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Journal articles on the topic 'Empressses'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

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1

KUMANDAŞ, Hacer. "İmparatoriçe Tasvirli Roma Sikkeleri Işığında, İmparatoriçelerin Saç ve Takı Tasarımı." International Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 31 (September 10, 2023): 196–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.7.31.11.

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The function of the empress depictions on the coins is to both introduce the empress and show the power of the empire with her magnificent clothes, jewelry and hair designs. Every empress, who have a unique style, reflects the prestige and weight of their position with their hair and jewelry designs. There are also empresses who prefer a very simple hairstyle. The depictions in the portraits of the empresses used on the face of these coins are first-hand sources that provide information about the hairdo models, diadems and jewelry of the empresses. The coins in question in this study are tried to be selected from the important empresses who pioneer the hair and jewelry fashion of the period. Whereas there are empresses on the face of the coins, there are depictions of Goddesses, Emperor and Empress, Personification and animals on the reverse side. It is also examined whether the styles, the hair and jewelry designs seen in the busts of the empresses are reflected on the coins in the studies conducted on the coins covering the period between Empress Sabina (AD 134-138) and Empress Aelia Eudoxia (AD 400-404). In addition, the reasons why both glorious and simple hairstyles are preferred by the empresses are tried to be evaluated from the perspective of socio-economic society. Keywords: Hair Design, Portrait, Jewelry, Sabina, Rome

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2

Johnson, Scott. "EASTERN EMPRESSES." Classical Review 53, no. 1 (April 2003): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/53.1.186.

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3

Kim, Yong Hwan. "A Study on the Background of Russian Empresses in the 18th Century." East European and Balkan Institute 46, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.4.3.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the background that many women became empresses in Russia in the 18th century. The most important motive of empresses’ appearances after Peter I’s death might be ‘the decree on the succession of the throne’ announced in 1722. The essences of this decree were to discard the custom of power succession according to the existing rank of immediate male family and to prescribe that monarch could appoint the successor regardless of the rank or gender upon his own determination. However, Peter I died without execution of the emperor’s right that this law defined. This resulted in rampant power struggle within the ruling class on the throne succession and women could be empresses supported by some aristocrats and the royal guard. Meanwhile, ‘court revolts’ were occurred. Finally, ‘the decree on the succession of the throne’ opened the potential that emperor’s aides could intervene the process of successor investiture so as for four empresses to be appeared in Russia after the death of Peter I, and favorites’ monopoly of state affairs was continued with violent change of regimes.

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4

Mellette, Justin. "Of Empresses and Indians." F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 12, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.108.

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5

Mellette. "Of Empresses and Indians." F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 12, no. 1 (2014): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.0108.

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6

Rowan, Clare. "THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE SEVERAN WOMEN." Papers of the British School at Rome 79 (October 31, 2011): 241–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246211000031.

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Coinage remains one of the best resources from which to gain an insight into the public image of empresses in the Roman Empire. This article employs a quantitative approach to the coinage of the Severan women, utilizing coin hoards to gain an idea of the frequency of particular coin types. The result offers a nuanced and contextual assessment of the differing public images of the Severan empresses and their role within wider Severan ideology. Evidence is presented to suggest that in this period there was one workshop at the mint dedicated to striking coins for the empresses. The Severan women played a key connective role in the dynasty, a position communicated publicly through their respective numismatic images. By examining the dynasty as a whole, subtle changes in image from empress to empress and from reign to reign can be identified. During the reign of Elagabalus, the divergence in imagery between Julia Soaemias and Julia Maesa is so great that we can perhaps see the influence of these women on their own numismatic image.

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7

Xie, Ying. "A descriptive study on Chinese-English subtitling of extralinguistic culture-bound references in Empresses in the Palace." FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.20022.xie.

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Abstract The American version of Empresses in the Palace (《甄嬛传》) can be seen as a representative example of Chinese-to-English subtitled ancient costume drama, and an effective source of study as to how Extralinguistic Culture-bound References (ECRs) (Pedersen, 2005, 2011) in the source-language subtitles can emphasize and embody the essence of ancient Chinese culture. Based on Pedersen’s (2005, 2011) theory of the Transculturality level of ECRs and through statistical as well as textual analysis, this paper aims to conduct a descriptive study of extralinguistic culture-bound references (ECRs) in Empresses in the Palace and the Chinese-English subtitling strategies of the ECRs. It found that Monocultural ECRs account for a substantial proportion of the ECRs, with eight ECR domains covered, and that the Source Language (SL)-oriented Strategies as well as Substitution are the foremost translation strategies adopted for rendering Monocultural ECRs. Eventually, based on textual analysis of the Monocultural ECRs rendered by the SL-oriented Strategies and Substitution, from the perspective of the target audience’s plot interpretation of the drama, this paper concludes that an obvious disadvantage as a result of the Monocultural ECR’s interlingual subtitling in Empresses in the Palace is that the plot revealed in the target-language subtitles becomes logically incoherent.

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8

Lipich, Vasiliy, and Olga Gudova. "Gender aspect authorities on the example of the independent management Russian empresses." SHS Web of Conferences 72 (2019): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197203015.

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The article deals gender aspect authorities on the example of the independent management Russian empresses. They rule almost throughout eighteenth century. It was unusual for the Russian Empire. The man has always been at the head of the state. Woman led a private lifestyle. Self-expression was possible only in a religious orientation. Women's rule has not changed the general position of women in power. The position of women in society is changed slightly. One of the achievements of the reign of empress becomes the development of culture. Architecture and music are undergoing development. Imperial court device also undergoes changes. Women of noble birth are introduced into secular society. Emperor Peter I initiated this process when he issued a decree on assemblies. During the reign of the autocratic empresses, women of the privileged class begin to head various government organizations and institutions. The lives of other women remain traditional. We studied the concepts: "gender", "gender analysis", "women's political leadership", "political participation" and historiography on the issue women's participation and representation in power structures. We meet women in power in the European tradition. Empresses received power is not legitimate. Armed uprisings brought them to power. The law does not enshrine the right of women to the throne. And this precedent of female presence in power has changed little.

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9

Peers, Glenn. "Empresses and power in early Byzantium." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 28, no. 1 (January 2004): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.166.

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10

Smith, R. R. R. "Roman Portraits: Honours, Empresses, and Late Emperors." Journal of Roman Studies 75 (November 1985): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300662.

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11

Lepekhova, Elena. "Two Asian Empresses and Their Influence on the History and Religion in Tang China and Nara Japan (VII-VIII cc.)." Studies in Asian Social Science 4, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v4n2p20.

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The main issue of this paper is the role of two empresses: Chinese Wu Zhao (624-705) and Japanese Koken (Shotoku,718-770) in the history and religion in China and Japan. Both female rulers took Buddhist percepts and patronized theBuddhist Sangha in order to legitimate their power. As the female rulers in the mostly patriarchal society, both WuZhao and Koken had numerous enemies among the formidable court officials and influential families who opposedtheir rule. Therefore, they both used various auspicious signs and omens as the calculated political tools to secure theirposition. In various documents (edicts, manuals etc.) both Wu Zhao and Koken used the examples, mostly fromBuddhism, to show their legitimate status. However, despite of their contribution in the state government and religioussystem, both empresses Wu Zhao and Koken were reviled as bad rulers by the later Confucian historians who resentedtheir patronage of Buddhism and the fact that they were female rulers.

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12

Su, Jinze. "Research on Analysis and Optimization Strategies of Empresses in the Palace." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 28 (April 9, 2024): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/7jpd3162.

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This research delves into the intricacies of marketing strategies employed for the Chinese historical drama series “Empresses in the Palace." This study reveals vital insights through a comprehensive analysis of the existing marketing approaches and the unique challenges the historical drama genre poses. The “Empresses in the Palace” marketing strategies demonstrated innovation and creativity against intense competition within the historical drama landscape. Bridging the historical-contemporary gap and sustaining viewer engagement emerged as prominent challenges. This research has proposed various strategies tailored to address these challenges effectively. These strategies encompass diversified trailers, interactive engagement initiatives, and the integration of augmented reality experiences, aiming to optimize marketing endeavors. They seek to captivate contemporary audiences and maintain their interest throughout the series. The significance of the findings extends beyond this singular case, offering valuable lessons for historical drama marketing and its broader implications for the entertainment industry. This research recognizes the need for ongoing adaptation and innovation in engaging audiences with captivating historical narratives.

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13

LÓPEZ GÓMEZ, Helena. "Las últimas emperatrices julio-claudias: estudio de sus imágenes públicas." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 28, no. 2 (2022): 354–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2022-28-2-7.

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Despite the importance they had in their time, many of the women of the Roman imperial families share a bad image that continues to this day. The pejorative description, present in the accounts of ancient historians, has made these female characters largely unintelligible and it is practically impossible to reach an objective conclusion about their true role in history. The present article aims to offer an analysis of the images of the last empresses of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. We will focus on the wives of Caligula, Claudius and Nero by analyzing the literary evidence we possess about them in order to try to reach a conclusion free of the powerful misogynistic impressions about them that have been provided in the past. To this end, we have taken into account not only the life trajectories of the empresses, but also those of the main men in their lives, the emperors, to try to glimpse if their family relationships could have had some kind of impact on the way women were portrayed by the sources.

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14

Yuhang, Li, and Harriet T. Zurndorfer. "Rethinking Empress Dowager Cixi through the Production of Art." Nan Nü 14, no. 1 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853212x651960.

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This essay commences with an overview of recent revisionist scholarship about Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) who in her lifetime and thereafter gained a reputation as a formidable opponent of the modernization process in late Qing China. It reviews both past and present studies about the Empress’s political behavior, considers her changing image in more recent historical writing in and outside China, and then focuses on her interest in art and material culture. Discussion of the Empress’s involvement in drama, garden and palace decoration, fashion, and photography introduces the four articles in this journal issue.

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15

Ebrey, Patricia. "Empresses, Art, and Agency in Song Dynasty China." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 71, no. 2 (2011): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jas.2011.0020.

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16

Sivan, Hagith. "Representations of Early Byzantine Empresses: Image and Empire." History: Reviews of New Books 31, no. 3 (January 2003): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2003.10527603.

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17

Borowiak, Tim, Marilyn T. Liwag, Deborah McFarland, and Jeanne Roelant. "Permanent Charge Nurses: Empresses of Time and Space." Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 28, no. 3 (June 2013): e6-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2013.04.019.

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18

de Pee, Christian. "Empresses, Art, and Agency in Song Dynasty China." NAN NÜ 13, no. 2 (2011): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852611x602656.

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19

Holum, Kenneth G. "Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium. Liz James." Speculum 78, no. 4 (October 2003): 1324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400100983.

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20

Lincoln, W. Bruce, and Donald J. Raleigh. "The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Rediscovering the Romanovs." Russian Review 56, no. 4 (October 1997): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131575.

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21

Dawson, Ruth P. "Five Empresses: Court Life in Eighteenth-Century Russia (review)." Biography 29, no. 3 (2006): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2006.0055.

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22

Image, Isabella. "“Hard to find another woman like her”: Constantine’s Empress Fausta." Classical World 117, no. 3 (March 2024): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a928926.

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ABSTRACT: Discussion of the Empress Fausta, wife of Constantine, has in the past concentrated largely on theories about her death. This article follows current trends on Late Antique empresses by examining the clues about her life and activities. It demonstrates her role in helping Constantine assert his imperial legitimacy, and suggests an involvement in church affairs and patronage of buildings. In all, she had more visibility in the public sphere than she is often credited with.

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23

Williams, Anna. "Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 24, no. 1 (January 2000): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/byz.2000.24.1.290.

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24

Brubaker, Leslie, and Helen Tobler. "The Gender of Money: Byzantine Empresses on Coins (324-802)." Gender History 12, no. 3 (November 2000): 572–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00201.

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25

Keller, Katrin. "Gender and Ritual: Crowning Empresses in the Holy Roman Empire*." German History 37, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghy097.

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26

Brubaker, Leslie. "Byzantine empresses: women and power in byzantium, AD 527–1204." Women's History Review 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020000200487.

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27

Ingrao, Charles W., and Andrew L. Thomas. "Piety and Patronage: The Empresses-Consort of the High Baroque." German History 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0266355402gh241oa.

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28

Petkovic, Sofija, Milica Tapavicki-Ilic, and Jelena Andjelkovic-Grasar. "A portrait oil lamp from Pontes: Possible interpretations and meanings within early Byzantine visual culture." Starinar, no. 65 (2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1565079p.

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The subject of this paper is a fragmented oil-lamp, discovered at Pontes (east Serbia) dated to the 6th century, whose handle ending is shaped as a woman?s head. The question posed in this paper is whether the image of this woman could be identified as a portrait of some particular person or if it is just as a pictorial sign with some complicated symbolic meaning. The suggested identification alludes to the image of some of the empresses from the second half of the 6th century.

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29

Balbuza, Katarzyna. "The Role of Imperial Women in the Monetary Distributions (Liberalitas) in Rome in the Light of Numismatic Sources." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2019-0002.

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Abstract Liberalitas was one of the most important forms of social activities of the Roman emperors. In quantitative terms, it is also one of the five most important imperial virtues. It appeared on coins as Liberalitas Augusti, which gave this virtue an additional, divine dimension. The first Empress to depict the idea of imperial generosity on the coins issued on her behalf was Julia Domna. In this respect, her liberalitas coins mark a breakthrough in the exposition of this imperial virtue. The well-known female liberalitas coin issues, or imperial issues with empresses’ portraits, date back to the third century and clearly articulate the liberalitas, both iconographically and literally, through the legend on the reverse of the coin. Other coins, issued on behalf of the emperors (mainly medallions), accentuate in some cases (Julia Mamaea, Salonina) the personal and active participation of women from the imperial house in congiarium-type activities. The issues discussed and analysed, which appeared on behalf of the emperors or the imperial women – with a clear emphasis on the role of women – undoubtedly demonstrate the feminine support for the emperor’s social policy towards the people of Rome, including the various social undertakings of incumbent emperors, to whom they were related. They prove their active involvement and support for the image of the princeps created by the emperors through the propaganda of virtues (such as liberalitas). The dynastic policy of the emperors, in which the empresses played a key role, was also of considerable importance.

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30

Vladimirova-Aladzhova, Dochka. "THE CHARITY OF THE EMPRESSES FROM THE FIFTH CENTURY ACCORDING TO DATA FROM BULGARIA." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2022-6-169-180.

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The sources speak eloquently about the extreme charity of the empresses from 5th century. They built temples, orphanages and supported their work. Their mission was spread all over the empire, which is proved by the discovered coins of theirs. The golden coins which they donated not only supported the church financially, but also helped their activity in disseminating and establishing the Christian religion. The signs of Christ complement and in separate cases prevail over their pragmatic properties. The difference about the view about the role of the monetary units of the empresses is that their “spiritual value” in 5th century was also an important means for the state politics not only a medium of exchange. The support of the religion life at places had not only financial dimensions, which for that age was of extreme importance. That process underwent in an atmosphere of impoverishing of the town population, as the church advanced economically with the help of the state. That explains the fact why in the church buildings and around them such a great amount of coins from 6th century has been found, but near the public ones they decreased at the end of 4th century. The discovery location of the coins of the empresses clearly shows the area and the sites, connected with charity and religious activities of the Augusts. At the dissemination and establishing the Christianity the state used all possible means. It was imperative because of the heterogeneous ethnic structure of the population of Trace and Dacia during 4th-6th centuries, which created conditions for arising of various diversions from the Christian religion – the heresies. The inspection of the location of findings golden coins of empresses shows that they were discovered in/or at a short distance from the region of the Late Antiquity settlements and fortresses: Abrittus (now Razgrad), Beroe – Augusta Traiana (now Stara Zagora) Nicopolis ad Istrum – the old settlement near the village of Dichin, Kyustendil, Nicopolis ad Nestum (now Gotse Delchev), Strogovia (Kailuka – Pleven), Ryahovets, Sadovets, Tuida (now Sliven), Philipopolis (now Plovdiv), the fortress of Shumen. The listed places coincide with the territories with bishop centers, significant population and outstanding Christian temples from 4th and 5th centuries. It gives a good reason to search the connection between the gold in question, the cult artifacts and their religious meaning. During the Late Antiquity the role of the bishop institution increased rapidly, not only in the church life, but also in the civil ruling system. The area bishops began to take active part in the control of the towns, occupying a great deal of the town curia functions. That happened with the blessing of the emperor’s power, which gave such authority to the bishops, so that they were able to control and inspect various decisions of the non-clerical authorities. The topography of the monetary unit subject of the article is a good token in their interpretation as a means of propaganda of the still new Christian religion where the preliminary and dictatorial reasons of the emperor institution could be seen. The coins are subject of this study; they concentrate the ideological power in the image of еmpresses. Coupled with the Christian symbols they outline a spiritual vector in their dissemination. Thus the commercial role of money was combined with their spiritual mission to help the church establish the faith in Christ.

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31

Tao, Ping, and Jie Qiong Hu. "Research on the External Characteristics & Binding Mechanism of the Environment Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 2058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.2058.

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This paper analyses the problems of the positive externality and effects that externality has on resource configure efficiency. It deeply analyses externality problems from economics view that related to the sewage and garbage disposing projects. It suggests setting up restricting mechanism from both of the incentive mechanism and policy mechanism. It empresses the validity of policy restricting mechanism and environment protection governance policy and the governance policy of non-environment-protect-behavior, so as to establish an effective investment and financing economic policy and to absorb nongovernmental capital mostly.

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32

Dawson, Robert. "The Empress's Nose: A Parable, After Feynman." Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.202001.32.

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33

Makhanko, Maria. "Veneration of the Holy Emperors and Empresses of Byzantium in Muscovite Rus’ According to the Attachments and Epigraphy of the Reliquaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015766-1.

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Old Russian reliquaries of the 16th and the 17th centuries, i. e. the Late Medieval era of emerging autocracy, are valuable historical sources and masterpieces of art. The appearance of certain relics is associated with the external contacts of medieval states and churches, reflecting various aspects of spiritual life of the time. Among the attachments to reliquaries, either preserved up to now or known from written sources, parts of relics of saint Emperors and Empresses of the 4th to the 10th centuries Byzantium are of special interest. The article attempts to collect information about such relics, as well as analyze their meaning.

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34

Campbell, Sheila, and Lynda Garland. "Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium A. D. 527-1204." Phoenix 54, no. 3/4 (2000): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1089084.

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35

Hwang, Kun, and Seong Kyung Yoo. "Eyebrow Shapes of Chinese Empresses of the Ming and Qing Dynasties." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 29, no. 5 (July 2018): 1370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000004498.

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36

Hillner, Julia. "Empresses, Queens, and Letters: Finding a ‘Female Voice’ in Late Antiquity?" Gender & History 31, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 353–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12427.

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37

Chen, Anne Hunnell. "Omitted Empresses: The (Non-)Role of Imperial Women in Tetrarchic Propaganda." Journal of Late Antiquity 11, no. 1 (2018): 42–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jla.2018.0012.

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38

Lee, De-nin D. "Empresses, Art, and Agency in Song Dynasty China (review)." China Review International 17, no. 2 (2010): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2010.0039.

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39

Li, Anqi, Yu Xie, and Xiaoyun Zhang. "The Female Tragedy in the TV Version "Empresses in the Palace"." Communications in Humanities Research 6, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/6/20230123.

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The television drama 'Empresses in the Palace', which is adapted from the novel of the same name, has been popular since it was broadcast in 2012 and is the peak of the television drama about the struggle in ancient China's harem. Therefore, this essay makes a deep study of the tragedy embodied in this TV drama based on the text analysis. Starting with the main character Zhen Huan, this essay analyzes the story of the process that Zhen Huan gradually loses her friendship, love and kinship, and the tragedy caused by the failure of the struggle from a female perspective, after that, analyzing the imbalanced value caused by the differences in political and emotional power between 'Zhen Huan' and the Emperor and the feudal ideology led to a tragic impact on women from a social perspective. As a result, through research and analysis, this essay has a deeper understanding of the tragic literature characteristics that the tragedy in this TV drama mainly comes from the character defects, the differences in power and status, and the oppression of feudal ideology. Feeling the reasons for the hatred and things women need or lose is helpful to avoid being assimilated by the distorted values of struggle.

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40

Al-Rawahneh, Musallam R., and Vagner Carvalheiro Porto. "Roman Empresses’ Coins from a Private Collection: A Descriptive Archaeological Study." Archaeological Discovery 11, no. 02 (2023): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ad.2023.112007.

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41

Kozlova, Anna A. "RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPRESSES ANNA IOANNOVNA AND ELIZABETH PETROVNA." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1-2 (2023): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2022-4-244-253.

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42

Yermolenko, Galina. "Roxolana: "The Greatest Empresse of the East"." Muslim World 95, no. 2 (April 2005): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x.

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43

ULANOV, MERGEN S. "WOMEN IN THE HISTORY OF BUDDHIST CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 65, no. 4 (2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2020-65-4-097-103.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of women in the history of Buddhist culture in medieval Japan. The article examines the formation of the first female Buddhist monastic community in Japan. It is noted that the formation of the first Buddhist monastic community here was associated with women of Korean origin. A significant role in the institutionalization of Buddhism in Japan and its transformation into the dominant ideology was played by the Japanese empresses, who were impressed by the Buddhist approach to the religious status of women. The Japanese empresses actively supported the construction of Buddhist temples, donated land and significant funds to them. While pursuing a policy of strengthening the Buddhist church, they simultaneously contributed to its centralization and the establishment of strict control over the sangha by the state. The social and confessional status of women in the history of medieval Japan was constantly changing. If, until the end of the Nara period, nuns had the same social and confessional status as monks, then in the Heian era, nuns were removed from government positions and state ceremonies, and in religious treatises the opinion that women could not find salvation until will not be reborn as men. During the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, women again began to play an active role in society, including in religious institutions. During this period, new directions of Buddhism appeared (Amidaism, Soto-Zen, the Nichiren school), in whose doctrines the attitude towards women was more respectful. In the subsequent period, there was an increase in the influence of Confucianism and a weakening of the position of Buddhism in Japanese society, which negatively affected the social status of women and the state of the female monastic community.

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Charlotte Rosenthal. "The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Rediscovering the Romanovs (review)." Biography 20, no. 3 (1997): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2010.0108.

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Kotsis, Kriszta. "Mothers of the Empire: Empresses Zoe and Theodora on a Byzantine Medallion Cycle." Medieval Feminist Forum 48, no. 1 (November 8, 2012): 5–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.1912.

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EMMANUEL, Melita. "Hairstyles and Headdresses of Empresses, Princesses, and Ladies of the Aristocracy in Byzantium." Δελτίον Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 35 (January 11, 1994): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/dchae.1096.

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Relyea, Scott. "Lamas, Empresses and Tea: Early Twentieth-Century Sino-British Encounters in Eastern Tibet." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 46, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2018.1431380.

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GROVER-FRIEDLANDER, MICHAL. "Voice and the Sleepwalking Body." Theatre Research International 46, no. 2 (July 2021): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883321000067.

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This article explores the relation between body and voice in the performance of a contemporary opera, Ficarra and Whittington's The Empress's Feet, based on a Chinese tale relating the origin of the practice of foot binding. The tale relates the ancient practice to cure a queen from bouts of sleepwalking that afflicted her. I initially explore the opera's complex formal structure, its central themes and the way it transforms the original tale. I will then develop some of the significant aspects, imaginary as well as factual, of both the practice of foot binding and the phenomenon of sleepwalking. I suggest that the opera not only relates itself thematically to the tale and through it to the practice of foot binding, but also suggests a further parallel between foot binding and a form of bodily mutilation that is associated with the development of the medium of opera in the West, namely the phenomenon of the castrato. The threefold consideration of foot binding, sleepwalking and the voice of the castrato will serve to reveal a moment of liberation, at the heart of the opera – call it the agency or voice given to the feet ‘unbound’. I will conclude with an account of a production of The Empress's Feet which I directed in 2014, based on the interpretation suggested in this article.

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González Romero, Martín H. "La Casa Real-Imperial de Tijuana: cultura, identidad y activismo gay-travesti en la frontera noroeste de México." Frontera norte 36 (January 1, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2361.

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This article proposes to analyze the history of the Imperial-Royal Casa de Tijuana since its foundation in 1982. It explores the position of this group in the history of LGBTIQ+ mobilization in this region and proposes the analysis of a particular circuit of travesti and drag shows, through its study as a gay- travesti organization that supported LGBTIQ+ community projects. Based on research from the GLBT Historical Society Archives of San Francisco, this work studies the formation of spaces of sociability, solidarity, and mutual aid through the complex parody—of gender and royalty—carried out by the Empresses and Emperors of the Casa de Tijuana. This framework shows cross-border communication bridges and provides reflections about the spaces of freedom, as well as the colonial traits embedded in gay-travesti subculture.

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Bregnbaek, Susanne. "A public secret: 'education for quality' and suicide among Chinese elite university students." Learning and Teaching 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2011.040303.

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This article is based on anthropological fieldwork undertaken at two elite universities in Beijing. It addresses the paradoxical situation of the many instances of suicide among Chinese elite university students in Beijing, which constitute a public secret. The pressure of education weighs heavily on the shoulders of China's only child in each family, known as the generation of little emperors and little empresses. Since the 1980s, the suzhi jiaoyu reforms (education for quality) have involved various attempts to reduce the pressure of education. However, simultaneously the aim is to increase the competitiveness of individuals. Drawing on existential and phenomenological thought, I suggest that the discourse seems to objectify and quantify a concern for well-being, rather than recognising its intersubjective character. Finally, I argue that the suicides are controversial since they are seen as a form of social criticism.

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