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Academic literature on the topic 'Emu oil'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Emu oil"

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Lan, Meijuan, Lin Li, Shengkai Luo, Juncheng Chen, Xiaofeng Yi, Xia Zhang, Bing Li, and Zhiyi Chen. "Chemical Characterization and In Vivo Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Emu Oil." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112238.

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In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and in vitro as well as in vivo toxicological safety of emu oil were investigated. Emu oil was shown to have a low acid and peroxide value, low amounts of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, and high doses of oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, in a bacterial reverse mutation assay, emu oil demonstrated no change in the amount of revertant colonies for all strains. In a chromosomal assay, no aberrations occurred in any of the emu oil treatment groups (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL). In the bone marrow micronucleus test, emu oil up to 20 mL/kg showed no significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Moreover, emu oil up to 19.3 mg/kg body weight did not affect body weight in an acute oral toxicity study. These results are crucial for the adoption of emu oil as an alternative source of edible oil.
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Bennett, Darin C., William E. Code, David V. Godin, and Kimberly M. Cheng. "Comparison of the antioxidant properties of emu oil with other avian oils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08134.

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The antioxidant properties of emu oil were compared with oils derived from the fat of other avian species. We first examined their free radical scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl radical. The concentration of emu oil in the test solution that caused 50% neutralisation (IC50) was variable (24.5 ± 5.9 mg/mL, range 5.3–55.4 mg/mL), but similar to values obtained for other ratites (10.7 ± 5.9 mg/mL). In contrast, the IC50 values for duck and chicken oil were much higher (118.0 ± 8.1 mg/mL). The variability in the radical scavenging activity of emu oil preparations may reflect variations in the diets of the birds, the processing protocol and/or the storage age of the oil. We also evaluated some of the ratite oils for their inhibitory capacity on human erythrocyte membrane oxidation, by measuring the reduction of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBAR) production. Emu oil had a greater effect in decreasing TBAR production than either the ostrich or rhea oil, suggesting that it offers more protection than the other ratite oils against oxidative damage. In conclusion, we demonstrated that emu oil has both antioxidant properties in vitro and a protective role against oxidative damage in a model biological membrane system. The antioxidant or radical scavenging properties of emu oil appear to be due to minor constituents in the non-triglyceride fraction of the oil, while its high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (UFA : SFA) offers protection against oxidative damage.
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Afshar, Mohammad, Reza Ghaderi, Mahmoud Zardast, and Parvin Delshad. "Effects of Topical Emu Oil on Burn Wounds in the Skin of Balb/c Mice." Dermatology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6419216.

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The goal of this study was to determine the effect of topical Emu oil on the healing of burn wounds and hair follicle restoration in superficial II-degree burns in the skin of Balb/c mice. Thirty-two male Balb/c mice with burns on the back of the neck were divided into two groups: The Emu oil group received topical Emu oil twice daily, whereas the control was left untreated. Skin biopsies were obtained on days 4, 7, 10, and 14 of the experiment. Then the specimens were viewed with Olympus SZX research microscope. The Emu oil treated burns were found to heal more slowly and inflammation lasted longer in this group. The number of hair follicles in the margins of the wounds increased through time in the Emu oil group compared to the control group. Also, the hair follicles in the Emu oil group were in several layers and seemed to be more active and mature. Moreover, Emu oil had a positive effect on fibrogenesis and synthesis of collagen. The findings indicate that although Emu oil delays the healing process, it has a positive effect on wound healing and it increases the number of hair follicles in the margins of the wound.
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Mitchell, Chloe J., Gordon S. Howarth, Lauren C. Chartier, Debbie Trinder, Ian C. Lawrance, Li San Huang, and Suzanne Mashtoub. "Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn’s-like colitis." Experimental Biology and Medicine 245, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 1697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370220951105.

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Crohn’s disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn’s-like colitis. Female ARC(s) mice (CD-1 equivalent, n = 10/group) were intra-rectally administered water (120 μL) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 3 mg in 50% ethanol; 120 μL bolus) on day 0. Mice were orally administered water (80 μL) or emu oil (80 μL or 160 μL) daily for five days and euthanized on day six. Bodyweight and disease activity were recorded daily. Colonoscopy, burrowing activity, facial grimace, histological parameters (damage severity, small intestinal villus height/crypt depth and colonic crypt depth), myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TNBS decreased bodyweight (days 1, 2, 4; P < 0.05) and increased disease activity (days 1–6; P < 0.01), compared to normal controls. Emu oil (80 μL) attenuated disease activity on days 5–6 ( P < 0.05), although bodyweight loss was not significantly impacted ( P > 0.05). Facial grimace and colonoscopy scores were significantly increased in TNBS-control mice; effects attenuated by both volumes of emu oil ( P < 0.001). TNBS increased histological damage severity compared to normal controls ( P < 0.05); an effect attenuated by 80 μL emu oil (proximal and distal colon; P < 0.05) and 160 μL emu oil (distal colon; P < 0.01). In the ileum, villus height and crypt depth were unaffected by TNBS or emu oil treatment compared to normal ( P > 0.05). TNBS-induced distal colonic crypt lengthening was unaffected following emu oil administration ( P > 0.05). Remaining parameters, including burrowing, myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability, were unchanged across all treatment groups ( P > 0.05). In normal mice, emu oil treatment did not significantly impact any parameter compared to normal controls. In conclusion, emu oil reduced overall disease severity and facial grimace scores in TNBS mice. These results suggest therapeutic potential for orally administered emu oil in the management of Crohn’s disease.
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Lindsay, Ruth J., Mark S. Geier, Roger Yazbeck, Ross N. Butler, and Gordon S. Howarth. "Orally administered emu oil decreases acute inflammation and alters selected small intestinal parameters in a rat model of mucositis." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 4 (April 9, 2010): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451000084x.

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Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is a serious disorder of the alimentary tract. Emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of arthritis and wound healing; however, its effects on the intestine remain unknown. We investigated emu oil for its potential to decrease the severity of mucositis in a rat model. Female Dark Agouti rats (110–150 g) were orogastrically gavaged with emu oil (0·5 or 1 ml) or water (1 ml) for 5 d before intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 150 mg/kg) or saline (control), and this was continued up to the day of sacrifice (48, 72 and 96 h post 5-FU administration). Histological (villus height, crypt depth (CD) and disease severity score) and biochemical (myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity) parameters were determined in intestinal tissues collected at sacrifice. Sucrase activity in vivo was quantified by the sucrose breath test. Activated neutrophil activity (MPO) in the ileum was significantly decreased by emu oil (0·5 ml, 451 (sem 168) U/g and 1 ml, 503 (sem 213) U/g) compared with 5-FU-treated controls (1724 (sem 431) U/g) 96 h post 5-FU administration. There were also significant increases in CD (152 (sem 8) μm) in the ileum of rats that receivied 1 ml emu oil at 96 h compared with 5-FU-treated controls (CD (106 (sem 12) μm)). Emu oil did not affect sucrase activity. Emu oil decreased acute ileal inflammation, and improved mucosal architecture in the intestine during recovery from chemotherapy in rats. Further studies investigating the potential benefits of emu oil as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of intestinal disorders are indicated.
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Hodula, Martin, and Bohdan Vahalík. "Effects of oil shocks on EMU exports: technological level differences." Review of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2017-0021.

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Abstract This article provides some new empirical perspectives on the relationship between oil-market fluctuations and technological structure of EMU export. We rely on a time-varying parameter VAR model to capture the reaction of different technological structures of EMU export to various oil-market innovations in the period 2002-2015. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) increase in crude oil production is likely to reduce oil prices and therefore increases all EMU exports due to lower production and transportation costs; (2) increase in global demand is more likely to be transmitted to goods with higher added value; (3) high-tech exports decrease in the first months after the global demand shock as a result of a delayed investment decision process; (4) increasing oil prices yield only marginal effect on EMU export.
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Sundralingam, Usha, Srikumar Chakravarthi, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan, Saravanan Muniyandy, and Uma D. Palanisamy. "Efficacy of Emu Oil Transfersomes for Local Transdermal Delivery of 4-OH Tamoxifen in the Treatment of Breast Cancer." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090807.

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Oral tamoxifen used in the prevention and treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (estrogen-positive) patients has limited acceptance, due to its adverse side effects. The efficacy of tamoxifen is related to its major metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Local transdermal therapy of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to the breast might avert the toxicity of oral tamoxifen, while maintaining efficacy. We aim to study the skin irritancy, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of the developed transfersome formulations, with/without emu oil, using a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. We also quantified tamoxifen/4-hydroxytamoxifen concentrations in blood plasma and performed histopathology. The skin irritancy test showed that the pure emu oil and transfersome formulations with or without the emu oil did not cause skin irritancy in the animals studied. A sensitive and specific LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen was developed and validated. Studies on tumor volume and necrosis (histopathology) using the breast cancer mouse model showed that the 4-OHT transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, showed comparable efficacy with that of orally administered tamoxifen. However, the transfersomal formulations, with and without emu oil, resulted in significantly lower (10.24 ± 0.07 and 32.45 ± 0.48 ng/mL, respectively) plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, compared to the oral tamoxifen (TAMX) group (634.42 ± 7.54 ng/mL). This study demonstrated the potential use of emu oil in a local transdermal formulation for the treatment of breast cancer and its reduced adverse effects.
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Howarth, Gordon S., Ruth J. Lindsay, Ross N. Butler, and Mark S. Geier. "Can emu oil ameliorate inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 10 (2008): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08139.

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Emu oil possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, primarily when applied topically. However, to date, the evidence supporting its therapeutic application has been largely anecdotal, and significant batch-to-batch variations in potency have been reported. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory properties of emu oil suggest therapeutic promise for the adjunctive treatment of a range of disparate gastrointestinal diseases and disorders characterised by inflammatory processes. These include the idiopathic condition inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy-induced mucositis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy and the various infective enteritides (i.e. fungal, bacterial and viral gastroenteritis). Although rigorous scientific investigations are in their infancy, the evidence for emu oil efficacy in extra-intestinal disorders, supported by limited in vivo investigations of other naturally sourced oils, identifies emu oil as a possible adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Petrova, Desislava, Yanica Bratunova, Zornica Lazarova, and Momchil Lambev. "Composition and administration of emu oil." Varna Medical Forum 5 (October 31, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/vmf.v5i0.2867.

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Mashtoub, Suzanne. "Potential therapeutic applications for emu oil." Lipid Technology 29, no. 3-4 (April 2017): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.201700009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emu oil"

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Dvorak, Laura D. "Effect of emu oil on dermal wound healing in a rat model /." Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422922.

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Gunther, Joshua William. "DEVELOPING CHEMICALLY MUTAGENIZED EMS FORREST SOYBEAN POPULATION FOR HIGH OIL PROFILE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1825.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF JOSHUA GUNTHER, for the Masters of Science degree in Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, presented on November 2nd, 2015, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DEVELOPING CHEMICALLY MUTAGENIZED EMS FORREST SOYBEAN POPULATION FOR HIGH OIL PROFILE. MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Khalid Meksem SUPERVISOR: Dr. Naoufal Lakhssassi Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are the most important crop that provides a sustainable source of oil and protein worldwide. Five major fatty acids are known, Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic acid, and each is essential for both nutrition and biodiesel. Oil demand for biodiesel production is constantly on the rise both because of high crude oil prices and because of the search for a sustainable fuel source. In biodiesel production a high level of Oleic Acid is ideal. Commodity soybean oil usually contains around 20% oleic acid. The objective of this research is to increase the Oleic acid content to increase the quantity of biodiesel that can be produced from one bushel of soybeans. With the process of chemical mutagenesis using Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS), soybean populations can be produced with varying fatty acid levels. Once these populations are isolated and tested they can be bred into a new cultivar with higher percentages of Oleic acid and grown on a large scale for biodiesel production. From the ‘Forrest’ cultivar that was used in the chemical mutagenesis process, there was one mutant line (FM3 2014-2031) that produced 43.26% Oleic Acid. This was almost twice the concentration of the Forrest wild type that was used as a control which had an Oleic Acid concentration of 23.17%.
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Brookes, Peter Robert. "Detoxification of point source industrial wastewater using an Extractive Membrane Bioreactor (EMB)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364062.

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Campolmi, Alessia. "Essays on open economic, inflation and labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7367.

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En los últimos años se ha desarollado mucho la literatura que utiliza modelos estocásticos de equilibrio económico general en economía abierta. En esta clase de modelos el primer capítulo estudia si el banco central tiene que fijarse en al inflación medida mirando al los precios al consumo (CPI) o a los precios a la producción. Se demonstra como la introducción de competencia monopolística en el mercado del trabajo y rigidez de los salarios nominales justifica el utilizo de la inflación medida sobre CPI. En el segundo capítulo el enfoque es sobre las diferentes volatilidades de la inflación entre paísos de la unión monetaria y como esto se puede relacionar con diferentes estructuras del mercado del trabajo. En el último capítulo se utiliza un modelo a dos paísos para estudiar las consecuencias de una subida del precio del petróleo sobre la inflación, los salarios reales y el producto interno bruto.
In these last years there has been an increasing literature developing DSGE Open Economy Models with market imperfections and nominal rigidities. It is the so called "New Open Economy Macroeconomics". Within this class of models the first chapter analyses the issue of whether the monetary authority should target Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation or domestic inflation. It is shown that the introduction of monopolistic competition in the labour market and nominal wage rigidities rationalise CPI inflation targeting. In the second chapter we introduce matching and searching frictions in the labour market and relate different labour market structures across European countries with differences in the volatility of inflation across the same countries. In the last chapter we use a two-country model with oil in the production function and price and wage rigidities to relate movements in wage and price inflation, real wages and GDP growth rate to oil price changes.
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Dallaire, Antonin. "Un modèle pour la séparation d'une émulsion huile-eau /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Crawford, James R. "The economic behaviour of the oil firm." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303502.

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Dridi, Wafa. "Influence de la formulation sur l'oxydation des huiles végétales en émulsion eau-dans-huile." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0102/document.

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L’oxydation des lipides est un phénomène chimique qui provoque la dégradation des qualités organoleptiques et nutritionnelles des aliments. Cette oxydation dépend de plusieurs paramètres (température, lumière, présence de métaux de transition, présence d’enzymes, état de dispersion des lipides …) qu’il est important de maîtriser notamment au cours du procédé de fabrication du produit alimentaire ou de son stockage. Dans ce contexte, l’oxydation des lipides a été étudiée, à travers la mesure des composés primaires d’oxydation, en phase continue et en émulsion eau-dans-huile. Différentes huiles alimentaires présentant des taux variés en acide α-linolénique (18:3 n-3) ont été choisies. Différentes formulations d’émulsion ont été étudiées (composition de l’interface en polyricinoléate de polyglycérol (PGPR)/monoglycérides distillés, présence de métaux pro-oxydants, d’espèces chélatantes). En revanche, la fraction volumique de phase aqueuse (40%) et le diamètre des gouttelettes d’eau (1 μm) sont maintenus constants. Parallèlement, une méthode de dosage rapide et innovante basée sur la microcalorimétrie différentielle a été mise au point pour un suivi en continu des cinétiques d’oxydation. Pour les 4 huiles végétales étudiées en phase continue et en émulsion, l’oxydabilité est liée à leur teneur en acide α-linolénique, avec la hiérarchie suivante : huile de lin > huile de caméline > huile de colza > huile d'olive. Plus la concentration en molécules pro-oxydantes (sulfate de fer) dans la phase aqueuse est élevée, plus l’oxydation des lipides est importante. L’état de valence du fer et le remplacement du fer par du cuivre n’ont pas d’impact significatif sur la cinétique d'oxydation. En revanche, il est possible de contrôler l’action pro-oxydante du fer II en jouant sur la nature du contre-ion (poids moléculaire, pouvoir chélatant) ou sur la proportion de PGPR utilisée pour stabiliser les émulsions. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus suggère que les tensioactifs lipophiles présents à l’interface eau-huile n’empêchent pas l’interaction des ions pro-oxydants avec les molécules lipidiques de la phase continue mais que leur organisation à l’interface module l’oxydation des lipides
Oxidation is ubiquitous in lipids and causes degradation of organoleptic and nutritional qualities of foods. Lipid oxidation depends on various parameters (temperature, light, transition metals, lipid dispersion state …) that have to be controlled during food processing and storage. In this context, lipid oxidation was followed by measuring the content of primary oxidation products, for lipids in bulk phase and in water-in-oil emulsions. Different edible oils were chosen for their contents of α-linolenic acid (18: 3 n-3). Emulsions were formulated at varying polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)/distilled monoglycerides concentration ratios (surfactant ratio), with or without the presence of pro-oxydant metals or chelators. In all experiments, the aqueous volume fraction (40%) and the droplet mean diameter (1 μm) remained constant. Besides this study, an innovative and rapid method based on differential microcalorimetry was developed for monitoring the kinetics of lipid oxidation. The oxidability of the studied oils was related to their content in α-linolenic acid according the following order: linseed oil> camelina oil> rapeseed oil> olive oil. The rate of lipid oxidation increased with the iron sulfate concentration in the water phase. The iron valence or the replacement of iron by copper had no significant impact on the oxidation kinetics. However, both the chemical nature of the counter ion (molecular weight, chelating power) and the proportion of PGPR used to stabilize the emulsions were influential factors. On the whole, our results suggest that surfactants at the water-oil interface do not prevent pro-oxidant species to interact with lipids in the continuous phase but that their organization at the interface is a key parameter for controlling lipid oxidation
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Salisu, Mohammed Adaya. "Oil exports and the Nigerian economy : an econometric study." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363262.

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Li, Zhendan. "An Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Approach to Wear Particle Detection in Lubricating Oil Subject to Particle Overlap." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20313.

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With the development of mechanical fault diagnosis technology, complex mechanical systems do not need to be shut down periodically for the maintenance. The working condition of the mechanical systems can be monitored by analyzing the wear metal particles in the systems' lubricating oil. However, the output signals of the monitoring sensor are non-stationary. In some case the particle signals are overlapped with each other. The goal of this thesis is to find a method to decompose those overlapped particle signals, and then count the particle number in the lubricating oil. At the beginning EMD method was introduced in the experiment because of the character of the sensor signals. In this project, because EMD method is sensitive to the noise in the original signals, an improved version of EMD, EEMD method was implemented. Finally, a post processing method was used to get a better result.
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Cardoso, Priscilla Barreto. "Biobased polymeric nanoparticles from castor oil derivatives by admet and thiol-ene miniemulsion polymerizations." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/172593.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2016.
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Abstract : Renewable resources are earning special attention as substitutes for petroleum-based compounds, considering the future shortage of fossil supplies and also due to a sense of environmental awareness. In this context, biobased polymers obtained from vegetable oils are considered a promising "green" alternative to fossil-derived polymeric materials and present potential biodegradability and low toxicity, allowing their application for high value added and/or biomedical purposes. Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) and thiol-ene reactions appear as successful and versatile techniques to obtain high molecular weight polymers from renewable raw materials, enhancing the possibilities for the synthesis of vegetable oil-based polymers via chemical modifications. Additionally, besides avoiding the use of organic solvents, working with an environmentally friendly system, miniemulsion polymerization enables the production of polymeric nanoparticles with unique characteristics and vast commercial interest, with the possibility of using and/or incorporating water-insoluble compounds for a wide range of applications. Herein, it is reported the synthesis and characterization of biobased polymeric nanoparticles using a 100% renewable a,?-diene-diester monomer obtained by esterification reaction of 10-undecenoic acid (derived from castor oil) with 1,3-propanediol (derived from glycerol, which is also derived from castor oil). ADMET and thiol-ene polymerization reactions were successfully performed in miniemulsion and yielded polymers with weight average molecular weight up to 15 kDa (Mn), depending on different parameters and type of reactants (comonomers, surfactants, catalysts) employed. Then, the poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles were modified by the oxidation of their sulfur atom to sulfoxide and sulfone groups, aiming the development of nanoparticles with high potential for the encapsulation and release of bioactive compounds. Lastly, results revealed that the synthesized poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles derived from renewable resources did not present any cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblast (L929) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and showed high blood biocompatibility, assuring their viability for biomedical applications.

Recursos renováveis atraem crescente atenção como substitutos para matérias-primas derivadas do petróleo, considerando a futura escassez de fontes fósseis e também devido a um sentimento de consciência ambiental. Neste contexto, biopolímeros obtidos a partir de óleos vegetais são considerados uma promissora alternativa ecológica aos materiais poliméricos derivados de fontes fósseis, apresentando potencial biodegradabilidade e baixa toxicidade, permitindo sua aplicação para propósitos de alto valor agregado e/ou fins biomédicos. As reações de metátese de dienos acíclicos (ADMET) e tiol-eno aparecem como técnicas bem sucedidas e versáteis para a obtenção de polímeros de elevada massa molar derivados de matérias-primas renováveis, aumentando as possibilidades para a síntese de polímeros derivados de óleos vegetais a partir de modificações químicas. Além disso, a polimerização em miniemulsão é um sistema ambientalmente amigável, livre de solventes orgânicos e permite a produção de nanopartículas poliméricas com características únicas e de grande interesse comercial, com a possibilidade de utilização e/ou incorporação de compostos e compósitos insolúveis em água para uma vasta gama de aplicações, inclusive para fins biomédicos. A possibilidade da obtenção de polímeros em meio aquoso, cuja síntese tradicional é sensível à água, tais como poliésteres, é uma grande vantagem das reações de polimerização ADMET e tiol-eno em miniemulsão. Além disso, muitos outros tipos de materiais podem ser obtidos como, por exemplo, nanocompósitos, nanocápsulas e partículas híbridas. Como vantagem adicional, polímeros que contenham grupos éster na cadeia principal podem sofrer hidrólise, permitindo a sua degradação em ambiente fisiológico, fator de grande importância para aplicações biomédicas ou mesmo para a eliminação do material polimérico no meio ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas poliméricas utilizando um monômero a,?-dieno-diéster 100% renovável, obtido através da reação de esterificação do ácido 10-undecenoico (derivado do óleo de mamona) com o 1,3-propanodiol (derivado do glicerol, que também é derivado do óleo de mamona). Reações de polimerização ADMET e tiol-eno em miniemulsão foram realizadas com sucesso e produziram polímeros com massa molar média de até 15 kDa (Mn), dependendo de diferentes parâmetros e do tipo de reagentes (comonômeros, surfactantes, catalisadores) utilizados. No estudo das reações ADMET, a grande área superficial da fase orgânica nas reações em miniemulsão provavelmente aumentou a remoção de etileno (subproduto) do meio reacional, favorecendo a reação ADMET e atingindo polímeros com massas molares maiores do que os polímeros obtidos por polimerização em massa. Através dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que o catalisador Umicore M2 e o surfactante não-iônico Lutensol AT80 formaram a combinação mais adequada para a realização de reações ADMET em miniemulsão. Quando reações tiol-eno foram realizadas em miniemulsão, três diferentes monômeros a,?-dienos (1,7-octadieno, 1,3-propileno dipenta-1-enoato e 1,3-propileno diundeca-10-enoato) e dois ditióis diferentes (1,4-butanoditiol e 2-mercaptoetil éter) foram testados e os resultados foram comparados. O iniciador AIBN apresentou uma concentração ideal (1 mol%) para a síntese de polímeros com massa molar mais elevada, diferente do comportamento esperado em polimerizações tradicionais via radicais livres. Em seguida, as nanopartículas de poli(tioéter-éster) obtidas foram modificadas através da oxidação do átomo de enxofre em grupos sulfóxido e sulfona, visando à obtenção de nanopartículas com elevado potencial para o encapsulamento e liberação de compostos bioativos. Análises de DLS (Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz) e MET (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão) asseguraram a estabilidade de tamanho/polidispersão e morfologia das nanopartículas mesmo após o processo de oxidação; análises de FTIR e TGA confirmaram a presença de grupos sulfóxido e sulfona após a oxidação. Por último, foram realizadas análises de biocompatibilidade das nanopartículas de poli(tioéter-éster) obtidas. Resultados revelaram que as nanopartículas de origem renovável não exibiram efeito citotóxico em células de fibroblasto murinho (L929) e câncer cervical humano (HeLa) e, além disso, apresentaram alta hemocompatibilidade, viabilizando futuras aplicações biomédicas como sistemas carreadores de fármacos.
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Books on the topic "Emu oil"

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Fund, International Monetary. World economic outlook: EMU and the world economy. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1997.

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O, Robertson John, and Kumar S. 1960-, eds. Surface operations in petroleum production. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Friedberg, Fred. Comprendre et pratiquer la technique des mouvements oculaires (EMT): Pour soulager les tensions émotionnelles : stress, angoisse, colère, phobies, maux de tête ... Paris: Dunod-Inter Editions, 2006.

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Burstein, John. Outstanding oils and wonderful water. New York: Crabtree Pub., 2010.

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L, Winegardner Duane, ed. Restoration of petroleum-contaminated aquifers. Chelsea, Mich: Lewis Publishers, 1991.

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editor, Mondoux Linda, ed. Groundbreaker: How the brilliant inventions of Leo Ranney transformed water and energy technology. Windsor, Ontario, Canada: Your Story Publishing, 2013.

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Assn, Engine Manufactures. Ema Lubricating Oils Data Book 1989. 7th ed. Engine Manufacturers Assn, 1989.

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Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain). Oils and Oilseeds to 1996 (EIU commodity outlook series). Economist Intelligence Unit, 1992.

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Barry, Rodger, Sousa Ferro Miguel, and Marcos Francisco, eds. The EU Antitrust Damages Directive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198812760.001.0001.

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This book provides a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Antitrust Damages Directive across a selected number of EU States. It looks at generic EU law issues, such as Member State process and methodology for implementing this EU Directive. It also assesses, more specifically, the national debates and their consequences at the level of substantive choices adopted—in terms of implementation of the various Directive provisions, which may necessitate some change in national legal procedures and/or remedies in relation to claims involving an EU competition law infringement. The book achieves this through discussion of the general EU law issue regarding the national methods used for transposition of an EU Directive, examining the processes and general approaches to the implementation of EU law in the form of a Directive within the legal systems of the various Member States analysed. Processes may vary from involving considerable consultation with public stakeholders to an approach confined to executive or parliamentary decision-making. Additionally, the research assesses the way in which the Antitrust Damages Directive was actually transposed and why the particular approach was adopted within the Member State, considering, for instance, whether the Directive was simply adopted as it stands (literal incorporation of its text through ‘cut and paste’) and what this will mean in terms of national court interpretation and application of the Directive/national law measures implementing it.
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Damien, Geradin, Layne-Farrar Anne, and Petit Nicolas. EU Competition Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780199566563.001.0001.

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This EU competition law treatise fully integrates economic reasoning in its treatment of the decisional practice of the European Commission and the case-law of the European Court of Justice. Since the European Commission's move to a “more economic approach” to competition law reasoning and decisional practice, the use of economic argument in competition law cases has become a stricter requirement. Many national competition authorities are also increasingly moving away from a legalistic analysis of a firm's conduct to an effect-based analysis of such conduct, indeed most competition cases today involve teams composed of lawyers and industrial organisation economists. Ensuring an integrated approach to legal and economic analysis, the book contains economic reasoning throughout in accessible form, and, more pertinently for practitioners, examines economics in the light of how it is used and put to effect in the courts and decision-making institutions of the EU. A general introductory section sets EU competition law in its historical context. The second chapter goes on to explore the economic foundations of EU competition law. What follows is an integrated treatment of each of the core substantive areas of EU competition law, including Article 101 TFEU, Article 102 TFEU, mergers, cartels and other horizontal agreements, vertical restraints, and technology transfer agreements.
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Book chapters on the topic "Emu oil"

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Hu, Jiancheng, Lin Du, and Yafang Hei. "Forecasting Crude Oil Price Based on EMD-Wavelet-GARCH Model." In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 543–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93351-1_43.

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Teixeira, Nuno, Rui Teixeira Dias, Pedro Pardal, and Nicole Rebolo Horta. "Financial Integration and Comovements Between Capital Markets and Oil Markets." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 240–61. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5666-8.ch013.

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This chapter aims to test the financial integration and movements in the capital markets of Germany (DAX), USA (Dow Jones), France (CAC 40), UK (FTSE 100), Italy (FTSE MIB), Russia (MOEX), Japan (NIKKEI 225), and Canada (S&P TSX), China (SHANGHAI and SHENZHEN); as well as the oil markets of the US (AMERICAS-DS OIL), Asia (ASIA-DS OIL), Canada (CANADA-DS OIL), the Emirates (EMU-DS OIL), China (CHINA-DS OIL), Nigeria (NIGERIA-DS OIL), and the United Kingdom (UK-DS OIL) over the period January 1, 2020 to May 6, 2022. The results suggest that long-term relationships between capital markets and oil markets do not help explain short-term moves. The authors consider the results achieved to be of interest to investors seeking opportunities in these financial markets, and also to policymakers to undertake institutional reforms to increase market efficiency and promote sustainable growth in financial markets.
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Martin Márquez López, Daniel, Tomás A. Fregoso-Aguilar, Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez, and Sergio O. Flores-Valle. "Effect of the Ozonization Degree of Emu Oil over Healing: An Emerging Oxidation Treatment." In Antioxidants. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83383.

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Wahid, Ratnaria, and Norafidah Ismail. "Issues and Strategies in Reconciling the Malaysia-EU Palm Oil Discord." In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-Border Trade and Business, 1–14. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9071-3.ch001.

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The EU has decided to phase out imports of palm oil used in biofuels in the EU by 2030. This affects people in Malaysia who rely on the palm oil business for their livelihood. This chapter examines the events leading up to the EU's anti-palm oil actions and the many ways in which Malaysia has responded to defend its palm oil sector. This includes 1) countering EU's allegation through scientific research, 2) demonstrating its commitment to transform the palm oil industry toward sustainability through certification standards, 3) fostering the commitment to grow palm oil sustainably, 4) garnering support from ASEAN and the international community, 5) expressing its opposition and warnings for retaliatory measures against the EU, and 6) requesting consultation under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. It presents the political processes that generate policy interventions aimed at defending palm oil trade with the EU alerting that economic decoupling and direct conflict may exacerbate the problem, weaken bilateral relations, and elude good improvements in the palm oil business.
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Jean Paul, Keppenne, and Caviedes Carlos Urraca. "Part IV State Aid (Articles 107 and 108 TFEU), 24 Control of Existing Aid Schemes." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0024.

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This chapter looks at existing aid schemes. The category of existing aid takes in the whole set of aid that can be or has been granted by Member States. The notion of existing aid aims to ensure legal certainty for Member States and recipient undertakings by guaranteeing the legality of the aid concerned. Existing aid can therefore continue to be paid as long as the European Commission has not found it to be incompatible with the internal market. The existing aid schemes in the various Member States are permanently reviewed by the Commission under Article 108(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It can propose or demand that these schemes be altered or abolished when it considers that their compatibility with the internal market is not clear. The chapter then details the procedural arrangements for the permanent review system exercised by the Commission in cooperation with Member States.
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Alfonso Lamadrid de, Pablo, and Sinclair Ailsa. "Part I Antitrust Rules (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU), 3 The Role of National Competition Authorities." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the role of national competition authorities (NCAs). Under Regulation 1/2003, it is not only the European Commission but also the NCAs that are responsible for enforcing the EU competition rules. Regulation 1/2003 created a system of parallel competences in which the competition rules are enforced by a network of competition authorities as well as by the national courts. Provided trade between Member States is affected, Regulation 1/2003 allows NCAs to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU but leaves the Member State free to determine which body will enforce the rules and which mechanism for investigating infringements and enforcing decisions will apply. Article 11(6) of Regulation 1/2003 provides that if the Commission initiates proceedings for the adoption of a decision, the NCAs no longer have jurisdiction to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Yet a central feature of Regulation 1/2003 is that NCAs may apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU in individual cases. The chapter then considers the cooperation between the Commission and the NCAs, as well as the principles and procedures for cooperation with third countries. It also studies the ECN+ Directive, which empowers the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers.
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Manuel, Kellerbauer, Centella Marisa Tierno, and Lamadrid Alfonso. "Part I Antitrust Rules (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU), 10 Procedures to Establish the Existence of an Infringement." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0010.

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This chapter studies the procedures to establish the existence of an infringement. The administrative procedure under Regulation 1/2003, which takes place before the European Commission, is divided into two distinct and successive stages, namely a preliminary investigation stage and an inter partes stage. The preliminary investigation stage covers the period up until the notification of the statement of objections. It is intended to enable the Commission, with the help of the powers of investigation provided for in Regulation 1/2003, to gather all the relevant information tending to prove or disprove the existence of an infringement of the competition rules and to adopt an initial position on the course of the procedure and how it is to proceed. By contrast, the inter partes stage, which covers the period from the notification of the statement of objections to the adoption of the final decision, must enable the Commission to reach a final decision on the potential infringement concerned. The inter partes stage involves frequent contacts with the companies subject to investigation and this is also with a view to ensuring that they have ample opportunity to comment on all elements of fact and of law which the Commission may take into account when adopting the final decision.
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Jean Paul, Keppenne, and Caviedes Carlos Urraca. "Part IV State Aid (Articles 107 and 108 TFEU), 25 Implementation of the Commission’s Decisions." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0025.

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This chapter assesses the implementation of the European Commission's decisions on aid schemes. Article 26 of the Procedural Regulation requires Member States to submit to the Commission annual reports on all existing aid schemes with regard to which no specific reporting obligations have been imposed in a conditional decision. Where, despite a reminder, the Member State concerned fails to submit an annual report, the Commission may propose appropriate measures with regard to the aid scheme in question. In addition, where the Commission has serious doubts as to whether decisions not to raise objections, positive decisions, or conditional decisions with regard to individual aid are being complied with, the Member State concerned, after having been given the opportunity to submit its comments, shall allow the Commission to undertake on-site monitoring. There are several options open to the Commission when it finds that one of its decisions has not been fully complied with. First, it can bring the matter directly before the European Court of Justice (ECJ) by applying for a declaration that such payment amounts to an infringement committed by the State. It may also initiate the formal examination procedure to examine the misuse of aid by the Member State. And finally, it may decide to block all new aid to a given undertaking on the grounds of past failures to recover incompatible aid from the same undertaking.
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Ralf, Sauer, and Blanco Luis Ortiz. "Part I Antitrust Rules (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU), 8 Investigation of Cases (III): Inspections." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0008.

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This chapter describes inspections. The European Commission enjoys ‘considerable room for manoeuvre’ in deciding whether an inspection is warranted and is entitled in each case to choose among the various means of investigation, irrespective of its approach with respect to other undertakings. Article 20(1) of Regulation 1/2003 grants the Commission powers to conduct ‘all necessary inspections’ of undertakings. This concerns investigations at the undertaking's premises, land, and means of transport. Although the powers of inspection pursuant to Regulation 1/2003 are very similar to those stipulated in Article 14 of Regulation 17, there are a number of significant extensions, including the power to carry out inspections on domestic property. In addition, Regulation 1/2003 incorporates some of the case law on inspections developed under Regulation 17. According to Article 20(2), inspectors may examine the books and other records related to the business, ‘irrespective of the medium on which they are stored’. This and the related power ‘to take or obtain in any form copies of or extracts from’ such records provides the Commission with a legal basis allowing it to search and copy electronic data. The Commission is also entitled to seal any business premises and books or records for the period and to the extent necessary for the inspection, and to ask any representative or member of staff of the undertaking for explanations on facts or documents relating to the subject matter and purpose of the inspection and to record the answers.
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Kieron, Beal. "Part V Competition Law and Procedure in the European Economic Area, 28 European Economic Area Competition Procedure." In EU Competition Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198799412.003.0028.

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This chapter explores the general structure of the competition provisions and procedure, including the rules on State aid—applicable under the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Its goal was to reduce or remove import duties, quotas, and other obstacles to trade in Western Europe and to uphold liberal, non-discriminatory practices in world trade. EFTA membership served as a platform for EFTA members to negotiate a specific agreement with Member States of the European Community for an extension of the internal market to those countries. The resultant EEA Agreement came into force on 1 January 1994. The EEA Agreement is an international treaty that is considered to be sui generis and which contains a distinct legal order of its own. The Agreement, whilst falling short of a customs union, has created the world's largest integrated economic area. The chapter then describes the substantive competition rules under the EEA Agreement, the procedure to be followed in their application, and the allocation of jurisdiction between the EU Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) in that application.
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Conference papers on the topic "Emu oil"

1

Muthusamy, P., D. Thyagarajan, P. Tensingh Gnanaraj, and P. N. Richard Jagatheesan. "Fatty acid profile of emu oil as influenced by different age groups Fatty acid profile of emu oil." In Annual International Conference on Advances in Veterinary Science Research. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5685_vetsci13.78.

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Ezeoke, Maurice, and Kenneth Tong. "Synthetic Aperture Radar Signature for Oil Sands Exploration." In 2012 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2012.13.

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Ezeoke, Maurice, and Kenneth Tong. "Terrain Backscatter and Oil Sand Exploration: Initial Measurements Results." In 2013 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2013.16.

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Shaban, Khaled, Ayman El-Hag, and Andrei Matveev. "Predicting transformers oil parameters." In 2009 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) (Formerly EIC/EME). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic.2009.5166344.

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Yamamoto, Ken, Nobuyasu Sadakata, Hidetoshi Okada, and Yusuke Fujita. "The Development of ECU-Integrated Electric Oil Pump for Powertrain." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1229.

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Yang, Hua, Yunfei Zhang, and Feng Jiang. "Crude Oil Prices Forecast Based on EMD and BP Neural Network." In 2019 Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/chicc.2019.8866586.

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Shamekh, Awad, Jonathan Theakston, Salah Masheiti, and Soad Ben Soud. "A Survey of the Sarir Field-Tobruk Terminal Crude Oil Pipeline and Leak Detection Considerations." In 2014 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2014.102.

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Froelund, Kent, Steve Fritz, and Brian Smith. "Lubricating Oil Consumption Measurements on an EMD 16-645E Locomotive Diesel Engine." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0549.

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Real-Time Oil Consumption (RTOC-III™) measurements were made on a 1,500 kW EMD 16-645E locomotive diesel engine, as part of a program to evaluate commercially available cylinder kits that hold the potential to reduce lubricating oil consumption and hence reduce exhaust particulate matter emissions. The RTOC technique uses sulfur dioxide (SO2), as measured in the exhaust gas stream, as a tracer for oil consumption. The engine was operated on an ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and commercially available SAE grade 20W40 mineral-based lubricating oil. Knowing the SO2 concentration in the exhaust, the air and fuel flow rates, the lubricating oil consumption rate can be calculated in real-time, i.e. on a second-to-second basis. Use of RTOC on the locomotive engine application has proven to be a cost-effective tool for mapping steady-state lubricating oil consumption rate. Where traditional volumetric oil consumption measurement techniques can take several days to obtain the oil consumption rate from a single operating point, the RTOC technique takes only about 10 minutes per operating mode. Applying this technique, the test duration can thus be tremendously compressed, as compared to the volumetric technique. In addition to cost savings, the repeatability of the data is much improved by applying this novel technique. In this program, steady-state oil consumption was determined at 10 steady-state operating conditions typical of North American freight locomotive operation.
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Xin, Xiyao, David Jackson, Ji Chen, and Paul Tubel. "Wireless power transmission for oil well applications." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.2013.6670494.

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Gupta, B. K., John Densley, and Arun Narang. "Condition assessment of oil-paper insulated bushings." In 2009 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) (Formerly EIC/EME). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic.2009.5166358.

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Reports on the topic "Emu oil"

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Kelic, Andjelka, Davyn Pierce-Montague, Logan Robinett, Kevin Stamber, and Ross Guttromson. Literature Review of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Effects on Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1838585.

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Wilt, M., C. Schenkel, M. Wratcher, I. Lambert, C. Torres-Verdin, and Tseng H.W. Crosshole EM for oil field characterization and EOR monitoring: Field examples from Lost Hills, California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/273792.

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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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