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Journal articles on the topic 'Emu oil'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lan, Meijuan, Lin Li, Shengkai Luo, Juncheng Chen, Xiaofeng Yi, Xia Zhang, Bing Li, and Zhiyi Chen. "Chemical Characterization and In Vivo Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Emu Oil." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112238.

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In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and in vitro as well as in vivo toxicological safety of emu oil were investigated. Emu oil was shown to have a low acid and peroxide value, low amounts of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, and high doses of oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, in a bacterial reverse mutation assay, emu oil demonstrated no change in the amount of revertant colonies for all strains. In a chromosomal assay, no aberrations occurred in any of the emu oil treatment groups (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL). In the bone marrow micronucleus test, emu oil up to 20 mL/kg showed no significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Moreover, emu oil up to 19.3 mg/kg body weight did not affect body weight in an acute oral toxicity study. These results are crucial for the adoption of emu oil as an alternative source of edible oil.

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2

Bennett, Darin C., William E. Code, David V. Godin, and Kimberly M. Cheng. "Comparison of the antioxidant properties of emu oil with other avian oils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08134.

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The antioxidant properties of emu oil were compared with oils derived from the fat of other avian species. We first examined their free radical scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl radical. The concentration of emu oil in the test solution that caused 50% neutralisation (IC50) was variable (24.5 ± 5.9 mg/mL, range 5.3–55.4 mg/mL), but similar to values obtained for other ratites (10.7 ± 5.9 mg/mL). In contrast, the IC50 values for duck and chicken oil were much higher (118.0 ± 8.1 mg/mL). The variability in the radical scavenging activity of emu oil preparations may reflect variations in the diets of the birds, the processing protocol and/or the storage age of the oil. We also evaluated some of the ratite oils for their inhibitory capacity on human erythrocyte membrane oxidation, by measuring the reduction of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBAR) production. Emu oil had a greater effect in decreasing TBAR production than either the ostrich or rhea oil, suggesting that it offers more protection than the other ratite oils against oxidative damage. In conclusion, we demonstrated that emu oil has both antioxidant properties in vitro and a protective role against oxidative damage in a model biological membrane system. The antioxidant or radical scavenging properties of emu oil appear to be due to minor constituents in the non-triglyceride fraction of the oil, while its high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (UFA : SFA) offers protection against oxidative damage.

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3

Afshar, Mohammad, Reza Ghaderi, Mahmoud Zardast, and Parvin Delshad. "Effects of Topical Emu Oil on Burn Wounds in the Skin of Balb/c Mice." Dermatology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6419216.

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The goal of this study was to determine the effect of topical Emu oil on the healing of burn wounds and hair follicle restoration in superficial II-degree burns in the skin of Balb/c mice. Thirty-two male Balb/c mice with burns on the back of the neck were divided into two groups: The Emu oil group received topical Emu oil twice daily, whereas the control was left untreated. Skin biopsies were obtained on days 4, 7, 10, and 14 of the experiment. Then the specimens were viewed with Olympus SZX research microscope. The Emu oil treated burns were found to heal more slowly and inflammation lasted longer in this group. The number of hair follicles in the margins of the wounds increased through time in the Emu oil group compared to the control group. Also, the hair follicles in the Emu oil group were in several layers and seemed to be more active and mature. Moreover, Emu oil had a positive effect on fibrogenesis and synthesis of collagen. The findings indicate that although Emu oil delays the healing process, it has a positive effect on wound healing and it increases the number of hair follicles in the margins of the wound.

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4

Mitchell, Chloe J., Gordon S. Howarth, Lauren C. Chartier, Debbie Trinder, Ian C. Lawrance, Li San Huang, and Suzanne Mashtoub. "Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn’s-like colitis." Experimental Biology and Medicine 245, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 1697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370220951105.

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Crohn’s disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn’s-like colitis. Female ARC(s) mice (CD-1 equivalent, n = 10/group) were intra-rectally administered water (120 μL) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 3 mg in 50% ethanol; 120 μL bolus) on day 0. Mice were orally administered water (80 μL) or emu oil (80 μL or 160 μL) daily for five days and euthanized on day six. Bodyweight and disease activity were recorded daily. Colonoscopy, burrowing activity, facial grimace, histological parameters (damage severity, small intestinal villus height/crypt depth and colonic crypt depth), myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TNBS decreased bodyweight (days 1, 2, 4; P < 0.05) and increased disease activity (days 1–6; P < 0.01), compared to normal controls. Emu oil (80 μL) attenuated disease activity on days 5–6 ( P < 0.05), although bodyweight loss was not significantly impacted ( P > 0.05). Facial grimace and colonoscopy scores were significantly increased in TNBS-control mice; effects attenuated by both volumes of emu oil ( P < 0.001). TNBS increased histological damage severity compared to normal controls ( P < 0.05); an effect attenuated by 80 μL emu oil (proximal and distal colon; P < 0.05) and 160 μL emu oil (distal colon; P < 0.01). In the ileum, villus height and crypt depth were unaffected by TNBS or emu oil treatment compared to normal ( P > 0.05). TNBS-induced distal colonic crypt lengthening was unaffected following emu oil administration ( P > 0.05). Remaining parameters, including burrowing, myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability, were unchanged across all treatment groups ( P > 0.05). In normal mice, emu oil treatment did not significantly impact any parameter compared to normal controls. In conclusion, emu oil reduced overall disease severity and facial grimace scores in TNBS mice. These results suggest therapeutic potential for orally administered emu oil in the management of Crohn’s disease.

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5

Lindsay, Ruth J., Mark S. Geier, Roger Yazbeck, Ross N. Butler, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Orally administered emu oil decreases acute inflammation and alters selected small intestinal parameters in a rat model of mucositis." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 4 (April 9, 2010): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451000084x.

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Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is a serious disorder of the alimentary tract. Emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of arthritis and wound healing; however, its effects on the intestine remain unknown. We investigated emu oil for its potential to decrease the severity of mucositis in a rat model. Female Dark Agouti rats (110–150 g) were orogastrically gavaged with emu oil (0·5 or 1 ml) or water (1 ml) for 5 d before intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 150 mg/kg) or saline (control), and this was continued up to the day of sacrifice (48, 72 and 96 h post 5-FU administration). Histological (villus height, crypt depth (CD) and disease severity score) and biochemical (myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity) parameters were determined in intestinal tissues collected at sacrifice. Sucrase activity in vivo was quantified by the sucrose breath test. Activated neutrophil activity (MPO) in the ileum was significantly decreased by emu oil (0·5 ml, 451 (sem 168) U/g and 1 ml, 503 (sem 213) U/g) compared with 5-FU-treated controls (1724 (sem 431) U/g) 96 h post 5-FU administration. There were also significant increases in CD (152 (sem 8) μm) in the ileum of rats that receivied 1 ml emu oil at 96 h compared with 5-FU-treated controls (CD (106 (sem 12) μm)). Emu oil did not affect sucrase activity. Emu oil decreased acute ileal inflammation, and improved mucosal architecture in the intestine during recovery from chemotherapy in rats. Further studies investigating the potential benefits of emu oil as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of intestinal disorders are indicated.

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6

Hodula, Martin, and Bohdan Vahalík. "Effects of oil shocks on EMU exports: technological level differences." Review of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2017-0021.

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Abstract This article provides some new empirical perspectives on the relationship between oil-market fluctuations and technological structure of EMU export. We rely on a time-varying parameter VAR model to capture the reaction of different technological structures of EMU export to various oil-market innovations in the period 2002-2015. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) increase in crude oil production is likely to reduce oil prices and therefore increases all EMU exports due to lower production and transportation costs; (2) increase in global demand is more likely to be transmitted to goods with higher added value; (3) high-tech exports decrease in the first months after the global demand shock as a result of a delayed investment decision process; (4) increasing oil prices yield only marginal effect on EMU export.

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7

Sundralingam, Usha, Srikumar Chakravarthi, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan, Saravanan Muniyandy, and Uma D. Palanisamy. "Efficacy of Emu Oil Transfersomes for Local Transdermal Delivery of 4-OH Tamoxifen in the Treatment of Breast Cancer." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090807.

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Oral tamoxifen used in the prevention and treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (estrogen-positive) patients has limited acceptance, due to its adverse side effects. The efficacy of tamoxifen is related to its major metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Local transdermal therapy of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to the breast might avert the toxicity of oral tamoxifen, while maintaining efficacy. We aim to study the skin irritancy, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of the developed transfersome formulations, with/without emu oil, using a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. We also quantified tamoxifen/4-hydroxytamoxifen concentrations in blood plasma and performed histopathology. The skin irritancy test showed that the pure emu oil and transfersome formulations with or without the emu oil did not cause skin irritancy in the animals studied. A sensitive and specific LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen was developed and validated. Studies on tumor volume and necrosis (histopathology) using the breast cancer mouse model showed that the 4-OHT transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, showed comparable efficacy with that of orally administered tamoxifen. However, the transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, resulted in significantly lower (10.24 ± 0.07 and 32.45 ± 0.48 ng/mL, respectively) plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, compared to the oral tamoxifen (TAMX) group (634.42 ± 7.54 ng/mL). This study demonstrated the potential use of emu oil in a local transdermal formulation for the treatment of breast cancer and its reduced adverse effects.

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8

Howarth, Gordon S., Ruth J. Lindsay, Ross N. Butler, and Mark S. Geier. "Can emu oil ameliorate inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08139.

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Emu oil possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, primarily when applied topically. However, to date, the evidence supporting its therapeutic application has been largely anecdotal, and significant batch-to-batch variations in potency have been reported. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory properties of emu oil suggest therapeutic promise for the adjunctive treatment of a range of disparate gastrointestinal diseases and disorders characterised by inflammatory processes. These include the idiopathic condition inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy-induced mucositis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy and the various infective enteritides (i.e. fungal, bacterial and viral gastroenteritis). Although rigorous scientific investigations are in their infancy, the evidence for emu oil efficacy in extra-intestinal disorders, supported by limited in vivo investigations of other naturally sourced oils, identifies emu oil as a possible adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.

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9

Petrova, Desislava, Yanica Bratunova, Zornica Lazarova, and Momchil Lambev. "Composition and administration of emu oil." Varna Medical Forum 5 (October 31, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/vmf.v5i0.2867.

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10

Mashtoub, Suzanne. "Potential therapeutic applications for emu oil." Lipid Technology 29, no. 3-4 (April 2017): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.201700009.

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11

Ganguli, Subhadra. "An economic analysis of sustainability of a potential GCC economic and monetary union during 2005-2014." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-01-2016-0005.

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Purpose – Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was set up in 1981 between Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait for strengthening cooperation and economic development in the region. The GCC has made strides towards economic consolidation by forming a customs union and a common market. The long-term vision is to create an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) with a single currency. Progress towards the EMU has been slow and the recent oil price plunge has led to concerns regarding sustainable growth of member countries due to their significant dependence on oil and lack of diversification. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the scope of an EMU in the GCC against the backdrop of current oil crisis and examine sustainability of such a union. The paper studies convergence criteria similar to the ones followed by the accession countries of the European EMU in the 1990s preceding the introduction of the single currency Euro. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws its practical approach from the experience of the European Monetary Union, though the original idea of the single currency in Optimum Currency Areas was conceived by Mundell (1961). The present paper analyses macroeconomic time-series variables (e.g. GDP, budget deficits, debt, growth rates, inflation rates, exchange rates) for GCC during the period 2005-2014. Data has been sourced from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) databases to study the convergence criteria adopted by the EMU countries for the introduction of the Euro. Findings – The paper concludes that GCC economies are similar in terms of their structural and economic fundamentals. Most elements of the convergence criteria that were followed by the accession countries in Europe are fulfilled by the GCC member states, particularly during 2011-2014. The GCC states look similar in terms of sustainable growth, price stability and exchange rate stability – three aspects of convergence met by the European Union states. However, heavy dependence on oil and lack of diversification from oil and hydrocarbon-related products in the gross domestic product (GDP) composition of GCC states pose severe risks to the potential union. Fiscal vulnerabilities of these economies to oil price shocks, such as the current oil price crisis, create concerns for such a union during oil price lows. Widely divergent fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratios and rising debt-to-GDP ratios during periods of low oil prices imply the lack of sound and unsustainable public finances for some of the GCC states. The divergence has stemmed from widely different break-even oil prices for government budgets within the GCC and also due to varying degrees of oil dependencies between the member states. The scope of a successful and more sustainable EMU can be further explored once the GCC economics have achieved adequate diversity from oil. Originality/value – The study is useful to policy makers, central banks, businesses and researchers since it highlights the EMU as a feasible option for the GCC states. The sustainability of the EMU is contingent on diversification of these economies in the future from oil and oil-related products. The study can be utilized by policy makers as a strategy to further restructure GCC economies towards greater resilience and integration prior to accession to the GCC EMU.

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12

Mashtoub, S., K. Y. Cheah, K. A. Lymn, and G. S. Howarth. "Safety of emu oil for intestinal applications." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 4 (June 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2015.12.287.

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13

Mashtoub, Suzanne, Ker Y. Cheah, Kerry A. Lymn, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Intestinal homeostasis is restored in mice following a period of intestinal growth induced by orally administered Emu Oil." Experimental Biology and Medicine 243, no. 11 (July 2018): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370218787457.

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Previously, we reported that orally administered Emu Oil (EO) increases mucosal thickness in the small intestine and colon in rodent models of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and colitis. However, it remains unclear whether mucosal thickening (crypt and villus lengthening) represents a process of normal or aberrant growth. We sought to determine if villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) measurements returned to normal in EO-treated rats following withdrawal of EO therapy. Dark agouti rats ( n = 8/group) were gavaged daily for 10 days with water, olive oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL or 1 mL). Groups of rats were euthanized on days 10 and 17. Intestinal weights, lengths, VH, and CD were quantified. P < 0.05 was considered significant. On day 10, jejuno–ileum weight was increased by OO (26%) and EO (0.5 mL: 15%; 1 mL: 29%) compared to water controls ( P < 0.01), which was normalized by day 17. On days 10 and 17, jejuno-ileum length was greater in OO- (12%) and EO-treated rats (0.5 mL: 8%; 1 mL: 12%; P < 0.05), relative to water controls. On day 10, OO and EO increased ileal VH (OO: 32%; 0.5 EO: 22%; EO: 35%; P < 0.01) and CD (OO: 17%; 0.5 EO: 13%; EO: 22%) compared to water controls. Importantly, however, after withdrawal of all oils, VH and CD measurements returned to normal control values. Moreover, the VH:CD ratio (potential indicator of dysplasia) remained unchanged in all experimental groups on days 10 and 17. The restoration of normal intestinal architecture following cessation of Emu Oil therapy supports its safety for application in intestinal disorders. Impact statement Uncontrolled inflammation and intestinal proliferation can predispose to the development of colorectal cancer. In previous pre-clinical studies, we demonstrated that oral administration of Emu Oil promotes intestinal repair via stimulation of the mucosa in response to tissue injury and inflammation. Therefore, it was important to determine if Emu Oil administration did not promote the precocious development of colorectal cancer. The current study revealed that Emu Oil returned indicators of intestinal proliferation back to normal values after a period of seven days. These data strongly support the safety of Emu Oil for further studies in the context of bowel inflammation.

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Zhao, Zi Fen, Hui Ping Shao, and Sen Sun. "Effect of Different pH on Characterization of Oil-Based Magnetic Fluid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.338.

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In this paper, the oil-based magnetic fluid was prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and sodium oleate was the surfactant. The effect of different pH on the characterization of magnetic fluid was studied. The characterization was detected by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the nanoparticles were coated successfully by sodium oleate at pH=5. And the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles is 58.0 emu/g, the saturation magnetization of magnetic fluid prepared is 20.2 emu/g, and the Fe3O4 particles are dispersed well. Although the Fe3O4 magnetic particles coated by sodium oleate at pH = 10.5 has a higher saturation magnetization (67.8 emu/g), but the magnetic fluid is less stable and has an obvious settlement phenomenon.

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15

Filippidis, Michail, George Filis, and Renatas Kizys. "Oil price shocks and EMU sovereign yield spreads." Energy Economics 86 (February 2020): 104656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104656.

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16

Grompone, Maria A., Bruno Irigaray, and Martín Gil. "Uruguayan nandu (Rhea americana ) oil: A comparison with emu and ostrich oils." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 82, no. 9 (September 2005): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1130-1.

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17

Yoganathan, Subbiah, Robert Nicolosi, Thomas Wilson, Garry Handelman, Patrick Scollin, Richard Tao, Paul Binford, and Frank Orthoefer. "Antagonism of croton oil inflammation by topical emu oil in CD-1 mice." Lipids 38, no. 6 (June 2003): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-003-1104-y.

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18

Lagniel, C., and A. M. Torres. "Consequences of burn injuries treatment with 100% pure EMU oil." Burns 33, no. 1 (February 2007): S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.346.

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19

Jamalipour, M. "Comparison of physicochemical Concepts of Emu oil with Cosmetic creams." Alborz University Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.aums.2.1.47.

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20

Jeengar, Manish Kumar, Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla, Shweta Shrivastava, Naveen Chella, Nalini R. Shastri, V. G. M. Naidu, and Ramakrishna Sistla. "Emu oil based nano-emulgel for topical delivery of curcumin." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 506, no. 1-2 (June 2016): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.052.

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21

Zanardo, Vincenzo, David Giarrizzo, Luigi Maiolo, and Gianluca Straface. "Efficacy of Topical Application of Emu Oil on Areola Skin Barrier in Breastfeeding Women." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 21, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587215588653.

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Appropriate hydration and skin surface pH are of fundamental importance in preventing areola skin barrier damage and breastfeeding success. We studied the dermal effects of emu oil on areola skin soon after birth in 70 at-term breastfeeding mothers by noninvasive bioengineering method. Emu oil–based cream was found to be effective in improving stratum corneum hydration of breast areolae (mean ± standard deviation, from 56.9 ± 18.2 to 65.0 ± 17.2 conventional units, P < .003) and did not affect skin pH, temperature, or elasticity. The significant improvement in hydration values was more pronounced in the puerperae presenting with basal hydration in the lower quartiles (mean ± standard deviation, from 41.6 ± 17.2 to 59.6 ± 21.2 conventional units, P < .001). Further studies are warranted to confirm the long-term beneficial effects of this preparation in a very sensitive patient population.

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Shao, Hui Ping, Ye Ji, Xiao Ting Liu, and Zhi Meng Guo. "Preparation and Investigation of Magnetic Fluid with the Iron Oxide Spent Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2079.

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The water-based magnetic fluid (WMF) and oil-based magnetic fluid (OMF) were prepared successfully with the iron oxide spent catalyst by mechanochemical method. The iron oxide spent catalyst contains about 75% magnetite, 15% alkali metal and 10% ceria. The experimental purpose is to reclaim the spent catalyst and decrease the environment pollution. In this paper, the peculiarity of magnetic fluids was characterized by VSM, XRD, and TGA, etc. As a result, the saturated magnetizations of water-based and oil-based MFs are 22.09 emu/g and 30.02 emu/g, respectively. Their particle sizes are 15.11 nm and 16.07 nm, respectively. The prepared MFs would be used in separating low density metal from scrap, thereby decreasing the environmental pollution. Therefore, not only good magnetic fluid was prepared with the spent catalyst for the first time, but also the spent catalyst was recycled in an effective way to reduce environmental pollution.

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Guidetti, Sforzini, Bersani, Corsini, Grossi, Zolezzi, Fasano, and Pironi. "Vitamin A and Vitamin E Isoforms Stability and Peroxidation Potential of All-In-One Admixtures for Parenteral Nutrition." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.78.3.156.

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Background: In all-in-one admixtures (AIOs), vitamins can be degraded and lipid can be peroxidized by light exposure, oxygen action, and multiple chemical interactions. Aim: We investigated the impact of three commercial lipid emulsions and two multivitamin preparations on vitamin A and vitamin E chemical stability and lipid peroxidation potential of AIOs. Methods: A soybean oil (Soy), soybean/medium-chain triacylglycerol oil (MCT), and olive/soybean oil (Olive)-based emulsion (all 20%), and a lyophilized (Lyo) and emulsified (Emu) multivitamin compounds, were tested. Two AIOs for each lipid emulsion were prepared, the former with Lyo and the latter with Emu. The concentrations of retinol palmitate, α-γ-δ-tocopherol, and malondialdehyde were analyzed in AIOs, immediately (T0) and 24 hours (T24) after compounding. Results: Retinol palmitate, and α- and γ-tocopherol were more stable in MCT-AIOs than in both Soy-AIOs and Olive-AIOs (p < 0.013; p < 0.001 respectively). Furthermore α-tocopherol was more stable in Lyo-AIOs than in Emu-AIOs (p < 0.004). Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased differently among the admixtures; however the concentrations were similar in all AIOs at T24. Conclusions: The differences in retinol palmitate stability were due both to lipid emulsions per se and to interaction between lipid emulsions and multivitamin preparations. The α-γ-tocopherol stability depended on both lipid emulsions and multivitamin preparations. In tested AIOs there was a different degradation rate of fat-soluble vitamins to keep the same lipid peroxidation level, since MDA concentrations at T24 were similar among AIOs.

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Abimosleh, Suzanne M., Cuong D. Tran, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Emu Oil: A novel therapeutic for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract?" Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 27, no. 5 (April 20, 2012): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07098.x.

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Unnithan, Afeesh R., P. B. Tirupathi Pichiah, Gopalsamy Gnanasekaran, Kalaiselvi Seenivasan, Nasser A. M. Barakat, Youn-Soo Cha, Che-Hun Jung, Achiraman Shanmugam, and Hak Yong Kim. "Emu oil-based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for wound skin tissue engineering." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 415 (December 2012): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.09.029.

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26

Soleimani, Hassan, Noor Rasyada Ahmad Latiff, Noorhana Yahya, Maziyar Sabet, Leila Khodapanah, Gregory Kozlowski, Lee Kean Chuan, and Beh Hoe Guan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) Nanoparticles Activated by Electromagnetic Wave in Enhanced Oil Recovery." Journal of Nano Research 38 (January 2016): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.38.40.

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Due to the geographical location and technological limitation, various novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods has been proposed to recover the remaining oil from a depleted oil reservoir. Research on application of nanoparticles either on its own or coupled with other stimulating agents has been growing enormously and some of them have shown a promising future. In high temperature and high pressure reservoirs, thermal degradation will cause failure to the conventional chemicals. In this work, temperature-stable YIG magnetic nanoparticles with an electromagnetic wave has been proposed as a new candidate for reservoir stimulating agent. The purpose of nanoparticle injection is to increase the sweep efficiency in the reservoir by increasing the viscosity of displacing fluid. In this research, Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanoparticles have been injected into a waterflooded oil saturated porous medium to recover the remaining oil in the presence of an electromagnetic wave. At the sintering temperature 1200°C, a mixture of hematite and YIG was obtained, suggesting a higher temperature for single phase YIG. From VSM analysis, the average magnetic saturation, coercivity and remanence are 18.17 emu/g, 21.73 Oe and 2.38 emu/g, respectively. 1.0 wt% of YIG nanofluid was prepared and subsequently injected into the pre-saturated porous medium in the presence of square electromagnetic wave of 13.6 MHz. As much as 43.64% of the remaining oil in place (ROIP) was recovered following the injection of 2 pore volume of YIG nanofluid.

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Soleimani, Hasan, Noorhana Yahya, Noor Rasyada Ahmad Latiff, Hasnah Mohd Zaid, Birol Demiral, and Jamshid Amighian. "Novel Enhanced Oil Recovery Method Using Co²⁺_xFe²⁺_1-xFe³⁺₂O₄ as Magnetic Nanoparticles Activated by Electromagnetic Waves." Journal of Nano Research 26 (December 2013): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.26.111.

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Research on the application of nanoparticles, specifically magnetic nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery has been increasing in recent years due to their potential to increase the oil production despite having to interact with reservoirs of high salinity, high pressure and temperature and un-natural pH. Unlike other conventional EOR agents e.g. surfactants and polymers, a harsh environment will cause degradation and failure to operate. Magnetic nanoparticles which are activated by a magnetic field are anticipated to have the ability to travel far into the oil reservoir and assist in the displacement of the trapped oil. In this work, ferromagnetic Co2+xFe2+1-xFe3+2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their morphological, structural and magnetic properties. At a composition x = 0.75, this nanomaterial shows its best magnetisation parameters i.e. highest value of saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity of 65.23 emu/g, 12.18 emu/g and 239.10 Oe, respectively. Subsequently, a dispersion of 0.01 wt% Co2+0.75Fe2+0.25Fe3+2O4 nanoparticles in distilled water was used for core flooding test to validate its feasibility in enhanced oil recovery. In a core flooding test, the effect of electromagnetic waves irradiation to activate the magnetization of Co2+0.75Fe2+0.25Fe3+2O4 nanofluid was also investigated by irradiating a 78 MHz square wave to the porous medium while nanofluid injection was taking place. In conclusion, an almost 20% increment in the recovery of oil was obtained with the application of electromagnetic waves in 2 pore volumes injection of a Co2+0.75Fe2+0.25Fe3+2O4 nanofluid.

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28

Xuan, Truong Nguyen. "IMPROVEMENT OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MnBi POWDERS PREPARED BY LOW-ENERGY BALL MILLING." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 1A (May 4, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/1a/12506.

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Recently MnBi magnetic material attracts a large attention due to its potential for high-temperature permanent magnetic applications. Although its sponatenous magnetization is moderate, Ms ~ 8.2 kG74 emu/g but its large coercivity, iHc > 10 kOe, which results in the theoretical value of energy product (BH)max ~16.8 MGOe. The MnBi single phase is difficult to be prepared by using conventional techniques, such as the arc-melting, melt-spinning and sintering because of the big difference between the melting temperatures of Bi (544 K) and Mn (1519 K). Furthermore, the magnetic properties of magnets are strongly dependent on processing. The heat treatment of arc-melted alloys, the ball milling of annealed alloys, and the bulk magnets fabrication were found to have large effects on (BH)max of MnBi magnets. In this work, we report the effects of decomposition of MnBi LTPlow temperature phase (LTP) into Bi and Mn during low-energy ball milling (LEBM) carried out in xylene and silicon oil protection solvent environments and its influence on the magnetic properties of green MnBi as-milled powders. In both solvents, by LEBM for 120 - 150 min, MnBi arc-melted and annealed alloys were ground into fine particles of 0.5 – 5 µm to increase iHc up to 5 kOe. By LEBM for 120 min, the viscous silicon oil constrained the decomposition of MnBi (LTP) keeping Ms around 56 emu/g instead of 42 emu/g of in-xylene LEBM powders.

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29

Zemstov, Alexander, Monica Gaddis, and Victor M. Montalvo-Lugo. "Moisturizing and cosmetic properties of emu oil: A pilot double blind study." Australasian Journal of Dermatology 37, no. 3 (August 1996): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.1996.tb01040.x.

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30

Penturf, M., S. OʼBanion, and J. A. Griswold. "Evaluation of Emu Oil in Lubrication and Treatment of Healed Burn Wounds." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 19 (January 1998): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199801001-00237.

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31

Kamalakkannan, Soundararajan, PB Tirupathi Pichiah, Seenivasan Kalaiselvi, Sankarganesh Arunachalam, and Shanmugam Achiraman. "Emu oil decreases atherogenic plaque formation in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96, no. 9 (November 4, 2015): 3063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7480.

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32

Mashtoub, Suzanne, Cuong D. Tran, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Emu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in rats." Experimental Biology and Medicine 238, no. 11 (September 18, 2013): 1305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370213493718.

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33

Safaeian, Romina, Gordon S. Howarth, Ian C. Lawrance, Debbie Trinder, and Suzanne Mashtoub. "Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 54, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2019.1581253.

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34

Beckerbauer, L. M., R. Thiel-Cooper, D. U. Ahn, J. L. Sell, F. C. Parrish, and D. C. Beitz. "Influence of Two Dietary Fats on the Composition of Emu Oil and Meat." Poultry Science 80, no. 2 (February 2001): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.2.187.

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35

Ghaemi, R., G. S. Howarth, I. C. Lawrance, and S. Mashtoub. "Emu oil prevents bodyweight loss in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 4 (June 2016): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2015.12.256.

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36

Zamani, Reza, Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, Effat Alizadeh, and Nosratollah Zarghami. "Macrophage repolarization using emu oil-based electrospun nanofibers: possible application in regenerative medicine." Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 46, no. 6 (August 23, 2017): 1258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1367689.

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37

Abimosleh, Suzanne M., Ruth J. Lindsay, Ross N. Butler, Adrian G. Cummins, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Emu Oil Increases Colonic Crypt Depth in a Rat Model of Ulcerative Colitis." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 57, no. 4 (December 7, 2011): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-011-1979-1.

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38

Sethuraman, Sri Nandhini, Selvasubramanian Swaminathan, Shinu B. Nelson, Preetha S. Palaninathan, Tirumurugaan K. Gopalan, and Pandiyan Velayudham. "Modulation of PPARγ and TNFα by emu oil and glycyrrhizin in ulcerative colitis." Inflammopharmacology 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-014-0226-8.

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39

Hart, Nathan S., Jessica K. Mountford, Wayne I. L. Davies, Shaun P. Collin, and David M. Hunt. "Visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae : implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1834 (July 13, 2016): 20161063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1063.

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A comprehensive description of the spectral characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in palaeognaths is lacking. Moreover, controversy exists with respect to the spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (SWS1) opsin-based visual pigment expressed in one type of single cone: previous microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements in the ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) suggested a violet-sensitive (VS) SWS1 pigment, but all palaeognath SWS1 opsin sequences obtained to date (including the ostrich) imply that the visual pigment is ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS). In this study, MSP was used to measure the spectral properties of visual pigments and oil droplets in the retinal photoreceptors of the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ). Results show that the emu resembles most other bird species in possessing four spectrally distinct single cones, as well as double cones and rods. Four cone and a single rod opsin are expressed, each an orthologue of a previously identified pigment. The SWS1 pigment is clearly UVS (wavelength of maximum absorbance [ λ max ] = 376 nm), with key tuning sites (Phe86 and Cys90) consistent with other vertebrate UVS SWS1 pigments. Palaeognaths would appear, therefore, to have UVS SWS1 pigments. As they are considered to be basal in avian evolution, this suggests that UVS is the most likely ancestral state for birds. The functional significance of a dedicated UVS cone type in the emu is discussed.

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Mashtoub, S., G. S. Howarth, D. Trinder, and I. C. Lawrance. "Emu oil promotes bodyweight gain in a mouse model of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 4 (June 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2015.12.199.

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41

Ito, Minoru, Kazuhiro Minami, Yoshimasa Sagane, Toshihiro Watanabe, and Koichi Niwa. "Data on melanin production in B16F1 melanoma cells in the presence of emu oil." Data in Brief 9 (December 2016): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.039.

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42

Miyashita, Tadayoshi, Ryosuke Koizumi, Yoshimasa Sagane, Kazuhiro Minami, Minoru Ito, Toshihiro Watanabe, and Koichi Niwa. "Safety data on single application of emu and macadamia nut oil on human skin." Data in Brief 15 (December 2017): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.026.

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43

Méndez-Lagunas, Lilia L., Ana María Pineda Reyes, León Raúl Hernández Ochoa, and Juan Rodríguez Ramírez. "Evaluation of emu oil extraction methods and their effects on physical and rheological behavior." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113, no. 6 (March 16, 2011): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201000498.

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44

Vemu, Bhaskar, S. Selvasubramanian, and V. Pandiyan. "Anti-inflammatory Activity of Emu Oil in Indomethacin Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 85, no. 3 (June 2, 2015): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0564-3.

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45

Jeengar, Manish Kumar, Shweta Shrivastava, Kala Nair, Sreenivasa Reddy Singareddy, Uday Kumar Putcha, M. V. N. Kumar Talluri, V. G. M. Naidu, and Ramakrishna Sistla. "Improvement of Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Curcumin in Combination with Emu Oil." Inflammation 37, no. 6 (July 16, 2014): 2139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-014-9948-4.

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46

Koutzarova, Tatyana, Svetoslav Kolev, Kornely Grigorov, Chavdar Ghelev, Andrzej Zaleski, Robert E. Vandenberghe, Marcel Ausloos, Catherine Henrist, Rudi Cloots, and Ivan Nedkov. "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanosized Barium Hexaferrite Powders Obtained by Microemulsion Technique." Solid State Phenomena 159 (January 2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.159.57.

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Thin hexagonal barium hexaferrite particles synthesized using the microemulsion technique were studied. A water-in-oil reverse microemulsion system with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant, n-butanol as a co-surfactant, n-hexanol as a continuous oil phase, and an aqueous phase were used. The microstructural and magnetic properties were investigated. The particles obtained were mono-domain with average particle size 280 nm. The magnetic properties of the powder were investigated at 4.2 K and at room temperature. The saturation magnetization was 48.86 emu/g and the coercivity, 2.4 x 105 A/m at room temperature. The anisotropy field Ha and magneto-crystalline anisotropy K1 were 1.4 x 106 A/m and 2.37 x 105 J/m3, respectively.

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47

Raghu Nadhanan, Rethi, Suzanne M. Abimosleh, Yu-Wen Su, Michaela A. Scherer, Gordon S. Howarth, and Cory J. Xian. "Dietary emu oil supplementation suppresses 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy-induced inflammation, osteoclast formation, and bone loss." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): E1440—E1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2011.

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Cancer chemotherapy can cause osteopenia or osteoporosis, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and currently, no preventative treatments are available. This study investigated damaging effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on histological, cellular, and molecular changes in the tibial metaphysis and potential protective benefits of emu oil (EO), which is known to possess a potent anti-inflammatory property. Female dark agouti rats were gavaged orally with EO or water (1 ml·day−1·rat−1) for 1 wk before a single ip injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) was given. The treatment groups were H2O + Sal, H2O + 5-FU, EO + 5-FU, and EO + Sal. Oral gavage was given throughout the whole period up to 1 day before euthanasia ( days 3, 4, and 5 post-5-FU). Histological analysis showed that H2O + 5-FU significantly reduced heights of primary spongiosa on days 3 and 5 and trabecular bone volume of secondary spongiosa on days 3 and 4. It reduced density of osteoblasts slightly and caused an increase in the density of osteoclasts on trabecular bone surface on day 4. EO supplementation prevented reduction of osteoblasts and induction of osteoclasts and bone loss caused by 5-FU. Gene expression studies confirmed an inhibitory effect of EO on osteoclasts since it suppressed 5-FU-induced expression of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokine TNFα, osteoclast marker receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, and osteoclast-associated receptor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that EO can counter 5-FU chemotherapy-induced inflammation in bone, preserve osteoblasts, suppress osteoclast formation, and potentially be useful in preventing 5-FU chemotherapy-induced bone loss.

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Jeengar, Manish Kumar, Shweta Shrivastava, S. Chandra Mouli Veeravalli, V. G. M. Naidu, and Ramakrishna Sistla. "Amelioration of FCA induced arthritis on topical application of curcumin in combination with emu oil." Nutrition 32, no. 9 (September 2016): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.009.

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49

Whitehouse, M. W., A. G. Turner, C. K. C. Davis, and M. S. Roberts. "Emu oil(s): A source of non-toxic transdermal anti-inflammatory agents in aboriginal medicine." Inflammopharmacology 6, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-998-0001-9.

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Akanbi, Taiwo O., and Colin J. Barrow. "Lipase-catalysed incorporation of EPA into emu oil: Formation and characterisation of new structured lipids." Journal of Functional Foods 19 (December 2015): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.010.

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