-3 (August 1999): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00721-3.

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Gritskova, I. A., S. V. Zhachenkov, N. I. Prokopov, and P. Ye Il'menev. "Emulsion polymerization of hydrophobic monomers in highly-dispersed emulsions." Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 33, no. 7 (January 1991): 1367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90322-h.

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Song, Shi Gao, Shao Guo Wen, Ji Hu Wang, and Yan Shen. "Application of New Emulsifier on Acrylic Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.236.

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In this paper, we studied the influence of the amount of alkyl glycosides emulsifier, reaction temperature and the amount of initiator on emulsion polymerization kinetics. The results show that when we apply the new alkyl glycosides emulsifier in acrylic emulsion polymerization, the relationship between polymerization rate Rp and emulsifier concentration [S] is Rp∝[S]0.70 and the correlation coefficient is 0.93; the relationship between polymerization rate Rp and the initiator concentration [I] is Rp∝[I]1.00 and the correlation coefficient is 0.86; the apparent activation energy of polymerization is 32.34KJ/mol and the correlation coefficient is 0.93. We got good results after applying the new type emulsifier in acrylic emulsion polymerization.

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Fei, Guiqiang, Yu Zhang, Xia Wang, Xiaorui Li, and Haihua Wang. "Effects of Continuous Phase and Crosslinking Agent on the Rheological Behaviors and Properties of Cationic Poly(urethane-acrylate) Emulsifier-Free Microemulsions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 8419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.16423.

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Cationic poly(urethane-acrylate) emulsifier-free microemulsions are prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization (SPUA) or in-situ emulsion polymerization (IPUA) with (a) or without (b) crosslinking agent hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). Furthermore, no surfactant is introduced into the reaction system. The effect of continuous phase and HEA on the rheological behavior and properties of microemulsions are studied. The results show that IPUA using vinylmonomers as the continuous phase and with HEA (IPUAMB-b) has the highest ζ value, lowest coagulation ratio, smallest particle size of 48 nm and apparent core–shell structures. Rheological research has concluded that the zero-shear viscosity of IPUAB-b and IPUAM-b emulsion is 6.03×102 and 7.89 Pa·s, respectively, and presents pseudoplastic behavior. However, IPUAMB-b and SPUA-b display Newtonian behavior with η0 of 0.136 Pa·s and 0.0823 Pa·s, respectively. PUA emulsions display similar rheological behavior when NMP is replaced by the mixture of MMA and BA.

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Sun, Jing Gao, and Qin Cao. "The Research on Modeling and Simulation of TFE Polymerization Process." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/365486.

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PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is the fluorinated straight-chain polymer, made by the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene monomer; it is used widely because of its excellent performance and can be obtained by the polymerization of body, solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. But only the last two are the main ways. This research paper makes simulation based on Polymer Plus. It uses the emulsion polymerization method at background to carry out a semibatch reactor system. Upon the actual production conditions, simulation process under the steady state conditions is used to analyze the effects of the changes on operating conditions; the corresponding dynamic model is created to analyze the impact of the changes of conditions on the entire system. Moreover, the amount of APS which plays an important part in this reaction is discussed for getting the most suitable amount of initiator. Because of less research work on this job, it is so difficult to find the related data from the literature. Therefore, this research will have a great significance for the process of the tetrafluoroethylene emulsion polymerization in the future.

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Zhanwang, Xingzhou. "Review on Preparation of Polystyrene Microspheres." Applied and Computational Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/3/20230334.

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The traditional preparation methods of polystyrene microspheres are emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization. The diameter of the microspheres prepared by the former is generally less than 0.5 m, and the diameter of the microspheres prepared by the latter is about several hundred microns and is difficult to control. With the continuous development of science and technology, scientists have found multiple methods to prepare micron-sized monodisperse polymer microspheres in recent years. Such as soap-free or low-soap emulsion method, dispersion polymerization method, liquid-phase synthesis method. The four preparation methods of dispersion polymerization, emulsion polymerization, liquid-phase synthesis, suspension polymerization and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, and the prospect of synthetic application is prospected.

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Cummings, Shidan, Yujie Zhang, Niels Smeets, Michael Cunningham, and Marc Dubé. "On the Use of Starch in Emulsion Polymerizations." Processes 7, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7030140.

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The substitution of petroleum-based synthetic polymers in latex formulations with sustainable and/or bio-based sources has increasingly been a focus of both academic and industrial research. Emulsion polymerization already provides a more sustainable way to produce polymers for coatings and adhesives, because it is a water-based process. It can be made even more attractive as a green alternative with the addition of starch, a renewable material that has proven to be extremely useful as a filler, stabilizer, property modifier and macromer. This work provides a critical review of attempts to modify and incorporate various types of starch in emulsion polymerizations. This review focusses on the method of initiation, grafting mechanisms, starch feeding strategies and the characterization methods. It provides a needed guide for those looking to modify starch in an emulsion polymerization to achieve a target grafting performance or to incorporate starch in latex formulations for the replacement of synthetic polymers.

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Xu, Chun Lei, Yi Hu, Jin Qiang Liu, Sheng Peng Wang, Shao Min Qu, and Jian Hua Xu. "The Preparation of Core-Shell Type Acrylic-Polyurethane Composite Emulsions for Pigment Printing." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.387.

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Vinyl-endblocked polyurethanes were prepared from polyether diols(N210), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). The core-shell structure acrylic-polyurethane composite emulsion was prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) using the polyurethanes emulsions as seeded emulsions. The core and shell regions were occupied by acrylic polymer and polyurethane, respectively. Because polyurethanes were vinyl-endblocked, acrylic monomers could graft partially to them. The formation of core-shell structure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structure and properties of dried film were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and TGA.

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Huang, Tao, and Shuling Gong. "Preparation of Emulsifier-Free Styrene–Acrylic Emulsion via Reverse Iodine Transfer Polymerization." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193348.

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Styrene–acrylic emulsions containing hydroxyl functional monomer unit’s component are widely used for maintenance coating. In this paper, a stable emulsifier-free styrene–acrylic emulsion with solid content over 43% could be obtained in 210 min via reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP). By adding a mixture of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) into a system containing a high content of hydroxyl functional monomer component (19.4 wt.% of the total monomer mass), styrene (St) could be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA); the modified film exhibited good hardness properties, good adhesive properties, and low water absorption. An increase in the amount of PEGMA decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg). When 1.4 times the reference amount of initiator was added, the highest molecular weight Mn could reach 40,000 g.·mol−1 with 0.25 times the reference amount of iodine in the emulsion. The largest tensile strength of the dried emulsion film over 5.5 MPa endowed the material with good mechanical properties. Living polymerization was proven by the kinetics of RITP emulsion and chain extension reaction. TEM micrographs manifest the emulsification of the seed random copolymer. This paper may provide a potential methodology for preparing polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties.

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