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1

Dvorak, Laura D. "Effect of emu oil on dermal wound healing in a rat model /." Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422922.

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2

Gunther, Joshua William. "DEVELOPING CHEMICALLY MUTAGENIZED EMS FORREST SOYBEAN POPULATION FOR HIGH OIL PROFILE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1825.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF JOSHUA GUNTHER, for the Masters of Science degree in Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, presented on November 2nd, 2015, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DEVELOPING CHEMICALLY MUTAGENIZED EMS FORREST SOYBEAN POPULATION FOR HIGH OIL PROFILE. MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Khalid Meksem SUPERVISOR: Dr. Naoufal Lakhssassi Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are the most important crop that provides a sustainable source of oil and protein worldwide. Five major fatty acids are known, Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic acid, and each is essential for both nutrition and biodiesel. Oil demand for biodiesel production is constantly on the rise both because of high crude oil prices and because of the search for a sustainable fuel source. In biodiesel production a high level of Oleic Acid is ideal. Commodity soybean oil usually contains around 20% oleic acid. The objective of this research is to increase the Oleic acid content to increase the quantity of biodiesel that can be produced from one bushel of soybeans. With the process of chemical mutagenesis using Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS), soybean populations can be produced with varying fatty acid levels. Once these populations are isolated and tested they can be bred into a new cultivar with higher percentages of Oleic acid and grown on a large scale for biodiesel production. From the ‘Forrest’ cultivar that was used in the chemical mutagenesis process, there was one mutant line (FM3 2014-2031) that produced 43.26% Oleic Acid. This was almost twice the concentration of the Forrest wild type that was used as a control which had an Oleic Acid concentration of 23.17%.
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3

Brookes, Peter Robert. "Detoxification of point source industrial wastewater using an Extractive Membrane Bioreactor (EMB)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364062.

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4

Campolmi, Alessia. "Essays on open economic, inflation and labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7367.

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En los últimos años se ha desarollado mucho la literatura que utiliza modelos estocásticos de equilibrio económico general en economía abierta. En esta clase de modelos el primer capítulo estudia si el banco central tiene que fijarse en al inflación medida mirando al los precios al consumo (CPI) o a los precios a la producción. Se demonstra como la introducción de competencia monopolística en el mercado del trabajo y rigidez de los salarios nominales justifica el utilizo de la inflación medida sobre CPI. En el segundo capítulo el enfoque es sobre las diferentes volatilidades de la inflación entre paísos de la unión monetaria y como esto se puede relacionar con diferentes estructuras del mercado del trabajo. En el último capítulo se utiliza un modelo a dos paísos para estudiar las consecuencias de una subida del precio del petróleo sobre la inflación, los salarios reales y el producto interno bruto.
In these last years there has been an increasing literature developing DSGE Open Economy Models with market imperfections and nominal rigidities. It is the so called "New Open Economy Macroeconomics". Within this class of models the first chapter analyses the issue of whether the monetary authority should target Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation or domestic inflation. It is shown that the introduction of monopolistic competition in the labour market and nominal wage rigidities rationalise CPI inflation targeting. In the second chapter we introduce matching and searching frictions in the labour market and relate different labour market structures across European countries with differences in the volatility of inflation across the same countries. In the last chapter we use a two-country model with oil in the production function and price and wage rigidities to relate movements in wage and price inflation, real wages and GDP growth rate to oil price changes.
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Dallaire, Antonin. "Un modèle pour la séparation d'une émulsion huile-eau /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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6

Crawford, James R. "The economic behaviour of the oil firm." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303502.

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7

Dridi, Wafa. "Influence de la formulation sur l'oxydation des huiles végétales en émulsion eau-dans-huile." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0102/document.

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L’oxydation des lipides est un phénomène chimique qui provoque la dégradation des qualités organoleptiques et nutritionnelles des aliments. Cette oxydation dépend de plusieurs paramètres (température, lumière, présence de métaux de transition, présence d’enzymes, état de dispersion des lipides …) qu’il est important de maîtriser notamment au cours du procédé de fabrication du produit alimentaire ou de son stockage. Dans ce contexte, l’oxydation des lipides a été étudiée, à travers la mesure des composés primaires d’oxydation, en phase continue et en émulsion eau-dans-huile. Différentes huiles alimentaires présentant des taux variés en acide α-linolénique (18:3 n-3) ont été choisies. Différentes formulations d’émulsion ont été étudiées (composition de l’interface en polyricinoléate de polyglycérol (PGPR)/monoglycérides distillés, présence de métaux pro-oxydants, d’espèces chélatantes). En revanche, la fraction volumique de phase aqueuse (40%) et le diamètre des gouttelettes d’eau (1 μm) sont maintenus constants. Parallèlement, une méthode de dosage rapide et innovante basée sur la microcalorimétrie différentielle a été mise au point pour un suivi en continu des cinétiques d’oxydation. Pour les 4 huiles végétales étudiées en phase continue et en émulsion, l’oxydabilité est liée à leur teneur en acide α-linolénique, avec la hiérarchie suivante : huile de lin > huile de caméline > huile de colza > huile d'olive. Plus la concentration en molécules pro-oxydantes (sulfate de fer) dans la phase aqueuse est élevée, plus l’oxydation des lipides est importante. L’état de valence du fer et le remplacement du fer par du cuivre n’ont pas d’impact significatif sur la cinétique d'oxydation. En revanche, il est possible de contrôler l’action pro-oxydante du fer II en jouant sur la nature du contre-ion (poids moléculaire, pouvoir chélatant) ou sur la proportion de PGPR utilisée pour stabiliser les émulsions. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus suggère que les tensioactifs lipophiles présents à l’interface eau-huile n’empêchent pas l’interaction des ions pro-oxydants avec les molécules lipidiques de la phase continue mais que leur organisation à l’interface module l’oxydation des lipides
Oxidation is ubiquitous in lipids and causes degradation of organoleptic and nutritional qualities of foods. Lipid oxidation depends on various parameters (temperature, light, transition metals, lipid dispersion state …) that have to be controlled during food processing and storage. In this context, lipid oxidation was followed by measuring the content of primary oxidation products, for lipids in bulk phase and in water-in-oil emulsions. Different edible oils were chosen for their contents of α-linolenic acid (18: 3 n-3). Emulsions were formulated at varying polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)/distilled monoglycerides concentration ratios (surfactant ratio), with or without the presence of pro-oxydant metals or chelators. In all experiments, the aqueous volume fraction (40%) and the droplet mean diameter (1 μm) remained constant. Besides this study, an innovative and rapid method based on differential microcalorimetry was developed for monitoring the kinetics of lipid oxidation. The oxidability of the studied oils was related to their content in α-linolenic acid according the following order: linseed oil> camelina oil> rapeseed oil> olive oil. The rate of lipid oxidation increased with the iron sulfate concentration in the water phase. The iron valence or the replacement of iron by copper had no significant impact on the oxidation kinetics. However, both the chemical nature of the counter ion (molecular weight, chelating power) and the proportion of PGPR used to stabilize the emulsions were influential factors. On the whole, our results suggest that surfactants at the water-oil interface do not prevent pro-oxidant species to interact with lipids in the continuous phase but that their organization at the interface is a key parameter for controlling lipid oxidation
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Salisu, Mohammed Adaya. "Oil exports and the Nigerian economy : an econometric study." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363262.

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9

Li, Zhendan. "An Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Approach to Wear Particle Detection in Lubricating Oil Subject to Particle Overlap." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20313.

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With the development of mechanical fault diagnosis technology, complex mechanical systems do not need to be shut down periodically for the maintenance. The working condition of the mechanical systems can be monitored by analyzing the wear metal particles in the systems' lubricating oil. However, the output signals of the monitoring sensor are non-stationary. In some case the particle signals are overlapped with each other. The goal of this thesis is to find a method to decompose those overlapped particle signals, and then count the particle number in the lubricating oil. At the beginning EMD method was introduced in the experiment because of the character of the sensor signals. In this project, because EMD method is sensitive to the noise in the original signals, an improved version of EMD, EEMD method was implemented. Finally, a post processing method was used to get a better result.
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Cardoso, Priscilla Barreto. "Biobased polymeric nanoparticles from castor oil derivatives by admet and thiol-ene miniemulsion polymerizations." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/172593.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2016.
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Abstract : Renewable resources are earning special attention as substitutes for petroleum-based compounds, considering the future shortage of fossil supplies and also due to a sense of environmental awareness. In this context, biobased polymers obtained from vegetable oils are considered a promising "green" alternative to fossil-derived polymeric materials and present potential biodegradability and low toxicity, allowing their application for high value added and/or biomedical purposes. Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) and thiol-ene reactions appear as successful and versatile techniques to obtain high molecular weight polymers from renewable raw materials, enhancing the possibilities for the synthesis of vegetable oil-based polymers via chemical modifications. Additionally, besides avoiding the use of organic solvents, working with an environmentally friendly system, miniemulsion polymerization enables the production of polymeric nanoparticles with unique characteristics and vast commercial interest, with the possibility of using and/or incorporating water-insoluble compounds for a wide range of applications. Herein, it is reported the synthesis and characterization of biobased polymeric nanoparticles using a 100% renewable a,?-diene-diester monomer obtained by esterification reaction of 10-undecenoic acid (derived from castor oil) with 1,3-propanediol (derived from glycerol, which is also derived from castor oil). ADMET and thiol-ene polymerization reactions were successfully performed in miniemulsion and yielded polymers with weight average molecular weight up to 15 kDa (Mn), depending on different parameters and type of reactants (comonomers, surfactants, catalysts) employed. Then, the poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles were modified by the oxidation of their sulfur atom to sulfoxide and sulfone groups, aiming the development of nanoparticles with high potential for the encapsulation and release of bioactive compounds. Lastly, results revealed that the synthesized poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles derived from renewable resources did not present any cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblast (L929) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and showed high blood biocompatibility, assuring their viability for biomedical applications.

Recursos renováveis atraem crescente atenção como substitutos para matérias-primas derivadas do petróleo, considerando a futura escassez de fontes fósseis e também devido a um sentimento de consciência ambiental. Neste contexto, biopolímeros obtidos a partir de óleos vegetais são considerados uma promissora alternativa ecológica aos materiais poliméricos derivados de fontes fósseis, apresentando potencial biodegradabilidade e baixa toxicidade, permitindo sua aplicação para propósitos de alto valor agregado e/ou fins biomédicos. As reações de metátese de dienos acíclicos (ADMET) e tiol-eno aparecem como técnicas bem sucedidas e versáteis para a obtenção de polímeros de elevada massa molar derivados de matérias-primas renováveis, aumentando as possibilidades para a síntese de polímeros derivados de óleos vegetais a partir de modificações químicas. Além disso, a polimerização em miniemulsão é um sistema ambientalmente amigável, livre de solventes orgânicos e permite a produção de nanopartículas poliméricas com características únicas e de grande interesse comercial, com a possibilidade de utilização e/ou incorporação de compostos e compósitos insolúveis em água para uma vasta gama de aplicações, inclusive para fins biomédicos. A possibilidade da obtenção de polímeros em meio aquoso, cuja síntese tradicional é sensível à água, tais como poliésteres, é uma grande vantagem das reações de polimerização ADMET e tiol-eno em miniemulsão. Além disso, muitos outros tipos de materiais podem ser obtidos como, por exemplo, nanocompósitos, nanocápsulas e partículas híbridas. Como vantagem adicional, polímeros que contenham grupos éster na cadeia principal podem sofrer hidrólise, permitindo a sua degradação em ambiente fisiológico, fator de grande importância para aplicações biomédicas ou mesmo para a eliminação do material polimérico no meio ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas poliméricas utilizando um monômero a,?-dieno-diéster 100% renovável, obtido através da reação de esterificação do ácido 10-undecenoico (derivado do óleo de mamona) com o 1,3-propanodiol (derivado do glicerol, que também é derivado do óleo de mamona). Reações de polimerização ADMET e tiol-eno em miniemulsão foram realizadas com sucesso e produziram polímeros com massa molar média de até 15 kDa (Mn), dependendo de diferentes parâmetros e do tipo de reagentes (comonômeros, surfactantes, catalisadores) utilizados. No estudo das reações ADMET, a grande área superficial da fase orgânica nas reações em miniemulsão provavelmente aumentou a remoção de etileno (subproduto) do meio reacional, favorecendo a reação ADMET e atingindo polímeros com massas molares maiores do que os polímeros obtidos por polimerização em massa. Através dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que o catalisador Umicore M2 e o surfactante não-iônico Lutensol AT80 formaram a combinação mais adequada para a realização de reações ADMET em miniemulsão. Quando reações tiol-eno foram realizadas em miniemulsão, três diferentes monômeros a,?-dienos (1,7-octadieno, 1,3-propileno dipenta-1-enoato e 1,3-propileno diundeca-10-enoato) e dois ditióis diferentes (1,4-butanoditiol e 2-mercaptoetil éter) foram testados e os resultados foram comparados. O iniciador AIBN apresentou uma concentração ideal (1 mol%) para a síntese de polímeros com massa molar mais elevada, diferente do comportamento esperado em polimerizações tradicionais via radicais livres. Em seguida, as nanopartículas de poli(tioéter-éster) obtidas foram modificadas através da oxidação do átomo de enxofre em grupos sulfóxido e sulfona, visando à obtenção de nanopartículas com elevado potencial para o encapsulamento e liberação de compostos bioativos. Análises de DLS (Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz) e MET (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão) asseguraram a estabilidade de tamanho/polidispersão e morfologia das nanopartículas mesmo após o processo de oxidação; análises de FTIR e TGA confirmaram a presença de grupos sulfóxido e sulfona após a oxidação. Por último, foram realizadas análises de biocompatibilidade das nanopartículas de poli(tioéter-éster) obtidas. Resultados revelaram que as nanopartículas de origem renovável não exibiram efeito citotóxico em células de fibroblasto murinho (L929) e câncer cervical humano (HeLa) e, além disso, apresentaram alta hemocompatibilidade, viabilizando futuras aplicações biomédicas como sistemas carreadores de fármacos.
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Giannopoulou, Anna. "The economic development of the Greek olive-oil industry with special reference to Messenia Province." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14747/.

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This study examines the economic development of the Greek Olive Industry. Its focal point is the impact of recent socio-economic processes on the structure and organisation of the industry. In the first part, which is concerned with the rural sector, it is argued that olive cultivation and its development through time, has been constrained by a number of social, structural and institutional factors which are identified and their influence is then discussed. It is contended that recent changes due to the imposition of the EEC regime have brought about socio-economic processes which have considerably affected the mode of organisation of the rural sector in particular and the whole industry in general. In the second part of this study, which is concerned with the urban sector, it is argued that during the last decade, rapid change has transformed the outlook of the second-stage processing of the industry. This change has affected the structure in two ways. First, there has been a large increase inkhe number of small packing units which operate in domestic market niches and compete for a share in the export trade. Secondly, there has been a concentration of output and economic power in the hands of three leading packers, two multinational subsidiaries, and the cooperative enterprise Eleour7_giki. The financial base of this industrial change, though, is somewhat artificial. In particular, expansion in production and the modernisation process which has been taking place recently, are largely based on the CAP support system to the second-stage processing and packing, and also to large amounts of earnings which every year go through tax evasion.
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Stipaničev, Marko. "Improved decision support within biocorrosion management for Oil and Gas water injection systems." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/10304/1/stipanicev.pdf.

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The objective of this work, achieved in the framework of the BIOCOR European Network, has been to provide the operators of Sea-Water Injection System (SWIS) with improved decision support. The implication of biological component on carbon steel corrosion was explored as well as the possible synergy with other elements (mechanical stress, material properties…). This work showed that biogenic sulphide production, a corrosion threat for steel, can have different origins in seawater. The production rate can determine kinetics and morphology of corrosion attack, which might be governed by the type of microorganisms present. The key parameters are the availability of electron acceptors and the surrounding environment temperature. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) exhibit more vigorous attack compared to sulfidogenic bacteria or genera Clostridium, both found in the studied SWIS. Microbial activity also affects the mineralization process naturally occurring on carbon steel surface leading to architectures composed of mixed iron (II) and (III) minerals such as iron sulfides, magnetite, iron oxyhydroxides, chukanovite and green rust (sulfated or carbonated) as well as calcareous deposits. Inner layers of these structures could possibly provide an anaerobic habitat for SRBs, where they can flourish by using sulfate from GR(SO42-) as a terminal electron acceptor for their dissimilatory respiration. This enables continuous degradation of steel. Finally, significance of material microstructure and impact of mechanical stress on corrosion processes was also recognized. Grain boundaries and inclusions are playing a role during the initial stage of corrosion attack. This impact can diminish during the immersion time. An elevated bacterial activity coupled with mechanical stress leads to an increase of material deterioration. However, the mechanisms are not different from those usually observed for unstressed steel. Moreover, sulfidogenic microbial activity does not seem to lead to a failure mechanism related to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). In conclusion, the outcomes indicate the possible situations, which may (or may not) lead to breach the safe operating window for a given SWIS.
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Magalhães, Tasso Cordeiro Benevides de. "Influencia de restrições operacionais na definição das estrategias de produção." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263696.

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Orientador: Denis Jose Schiozer
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Estratégias de produção para campos petrolíferos são escolhidas com o objetivo de obter o melhor desempenho possível dos reservatórios, considerando restrições físicas, operacionais e econômicas. Em vários trabalhos publicados sobre otimização das estratégias de produção considera-se apenas o reservatório, simplificando o processo de definição por não considerar as restrições operacionais das facilidades de produção. Entretanto, as restrições da unidade de processamento e dos equipamentos necessários para o escoamento do petróleo, não só influenciam a produtividade do reservatório e o retorno financeiro do empreendimento, como também podem causar impacto significativo na definição da estratégia de drenagem, influenciando a quantidade e localização de poços produtores e injetores e no gerenciamento das condições de operação. No presente trabalho, duas restrições operacionais são analisadas: a limitação da capacidade de tratamento de líquidos da unidade de produção e a quantidade gás no sistema de elevação, gas-lift. Foram otimizadas estratégias de produção com e sem tais restrições para alguns casos e várias diferenças puderam ser observadas nos valores de indicadores técnicos e financeiros, como valor presente líquido, produção e injeção de fluidos e a quantidade e posicionamento de poços produtores e injetores. Foi possível demonstrar a influência das restrições operacionais e que se as mesmas não forem incluídas no processo de otimização antes da definição da quantidade e posição dos poços, o desempenho do campo pode ser prejudicado
Abstract: Production strategies for petroleum fields are chosen with the objective of achieving the best possible performance of the reservoir, considering physical, operational and economical constraints. In many published papers regarding production strategy optimization, only the reservoir is considered, simplifying the analysis process by not considering the operational constraints of production facilities. However, the restrictions of a production unit and the necessary equipments to guarantee the flow of petroleum not only have influence on the reservoir production and on the enterprise profits, but can also cause significant impact on the definition of the drainage strategy, influencing the number and location of producer and injector wells and the operational conditions management. In this work, two operational constraints are analyzed: the limitation of the capacity for liquid treatment and the amount of available gas for gas-lift operation. Production strategies were optimized with and without these restrictions for some case-studies and many differences were noted in the value of technical and financial indicators, such as the net present value, the production and injection of fluids and the number and location of producer and injector wells. It was possible to demonstrate the influence of operational constraints and how their exclusion from the optimization process, before definition of the number and location of wells, can lead to a wrong assessment of the field performance
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Alaswad, Alaa A. "DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICALLY MUTAGENIZED SOYBEAN POPULATIONS FOR IMPROVING SOYBEAN SEED OIL CONTENT AND FORWARD AND REVERSE GENETICS SCREENING." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1421.

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Soybeans are among seeds the common plant foods that contains high protein contents and high oil. The protein provides about 35 to 38 percent of the seeds calories compared to around 20 to 30 percent in other legumes and many animal products. The quality of soy protein is notable and approaches the quality of meat and milk. Unlike many other good sources of protein, soybeans are low in saturated fat and are cholesterol-free. Its proteins provide all the important amino acids, most the amounts needed by humans (NSRL, 2010). As the most consumed vegetable oil in the world, soybean oil has been used substantially in the food industry (Soystats, 2010). Its utilization is determined by its fatty acid composition, with commodity soybean oil typically 13% palmatic acid (16:0), 4% stearic acid (18:0), 20% oleic acid (18:1), 55% linoleic acid (18:2), and 8% linolenic acid (18:3). The change of fatty acid profiles to improve soybean oil quality has been a long time goal of many researchers throughout the world. Biodiesel is an up and coming trend in energy production. Breeding effort can be undertaken in order to produce a higher energy profile soybean oil. Using ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis effects on DNA, significant changes to the genes and gene network underlying the protein and oil profile can be achieved. These changes are hard to accomplish using standard breeding techniques. In addition, high amount of linolenic and stearic acid are very important for fuel and biodiesel production, but are not good for food production due to the fact that such oil is oxidized easily and the food goes rancid quickly. However, soybean oil with elevated amount of oleic acid is desirable for food, because this monounsaturated fatty acid improves the nutrition and oxidative stability of soybean oil compared to other oils. In order to improve the quality of soybean oil and processed foods, chemically mutagenized soybeans have been developed in this project. Seeds harvested from individual M3 and M4 plants (from 2 successive years 2012 and 2013) were analyzed for protein content, oil composition, and content. Moreover, seven phenotypic traits including oil analysis (stearic, palmitic, oleic, linolenic and linoleic), seed protein content, weight of the seeds (High yield), seeds color, stem length, germination rates, and branch architecture were collected and analyzed in this project of soybean `Forrest' mutagenized population. The result of this research showed that there were 25 significantly different lines (p< 0.05) compare to the wild type, which is useful for developing mutants with altered oil and fatty acid compositions in soybean.
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Ponsin, Violaine. "Natural attenuation of crude oil in the La Crau aquifer." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4738/document.

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Le 7 août 2009, un pipeline transportant du pétrole brut s'est rompu, provoquant le déversement de 5100 m3 de brut sur 5 hectares de la Réserve Naturelle des Coussouls de Crau. Le pétrole a atteint l'aquifère et a formé un LNAPL qui alimente un panache de polluants dissous, dont le benzène, composé cible car toxique. Cette étude vise à montrer que la biodégradation du pétrole (biostimulation ou atténuation naturelle), en particulier des composés dissous, est une mesure efficace de gestion à long terme des risques pour la ressource en eau. Une première étude en microcosmes a montré la biodégradation, même dans les conditions les plus réductrices, des composés cibles dont le benzène. Cette étude a confirmé que la disponibilité en oxydant est un facteur limitant et que le phosphate est un levier puissant pour stimuler la croissance bactérienne. Une seconde étude sur site a prouvé la faisabilité de la biostimulation par injection de nitrate et de phosphate dans la nappe et son efficacité pour l'abattement des concentrations en polluants dissous. L'utilisation du radon comme traceur pour estimer la saturation en pétrole dans l'aquifère a été évaluée dans une troisième étude. La facilité de mise en oeuvre de la méthode ainsi que les résultats offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour l'optimisation des systèmes de pompage-écrémage sur des sites ayant un NAPL. Une dernière étude portant sur la mise en place des processus d'oxydoréduction et de dégradation sur site a montré une évolution rapide des conditions après l'accident, traduisant un environnement favorable à l'atténuation naturelle. La dégradation in situ du benzène a été mise en évidence via des mesures isotopiques
On August 7, 2009 a pipeline transporting crude oil broke in the heart of the Nature Reserve of Coussouls de Crau, and 5,100 m3 of oil were spilled over 5 hectares. Oil infiltrated through the subsurface and reached the most important regional aquifer where it formed a LNAPL that created a plume of dissolved compounds. Among these compounds, benzene is of particular concern because of its toxicity and high solubility. This thesis aims at showing that biodegradation of crude oil, especially of dissolved compounds, is a good option for long-term management of risks for the water resource. A first study in microcosms demonstrated biodegradation of targeted compounds, including benzene, even under the most reducing conditions. This study also revealed that the availability of electrons acceptors was a limiting factor and that phosphate was a powerful lever to stimulate bacterial growth. An on-site study proved the feasibility of biostimulation by nitrate and phosphate injection in the aquifer and showed that biostimulation was efficient to reduce concentrations of dissolved compounds. Naturally occurring radon was used as a tracer to estimate oil saturation in the saturated zone in a third study. The ease of implementation of this method and the results offer interesting perspectives to optimize the yield of pump-and-skim systems in LNAPL-contaminated sites. The last study focused on the implementation of redox processes and degradation in the saturated zone after the spill. This study showed that processes quickly evolved and that conditions were favorable to natural attenuation. In situ benzene degradation was proven by the measurements of stable isotopes of carbon
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16

Alliod, Océane. "Development and valorization of a membrane emulsification process for the production of nanoemulsions." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1264/document.

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Les nanoémulsions sont des formulations intéressantes pour des applications telles que les cosmétiques, les produits pharmaceutiques et les produits alimentaires. Elles peuvent être produites par des techniques à basse ou haute énergie. Dans ce travail, un procédé impliquant une pression modérée, l'émulsification membranaire par prémix a été proposé comme alternative. Des nanoémulsions huile-dans-eau (H/E) et eau-dans-huile (E/H) ont été produites avec une installation à l'échelle pilote composée d'un pousse-seringue à haute pression et d'une membrane Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG). Tout d'abord, l'influence des nombreux paramètres de procédé et de composition sur la taille des gouttelettes et la pression résultante a été étudiée avec des compositions modèles afin d'optimiser la production. Ainsi, des nanoémulsions H/E d'environ 260 nm et E/H d'environ 600 nm ont été produites avec succès. Puis, le montage a été utilisé pour produire des nanoémulsions de compositions spécifiques, des nanoémulsions H/E et E/H stabilisées avec des tensioactifs polypeptidiques et une nanoémulsion H/E adaptée à l'injection. Enfin, le procédé développé a été comparé à deux procédés à haute énergie traditionnels, le microfludiseur et les ultrasons en termes de taille des gouttelettes et de conservation d'actifs. Aucune différence entre les procédés n'a été observée en ce qui concerne la préservation de l'acif choisi. Cependant, en ce qui concerne la taille, les nanoémulsions produites par les membranes ont présenté des gouttelettes monodisperses de 335 nm par rapport aux autres procédés qui ont produit des nanoémulsions d'environ 150 nm de taille moyenne mais contenant aussi des gouttelettes de taille micrométrique détectées par diffraction laser et microscopie optique. Pour cette raison, les nanoémulsions produites par procédé membranaire conviennent également pour des applications parentérales sans étape de filtration supplémentaire
Nanoemulsions are interesting carriers for applications such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food. They are produced usually by low or high energy techniques. In this work, a process involving moderate pressure, premix membrane emulsification (PME) was proposed as an alternative. Oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions were produced with a pilot scale set-up composed of a controlled high pressure syringe pump and Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane. First, the influence of process and composition parameters on droplet sizes and pressures was extensively studied with model compositions to optimize the production. Thus, nanoemulsions down to 260 nm for O/W and around 600 nm for W/O were successfully produced. Then, the set-up was used to produce nanoemulsions of specific compositions: O/W and W/O nanoemulsions stabilized with polypeptidic surfactants and O/W nanoemulsions suitable for injection. Finally, the set-up developed was compared to two traditional high energy processes, microfludizer and ultrasound in terms of droplet size and active preservation. No real difference between the three processes was seen on active preservation with the model active chosen. However, regarding droplet size, PME produced monodispersed droplets of 335 nm compared to the other processes which produced nanoemulsions of around 150 nm but with the presence of micron size droplets detected by laser diffraction and optical microscopy. Therefore, PME nanoemulsions are also suitable for parenterals applications with no additional filtration step required
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17

Thiéry, Régis. "Les systèmes eau-gaz-sels : modélisation des équilibres de phases et application aux fluides géologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_THIERY_R.pdf.

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Les équilibres de phase dans les systèmes eau-gaz-sels jouent un rôle central en géologie, et trois aspects importants de leur modélisation à partir des équations d'état sont développés. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée afin de faciliter le calcul formel des fonctions thermodynamiques. La première application est la description de tous les équilibres de phases à basse température (T < 30°C) dans le système CO2-CH4-N2 à l'aide d'une équation cubique. La reproduction des pressions de saturation a été améliorée sensiblement dans le domaine critique. Associé a un modèle de calcul des densités, ce nouveau modèle permet de déterminer avec précision les propriétés v-x des inclusions fluides. La deuxième application concerne la modélisation des équilibres liquide-gaz des systèmes eau-sels à haute température (T > 100°C) à partir d'un modèle développé avec l'aide de la mean spherical approximation (msa) et décrivant les propriétés thermodynamiques des mélanges d'ions et de dipôles. Le diagramme de phases global a été établi et montre l'influence des paramètres physiques (moment dipolaire, diamètre des ions et des dipôles) sur la topologie des diagrammes de phases. Le modèle msa permet de reproduire de manière satisfaisante les équilibres liquide-vapeur du système H2O-NaCl, à condition de prendre en compte la formation des paires d'ions à haute température (T > 400°C) ou dans les phases de faible densité. La troisième application concerne les équilibres de phases dans les systèmes eau-gaz-sels impliquant des clathrates de gaz à basse température (T < 30°C), qui se forment dans les inclusions fluides et dans les sédiments des marges continentales (leg odp 164). La distribution des hydrates de gaz marins et la nature des fluides associés ont été interprétées à l'aide d'un modèle de stabilité des hydrates et à partir des analyses des fluides échantillonnés
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18

Anderson, Joseph. "Carbon Affect on European Oil and Steel Companies: An Empirical Analysis on the Second Phase EU ETS." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/460.

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This paper uses timer series panel data from Bloomberg to ascertain the affects that carbon prices and other factors have on European oil and steel companies. This paper finds inconclusive evidence of carbon price return correlation with oil and steel company equity return. However it does find a strong positive correlation between the market portfolio excess return, which is the return on the DJS 600 EUR index minus the German three-month T-bill rate, and oil and steel excess equity return.
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Kama, Kärg. "Unconventional futures : anticipation, materiality, and the market in oil shale development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c08589c9-d82a-4c6e-926e-36202bf2060a.

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This thesis offers a political geography of unconventional energy development through a study of a particular fossil fuel resource called oil shale. Having long occupied a critical place in the politics and economy of certain states, most notably in Estonia, oil shale is now widely known as an ‘unconventional’ resource that is yet to become technically possible, commercially viable and socially acceptable to exploit. Following the movement through which oil shale becomes both unconventional and conventional, the thesis traces the resource through a series of geo-scientific, economic and political interventions. This study is based on analysis of technical literature and policy documents along with ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and site visits conducted in Estonia, Colorado, Utah, Jordan, London and Brussels. Drawing together relational accounts of natural resources in political ecology and economic geography with insights from Science and Technology Studies, this project both contributes to critical research on the carbon economy and to recent debates on the concepts of materiality, anticipation, and marketization in social sciences. The thesis proposes a relational conceptualization of resource materiality, situating oil shale in multiple and conflicting forms which derive from geographically disparate practices in both resource assessment and technological development. The future of oil shale exploitation is not pre-determined by the process of global resource decline, nor is it precluded by international demands to move towards lower-carbon futures. Rather, it is determined through the conjunction of different future-oriented economic and political calculations that are entangled with resource materials and associated technological systems. Developing a non-essentialist account of markets as socio-technically distributed arrangements, the thesis argues that these rival calculations influence the design of market rules for both energy and emissions trading. The thesis concludes that what counts as ‘unconventional’ is not given, but continues to be both created and contested at the same time as it is ‘conventionalized’.
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Lignel, Sarah. "Emulsions eau-dans-huile générées par un procédé microfluidique : contribution à l'étude de la congélation de l'eau dispersée en émulsion." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2143/document.

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Ces travaux entrent dans la cadre du projet européen Fundamental and Applied Studies on Emulsion Stability (FASES). L'objectif de ce projet est de comprendre les phénomènes responsables de la déstabilisation des émulsions dans le temps, en relation avec les propriétés interfaciales de ces systèmes. Les travaux de thèse décrits dans ce mémoire se divisent en deux parties : ils portent tout d'abord sur la fabrication de gouttes d'émulsions eau-dans-huile par un procédé microfluidique, puis sur l'étude de la taille et de l'état de dispersion des gouttes sur la cristallisation de l'eau dispersée. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les conditions opératoires permettant de fabriquer des gouttes de taille contrôlée par microfluidique avec le système de fluides mis en œuvre dans le projet FASES. Suivant le mode d'introduction des phases liquides, soit les débits, soit les pressions appliquées, ont été modifiés pour délimiter les zones de fabrication des gouttes. Afin de mieux comprendre les différences observées entre les deux modes d'introduction des fluides, un modèle reposant sur l'analogie entre circuits électriques et circuits microfluidiques a été proposé. Dans un second temps, les émulsions obtenues avec le dispositif microfluidique ont été analysées par calorimétrie et par thermo-microscopie. Les expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence, suivant les conditions étudiées (viscosité, taille des gouttes), différents processus de cristallisation des gouttes. Ces résultats mettent en avant directement le rôle du phénomène de sédimentation, les signaux de congélation observés dépendant fortement de l'état de dispersion des gouttes d'émulsion
This thesis takes place in the framework of the European project FASES (Fundamentaland Applied Studies on Emulsion Stability). The aim of this project is to understand the phenomena responsible for emulsions destabilization, in relation with the interfacial properties of these systems. The research work described in this thesis is divided into twoparts : the first part deals with the creation of water-in-oil emulsion droplets in a microfluidic device, and in the second part, the influence of the size and the state of dispersion of the droplets on the crystallization of dispersed water is analyzed.To begin with, the operating conditions required to create emulsion droplets by microfluidic were studied. Two modes of introduction of the liquid phases, based on flow and pressure-driven techniques, were used to create the droplets. Maps of the droplet formation regions were drawn as a function of the applied flow rates and pressures. In order to compare the two processes, a model based on the analogy between electrical and microfluidic circuits was proposed.Then, emulsions obtained with the microfluidic device were analyzed by calorimetry and thermo-microscopy. The experimental results evidenced different droplet crystallization processes, depending on the system parameters (oil phase viscosity, droplet size …). The water freezing signals strongly depend on the state of dispersion of the droplets, showing themajor role of droplet sedimentation in the emulsion destabilization process
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Flesinski, Lionel. "Étude de la stabilité des émulsions et de la rhéologie interfaciale des systèmes pétrole brut/eau : influence des asphaltènes et des acides naphténiques." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3022/document.

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La formation d'émulsions eau-dans-huile stables est un problème majeur rencontré par les pétroliers au niveau de la production mais aussi du raffinage. Afin d'essayer de prévoir ce phénomène, Total a développé une méthode de classement des huiles qui permet, à partir de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, de déterminer a priori leur capacité à former ou non des émulsions stables. Cependant, les mécanismes interfaciaux sous-jacents ainsi que l’influence des molécules tensioactives du brut sur la stabilité des émulsions n’est pas très clair. Notre travail a consisté à étudier la contribution des acides naphténiques et des asphaltènes dans les phénomènes observés. L’étude d’huiles réelles a permis d’établir un lien entre la stabilité des émulsions et la formation à l'interface d'un gel 2D. Les études menées sur les huiles réelles dont les acides naphténiques ont été extraits ont permis de montrer que ces derniers, en compagnie de leurs formes ionisées, les naphténates, ont la capacité de réduire la stabilité des émulsions en diminuant la résistance du gel interfacial, ou même en empêchant sa formation. Les expériences réalisées sur les huiles réelles dépourvues d’asphaltènes ont permis de confirmer le rôle stabilisant des asphaltènes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les asphaltènes s’adsorbent sur le gel 2D déjà formé par des tensioactifs passés de l’huile vers l’eau et le rapprochent ainsi de sa transition vitreuse. La résistance du gel interfacial s'en trouve alors augmentée, ce qui conduit à la formation d'émulsions plus stables. En croisant le classement industriel des bruts opéré par Total et les résultats de l’étude, un mécanisme global, régi par la compétition entre les acides naphténiques, les naphténates et les asphaltènes à l’interface E/H est proposé pour expliquer les différences de stabilité observées avec les différentes huiles. Lorsque les acides et les naphténates sont suffisamment concentrés, ils empêchent la formation du gel interfacial et les émulsions sont peu stables. Lorsqu’ils sont moins concentrés le rôle des asphaltènes peut alors devenir prépondérant en donnant une cohésion plus importante au gel qui se rapproche de sa transition vitreuse, ce qui conduit en général au renforcement de la stabilité des émulsions formées
Water-in-crude oil emulsions are a major issue for oil companies in both production and refining facilities. Thanks to physical and chemical characterizations, Total set a classification which allows the decision of a crude oil ability to create stable emulsions. However the interfacial mechanisms implied and the influence of the indigenous surfactants of crude oil remain unclear. Our work consists in studying the naphthenic acids and asphaltenes contribution to the w/o emulsion stability. The study of realistic crude oils enabled the discovery of a link between the emulsion stability with the formation of a very particular interfacial behavior: a two-imensional gel. Experiments with desacidified oils have proven the destabilizing ability of naphthenic acids and their ionized form, naphthenates. They actually decrease the interfacial gel strength and can even prevent the gel formation. Asphaltenes-free crude oils have permitted to confirm the stabilizing role of asphaltenes. Rather than adsorbing directly on the interface, asphaltenes seem to adsorb on the interfacial gel already formed. The gel strength is thus increased and lead to higher emulsion stability. Thanks to these results and the industrial classification of crude oil developed by Total, a global mechanism explaining the emulsion stability process has been proposed. This mechanism is governed by the competition between asphaltenes, naphthenates and naphthenic acids at the water/oil interface. If the concentration of naphthenic acids and naphthenates is high enough, the interfacial gel cannot be formed and the emulsions are unstable. If the crude oil is not acidic enough, the asphaltenes influence increases dramatically and implies the strengthening of the gel which becomes closer to his glass transition. This generally leads to the formation of more stable emulsions
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22

Cambi, Rui Cesar. "Shale Gas & Oil : a nova dinâmica energética mundial e as perspectivas para o Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Igor Fuser
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017.
A premente necessidade de energia é cada vez mais atual na sociedade contemporânea. O seu uso está correlacionado aos costumes, estágio de desenvolvimento e ao grau de industrialização do país. A busca por novos recursos energéticos é questão primordial para o bem-estar das pessoas e para a expansão econômica dos países. A descoberta de importantes recursos energéticos, denominados hidrocarbonetos não convencionais tais como: óleo pesado e ultrapesado, areias betuminosas, óleo encontrado em águas profundas e ultraprofundas como o pré-sal e o shale gas & oil que está disseminado de forma homogênea pelo mundo todo, vem chamando a atenção de vários países. Os EUA, um dos maiores importadores de petróleo e gás do mundo, são portadores de vastas reservas de shale gas & oil e possuem conhecimento geológico e tecnologia adequada. Isso tornou o país o precursor da exploração desse energético no mundo. A produção dos Estados Unidos vem crescendo significativamente, reduzindo sua dependência de petróleo e gás importado, provocando abundância no mercado global, o que resulta em queda de preço do petróleo e gás, alterando a geopolítica da energia mundial. O Brasil, no contexto mundial, possui reservas expressivas de não convencionais, sendo a 10ª maior reserva do mundo. É crescente a necessidade de energia pela sociedade brasileira e o país vem demonstrando interesse em explorar esses energéticos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as perspectivas mundiais de exploração desses hidrocarbonetos não convencionais à luz da experiência dos EUA, analisando o panorama brasileiro para futuras explorações. Este estudo mostrou como resultado que o Brasil terá dificuldades de replicar a exploração do shale gas & oil, como ocorreu nos EUA.
The pressing need for energy is increasingly present in contemporary society. Energy consumption is correlated with their customs, the stage of development and the degree of industrialization of the country. The search for new energy resources is a key issue for people's well-being and for the economic expansion of countries. The discovery of important energy resources, called unconventional hydrocarbons shale gas & oil, spread democratically around the world, has drawn the attention of several countries. The US, one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the world, carry vast reserves of shale gas & oil and has geological knowledge and appropriate technology. This made the country the precursor of the exploitation of this energy in the world. US production has been growing significantly, reducing its dependence on imported oil and gas, sparking global market abundance, resulting in falling oil and gas prices, shifting global energy geopolitics. Brazil in the world context has significant reserves, being the 10th largest reserve in the world. There is a growing need for energy by Brazilian society. The country has been showing interest in exploiting these energy sources. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the global prospects for exploration of these unconventional hydrocarbons in the light of the US experience, to evaluate possible interferences in the geopolitics of energy at global level, ascertaining socioeconomic and environmental issues, knowledge to support future development studies on Brazilian soil.
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23

TOZZO, Everton. "A hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm for scheduling heterogeneous workover rigs on onshore oil fields." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/23757.

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CNPQ
Campos de produção de petróleo terrestres são compostos por um conjunto de poços de petróleo que, depois de certo tempo em operação, podem apresentar algum tipo de mau funcionamento e ter a produção interrompida. Quando isso ocorre, veículos especialmente equipados, também chamados sondas de manutenção, são utilizados para prestação de serviço nos poços e garantir que suas atividades sejam reestabelecidas. Dado um número limitado de sondas de manutenção e a grande quantidade de poços existentes no campo de petróleo, o problema das sondas de manutenção consiste em encontrar o melhor escalonamento para as mesmas de modo que a perda de produção total dos poços seja minimizada. O escalonamento dos poços considera alguns fatores como a taxa de perda de produção por poço, o nível de atendimento requerido e o horizonte de planejamento para o qual o escalonamento será executado. Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo genético híbrido para a resolução do problema de sondas de manutenção com múltiplos objetivos, frota heterogênea e horizonte de planejamento finito. O algoritmo genético híbrido incorpora uma heurística de descida em vizinhança variável como método de busca local para aumentar a velocidade de convergência do conjunto de soluções. São considerados os objetivos de minimização da perda de produção e custo com frota associado ao aluguel das sondas de manutenção. A frota é mantida variável, portanto um depósito de sondas é incluído em uma posição estratégica no campo de produção de petróleo para garantir que as novas sondas de manutenção, além das já espalhadas no campo, possam ser incluídas no escalonamento quando requeridas. O algoritmo genético foi testado em um conjunto de instâncias com até 200 poços, 10 sondas de manutenção e horizonte de planejamento igual a 300. Os resultados demonstram um alto conflito entre os objetivos de minimização da perda de produção e o custo da frota para o problema das sondas de manutenção, além de importantes aspectos relacionados às soluções obtidas pelo algoritmo proposto aplicado ao problema.
Onshore oil fields are composed by a set of geographically distributed wells that, after some time of operation, might present some malfunction and have their production interrupted. When the oil production of some wells is interrupted, specially-equipped vehicles, also called workover rigs, are deployed to service the wells and guarantee that their activity is restored. Given the limited number of workover rigs and the large number of wells around the oil field, the workover rig problem consists in finding the best scheduling for the workover rigs so the total production loss of wells is minimized. The scheduling considers some factors such as the production loss rate of each well, the service level required and the planning time horizon in which the scheduling must be executed. This research presents a hybrid genetic algorithm to solve the multi-objective workover rig problem with a heterogeneous fleet and a finite time horizon. The hybrid genetic algorithm incorporates a variable neighborhood descent heuristic as a local search procedure to increase the convergence speed of the set of solutions. Both objectives of minimization of the production loss and fleet cost associated to the rent of workover rigs are taken in consideration. The fleet is held variable, so a workover rig depot is included at a strategic position on the oil field in order to guarantee that new workover rigs, besides the already existent ones on the oil field, might be included in the scheduling when required. The genetic algorithm was tested on a set of practical-sized instances up to 200 wells, 10 workover rigs and 300 period horizon. Results show a high conflict between the objectives of minimizing the production loss and fleet cost for the workover rig problem, besides important aspects of the solutions obtained by the proposed algorithm to solve the problem.
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24

Bernat, Jakub. "Energetické vztahy mezi EU a Ruskou federací na pozadí zájmů středoevropských zemí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71780.

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Energy resources mean an important aspect of GDP of the Russian Federation. Most of these strategic commodities consumed in the EU have originated in Russia. The aim of the thesis is to assess the mutual relations between the EU and Russia in terms of energy trading with important raw materials with focus on Central Europe. The first chapter deals with various energy sources and their importance for the EU and thenthrough a common EU energy policy. The middle section is devoted to EU-Russia relations in energy and pipelines connecting both sides. The final section assesses the Union from the perspective of energy security and provides other alternatives forenergy production.
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25

Agibert, Sílvia Ainara Cardoso. "Adição de óleo de amendoim alto oleico encapsulado em chocolate amargo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9133/tde-11092018-164136/.

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Diante do aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares no mundo, oferecer alimentos mais saudáveis ao mercado consumidor tem se tornado uma grande tendência na indústria de alimentos. Ao chocolate amargo 57%, alimento saudável e indulgente, objetivou-se adicionar microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico, cujo valor nutricional está associado à presença do ácido oleico, um ácido graxo monoinsaturado considerado fundamental por suas propriedades benéficas na redução da oxidação do LDL-colesterol. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: produção e caracterização de microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico; formulação, produção e caracterização de chocolate amargo adicionado de óleo de amendoim alto oleico microencapsulado (5%, 7,5% e 10%) avaliando-se sua estabilidade ao longo de 112 dias de vida de prateleira, com vistas a um produto com qualidade nutricional e tecnológica. A emulsão preparada para a produção das microcápsulas em spray dryer de escala laboratorial apresentou estabilidade cinética a 18°C, pH de 4,82 ± 0,07, teor de sólidos solúveis totais de 14,7 ± 0,1 °Brix, 0,983 ± 0,010 de atividade de água, comportamento pseudoplástico ajustado ao modelo de Binghan e elevada tixotropia, mostrando-se adequada ao processo pretendido. O processo de microencapsulação apresentou 65% de rendimento em escala laboratorial. Tal qual obtido por outros autores, as microcápsulas de óleo de amendoim alto oleico apresentaram: 3,32% ± 0,03% de umidade, 0,244 ± 0,012 de atividade de água, 0,50 ± 0,02 g·mL-1 de densidade acomodada, e morfologia de superfície amorfa e típica das microcápsulas produzidas por atomização com goma arábica como agente encapsulante, o que indica a formação de um filme contínuo que garante menor permeabilidade a gases e maior proteção e retenção do recheio, indicando processo altamente bem sucedido. O chocolate amargo adicionado de 5% de microcápsulas foi considerado o mais adequado dentre as formulações avaliadas, pois apresentou menor teor de umidade (1,37% ± 0,2%) e maior teor de lipídios (33,95% ± 1,48%) e ácido graxo oleico (33,861% ± 0,014%), nesta fração lipídica, do que as amostras dos demais tratamentos, além de apresentar propriedades reológicas e calorimétricas compatíves à formulação controle, com comportamento pseudoplástico melhor ajustado ao modelo de Casson (R²>0,98) e estabilidade durante a vida de prateleira. As relevantes informações tecnológicas obtidas comprovaram a viabilidade tecnológica para a produção e comercialização de um produto alimentício de importância nutricional.
The increasing of cardiovascular diseases in the world is promoting the interest for science development in healthier foods to the consumer market, which has become a major trend in the food industry. The aim of this study was to add microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil in dark chocolate 57%, a healthy and indulgent food. The nutritional value of the high oleic peanut oil is associated with the presence of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid considered fundamental for its beneficial properties in reducing oxidation of LDL-cholesterol. The work was divided into two stages: production and characterization of microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil; formulation, production and characterization of dark chocolate with microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil added (5%, 7.5% and 10%) evaluating its stability during 112 days of shelf life, with a view to a product with nutritional and technological quality. The emulsion prepared to produce microcapsules in laboratory scale spray dryer showed kinetic stability at 18°C, pH of 4.82 ± 0.07, total soluble solids content of 14.7 ± 0.1 °Brix, 0.983 ± 0.010 of water activity, pseudoplastic behavior adjusted to the model of Binghan and high thixotropy, being suitable for the intended process. The microencapsulation process showed 65% yield in laboratory scale. As obtained by other authors, the high oleic peanut oil microcapsules were: 3.32% ± 0.03% moisture, 0.244 ± 0.012 water activity, 0.50 ± 0.02 g·mL-1 bulk density, and morphology of the amorphous and typical surface of the microcapsules produced by spray drying with gum arabic as the encapsulating agent, which indicates the formation of a continuous film that provides less permeability to gases and improved protection and retention of the filling, indicating highly successful process. The dark chocolate with 5% of microcapsules added was considered the most suitable among the evaluated formulations, since it presented lower moisture content (1.37% ± 0.2%) and higher lipid content (33.95% ± 1.48%) and oleic acid (33.861% ± 0.014%), in this lipid fraction, than the other treatments, besides having rheological and calorimetric properties compatible to the control formulation, with pseudoplastic behavior better adjusted to the Casson model (R²> 0.98) and stability over the shelf life. The relevant technological information obtained proved the technological feasibility for the production and commercialization of a food product of nutritional importance.
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26

Fryščok, Tomáš. "Dynamika rotorů moderních turbodmychadel." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234168.

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This dissertation thesis consists rotordynamics of modern turbocharger. First part begins with prediction of critical speed, prediction of onset instability of oil whirl and oil whip by XLTRC2 and comparison with measured data (Cascade diagram, shaft motion, FFT analysis). List of measurement method for the detection of the natural frequency of turbocharger (EMA). Create software for long term monitoring and recording and output data size reduction. Detection of critical speed by defined measurement methodology without using software simulation with measured data from the Cascade diagram, move the rotor shaft motion in the bearing, FFT analysis and results from measurements of natural frequencies. Comparison of predicted data (critical speed, prediction of onset instability) program XLTRC2 with the values measured by this approach measurement (waterfall diagram, shaft motion, FFT analysis)
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Vojnová, Katarína. "Vývoj energetickej politiky EU v oblasti ropy a zemného plynu s ohľadom na ekonomickú a geopolitickú situáciu na Ukrajine." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193505.

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The work is written and solved in the context of ongoing crisis in Ukraine, which is a major transit country for Russian gas and oil to the EU. The subject of this diploma thesis is to analyze three possible scenarios of EU energy policy in the field of oil and gas with respect to the situation in Ukraine. The aim of this work is to answer the question what direction should the energy policy of EU have in case of oil and gas and to what extent it is influenced by the Ukrainian crisis, based on an analysis of the facts and the current energy situation of the EU. The work is divided into two parts, where the first is characterization of the major players -- the European Union, Russia and Ukraine. In the second part, three possible scenarios for the EU energy policy are analyzed. The proposed possible solutions for energy situation based on the analysis of the facts assessed in the thesis, is the change of the EU attitude towards the shale and unconventional petroleum and natural gas.
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Jada, Amane. "Etude de la structure et de la dynamique de microemulsions eau dans huile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13101.

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Etude des microemulsions qui sont des solutions transparentes constituees de fines gouttelettes d'eau dispersees dans une phase continue riche en huile. Determination par declin de fluorescence, diffusion de lumiere et conductivite electrique de l'influence de la nature de l'huile, de la temperature et de la structure du tensioactif sur la taille des gouttelettes et les processus d'echange de matiere entre gouttelettes
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29

Siew, Wei-Hun. "Financial evaluation techniques used to value risk and appraise projects in the oil industry : a comparative analysis of traditional and modern approaches." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250919.

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30

Raisin, Jonathan. "Détermination d'un critère prédisant l'efficacité du procédé d'électrocoalescance sur la destabilisation d'émulsions eau-pétrole brut." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684414.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'utilisation de champs électriques pour faciliter l'élimination de l'eau coproduite avec le pétrole brut, sous la forme d'émulsions stables, lors des étapes d'extraction et de dessalement. Ce procédé, connu sous le nom d'électrocoalescence, s'appuie sur la capacité qu'ont les forces électrostatiques à promouvoir l'attraction et la coalescence de gouttelettes d'eau proches afin d'en augmenter la taille et ainsi d'en accélérer la sédimentation par gravité. Bien que les premières observations expérimentales datent déjà d'un siècle, de nombreuses zones d'ombres subsistent, notamment en ce qui concerne l'optimisation de l'efficacité des électrocoalesceurs de dernière génération. Dans ce contexte, une démarche, combinant simulation numérique multi-physique et expérimentation, a été mise en place pour étudier les phénomènes de mouvement, de déformation et d'instabilité d'interfaces eau-huile induit par la présence d'un champ électrique. La contribution la plus marquante concerne la modélisation et l'analyse de l'effet des forces électrostatiques sur le mécanisme d'amincissement du film d'huile séparant les gouttes. Les résultats numériques mettent en évidence la singularité du problème et l'inadaptabilité des modèles théoriques de lubrification classiquement adoptés pour représenter la coalescence dans les écoulements diphasiques. Une nouvelle expression asymptotique pour le calcul du temps de drainage entre les gouttelettes de l'émulsion est proposée et utilisée pour déduire un critère prédisant la probabilité d'électrocoalescence lors d'une collision dans un écoulement cisaillé. En parallèle, un dispositif sophistiqué, permettant de reproduire expérimentalement le phénomène et d'améliorer la représentativité du critère, a été construit. Enfin, en réponse à un point bloquant décelé lors de la phase de conception de ce dernier, une technique innovante d'injection à la demande de gouttes conductrices non chargées dans un liquide visqueux isolant, utilisant des impulsions électrostatiques, a été développé.
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Figueiredo, Andrea Cátia Ferreira de. "A responsabilidade social no sector petrolífero: o caso da BP e da Chevron." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3342.

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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Empresariais
Cresce cada vez mais a consciência de que é necessário posicionar-se proactivamente na sociedade, se o que se deseja é um desenvolvimento social sustentado. Esta consciencialização do consumidor por produtos e práticas que geram melhoria para a sociedade, leva muitas empresas a adotar estratégias de responsabilidade social (RS). E esta consciencialização não se restringe ao espaço em que as empresas estão sedeadas. Embora a RS seja ainda um tema pouco desenvolvido nos países em desenvolvimento, os consumidores a nível mundial têm-se mostrado atentos ao comportamento das empresas nestes países. A título de exemplo cita-se a Shell que após acontecimentos negativos que envolveram a empresa num país em desenvolvimento (Nigéria) sofreu múltiplos boicotes que se materializaram na queda das vendas. Neste sentido, procura-se nesta dissertação fazer um pequeno enquadramento sobre a responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC); para isso abordaram-se alguns trabalhos recentes no intuito de apresentar uma base teórica consistente. A metodologia adotada é a qualitativa, através de um design de pesquisa descritiva, mas especificamente o estudo de casos. Para o estudo foram analisadas as estratégias de atuação de duas petrolíferas, BP e a Chevron, no sentido de verificar como as petrolíferas multinacionais inseridas nos países em desenvolvimento têm promovido nestes países o seu compromisso com a RSC. Embora sem comprovação estatística, os resultados apurados neste trabalho revelam que as petrolíferas multinacionais envolvidas em países em desenvolvimento têm promovido nestes países o conceito de RSC através de programas de RSC sustentáveis, não se limitando apenas ao que é exigido por lei, e não se deixando influenciar pela cultura e práticas de negócio locais (ainda pouco evoluídas neste sentido), indo assim ao encontro do senso comum presente em países desenvolvidos. There’s a growing awareness that it is necessary to position proactively in society, if what you want is a sustained social development. This consumer awareness of products and practices that generate improvement to society leads many companies to adopt strategies for social responsibility (SR). And this awareness is not limited in space where companies are headquartered. Although the RS is still a quite underdeveloped theme in developing countries, consumers worldwide have shown alert to the behavior of companies in these countries. For example, as quote, the company Shell, that after negative events involving the company in a developing country (Nigeria) suffered multiple boycotts that materialized in sales drop. In this sense, this thesis seeks to make a small framework on corporate social responsibility; for that, it was approached some recent work in order to present a consistent theoretical basis. The adopted methodology is qualitative, through a descriptive research design, but specifically the case study. For this study, it was analyzed the action strategies of two oil companies, BP and Chevron, to check how the multinational oil companies inserted in developing countries have promoted in these countries their commitment to CSR. Although with no statistical proof, the results obtained in this study reveal that the multinational oil companies involved in developing countries have promoted in these countries the concept of RSC through sustainable CSR programs, not limited only to the extent required by law, and not being influenced by culture and local business practices (still poorly evolved in this sense), thus meeting the common sense in developed countries.
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Oliveira, Rafael Cajano de. "Sistema de gestão ambiental na indústria do petróleo : estudo sobre as práticas de gestão na Refinaria Presidente Bernardes (RPBC)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sinclair Mallet Guy Guerra
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016.
O presente trabalho trata de uma pesquisa exploratória realizada na Refinaria Presidente Bernardes, localizada em Cubatão. Analisa a temática ambiental frente a norma ISO 14001 com viés voltado à aprendizagem organizacional, investigando as práticas de gestão ambiental realizadas no contexto da norma ISO 14001. O trabalho se pauta no método quantitativo, combinando os tipos exploratório e descritivo, utilizando questionários e tendo como sujeitos da pesquisa funcionários próprios e contratados da empresa. Frente com a teoria estudada percebe-se nos resultados da pesquisa, que o sistema de gestão ambiental ISO 14001 consolidado na refinaria favorece a aprendizagem organizacional na corporação. Verifica-se que a refinaria utiliza informações externas na tomada de decisão sobre problemas ambientais, que os funcionários são mobilizados para gerar ideias e coletar informações ambientais. Evidencia-se que os elementos supracitados podem contribuir para geração de conhecimento dentro da refinaria, demonstrando que esta tem uma boa difusão de conhecimento, fatos estes que corroboram para melhores práticas ambientais.
The present work is an exploratory research at the Presidente Bernardes Refinery, located in Cubatão. Analyzing the environmental issues facing the ISO 14001 biased oriented organizational learning, investigating the environmental management practices, carried out in the context of ISO 14001 implemented in the research organization. The work is guided in quantitative method, combining the exploratory and descriptive type, using questionnaires and as research subjects own employees and contractors of the company. Forward with the theory studied notice on the results of the research, the environmental management system ISO 14001 consolidated in refinery promotes organizational learning in the corporation. Thus, after the research it is found that the refinery uses external information in decision-making on environmental issues, employees are mobilized to generate ideas and gather environmental information. Showing that the above elements can contribute to knowledge generation within the refinery, demonstrating that it has a good spread of knowledge, facts that corroborate these to best environmental practices.
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Klug, Andrise Buchweitz. "Evaluation of the fatigue performance of fine aggregate matrices prepared with reclaimed asphalt pavements and shale oil residue." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18143/tde-19022018-112755/.

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The incorporation of recycled asphalt pavements (RAP) in the production of new asphalt mixtures is a useful alternative to the use of virgin materials, leading to economic and environmental savings. Pavement recycling created a sustainable cycle of reuse of nonrenewable natural resources, reducing the demand for new mineral aggregate and binder. However, the addition of RAP, especially at higher percentages, increases the stiffness of the asphalt mixture, because of the high stiffness of the aged binder. High stiffness makes the asphalt mixtures more prone to fatigue cracking. In order to overcome such limitation and allow the incorporation of higher percentages of RAP, soften binders or rejuvenating agents are added to the mixture. The former act to reduce the high stiffness of the aged binder and the latter act to restore the aged binder properties to those required by the binder specifications. The shale oil residue is one of the most used rejuvenating agents in Brazil, and, according to the literature, its performance is comparable to other commercial rejuvenating agents, with the advantage of presenting higher rejuvenating potential, what is due to its higher aromaticity. The fatigue cracking process starts as micro cracks in the fine aggregate matrix (FAM) of the full asphalt mixture. One approach to investigate the fatigue process of the asphalt mixtures is based on the viscoelastic continuum damage theory (VECD), in which the process of micro cracking of a material can be represented by internal state variables associated with the reduction of the material integrity. In this study, tests on FAM samples were performed in order to evaluate the fatigue performance, and the results were analyzed by means of the VECD theory. The objective of this research was to evaluate the fatigue performance of FAMs produced with three RAP contents (20, 40 and 100%), two binders of different performance grades (PG 64-22 and PG 58-16), and the combination of new binder (PG 64-22) and rejuvenating agent (shale oil residue) at different binder/agent rates (100/0, 50/50 and 0/100). Out of the FAMs prepared with RAP, two presented fatigue performance superior to the control mixture (compounded with only new materials): the FAM prepared with 40% of RAP and PG 64-22 and the FAM prepared with 20% of RAP and PG 58-16. The shale oil residue did not play its role of rejuvenating the aged binder for most cases, probably because of the low diffusion rate of the material into the aged binder.
A incorporação de misturas asfálticas fresadas na produção de misturas asfálticas novas é uma alternativa útil à utilização de materiais novos, gerando benefícios econômicos e ambientais. A reciclagem de pavimentos criou um ciclo sustentável de reuso de recursos naturais não-renováveis, reduzindo a demanda por agregado mineral e asfalto novos. No entanto, a adição do material fresado, especialmente em proporções altas, provoca aumento na rigidez da mistura asfáltica, causado pela alta rigidez do asfalto envelhecido. Uma elevada rigidez pode tornar a mistura asfáltica mais propensa ao trincamento por fadiga. Para contornar tal desvantagem e permitir a adição de maiores quantidades de material fresado, asfaltos de baixa consistência e agentes de rejuvenescimento podem ser adicionados à mistura. Os asfaltos de baixa consistência atuam para reduzir a rigidez do asfalto envelhecido e os agentes de rejuvenescimento atuam para restaurar as propriedades originais do asfalto envelhecido, aproximando-as das exigidas pelas especificações para asfaltos virgens. O resíduo de óleo de xisto é um dos agentes rejuvenescedores mais utilizados no Brasil e, segundo a literatura, resulta em desempenho comparável ao desempenho de outros agentes rejuvenescedores comerciais, com a vantagem de apresentar maior poder de rejuvenescimento devido à sua maior aromaticidade. O processo de trincamento por fadiga principia nas microtrincas presentes na matriz de agregado fino (MAF) da mistura asfáltica. Uma abordagem para avaliar o comportamento à fadiga das misturas asfálticas é baseada na teoria do dano contínuo em meio viscoelástico, pela qual o processo de trincamento do material é representado por variáveis de estado interno associadas à redução na integridade do material. Neste estudo, ensaios em amostras de MAF foram feitos para caracterizar o desempenho à fadiga, e os dados foram analisados utilizando a teoria do dano contínuo em meio viscoelástico. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho à fadiga de MAFs produzidas com três proporções de material fresado (20, 40 e 100%), dois asfaltos com diferentes graus de desempenho (PG 64-22 e PG 58-16), e três combinações (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) de asfalto PG 64-22 e agente de rejuvenescimento (resíduo de óleo de xisto). Dentre as MAFs preparadas com material fresado, duas apresentaram desempenho à fadiga superior à mistura de controle (composta apenas com materiais novos): a MAF composta com 40% de material fresado e PG 64-22 e a MAF composta com 20% de material fresado e PG 58-16. O resíduo de óleo de xisto não atuou como rejuvenescedor do asfalto envelhecido, para a maioria dos casos avaliados, provavelmente devido à baixa taxa de difusão do material no asfalto envelhecido.
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34

Lupe, Fernanda Avila. "Estudo da composição quimica de oleos essenciais de plantas aromaticas da Amazonia." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248371.

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Orientador: Lauro Euclides Soares Barata
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T11:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lupe_FernandaAvila_M.pdf: 1167669 bytes, checksum: 16d83b8cd46e624a76028cf31d1de6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O presente trabalho envolveu o estudo da composição química dos óleos essenciais de cinco plantas aromáticas Aeollanthus suaveolens, Aniba canelilla, Aniba rosaeodora, Lippia alba e Ocimum basilicum por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Amostras destas plantas - óleo essencial, planta fresca, seca e resíduo da extração do óleo essencial - foram extraídas por Microextração em Fase Sólida em Espaço confinado (HS-SPME) e analisadas por CG-EM. Os óleos foram extraídos por arraste a vapor. Os óleos essenciais ricos em linalol de A. rosaeodora (madeira e folhas), L. alba e O. basilicum foram avaliados por CG-EM com coluna HP-5 e a composição dos enantiômeros de linalol determinada usando coluna quiral. Com o resultado dessa comparação, foi avaliada a substituição do óleo essencial da madeira de A. rosaeodora pelos óleos essenciais estudados. Um estudo sazonal de L. alba para definir as concentrações e quiralidade do linalol encontrado foi feito com seis coletas. As principais moléculas dos óleos essenciais e/ou extratos de A. canelilla (1-nitro-2-feniletano e metileugenol) e A. suaveolens (massoia lactona) foram isoladas utilizando técnicas de fracionamento como: destilação, hidrodestilação, extração ácido-base, cromatografia em coluna e cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa, e identificadas por RMN de H e C. A semi-síntese da massoia lactona foi feita a partir de uma molécula comercial (d-decalactona). Ensaios biológicos - antifúngico e anti bacteriano - foram realizados pela técnica de difusão com discos com amostras de A. canelilla e A. suaveolens
Abstract: This work involved the chemical composition study of the following five aromatics plants Aeollanthus suaveolens, Aniba canelilla, Aniba rosaeodora, Lippia alba and Ocimum basilicum using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Samples of these plants - essential oils, fresh and dried plants as well as extraction residues - were extracted using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed with GC-MS. The oils were extracted by steam distillation. The essential oils of A. rosaeodora (wood and leaves), L. alba and O. basilicum rich in linalool were evaluated by GC-MS using HP-5 column, while the linalool enantiomer composition using a chiral column. From the results of this comparison the replacement of A. rosaeodora essential oil from its wood by the plants listed above was evaluated. A seasonal study of L. alba to define linalool concentrations and chirality was made using six different samples. The main molecules of the essential oils and/or extracts of A. canelilla (1-nitro-2-phenyethane and methyl eugenol) and A. suaveolens (massoia lactone) were isolated using separation techniques as distillation, hydrodistillation, acid-base extraction, column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, and identified by NMR H and C. The semi-synthesis of the massoia lactone was obtained from a commercial molecule (d-decalactone). Biological assays - anti-fungal and antibacterial - with samples of A. canelilla and A. suaveolens were conducted using the diffusion technique in discs
Mestrado
Quimica Organica
Mestre em Química
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35

Martin, Alexis. "Modélisation de saumures carbonatées et caractérisation hydrogéologique de la mine Niobec, Saint-Honore, Québec : /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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36

Bezrodná, Ksenija. "EU a Rusko: vzájemné vztahy v oblasti energetiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71834.

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Depleting fossil fuel reserves in EU and energy consumption growth lead to the fact that the European Union is becoming increasingly dependent on energy imports. The most important energy partner of the EU is Russia which delivers the biggest volumes of oil and natural gas to european countries. High rate of energy dependency on Russia is - especially in the context of gas crisis - perceived as a threat to EU energy security and it is necessary to deal with it immediately. The aims of the European Union policy on energy are to achieve higher territorial diversification of fossil fuel suppliers and transit countries and diversification of the EU energy mix, to promote renewable forms of energy and to establish common energy market to ensure solidarity among EU member states. European Union also should learn how to act as "one actor" and "one voice" on energy relations with Russia because that could help to ensure better negotiation position and to become a sovereign partner in mutual energy relations with Russia.
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37

Rodrigues, Pedro Henrique Silva. "Estudo de derramamento de óleo utilizando o programa MOHID." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.

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Orientadora: Profª Drª Graziella Colato Antonio
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016.
As crescentes preocupações socioambientais têm incentivado discussões acerca de alternativas que aliem um incremento da participação de fontes renováveis na matriz energética e a redução dos impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes da atividade humana. Nesse sentido, o correto manejo e destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos ocupa uma posição importante, pois tratamentos adequados para esses resíduos podem contribuir em ambas as frentes. Uma solução que tem sido largamente utilizada por países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento para a destinação dos resíduos sólidos é a sua recuperação energética por processo de conversão termoquímica de incineração. Essa solução tanto contribui para o aumento da oferta de energia, quanto diminui consideravelmente o volume dos resíduos a serem depositados em aterros, e ainda mitiga sua toxicidade. Como parte de um adequado planejamento, implantação e operação de uma planta de conversão energética de resíduos é imprescindível que se conheça seu poder calorífico, e muitos modelos têm sido desenvolvidos, principalmente com a utilização de regressão linear múltipla, técnica matemática que gera modelos de previsão lineares. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de propor uma metodologia de construção de modelos de predição de poder calorífico de resíduos sólidos urbanos, a partir da análise elementar, porém com uma abordagem computacional, utilizando uma técnica de inteligência computacional denominada redes neurais artificiais. Redes neurais podem representar tanto funções lineares quanto funções não lineares, e é através dessa característica que se pretendeu promover um incremento na acurácia das predições de poder calorífico de resíduos. Para tanto, foram testadas 432 configurações distintas de redes neurais, com a variação de 5 parâmetros de arquitetura da rede. Como resultado do trabalho, foi observado que, dentre essas 432 configurações, 80 (18,5%) obtiveram um índice de previsão considerado excelente, e a rede de melhor desempenho (rna-771-bfg-lp) atingiu um índice de erro médio percentual absoluto de 2,9%, na previsão de poder calorífico de 10 amostras. No comparativo com modelos matemáticos da literatura, a rna-771-bfg-lp foi melhor do que todos os modelos considerados, cujo melhor resultado foi 3,9% pelo índice MAPE. Esses resultados indicam que redes neurais se constituem uma técnica de construção de modelos de predição bastante promissora, e que a metodologia aqui proposta é capaz de gerar modelos de predição de poder calorífico de resíduos baseado em redes neurais bastante eficazes para esse tipo de tarefa.
In Brazil, the focus on offshore oil spills accidents is increasing its importance, given the increase in oil production in the country, as in the pre salt fields, which proportionally will increase the risk of accidents. The main consequences of an oil spill are financial losses to the local economy, as well as to the exploitation company, and mainly the serious environmental consequences. Due to the serious impacts of oil spills accidents, not only monitoring, and acting in real time are needed to reduce the impacts of the spread of the oil on the sea surface. Also the simulation of the spatial and time behavior of the oil on the sea surface are important tools on predicting the environmental impacts and evaluation in order to evaluate the influence areas. In addition, it is needed to the Brazilian Environmental Impact Report (RIMA) based on CONAMA's nº01 1986 resolution. The main purpose of this work was to implement an internationally consolidated methodology to model oil spill accidents using the MOHID CFD code. In order to validate the methodology, the MOHID code was used to simulate real and hypothetical accidents in the terminal waterway of São Sebastião city and Santos¿ estuary by using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic transport model and a Lagrangian approach using MOHID code. The hydrodynamic fields were validated by real tide data and the results show how the wind direction is significant to the oil stain¿s trajectory. Therefore, from the results obtained, which agree with the real accident simulated, we concluded that MOHID is an useful tool for future modeling of oil spill accidents and used for future works at UFABC.
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38

Giglioti, Roberta. "Utilização da dosimetria opticamente estimulada (OSL) na avaliação de parâmetros de qualidade de feixe em radioterapia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-13072010-105537/.

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O controle de qualidade do feixe é fundamental para garantir os requisitos mínimos de operação aos serviços de radioterapia, visto que a avaliação de parâmetros como simetria, planura, penumbra, fatores filtro e bandeja além de outros parâmetros dosimétricos é imprescindível para garantir constância aos tratamentos radioterápicos minimizando erros na entrega da dose. A avaliação destes parâmetros em radioterapia normalmente é realizada através de câmaras de ionização, filmes radiográficos ou detectores semicondutores sendo eles diodos e MOSFETs. Nos últimos anos o crescimento da utilização da dosimetria opticamente estimulada (OSL) na dosimetria individual externa em diversos países da Europa, USA e America latina como México e Peru proporcionou a aplicação de detectores OSL também na dosimetria em radioterapia visando à avaliação de parâmetros de feixe. A técnica de OSL une características técnicas encontradas em filmes e TLD, acrescidas de novas propriedades não possíveis nas tecnologias utilizadas anteriormente, por exemplo: possibilidade de re-leitura do dosímetro, integração de dose com avaliação de doses intermediárias entre exposições no mesmo dosímetro e simplicidade no processo de leitura. Recentemente a Landauer Inc lançou no mercado americano fitas dosimétricas de OSL para a análise do perfil de dose em Tomografia Computadorizada (TC). Neste trabalho foi avaliada a utilização deste detector OSL em forma de fita, na determinação de parâmetros de qualidade em radioterapia tais como simetria e planura, fatores filtro e bandeja, porcentagem e dose profunda (PDP) e penumbra. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o detector estudado se apresenta eficaz na determinação dos parâmetros de qualidade, porém a metodologia de análise de dados bem como o setup utilizado na irradiação inicial devem ser reformulados buscando obter resultados mais precisos de forma a validar a utilização deste método na rotina de trabalho em radioterapia.
Beam´s quality control is fundamental to ensure minimum operation requirements to radiotherapy services, since parameters evaluation, such as symmetry, planura, shade, filter factors and tray, amongst other ones, is necessary to guarantee stability to radiotherapy treatments, which minimize errors at dose delivery. The evaluation of those parameters in radiotherapy is normally executed through ionization compartments, radiographic films or semiconductor detectors, specifically diode and MOSFETs. Through the last years, the utilization of optically stimulated dosimetry at external individual dosimetry increased in several Europe countries, USA and Latin America countries, such as Mexico and Peru, which made it possible to apply OSL detectors at dosimetry to radiotherapy as well, in order to evaluate clusters parameters of quality. The OSL technique incorporate technical characteristics, found in films and TLD, to new proprieties, which were not available at preceding technologies, such as: possibility of dosimetry rereading, dose integration with intermediary doses evaluation between exposure at the same dosimeter and simplicity at the reading process. Recently, Launder Inc launched in the American market OSL dosimetric ribbons to dose profile analysis in computed tomography (TC). In this paper, it was analyzed this OSL tape shaped detector utilization, in order to determine parameters of quality in radiotherapy, such as symmetry and beam flatness, filter factors and tray, depth dose percentage and dose and shade. The results allowed to conclude that the studied detector is effective to determine parameters of quality. However, analysis methodology, as well as the used setup at initial irradiation, must be reformulated in order to get more accurate results, which it will allow to validate this method utilization at daily work routine in radiotherapy.
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39

Marques, João Bosco Dias 1963. "Metodologia de avaliação econômica de projetos de petróleo com emprego de cópulas e processos estocásticos autorregressivos." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265801.

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Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Esta tese, de caráter metodológico, é uma proposta de análise econômica de projetos de petróleo com emprego de cópulas e processos estocásticos autorregressivos envolvendo cinco variáveis fundamentais: o preço da commodity, a taxa mínima de atratividade (TMA), o custo de investimento (CAPEX), o custo operacional (OPEX) e a curva de produção de óleo. A premissa é a existência de uma estratégia de produção já estabelecida, de preferência decorrente de metodologias validadas em simulação numérica de reservatórios. O fluxo de caixa do projeto é baseado numa formulação simplificada de VPL e num modelo analítico de produção condicionado à referida estratégia. Para a aplicação desta metodologia são estimados modelos da família GARCH e ARMA para o preço do óleo e TMA, cópulas Arquimedianas para o CAPEX e o OPEX e cópulas elípticas para as variáveis que compõem a curva analítica de produção. Uma solução computacional, desenvolvida para a validação desta tese, possibilita não só a estimativa dos modelos como a incorporação destes no fluxo de caixa de um projeto de petróleo, tanto em regime de concessão como de partilha de produção. A matriz de incertezas combina os atributos preço e taxa para três cenários econômicos, contra os atributos de eficiência e eficácia para três níveis de desempenho da empresa. A métrica de risco indicada é o valor em risco ponderado. Os resultados evidenciam as vantagens dos modelos estimados para a análise de risco de projetos de petróleo em condições de incertezas. As assimetrias relacionadas aos choques havidos no preço da commodity são claramente evidenciadas. A métrica indicada, além de coerente para um investidor avesso ao risco, pode subsidiar com vantagens a curva de risco na estimativa das reservas P10, P50 e P90. Outra vantagem é o tratamento acoplado de variáveis como o CAPEX e o OPEX como parâmetros de atributos de desempenho operacional. Trata-se de uma metodologia expedita, aplicável, de fácil interpretação e de valor prático, que pode auxiliar os processos de decisão em projetos de alta complexidade como os do pré-sal brasileiro
Abstract: This thesis of methodological nature is a proposed economic analysis of oil projects with the use of copulas and autoregressive stochastic processes involving five fundamental variables: the price of the commodity, the discount rate (TMA), the investment cost (CAPEX), the operating cost (OPEX) and the curve of oil production. The premise is the existence of a production strategy established, preferably derived from validated methods in numerical reservoir simulation. Cash flow of the project is based on a simplified formulation of NPV and an analytical model of production conditioned on the Strategy. For the application of this methodology, models from the ARMA and GARCH family were estimated for the price of oil and TMA, Archimedean copulas for the CAPEX and OPEX, and elliptical copulas for the variables that comprise the analytical production curve. A computational solution, developed to validate this thesis, provides not only the estimation of models, such as the incorporation in the cash flow of an oil project under concession regime and production sharing contract. The uncertainty matrix combines the attributes of price and rate in three economic scenarios versus the attributes of efficiency and effectiveness in three levels of operator performance. The indicated risk metric is the weighted value-at-risk. The results show advantages of the estimated models for the risk analysis of oil projects under conditions of uncertainty. Asymmetries related to shocks that were in the price of commodity are clearly evidenced. The indicated metric, in addition to its consistency for a risk averse investor, can subsidize with advantages the risk curve in the estimation of reserves P10, P50 and P90. Another advantage is the coupled treatment of variables like the CAPEX and OPEX as parameters of management attributes. This is an expedient methodology, applicable, easy to understand and of practical value that can aist decision-making processes in highly complex projects such as Brazilian pre-salt
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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40

Bonnet, Marie. "Libération contrôlée du magnésium par des émulsions doubles : impact des paramètres de formulation." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13669/document.

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Les émulsions doubles de type eau-dans-huile-dans-eau (E/H/E) sont des systèmes dans lesquels des globules gras sont dispersés dans une phase continue aqueuse. De par leur structure compartimentée, ces systèmes permettent d’encapsuler des composés hydrosolubles au niveau des gouttelettes aqueuses internes. Néanmoins, leur utilisation requiert la maîtrise de leur stabilité thermodynamique et la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu au cours de la libération des espèces encapsulées. C’est dans ce contexte que différents paramètres de formulation, i.e., nature de l’huile, concentration en émulsifiant hydrophile, fraction volumique en globules gras, complexation de l’espèce encapsulée ont été testés de manière à appréhender leur influence sur la libération des ions magnésium. Les constituants utilisés pour la préparation des émulsions E/H/E sont de grade alimentaire en vue de leur application dans les secteurs pharmaceutique ou alimentaire. La fuite des ions magnésium s’effectue essentiellement par un mécanisme de diffusion/perméation. Un modèle basé sur la diffusion du magnésium à travers la phase huileuse a été proposé, prenant en compte le coefficient de perméation de l’espèce ionique, la chélation du magnésium et l’ajustement des pressions osmotiques entre les phases interne et externe. Ainsi, le coefficient de permétation dépend de la localisation et de la concentration du chélatant, mais n’est que faiblement influencé par la pression osmotique. De plus, ce coefficient évolue au cours du temps notamment pour les fractions volumiques en globules gras élevés
Double water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions are systems in which fat globules are dispersed in an aqueous continuous phase. They provide a compartmented structure that allows the encapsulation of hydrosoluble compounds in the internal aqueous droplets. Nevertheless, the application of multiple emulsions is limited by their thermodynamical instability and the possible diffusion of hydrosoluble matter from one aqueous phase to the other one through the oil layer. In this context, the influence of several formulation parameters (oil nature, hydrophilic emulsifier concentration, oil globule mass fraction, complexation of the encapsulated species) was investigated relatively to magnesium release. All the ingredients used were food grade to match pharmaceutical and food application requirements. Magnesium leakage occurred without film rupturing. A model based on diffusion was proposed in which the rate of release was determined by the permeation coefficient of magnesium across the oil phase, by magnesium chelation and by the osmotic pressure mismatch between the internal and external aqueous phases. The permeation coefficient depended on the chelating agent location and concentration but was poorly influenced by the osmotic pressure. Moreover, the permeation coefficient evolved with time, especially at high oil globule fractions
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41

Casari, Matheus Puttinati 1989. "Uso da espectroscopia por impedância para a medição da fração volumétrica de água em emulsões de água e óleo : The use of impedance spectroscopy for the water concentration measurement in water and oil emulsions." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265959.

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Orientador: Niederauer Mastelari
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A concentração volumétrica de água na produção de óleo cru é um parâmetro constantemente monitorado para acompanhar as sempre inconstantes propriedades do reservatório assim com para razões de otimização; resumindo, o que é importante é o volume de óleo na produção. A medição da concentração volumétrica de água é geralmente feita em bancada (colhendo uma amostra da produção e analisando-a em um laboratório) ou por sensores que monitoram a concentração em tempo real. Uma das técnicas utilizadas para a medição online da concentração de água é a espectroscopia por impedância. De fato, propriedades dielétricas e condutivas formam a impedância elétrica da solução. Na presente análise foram considerados os dois tipos básicos de emulsão: água em óleo (A/O) e óleo em água (O/A). O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a concentração de água medida com a predição do modelo matemático baseado nas medições das propriedades dielétricas e condutivas da solução. As emulsões de água e óleo foram sintetizadas em condições de laboratório. A concentração de água variou entre 13,1% à 41,1% em volume para as emulsões A/O e de 50% à 60% em volume para as emulsões O/A à temperaturas de 25°C à 62°C e salinidade da água de 0 (água deionizada), 1Kg/m³ e 10Kg/m³ de NaCl. A constante dielétrica e condutividade das emulsões foram medidas em um sensor composto por dois cilindros concêntricos cuja área dos eletrodos é bem maior que a distância entre eles. Essa geometria favorece os efeitos polarização e é apropriada para materiais dielétricos como as emulsões A/O, além de aumentar o erro de medição em soluções condutivas. Para melhores resultados com as emulsões O/A foi utilizado em sensor de placas paralelas com uma distância entre eletrodos bem maior que a sua área o que favorece os efeitos de transporte de carga. Os dados foram medidos por uma Ponte RLC de precisão Agilent E4980A em uma faixa de frequência de 20Hz à 1MHz. Os dados obtidos nos testes foram proporcionais à concentração de água na solução e seguiram o modelo matemático de Maxwell com um erro máximo de 4%. Os resultados também mostraram que a constante dielétrica não sofre influência significativa da temperatura e salinidade da água, assim como a medida do volume de água. Já para as emulsões O/A os testes mostraram grande influência da temperatura e salinidade da água nas medições, onde o conhecimento prévio destas condições é imprescindível ao método
Abstract: The volumetric concentration of water in crude oil production is a parameter constantly monitored to access the ever changing reservoir properties as well as for economical purposes; after all what is needed is the net oil production. The measurement of water concentration is usually done in over-the-bench (sampling the crude stream and screening in a chemistry lab) or by online instruments which continuously monitor the concentration. One of the techniques for online assessment of water concentration is the impedance spectroscopy. In fact, the dielectric and conductive property of the liquid phase is proportional to the electrical impedance. In the present analysis it was considered the two basic types of emulsions: the water in oil (W/O) and the oil in water (O/W). The objective of this work was to compare the measured water concentration against model's prediction based on the measured dielectric and conductive properties of the emulsions. The water and oil emulsions were synthesized in laboratory conditions. The water concentration range was 13.1% to 41.1% (v/v) for W/O emulsions and 50% to 60% (v/v) for O/W emulsions at temperatures of 25oC to 62oC and water salinity of 0 (de-ionized water), 1Kg/m³ and 10Kg/m³ of NaCl. The emulsion dielectric constant and conductivity were measured in a sensor made by two concentric cylinders whose electrodes area is much bigger than the distance between them. This geometry favors the polarization effects and is appropriate for dielectric solution as A/O emulsions. For better results for the O/A emulsion it was used a parallel electrode sensor where the distance between the electrodes is much bigger than the electrodes area which favors the charge transport effects. The data were measured by the Precision LCR Meter Agilent E4980A in a frequency range of 20Hz to 1MHz. The experimental data was found proportional to the volumetric concentration and follows Maxwell correlation within 4%. The experimental tests also disclosed that the dielectric constant, or the volumetric concentration, were almost insensitive to the changes in temperature and in salinity and so the water concentration of W/O emulsions. For O/W emulsions the tests showed a great influence of the temperature and salinity on the conductivity measurements. So, for O/W emulsions the temperature and water salinity must be considered
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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42

Bigon, Joice Palma 1989. "Óleos vegetais como novos coestabilizadores para reações de polimerização em miniemulsão." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266022.

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Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O estudo das nanocápsulas poliméricas tem crescido significativamente nas últimas décadas em diversas áreas, pois estas permitem a encapsulação de materiais com diferentes princípios ativos, contribuindo com uma ampla variedade de funções que vão desde a liberação controlada de medicamentos e perfumes até a melhora na retenção de pigmentos de tintas para impressão. Uma das técnicas que tem sido utilizada para a síntese das nanocápsulas poliméricas é a polimerização em miniemulsão, que apresenta como uma de suas vantagens a praticidade de se poder utilizar um iniciador organossolúvel ou hidrossolúvel, bem como obter as nanocápsulas poliméricas com um alto grau de eficiência em apenas uma única etapa. Além disso, a polimerização em miniemulsão é conduzida em água, sendo um importante fator quando relacionado ao aspecto ambiental. Entretanto, para se obter uma polimerização em miniemulsão estável, é necessária a adição de um coestabilizador. Muitos artigos na literatura apresentam o hexadecano como um coestabilizador eficiente, uma vez que ele apresenta baixa massa molar e é insolúvel em água. Entretanto, a aplicabilidade das nanocápsulas pode ser aumentada quando materiais biodegradáveis e biocompatíveis são usados. Por isso, neste trabalho foi proposto o estudo de três óleos vegetais (coco, argan e jojoba) como novos coestabilizadores para reações de polimerização em miniemulsão. O óleo de coco é constituído principalmente de ácido láurico, e possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias. O óleo de jojoba é formado principalmente de ésteres, e assim como o óleo de coco, possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, entre outras. Já o óleo de argan é constituiído principalmente de ácido oleico e linoleico, e possui propriedades muito benéficas para a pele e cabelo. Para as reações de polimerizaçãoem miniemulsão, foi utilizado o iniciador organossolúvel 2,2¿-azobis-isobutironitrila, o monômero metacrilato de metila e o lauril sulfato de sódio como surfactante. Diferentemente da literatura estudada, a polimerização foi realizada em reator tanque agitado de 1 litro de capacidade, e foram estudados os efeitos dos óleos vegetais como coestabilizador na polimerização em miniemulsão de metacrilato de metila. Além disso, foi estudada a distribuição da massa molar, a cinética da reação, a temperatura de transição vítrea bem como o tamanho médio das nanocápsulas poliméricas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que todos os óleos vegetais atuam como eficientes coestabilizadores, prevenindo o sistema da degradação difusional e da coalescência das gotas
Abstract: The study of polymeric nanocapsules has grown significantly in recent decades in many areas, as they enable the encapsulation of materials with different active ingredients, contributing to a wide variety of functions ranging from the controlled release of drugs and perfumes to the improvement in retention paint pigments for printing. One of the techniques that has been used for the synthesis of polymeric nanocapsules is the miniemulsion polymerization, presenting as one of its advantages the convenience of being able to use either a water or oil soluble initiator, and to obtain the nanocapsules with a high efficiency degree in only one step. Furthermore, miniemulsion polymerization is conducted in water, being an important factor when relating to the environmental aspect. However, to obtain a stable miniemulsion polymerization, adding a co-stabilizer is required. Many articles in the literature cited hexadecane as an efficient co-stabilizer, since it presents low molar mass and it is insoluble in water. However, the applicability of the nanocapsules can be increased when biodegradable and biocompatible materials are used. Therefore, this study proposed the study of three vegetable oils (coconut, argan and jojoba) as new co-stabilizers for polymerization miniemulsion reactions. The coconut oil is composed primarily of lauric acid, and it has anti-inflammatory properties. Jojoba oil is composed primarily of esters, and as coconut oil, presents anti-inflammatory properties, among others. Argan oil is composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acid and it has very beneficial properties for skin and hair. For miniemulsion polymerization reactions, it was used the oil soluble initiator 2¿2-azobisisobutyronitrile, the monomer methyl methacrylate and sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant. Different from other studies, the polymerization was conducted in stirred tank reactor of 1 liter of capacity, and the effect of the vegetable oils acting as co-stabilizer in the methyl methacrylate miniemulsion polymerization was studied. In addition, the molar mass distribution, the kinetics of the reaction, the glass transition temperature and the average size of the polymeric nanocapsules were studied. It was concluded that the vegetable oils act in the stability of the miniemulsion polymerization, preventing the system from diffusion of monomers and coalescence
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestra em Engenharia Química
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43

Yamamichi, Erika. "Estudo químico e avaliação da atividade antiprotozoária in vitro do óleo volátil de Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lamiaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9138/tde-04102017-170935/.

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O número de pessoas infectadas por protozoários dos gêneros Leishmania e Trypanosoma cruzi, no mundo, permanece preocupante, havendo cerca de 12 milhões de casos de leishmaniose e 7 a 8 milhões referentes à doença de Chagas. Face ao grave quadro destas doenças e às limitações da terapêutica atual, a busca de novos fármacos é urgente. Considerada uma das principais estratégias disponíveis, a pesquisa a partir de espécies vegetais contendo constituintes bioativos é promissora fonte de moléculas potencialmente ativas. Neste contexto, espécies do gênero Lavandula mostraram atividade anti-Leishmania in vitro, tendo motivado a seleção de L. angustifolia (Lamiaceae). Embora tenham sido comprovadas diversas atividades farmacológicas desta espécie, a atividade antiprotozoária frente aos agentes avaliados ainda não havia sido estudada. Além disto, a produção em larga escala e o seu uso bastante difundido no mundo, sobretudo nas indústrias cosméticas, de perfumes e de domissanitários, despertou interesse. O presente trabalho visou à análise da composição do óleo volátil de uma variedade de L. angustifolia aclimatada ao Brasil e à avaliação de sua atividade antiprotozoária in vitro, frente a cepas de Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis e de Trypanosoma cruzi. A análise do óleo volátil das inflorescências e das folhas, por CG-EM, indicou a predominância de monoterpenos, tendo-se estabelecido análise comparativa entre estes órgãos. De forma geral, o óleo foi inativo frente às espécies de Leishmania, tendo apresentado promissora atividade anti-Trypanosoma.
The number of people infected by Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa around the world has increased and raised concerns that approximately 12 million cases of leishmaniasis and 7 to 8 million cases of Chagas disease have been reported. The alarming statistics involving these diseases and limitations of therapeutics currently in use point to an urgent need for new drugs. Considered one of the main strategies available, research on plants containing bioactive constituents is a promising source of potentially active molecules. Species of Lavandula genus have shown in vitro anti-Leishmania activity and this encouraged the present study on L. angustifolia (Lamiaceae) species. Although several pharmacological activities have been identified, the antiprotozoal activity against these specific agents has not yet been approached. Moreover, the possibility of a large-scale production and its quite comprehensive use worldwide, especially for the manufacturing of cosmetics, perfumes and household sanitizing products have attracted our interest. This study aimed at the analysis of the volatile oil compounds of the L. angustifolia species acclimatized in Brazil as well as the evaluation of the in vitro antiprotozoal activity against the strains of Leishmania (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. The CG-EM analysis of the volatile oil from the inflorescences and leaves has shown monoterpenes as majority constituents also allowing a comparative analysis between these organs. Overall, the oil was not active against the Leishmania species but presented promising anti-Trypanosoma activity.
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44

Messager, Léa. "Nanogels de polysaccharides pour la délivrance d’insuline." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14690/document.

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Les nanogels sont de bons candidats pour la délivrance d’actifs. Ces réseaux de polymères réticulés et de taille nanométrique, sont gonflés d’eau. Ils sont donc capables d’encapsuler une protéine à l’intérieur de leurs pores et de la libérer en fonction de l’état de gonflement du réseau. Cet état peut être modulé par la densité de réticulation du réseau ou par l’application d’un stimulus externe tel que le pH, la température ou encore une biomolécule telle que le glucose. Ainsi, les nanogels sensibles au glucose se présentent comme des candidats idéaux pour administrer l’insuline de façon asservie à la glycémie. Afin de satisfaire aux critères de biocompatibilité et de biorésorption des vecteurs, nous avons choisi de développer des nanogels à base de polysaccharide, en particulier à base d’acide hyaluronique (HA). Ceux-ci sont obtenus par réticulation du HA, préalablement modifié par des fonctions réticulables telles que les méthacrylates, dans des nanogouttes d'émulsion eau-dans-huile. Des nanogels de taille et de porosité modulables ont été synthétisés grâce à un bon contrôle 1) de la modification chimique des précurseurs par des fonctions réticulables (taux de méthacrylation), 2) de l’émulsion matricielle (taille, stabilité), 3) des conditions de réticulation par photopolymérisation gouvernant le taux de conversion des méthacrylates. Ce savoir-faire a ensuite été appliqué à la synthèse de nanogels modifiés par des dérivés de l’acide phénylboronique, ligand du glucose, afin d’obtenir des matériaux dont le taux de gonflement varie en fonction de la glycémie. L’intérêt applicatif de ces objets a été évalué vis-à-vis des propriétés d’encapsulation de l’insuline, de dégradabilité enzymatique, et de biocompatibilité
Nanogels are an attractive class of delivery systems. These soft particles, made of highly swollen polymer network, can physically entrap a drug and release it at a rate depending on its diffusion though the network. Therefore, any change in the swelling degree can trigger the release kinetics. This parameter can be tuned by modifying the density of cross-links in the gel matrix or by changing the environmental conditions such as pH, temperature or analyte such as glucose. Thus, glucose-responsive nanogels are good candidates to be used as self-regulated systems for insulin delivery. To fulfill both biocompatibility and biodegradability criteria, our attention has been focused on the design of new nanogels made of polysaccharides, in particular made of hyaluronic acid (HA), as a main constituent. HA was at first covalently modified with polymerizable methacrylate functions and confined in nanoreactors during photopolymerization using water-in-oil miniemulsions as template. Biodegradable nanogels with a well-defined size and various cross-linking degrees were thus achieved, thanks to a good control of 1) the chemical modification of HA with methacrylates (degree of methacrylation) 2) the emulsion template (size, stability), 3) the photopolymerization conditions which governed the conversion rate of the polymerization. Further modification of the polysaccharide with phenylboronic acid as a glucose-sensitive group yielded nanogels whose swelling behavior could vary as a function of glucose concentration. These systems were further studied as insulin delivery systems. Moreover, their biodegradability, stability and biocompatibility were assessed
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45

Scanavini, Helena Finardi Alvares. "Destilação em batelada de aroma natural de caju e oleo essencial de manjericão : investigação via simulação computacional." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255111.

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Orientadores: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles, Luiz Fernando de Lima Luz Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O aroma de um alimento é o resultado da combinação de diversas substâncias voláteis, de diferentes classes químicas, sendo que nenhuma delas é individualmente responsável pelo aroma, mas sim a combinação entre elas. Atualmente, os aromatizantes são amplamente utilizados na indústria alimentícia, seja para conferir um determinado aroma a um produto, ou para reforçar o aroma característico já existente, como de um suco, por exemplo. A concentração de sucos de frutas reduz o volume, sendo importante para o armazenamento, embalagem e transporte. Porém, durante o processo convencional de concentração, a maioria dos componentes aromatizantes é perdida, sendo necessário recuperar a fração aromatizante do suco de fruta durante a concentração. Existem vários processos utilizados para a recuperação de aroma e concentração de suco. O aroma concentrado pode, então, ser reincorporado no suco concentrado para obter uma bebida com aroma natural e característico da fruta. O mercado internacional tem demonstrado grande interesse nos sucos de frutas tropicais, entretanto parcela das indústrias nacionais ainda não alcançou desenvolvimento tecnológico para competir em um mercado no qual os produtos obtidos devem apresentar certas características de qualidade. No caso do óleo essencial de manjericão, ele tem atraído a atenção de pesquisadores por possuir grande quantidade de linalol, uma substância de largo emprego na indústria de aromas e perfumes, também encontrada no pau-rosa, árvore amazônica em extinção. Assim, neste trabalho foram estudadas, através da simulação computacional, condições operacionais e construtivas (número de estágios) de colunas de destilação em batelada de aroma natural de caju e de óleo essencial de manjericão. No caso do aroma natural de caju, foram investigadas as condições que garantissem uma maior recuperação dos compostos voláteis desejáveis, para serem reincorporados ao suco concentrado ou utilizados na formulação de outros produtos alimentícios e também a purificação deste aroma em relação ao ácido 2-metil butanóico, considerável indesejável, devido ao seu odor desagradável. Enquanto que para o óleo essencial de manjericão, foram estudadas as melhores condições para o fracionamento de seus componentes de maior interesse comercial, visando a obtenção destes com o maior grau de pureza possível, para a utilização pela indústria alimentícia, de perfumaria ou farmacêutica
Abstract: The flavor is a combination of some volatile substances, of different chemical classes. However none of them is individually responsible for a specific flavor, but a combination of them. Nowadays flavor compounds are widely used in the food industry, either to confer one definitive flavor to a product, or to strengthen an existing characteristic flavor, as of a juice, for example. The fruit juice concentration reduces the volume, being important to the storage, packing and transportation. However, during the conventional concentration process, the majority of the flavor components is lost, being necessary to recover the juice flavor fraction lost during the concentration. There are some information of different processes used for the flavor recovery and juice concentration. The concentrated flavor can then be reintroduced in the concentrated juice to get a beverage with the natural and characteristic flavor of the fruit. The international market has demonstrated a great interest in tropical fruit juices. However, a share of the domestic industries still has not developed technologies to compete in a market in which the products must present certain quality characteristics. In the case of the essential oil of basil, it has attracted the attention of researchers for containing a large amount of linalool, a substance with high ability of setting odors, also found in the wood-rose, an Amazonian tree in extinguishing. Therefore, in this work, it had been studied, through computer simulation, operational and design conditions of a batch distillation column of the natural flavor of cashew fruit and essential oil of basil. In the case of the cashew natural flavor, it was investigated the conditions that guarantee a larger recovery of desirable volatile compounds, to be reintroduced to the concentrated juice or used in the formulation of other nourishing products and also the purification of this flavor in relation to the 2-methylbutanoic acid, considered undesirable and of unpleasant odor. For the essential oil of basil, the best conditions for the purification of its components of larger commercial interest had been studied, aiming at obtaining them with the largest degree of possible purity, for the nourishing, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry uses
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
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46

Maschietto, Claudinei. "Estudo da influência de aditivos em óleo mineral para têmpera." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-27102017-151925/.

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Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, a têmpera, que consiste no resfriamento rápido do aço, após a austenitização, é um dos mais utilizados. Neste tratamento o que se busca é uma estrutura martensítica, que confere aos aços maior dureza e resistência. A água, as soluções de polímeros e os óleos são os meios refrigerantes mais comumente usados para temperar aços. Os óleos mais utilizados como meio de resfriamento, são os de origem mineral. Para melhorar o desempenho deste tipo de óleo costuma-se utilizar aditivos, como aceleradores e molhantes. Tais aditivos atuam principalmente no primeiro e no segundo estágios do resfriamento (estágios do filme de vapor e formação de bolhas respectivamente). Utilizando aditivos a base de sais de cálcio e um óleo mineral parafínico da empresa Microquímica, foi formulado um óleo para têmpera, visando obter um óleo acelerado e, desta forma verificamos o aumento na taxa de resfriamento, bem como seu desempenho com a variação na temperatura de trabalho (60°C e 80°C).
Among heat treating the quenching, that is speed cooling the steel after austenitizing, is the more utilised. In this treatment the seek is martensite structure, that confer of steel full hardness and strenght. The water, polymer solutions and oils are the quenchant very usually for quencher steels. The oils very used how quenchant are mineral oils. For improve the performance this type of oil to get used to utilize additive, how accelerators and wetts. This additives actuate principally in the first and second cooling stages (vapour phase and boiling respectivally). Utilizing additives based in calcium salt and a mineral oil by Microquímica Company, can be formulated a quenching oil, direct obtain a speed oil, so that check increased in the cooling rate, and also the performance with changed worlk temperature (60°C and 80°C).
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47

Martins, Louise Maria Giansante. "Avaliação de doses em órgãos em procedimentos de tomografia computadorizada utilizando dosímetros TL e OSL." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-22012018-133105/.

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Desde o desenvolvimento do primeiro equipamento de Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) no começo dos anos 1970, essa modalidade de diagnóstico por imagem passou por diversas melhorias. Produção de imagens de alta qualidade e exclusivamente digitais sem a superposição de estruturas anatômicas, exames com a duração de até cinco segundos e a capacidade de detectar patologias importantes sem a necessidade de cirurgias exploratórias são algumas das grandes vantagens obtidas quando essa técnica é utilizada. Como consequência, o papel dessa modalidade diagnóstica tem crescido amplamente ao redor do mundo. Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, 2,2 milhões de exames de TC foram realizados em 1980, apenas 10 anos após sua implementação. Esse número cresceu para 78,7 milhões no ano de 2015. Como resultado, a dose de radiação absorvida por pacientes devido ao uso dessa técnica tem se tornado uma preocupação entre radiologistas, pesquisadores e fabricantes, levando ao desenvolvimento de diferentes metodologias para estima-la. Câmaras de ionização, dosimetria termoluminescente (TL) e, mais recentemente, dosimetria luminescente opticamente estimulada (OSL), por exemplo, têm sido amplamente aplicados para se estimar dose em órgãos in vivo, em cadáveres e em objetos simuladores (phantoms). Outra abordagem extensivamente utilizada é a computacional, baseada em simulações Monte Carlo, que pode ser utilizada na comparação com resultados experimentais. Nesse trabalho, uma abordagem experimental utilizando TLDs e OSLDs em objetos simuladores adulto e pediátrico foi utilizada. Diversas análises foram realizadas com o objetivo de estabelecer o melhor caminho para conseguir os principais resultados alcançados e a metodologia desenvolvida foi eficiente para a finalidade proposta. As características dos OSLDs foram analisadas para verificar sua aplicabilidade no estudo de doses provenientes de procedimentos de TC. As respostas dos dosímetros demonstraram homogeneidade, linearidade com o kerma no ar incidente, reprodutibilidade, possibilidade de reutilização e dependência energética. Esses dosímetros foram utilizados em objetos simuladores adulto e pediátrico para o estudo de doses provenientes de protocolos clínicos de TC selecionados após uma análise de banco de dados de pacientes coletados do Instituto de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. As doses em órgãos medidas com os dosímetros foram comparadas com simulações Monte Carlo. Para órgãos contidos na região de exame, as diferenças entre doses medidas e simuladas estão no intervalo de ±20%. Esses resultados demonstraram, ainda, que o alinhamento e posicionamento incorretos do paciente antes do exame podem ocasionar um aumento maior do que 100% na dose de um órgão.
Since the development of the first Computed Tomography (CT) equipment in the early 1970s, this diagnostic imaging modality has gone through several improvements. Exclusively digital and high quality images production without superposition of anatomical structures, examinations as fast as five seconds, and the capability of diagnosing important pathologies with no need of exploratory surgeries are some of the great advantages when using this technique. As a consequence, the role of this diagnostic procedure has been widely increasing worldwide. In the US, for instance, 2.2 million CT exams were performed in 1980, only 10 years after its implementation. This number increased to 78.7 million in 2015. As a result, absorbed dose by patients due to this technique has become a concern among radiologists, researchers and manufacturers, leading to the development of different methodologies to evaluate it. Ionization chambers, thermoluminescence (TL) and, more recently, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry, for instance, have been widely applied in order to estimate in vivo organ doses, in post-mortem subjects and in phantoms. Another approach that has been extensively used are the Monte Carlo simulations, which can be applied in comparison with experimental results. An experimental approach to evaluate organ doses in pediatric and adult anthropomorphic phantoms by using TLDs and OSLDs was employed in the present study. Several analyses were performed in order to stablish the best way to achieve the main results in this investigation and the methodology proved to be efficient. The characteristics of the OSLDs were analyzed to verify their applicability for evaluating doses from CT procedures. The characterization included homogeneity, linearity with the incident air kerma, reproducibility, reusability and an energy-dependent response to distinct effective energies evaluation. These dosimeters were applied along with TLDs in an adult and a pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms to evaluate organ doses due to clinical CT protocols. These protocols were selected after an analysis of patient data collected from the Institute of Radiology of the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (Instituto de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo). Organ doses measured with dosimeters were compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Differences between measured and simulated absorbed organ doses were within ±20%. Moreover, these results showed that a misalignment and incorrect positioning of the patient in the couch can increase an organ dose by more than 100%.
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48

Aubaud, Cyril. "Processus de dégazage et sources mantelliques dans les magmas de type MORB et OIB : le carbone, l'eau et les gaz rares : aspects chimiques et isotopiques." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077011.

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49

Costa, Odair Jose. "Estudo sobre injeção de agua acima da pressão de propagação de fratura." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265462.

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Orientador: Denis Jose Schiozer
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A reinjeção de água produzida é um método muito utilizado para descarte de água e para suporte de pressão e energia do reservatório. Um problema comum da reinjeção é a perda de injetividade, que prejudica o processo e impede a operação em níveis ótimos de injeção. A perda de injetividade pode ser minimizada pela injeção de água com pressão acima da pressão de fratura do reservatório (IPF), que procura restaurar a capacidade de injeção. Para estudar este processo, um simulador geomecânico para modelagem da fratura é combinado com um simulador numérico de reservatórios para modelar e otimizar a condição de operação dos poços injetores. A fratura é representada por um poço horizontal virtual, de forma conjunta com formulações analíticas de declínio hiperbólico de permeabilidade, para representar o efeito do dano de formação. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar alguns casos para verificar em quais situações a IPF é conveniente. O modelo de simulação estudado foi um reservatório sintético com um arranjo de drenagem de cinco pontos invertido representando uma parte de um reservatório. Foram considerados três cenários, onde a variação foi o tipo de óleo empregado (leve, intermediário e pesado). Estes cenários foram elaborados com a finalidade de representar algumas possíveis situações que podem ocorrer em um campo real, onde a pressão de iniciação de fratura pode ser atingida pelo efeito da perda de injetividade ou devido às propriedades rocha-fluido. O desempenho da IPF foi avaliado utilizando o valor presente líquido (VPL) e produções acumuladas de óleo e água. Os resultados mostraram que o estudo da IPF pode ser considerado como parte de um processo de otimização de vazão de injeção, onde a fratura pode ou não ocorrer. Mostra-se que a IPF, em geral, antecipa a produção de óleo para os casos de viscosidade intermediária e alta, tornando o método bastante vantajoso, embora com maior produção de água. Já estudos com óleo leve indicam que a técnica só é interessante quando houver significativa perda de injetividade, onde a IPF serve como reparadora da injetividade
Abstract: Produced water re-injection is a valuable method of water disposal and pressure and energy support. A common water re-injection problem is the injectivity loss, which affects negatively the process and restrains optimal water injection rates. The injectivity loss can be minimized by water injection with fracture propagation pressure (IFPP), which aims to restore injection capacity. To study this process, a geo-mechanical simulator for fracture modeling combined with a commercial reservoir simulation package is used to model and to optimize the operation condition of water injection wells. The fracture is represented by a virtual horizontal well and analytical formulations of hyperbolic decline of permeability are used to represent the effect of formation damage. This work aims the study of some cases to verify in which situations the IFPP is convenient. The simulation model studied is a synthetic reservoir with a five-spot pattern, representing a region of a reservoir. Three scenarios are considered, with different oil types (light, intermediate and heavy). These scenarios are proposed to reproduce some possible situations, where fracture pressure can be reached by the effect of the injectivity loss or due to rock and fluid characteristics. The behavior of the IFPP is evaluated using the net present value (NPV) and cumulative oil and water productions. The results showed that the IFPP study can be considered as part of an optimization problem of injection flow, where the fracture may occur. It is shown that IFPP, in general, presents advantages for intermediate and high viscosity oil because it anticipates oil production. Studies with light oil indicate that the technique is only interesting when there is significant injectivity loss, where IFPP is desirable for injectivity restoration
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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50

Silva, Roberval Alves da. "Estudos eletroquímicos fundamentais para a detecção de fenol em interfaces do tipo petróleo/água." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2015.

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Abstract:
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hugo Barbosa Suffredini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015.
O presente trabalho é referente à utilização de técnicas eletroanalíticas diretamente na interface formada entre dois líquidos imiscíveis. Esta nova metodologia de trabalho está em pleno desenvolvimento em nosso grupo de pesquisa, apresentando resultados promissores em diversas vertentes. De maneira específica neste projeto, os estudos foram realizados em fase aquosa, constituída ora por uma solução de NaCl 1x10-3 mol L-1, ora por água do mar, bem como em fase oleosa, aqui representada pelo petróleo bruto. Utilizou-se o eletrodo impresso de carbono como ferramenta de trabalho, aplicando-se técnicas eletroanalíticas, tais como a voltametria cíclica e a voltametria de onda quadrada. Contaminou-se artificialmente o petróleo com algumas moléculas-modelo, em particular o fenol e o cicloexano. Para iniciar os experimentos, verificou-se a possibilidade de obtenção das respostas de oxidação ou redução das moléculas a partir da técnica de voltametria cíclica, utilizando nesta etapa o NaCl 1x10-3 mol L-1 como eletrólito suporte. Em seguida, estudaram-se os mesmos sistemas por voltametria de onda quadrada, técnica esta mais sensível e adequada para fins analíticos. Resultados obtidos mostraram ser possível realizar a caracterização de moléculas introduzidas artificialmente à fase petróleo. Foram satisfatórios nos experimentos realizados neste trabalho a obtenção de dados que permitiram se obter voltamogramas para melhor análise e compreensão dos fenômenos de oxidação e redução das moléculas estudadas. Para tanto, foi utilizando como ferramenta principal as técnicas eletroanalíticas. Ainda, houve a possibilidade de se determinar o tempo de saturação do eletrodo impresso de carbono, na área interfacial petróleo/água. Deste trabalho qualitativo, foi possível concluir que todas as moléculas propostas neste projeto foram detectadas com êxito, ou seja, a técnica proposta em interfaces foi eficiente para a finalidade proposta. Trabalhos futuros serão necessários para refinar a metodologia e aplicar o sistema em amostras reais.
This work describes the use of a new electrochemical technique applied directly at the interface between two immiscible liquids. This new methodology is now been developed in our group and promising results were found in different research lines. More specifically, the studies in this project were carried out in aqueous support electrolyte solution constituted by a home-made 1 x 10-3 NaCl solution and also constituted by natural sea salt water. The organic phase was constituted by crude oil. A carbon screen-printed electrode was used as the main tool in this work. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) were used as electrochemical techniques. Portions of crude oil were contaminated with model molecules, as phenol and cyclohexane. Firstly, the CV was used to determine the possibility of detection. Following these preliminary studies, SWV studies were carried out since that technique is more adequate to promote analytical studies. Results indicates that was possible to characterize molecules artificially introduced to oil phase. Furthermore, it was possible to determine the time of saturation of the printed-screen carbon electrode at the interfacial Oil / water region. It was possible to conclude from this qualitative work that all molecules were successfully detected directly at the crude oil/water interface. On the other hand, future works will be necessary to improve this kind of methodology.
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