Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Employees psychology'

The assessment and management of mental health and psychological well-being is an important issue in applied settings such as the workplace. In these settings however, the issues of practicality in terms of the resources available to devote to assessment and management are limited. This thesis presents research which aims to establish whether a single-item, multidimensional approach can be used to provide a practical way of measuring well-being in a short space while assessing and predicting well-being to a comparable level to traditional multi-item scales. Single-item measures were developed to assess well-being in terms of circumstances, individual differences, personality, and outcomes. These items were compared to multi-item measures in terms of their ability to measure the constructs in question and to predict well-being outcomes from predictor variables in samples of university staff, nurses, and students. The results indicate that many of the items are comparable to their multi-item counterparts and that single-item predictor measures can predict significant variance in well-being outcomes in both working adults and students. The result is a set of items that can be combined to create a wellbeing assessment tool that identifies well-being issues and potential causes. An example tool was prototyped in a small Welsh mental health support business.

Firefighters are known for putting their own lives on the line in order to protect others' lives and property. The events of September 11^th, 2001, pointed this out to the entire nation. The fact that firefighters are willing to run into burning buildings while others are trying to get out, or face situations that others find horrific, points to the fact that these individuals are motivated to serve and put service above self. However, even firefighters deal with issues of chronic stress and burnout. Considering the critical role firefighters play in society, it is important to delineate what motivates them to persevere in their chosen field. Firefighters across the country may be either volunteers, typically in smaller rural settings, or paid professionals in urbanized communities. This dissertation provided research into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relative to professional firefighters in a union environment. Through quantitative research involving a nonexperimental design with a validated and reliable survey instrument, fire chiefs and union represented firefighters were queried as to the degree that firefighters were intrinsically or extrinsically motivated. The results showed that firefighters were, for the most part, motivated through intrinsic means. However, the collected data also demonstrated that extrinsic motivation through forms of recognition is also desired by firefighters. The overall result of this research provides options for fire service leaders to consider in maintaining a highly motivated cadre of firefighters, and thus reducing the potential for chronic stress and burnout to occur.

Keywords: Firefighters, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

Many Americans do not engage in the recommended amount of physical activity, and thus do not receive the potential physical and mental health benefits from physical activity. Stage of change is a model that categorizes individuals into one of five stages based on behavior and intentions for future behavior. This model is useful for promoting physical activity because it allows for tailoring of interventions to individuals with different physical activity levels and readiness for change. The main purpose of this research was to test if more adaptive scores for Essential Self-Regulation Model (ESRM) constructs are found for persons in higher stages of change. Analyses included 96 Western Kentucky University faculty and staff to test the hypothesis that as stage of change increases, the more adaptive the scores will be in regard to the ESRM constructs, including: self-determination (i.e., subtypes of motivation), self-efficacy, attributions, goal setting, strategy use, and self-monitoring. The results supported this hypothesis for intrinsic, integrated, and identified subtypes of motivation, cost, self-efficacy, and goal setting. Constructs that were not significant but had results in the hypothesized direction were introjected and amotivated subtypes of motivation, strategy use, and selfmonitoring. Attribution scores resulted in the opposite of the hypothesized direction. Conclusions, limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The main aim of this thesis is to analyse and discuss selected aspects of Czech healthcare environment and their influence on motivation and job satisfaction of doctors. The hypotheses and assumptions based on the analyses in the theoretical part were tested in the form of detailed employee satisfaction questionnaire research conducted in Hospital Prachatice, a small healthcare facility in South Bohemia. Even though the overall situation in Czech healthcare is rather escalated and bitter, the results of the research were better than expected and showed that the new hospital management is working hard on improving the relationships, communication with medical personnel, as well as overall situation in Hospital Prachatice. Even though there is still a long way ahead of them, they seem to be moving in the right direction.

This study assessed discrepancies between residential employees' work values and program directors' perceptions of the residential employees' work values. Additionally, work values of residential employees were analyzed to identify variations when considering gender, age, educational level, length of service, job classification, and current position. The study was undertaken to assist in developing a clearer understanding of the work values of residential employees for the purpose of enhancing administrator-associate relationships and to determine factors in the work setting that might contribute to longevity and more productive, satisfied, motivated employees. Data for the study were gathered from 172 program directors and residential employees in the First Tennessee District by the use of Donald Super's (1970) Work Values Inventory and Demographic Information Questionnaire. Analysis of the data included t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's Post-hoc Analysis. There were eight major findings. Residential employees scored higher on the work values creativity, esthetics, and surroundings than program directors perceived they would score. Over 55 age group valued economic returns, independence, intellectual stimulation, and security less than other age groups. No significant differences were found to exist when considering gender or length of service of residential employees. Residential employees with less education placed less value on intellectual stimulation than employees with more education. Residential employees with high school diplomas placed more significance on surroundings than bachelor degree employees. Full-time residential employees placed greater merit on independence and intellectual stimulation than part-time employees. Shift workers placed more merit on economic returns, intellectual stimulation, and security than houseparents. Recommendations were made for program directors for the following work values: way of life, esthetics, surroundings, creativity, economic returns, achievement, altruism, supervisory relations, and intellectual stimulation. Recommendations were also made for future studies on older residential employees, adolescents' perceptions of quality of services received, and the work environment of residential facilities.

Previously, a worker one set of skills for an occupational lifetime. In today's environment, the need for constant skill changes have created difficulties for individuals who must unlearn, store and use knowledge in new processes to update the old. Today's workers must keep pace with changes to maintain competency. The amount of wasted time, additional energy and resources required continues to increase when actions are not updated through unlearning. Confusion regarding unlearning remains a persistent problem because a clear definition does not exist. This study: 1) investigated and collected descriptive unlearning characteristics; 2) proposed a theory to define unlearning. Study results: Ninety-three interviews with 31 participants were conducted. The participants' responses were categorized into unlearning experiences and perceptions. One Hundred-Seven participant quotations referred to Experimentation in unlearning of their Windows-based system or application. Experimentation was divided into Subcategories: 1) Unstructured Experimentation, 2) Structured Experimentation, and, 3) Resource-Based Experimentation. Employee perceptions were identified as category with subcategories of Incompetence and Competence. The third category, factors, suggests participant unlearn with, availability of support, time constraints and opportunities for experimentation. This definition was proposed: Unlearning is the process of using experimentation and available resources to promote the disuse of previous actions. Additionally, to propose a new theory of the unlearning process, the force-field theory was used as a basis for this new unlearning theory. From the study results, organizations can develop effective employees to maintain a competitive advantage.

Undergraduates rated scripts describing the performance of different instructors in the following order: two positive or negative scripts followed by an average script; or two average scripts followed by a positive or a negative script. Context effects were assessed by comparing ratings of the target stimulus in the context and in the context-free control conditions. Several individual difference variables were measured as possible moderators of this phenomenon. Results indicated robust contrast effects mediated by beliefs in the variability of human nature in the extreme context conditions. In the positive context condition, high scorers in Variability were not affected by context, whereas medium or low scorers in Variability exhibited contrast effects. In the negative context condition, high scorers in Variability exhibited a more extreme contrast effect than medium or low scorers in Variability. In the average context conditions, contrast was observed only when the target was positive.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-119). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

The relationship between knowledge of drug testing and the degree of support for drug testing was investigated. In addition, the relationship between certain personality characteristics (e.g. authoritarianism, legal authoritarianism, locus of control and social desirability) and support for drug testing was also investigated. A questionnaire that included scales to measure demographics, drug testing knowledge, drug testing attitudes and the above mentioned personality characteristics was utilized. It was found that drug testing knowledge was significantly negatively correlated with support of drug testing. It was also found that those scoring higher on Authoritarianism (legal and otherwise) were significantly more likely to support drug testing. In addition, an internal locus of control was significantly correlated with support of drug testing.

Former Eastern Airlines flight attendants were surveyed regarding their levels of union, organizational, and dual commitment, union participation, strike participation and support, and current feelings of job stress, job affect and job satisfaction. It was found that union commitment was positively correlated with union participation. Due to the unique situation at Eastern, it was also found that there was no difference in levels of strike participation and support between those dually committed and those unilaterally committed to the union. Strike participation and support also correlated positively with one measure of current job stress. Other findings included a positive correlation between job affect and satisfaction, and a negative correlation between both of these measures and job stress.

The study of work motivation has yielded many applicable theories. This thesis investigated how older employees viewed factors that have been linked to the advancement of age and believed to affect work motivation. Three different conceptualisations of age were included in the study; organisational age, chronological age and life stage. By using a qualitative approach, participants were allowed to shed light on this complex area and give their own views on possible age effects. More specifically, changes in needs and values, the effects on goal setting and the development of skills were investigated. Chronologically younger employees placed greater value in their careers and reported that they would continue to work even if they became financially independent. Older employees attributed less importance to their careers and said that they would choose early retirement in order to have more time if they had money to enjoy it.

Three a priori models of turnover intentions were tested to investigate differences in turnover intentions for exempt and nonexempt employees. Results of measured variable path analysis failed to differentiate exempt and nonexempt employees in their turnover intentions. Because the a priori models failed to support a distinction between exempt and nonexempt employees, an exploratory analysis was conducted for each employee group to investigate possible differences in turnover intentions. The exempt exploratory model revealed that overall satisfaction, vision and mission, total compensation, job fulfillment, leadership, and culture were significant determinants of turnover intentions. For the nonexempt exploratory model, overall satisfaction, tenure, job fulfillment, and culture were significant determinants of turnover intentions. Based upon the results of the exploratory analysis, support was found for differences in the determinants of turnover intentions for exempt and nonexempt employees. These findings provide evidence that practitioners and researchers can no longer ignore the role of occupational level when modeling the turnover process.

The purpose of this study was to extend research findings on perceived equity into the context of the contingent workforce by examining employees' perceived fairness of a child-care subsidy (i.e., distributive justice perception) in a temporary employment agency. The variables of interest to the study were perceived fairness, comparison other, input importance, organizational responsibility and family-friendliness. The variables were examined on three levels of subsidy status (i.e., subsidy group, parents/no-subsidy group, and nonparents group). A cover letter and a questionnaire regarding perceived fairness of the child-care subsidy were mailed to all employees who had worked for the temporary agency in the last three years. In addition, a stamped self addressed envelope was attached, so respondents could mail the questionnaire directly to the researcher within 2 weeks. Respondents were instructed to anonymously answer the entire questionnaire, and to indicate the degree of their agreement or disagreement with respect to each of the statements in the questionnaire. Findings are based on 64 survey responses, which represented a return rate of 9.5%. The data were analyzed using separate analyses of variance and regression analyses. Results indicated significant differences among parents with subsidy, parents without subsidy and non-parents on their perceived importance of inputs such as level of education, hours per week and "other'' inputs (i.e., client satisfaction and work environment). Specifically, parents without subsidy perceived the level of education and the number of hours worked per week as more important inputs than did either the non-parents and the parents with subsidy. However, non-parents perceived the level of education and the number of hours worked per week as more important inputs than did the parents with subsidy. Furthermore, non-parents and parents without the subsidy perceived "other'' inputs as more important input than did the parents with subsidy. Significant differences were also found between the subsidy group and no-subsidy group and perceived fairness. Specifically, the subsidy group perceived the child care subsidy as more fair than the no-subsidy group (i.e., parents without subsidy and non-parents). A significant interaction of the effect of family-friendliness on the relationship between subsidy status and perceived fairness was also found.

In the present organisational climate characterised by intense competition, the success of an organisation is increasingly dependent on its employees' expertise and knowledge (Carrel, Elbert, Hatfield, Grobler, Marx & Van der Schyf, 1997). Employees need to be motivated to contribute to the organisation's goals, for their knowledge and expertise to benefit an organisation (Lawler III, 1994). Organisations need to foster a situation in which employees have a positive attitude towards work and are able to benefit personally through directing their effort towards organisational goals. (Robbins, 2000) This study focuses on an organisation that has managed to link job satisfaction with organisational gain, and explores the link between these two subjects. A case study of a South African mining operation is reported on, and examined in-depth. The mine, a successful operation in terms of productivity, is recognised by its holding company as exemplary and is competing with the best base metal producers in the world. The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of 20 semi-structured individual interviews. Ten employees were selected from both the lower employee-levels and the higher employee-levels. The individual interviews focused on the experience of working at the mine with particular reference to interpersonal dynamics, job satisfaction, leadership style, and reward systems. During the second stage of the research, focus groups were conducted with two groups of seven employees each, one group from the lower-levels and one from the higher-levels. The focus groups aimed at obtaining a deeper understanding of the issues that emerged from the individual interviews. Grounded theory analysis was used during both the first, and second phase of the study. The results indicated that the mine's employees experience a high level fulfilment of higher-order needs, and that this experience is a reaction to the mine's performance enhancing culture. It is further shown that the same factors that create job satisfaction, when applied in excess, or in certain circumstances may lead to dissatisfaction within the same context.

The present study was designed to answer two questions. First, how do different forms of voice influence perceptions of organizational justice? Second, do organizational justice perceptions affect an individual's motivation to improve their job performance?

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study stems from an urgent need to understand which factors contribute to talented employees’ intention to quit, and what organisations can do to ensure the retention of such talent. Difficulties regarding the retention of talented employees have become a worldwide challenge. The retention of talented individuals has become a primary source of gaining a competitive advantage. The increased focus on talent management practices has become a wide spread phenomenon worldwide, including South Africa. History, cultural heritage, politics and the economic environment are but only a few factors that collectively now shape the nature and complexity of the South African labour market. A context, notorious and respected for its diversity and the struggles that have sprouted from it, poses formidable challenges for organisations competing in the global market. A multitude of factors, controllable and uncontrollable, contribute to increased levels of employee turnover in all sectors and organisations in South Africa. Organisations and top management can position themselves, by implementing action plans and organisational structures, to identify and coordinate such controllable factors. Strategies and processes can be implemented to address the increasing challenges regarding the retention of valuable talent. The implementation of structural talent management programmes have proven to address and overcome retention challenges. The crucial role of line management in implementing and fostering a culture of talent retention has also been proven. The foundation of a talent management competency model, for the purpose of addressing and solving this issue, has been laid down. Additional research has been done in order to reevaluate and elaborate on the existing knowledge of such a competency model. This study aims to once again re-evaluate the originally proposed model as well as any extensions that may have been developed by other researchers. The primary objective of the current study consequently was to expand on the existing model as proposed by Oehley (2007) and Smuts (2011). Factors external to the organisational environment were added to the model in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity underlying the determinants of intention to quit. Only a subset of the hypothesised intention to quit structural model was then empirically tested. In the initial model only nine of the nineteen paths were empirically corroborated. The initial reduced model was subsequently revised by deleting various paths that were found to be statistically insignificant (p > .05) and by adding various paths suggested by the modification indices. The final model produced exact fit. Seven of the nineteen paths in the final model were not empirically corroborated. Suggestions for future research are made by introducing additional variables that could be included into a future model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing vind oorsprong uit die dringende behoefte om die faktore te bepaal wat talentvolle werknemers noop om te bedank en te probeer verstaan wat organisasies kan doen om die dienste van werknemers te behou. Die uitdaging om die dienste van hierdie katagorie van werknemers te behou, blyk 'n internasionale vraagstuk te wees. Die behoud van talentvolle individue in die werksplek het 'n primêre bron van kompeterende voordeel vir organisasies geword. Die toenemende fokus op talentbestuur het 'n wêreldwye fenomeen geword. Die geskiedenis, kulturele erfenis, politiek en die ekonomiese omgewing is maar net 'n paar van die faktore wat gesamentlik die kompleksiteit van die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark beïnvloed. 'n Werklikheid wat veelbesproke is, maar gerespekteer word vir sy diversiteit en die meegaande probleme wat daaruit voortspruit, bied buitengewone uitdagings vir organisasies wat moet meeding in die internasionale sakewêreld. Verskeie faktore waarvan sommige beheer kan word, maar ander nie, dra by tot die toenemende verhoging in die arbeidsomset in alle sektore en organisasies in Suid-Afrika. Organisasies en topbestuur kan hulself bemagtig deur verskeie pro-aktiewe benaderings en organisatoriese strukture in plek te stel om sodoende beheerbare situasies te kan identifiseer en koördineer. Strategieë en prosesse kan geïmplimenteer word om die toenemende hoeveelheid uitdagings met sukses aan te pak en dus die waardevolle talent van werknemers te behou. Die toepassing van strukturele talentbestuurprogramme het as sulks bewys dat dit met sukses gebruik kan word om die dienste van werknemers te behou. Die belangrike rol wat lynbestuur vervul in die toepassing en implementering van die proses om talentvolle werknemers te behou, is al deeglik bewys. Die basis van 'n talentbestuur en bevoegdheidsmodel om die probleem aan te spreek en op te los is op sigself al bewys. Addisionele navorsing is alreeds uitgevoer om die huidige model te her-evalueer en daarop uit te brei. Die huidige studie het dit ten doel om die oorspronklike model en teorieë wat vorige navorsers ontwikkel het, te her-evalueer. The primêre oogmerk van die onderhawige studie was gevolglik om op die bestaande modelle soos voorgestel deur Oehley (2007) en Smuts (2011) uit te brei. Faktore ekstern tot die organisasie is tot die model toegevoeg ten einde ‘n meer volledige begrip te ontwikkel van die kompleksiteit wat die determinante van die voorneme om te bedank onderlê. Slegs ‘n subversameling van die gehipotiseerde bedankingsvoorneme-strukturele model is vervolgens empiries getoets. In die aanvanklike model het slegs nege van die negentien bane empiriese steun ontvang. Die aanvanklike gereduseerde model is vervolgens hersien deur verskeie statisties onbeduidende (p > .05) bane te verwyder en deur ‘n aantal bane wat deur die modifikasie-indekse voorgestel is tot die model toe te voeg. Die finale model het presiese passing getoon. Sewe van die negentien bane in die finale model kon egter nie empiries bevestig word nie. Voorstelle vir verdere navorsing word gemaak deur addisionele veranderlikes voor te stel wat moontlik in ‘n toekomstige model ingesluit sou kon word.

The present research study examined the strength and direction of the correlations between three leadership styles (transformational, transactional, & servant) and satisfaction with leadership and motivation as outcomes of leadership style. A web-based survey was used to collect data from 181 professional Latino employees in the U.S. The Leadership Style Survey was combined from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ), which measured transformational, transactional, and servant leadership styles, as well as satisfaction with leadership and motivation. Data was collected about Latino employees' perceptions of their supervisors' leadership styles, and satisfaction with leadership and motivation. Results from one-sample t-tests indicated Latino employees' responses to the leadership, satisfaction, and motivation scales were significantly lower than the norm. All Pearson correlations indicated there were strong positive relationships between each of the leadership styles and satisfaction with leadership and motivation. More importantly, Fisher r-to- Z transformations demonstrated that correlations found on the Latino sample were significantly higher than the correlational norms. The findings suggest Latinos are less motivated and less satisfied with their current leaders, however characteristics of transformational, transactional, and servant leadership are highly important to Latino employees and are highly correlated to their motivation and satisfaction with leadership. Cultural values may have a strong impact on Latino professional employees' evaluation of their supervisors. The results also highlight that the responses from the Latino sample are significantly higher in terms of the relationship between servant, transformational, and transactional leadership and satisfaction with leadership and motivation.

This project examined the impacts of an organization identity intervention on workers’ commitment during large-scale transformational change at a financial services company. A 21-member information technology team was recruited for the study. Commitment was measured using a quantitative instrument and the events and data collected during the identity intervention were described. Participants generally enjoyed the intervention, although team members grew increasingly negative over the course of the event due to past experiences with similar interventions. Commitment was consistent across both groups and remained unchanged across the study period. The study organization is advised to assure that its leaders support and are prepared to respond to the results of any interventions conducted and take measures to nurture participants’ existing affective commitment. Continued research is needed to evaluate the impacts of the identity intervention on commitment. Such studies are advised to utilize a larger sample and to measure organizational commitment using mixed methods.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was prompted by two significant aspects within the South African training field. Firstly, the attitude of the South African Government towards training in terms of legislation made it evident that trainers will progressively playa more important role in organisations. Secondly, although literature regard the trainer as one of the important role-players in the training situation, no substantial research has been done on training style as an aspect that can influence the trainer's performance and ultimately the effectiveness of training. In order to address this void, the research was dedicated to determine whether a systematic relationship exists between the personality of a __trainer and his/her training style. The following topics were examined by means of a selective study of the literature: adult learners as the target _ of training programmes; pedagogy and andragogy as orientations to training; the trainer; the definition of training style; the trait theory of personality as the basis of the study; and empirical studies done on the topic prior to this study. In order to gather the necessary information, three questionnaires were administered to a sample of 96 trainers. The 16-PF, which is an established questionnaire, was used to collect data about the personality traits of the respondents. Furthermore, a questionnaire namely the Training Style Inventory was developed to measure the training style of trainers. Trainers were then accordingly grouped in one of five types of training styles. The last questionnaire gathered information regarding demographic aspects of the sample. The study found limited support for the hypothesis that there exists a systematic relationship between personality and training style. However, it was found that certain dimensions of personality do playa role in the manifestation of a certain training style.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was geinspireer deur twee opmerklike aspekte binne die Suid-Afrikaanse opleidingsveld. Eerstens, die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering se houding jeens opleiding in terme van wetgewing, het dit duidelik gemaak dat opleiers voortaan 'n toenemend belangrike rol in organisasies sal vervul. Ten tweede het navorsing reeds bevestig dat die opleier een van die belangrike rolspelers in die opleiding situasie is. Daar is egter tot op hede geen noemenswaardige navorsing gedoen op opleidingstyl as 'n aspek wat die werkverrigting van die opleier en uiteindelik die effektiwiteit van opleiding beïnvloed nie. Ten einde hierdie leemte aan te spreek, was die doel van hiedie navorsing om te bepaal of daar 'n sistematiese verband bestaan tussen die persoonlikheid van 'n opleier en syjhaar opleidingstyl. Deur middel van selektiewe literatuurstudie is die volgende ondersoek: die volwasse leerder as die teiken van opleidingsprogramme; pedagogie en andragogie as orientasies tot opleiding; die opleier; definiering van opleidingstyl; die trekteorie van persoonlikheid as die basis van die studie; en empiriese studies oor die onderwerp wat hierdie navorsing vooraf gegaan het. Om die nodige inligting in te samel is drie vraelyste deur 'n steekproef van 96 opleiers ingevul. Die 16-PF wat as 'n gevestigde meetinstrument bekend staan, is gebruik om inligting in te sameloor die persoonlikheidstrekke van die respondente. Voorts is 'n vraelys naamlik die Training Style Inventory ontwikkelom die opleidingstyl van die opleiers te meet. Opleiers is daarna ooreenkomstig gegroepeer in een van vyf opleidingstyle. Die laaste vraelys het inligting ingesamel aangaande die demografiese aspekte van die steekproef. Die studie het beperkte steun gevind vir die hipotese dat daar 'n verwantskap bestaan tussen persoonlikheid en opleidingstyl. Daar is egter gevind dat sekere dimensies van persoonlikheid wel 'n rol speel in die verklaring van die manifestering van 'n sekere opleidingstyl.

One problem facing the hospitality industry today is turnover. Management turnover rates of 50 and 75 percent continue to plaque all segments of the industry. Personality type theory holds that people are happier in environments that are compatible with their personalities. This study examines 229 undergraduate students enrolled in hospitality education at the University of North Texas. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator was administered to these students to determine their predominant personality types, and to compare these types to those desired by hospitality industry professionals for success within the industry. Variables such as gender, work experience, and classification were also examined in comparison to student personality types.

In the United States, since 1980, excess weight reached epidemic levels and labeled a public health crisis. Obesity rates correlated with chronic disease drive health care expenditures, absenteeism, worker compensation claims, co-morbidities, mortality rates, and more.

Many organizations offer employee wellness programs but are difficult to measure benefits and determine the most effective strategies. Wellness program effectiveness was seldom linked to organizational variables. Research questions were: (1) What organizational variable effects, such as organizational size, engagement in policies that encourage participation, and median income of the school district, determined by zip code income census data, have on school employee health outcomes, perceived health and wellness participation rates; and (2) Will the employee's residence effect health outcomes, perceived health and wellness participation rates, determined by employee's residence zip code and median income zip code census data.

Research generally focused on one organizational variable or health outcome in a variety of organizations, whereas this study examined multiple organizational variables and health outcomes within many school districts. The hypotheses were: (1) Mid-sized districts have better employee health outcomes, perceived health and participation rates than larger-sized districts; (2) Districts with better developed wellness policies using best practices have a positive effect on employee health outcomes, perceived health and participation rates; and (3) Organizational effects on employee health outcomes, perceived and participation rates vary by where the employees' resides and works, as it links to median income zip code census data, with employees residing and working in lower/medium income areas having the worst health outcomes, perceived health and participation rates, and best results with the highest income.

This longitudinal study had several layers of organizational effects on employee wellness in Southern California School Districts. The program impacted almost 10,000 employees, self-selecting a variety wellness options, such as wellness challenges, health screenings, coaching, incentives, and staff development workshops. Data collected yearly included: (a) objective health measurements, such as body mass index and systolic/diastolic blood pressure; (b) self-reported perceived health measurements, such as health, stress, energy, confidence, self-esteem, and body image; and (c) the type of interventions. The data was archival and collected from 2005 to 2012.

Bibliography: leaves 123-136.
Recognition of the need to develop black employees' interpersonal skills in order that they cope with the demands of the western business environment formed the backdrop to this study. The use of currently available self-report measures of assertiveness to assess behaviour change was questioned in terms of their psychometric properties and relevance to the black employee working in South African organisations. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop a self-report instrument to measure assertiveness of black employees in work organisations. Another objective was the assessment of criterion-related validity. Information gathered from 12 in-depth interviews was used in the writing of new items and assisted in the modification of items from available self-report assertiveness measures. A preliminary questionnaire, consisting of 55 items was subsequently developed. After a number of changes, the questionnaire, consisting of a four-point Likert scale, was distributed to 80 potential respondents for the pilot study. A response rate of 37.5% enabled the analysis of 30 pilot study questionnaires. After further changes, 450 questionnaires were distributed through training and personnel managers from 10 major South African organisations sampling both the commercial and manufacturing business sectors. A response rate of 57% (240 questionnaires) allowed for the analysis of 234 usable questionnaires. The statistical analysis of responses was done by using both item and factor analytic techniques. After two phases of analysis a 20 item instrument with a three factor structure emerged. The first factor was labelled "anxiety behaviour in interpersonal situations", the second, "collaborative and complimentary behaviour", and the third factor "confronting behaviour". A sub-sample (n = 48) of peer-and self-ratings were correlated for each of the three factors to establish criterion-related validity. Results of this study supported the multidimensional and situation specific nature of the assertiveness construct. The value of developing measuring instruments suited to local conditions was also emphasised. However, the inadequate construct validity and reliability of the instrument indicates the need for further research before - application of the measure in decision making regarding the assertive behaviour of black employees.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The banking industry today is seen as a demanding world of work where employees are constantly exposed to high demands and this may have an influence on their work engagement levels and their organisational commitment. It seems that in this industry, employee turnover and absenteeism levels are high, and some employees seem to be de-motivated in their work. The impact of this changing world is most evident in changes in the employment relationship that exist between employer and employee. Employees are expected to give more in terms of time, effort, skills and flexibility, whereas there is a strong perception that employees receive less in terms of career opportunities, lifetime employment and job security. It is in view of the above work complexities that employee engagement has become a focus area, and in particular, to understand the mediating effects of certain psychological conditions in relation to work engagement. Should either employment party not fulfil its contractual terms in any way, the psychological contract will be breached or violated and the employee might attempt to balance the situation by reducing his or her job efforts and making use of various counterproductive work behaviours. Transformation or change of the working circumstances, such as during or after mergers, seem to present a serious challenge to the employment relationship and the prevailing levels of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and productivity. The research question for this study was: “To investigate whether differential exposure of employees of a retail bank to change-related stressors is associated with different configurations of perceived job demands and job resources, affective states, psychological contract, job engagement, burnout and counterproductive work behaviour, and to study the relationships between these variables with the view to understanding the development of the job engagement, burnout and performance-related behaviours of these employees”. This study utilised a quantitative descriptive research design to analyse the data using statistical procedures. All the data was statistical in nature. The sample (n = 300) comprised of employees of three main levels on the organigram such as, team leaders, team managers and employees, from the Regional Head Office in Pretoria. The primary research tool utilised to conduct the study was a self-compiled questionnaire. This was hand delivered and collected from all respondents. The six questionnaires constituting the composite questionnaire were: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-GS), Counterproductive workbehaviour Inventory (CWB), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), the Job Characteristics Inventory (JCI), Psychological Contract Inventory (PCI) and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). The descriptive statistics reflected a majority of participants had been working for 1 to 4 years (34%) and 5 to 9 years (33%). The largest percentages of participants (74%) were team members while other participants were defined as team leaders (22%) and team managers (4%). The majority of these participants (59%) were also appointed prior to the merger while the median was calculated at 3 years for the amount of years the participants have remained in their current job band (salary structure). A very high percentage of participants (82%) did not manage people directly nor indirectly (83%). It was found that an inter-correlation existed between the demographic variables and the psychological constructs, confirming that the number of years employed was associated with a lower likelihood of psychological withdrawal. While the years of employment in the same position related positively with absorption, and negatively with perceived job resources, the level of abuse experienced, showed a positive association with the degree of psychological contract adherence by the employee and a negative correlation with the extent of perceived contract violation. Evidence was also found for the moderating effect of work engagement in the relationship between well-being and work engagement and between work engagement and some of the counterproductive work behaviour dimensions. Evidence also revealed that mental well-being was experienced some of the time and counterproductive work behaviour almost never. The higher burnout scores, coupled with the simultaneous higher level of work engagement could possibly be viewed as an exploitable factor. The limitations of the current study and recommendations for organisations are discussed. This study highlights the fact that virtually all the comparisons between the pre-merger appointees and the post-merger appointees were insignificant. Burnout was however much more evident with the post-merger group. Employee or employer obligations towards the respondents were also viewed as insignificant, irrespective of the differences in psychological contract each employee experiences.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die banksektor word vandag gesien as 'n veeleisende werksomgewing waar werknemers konstant blootgestel word aan hoë werkseise. Dit kan dalk 'n invloed hê op hul werksbegeestering en hul organisasieverbondenheid. Dit blyk dat hierdie industrie hoë vlakke van werknemeromset en afwesigheid ervaar en dat sommige werknemers gedemotiveerd is in hul werk. Die uitwerking van die veranderende werksplek is veral sigbaar in die verandering van die diensverhouding tussen werkgewer en werknemer. Van werknemers word verwag om al hoe meer opofferinge te maak in terme van hulle tyd, insette, vaardighede en aanpasbaarheid, terwyl daar ‘n persepsie bestaan dat hulle al hoe minder ontvang in terme van loopbaanontwikkeling, lewenslange indiensneming en werksekuriteit. Dit is binne die konteks van die waargenome kompleksiteit binne die werksplek dat werksbegeestering 'n fokusarea geword het,en in die besonder om begrip te ontwikkel vir die mediërende effek van sekere sielkundige kondisies in verhouding tot werksbegeestering. Sou enige van die partye nie hul kontraktuele verpligtinge in enige opsig nakom nie, sal dit ‘n verbreking of skending van die sielkundige kontrak tot gevolg hê en mag die werknemer poog om die situasie te balanseer deur sy of haar insette te verminder en verskeie kontraproduktiewe vorme van werksgedrag tegebruik. Transformasie van, of verandering in werksomstandighede, soos tydens of nasamesmeltings, skyn ‘n ernstige uitdaging te bied vir die heersende vlak van werks tevredenheid, organisasieverbondenheid en produktiwiteit. Die navorsingsvraag virdie studie was: “Om ondersoek in te stel of verskillende tipes blootstelling van werknemers van ‘n kommersiële bank aan veranderingsverwante stressors geassosieer word met verskillende konfigurasies van werkseise en werkshulpbronne,affektiewe toestande, die sielkundige kontrak, werksbegeestering, uitbranding en kontraproduktiewe werksgedrag, metdie oogmerk om die verhouding tussen die veranderlikes te bestudeer met die doel om die ontwikkeling van die werksbegeestering, uitbranding en prestasiegerigte gedrag van daardie werknemers te verstaan”. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ‘n kwantitatiewe navorsingsontwerp om alle data wat deur statistiese prosedures versamel word te ontleed. Die steekproef (n=300) bestaan uit 3 van die vernaamste vlakke op die organigram naamlik, spanleiers, spanbestuurders en werknemers van die streekshoofkantoor in Pretoria. ‘n Self-saamgesteldevraelys, wat per hand uitgedeel en versamel is, is gebruik in die studie. Die ses individuelevraelyste waaruit die vraelys bestaan het,sluit die volgende in: dieMaslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-GS), Counterproductive workbehaviour Inventory (CWB), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), die Job Characteristics Inventory (JCI), Psychological Contract Inventory (PCI) en die Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Die beskrywende statistiek reflekteer ‘n meerderheid van die respondent wat werkend is tussen 1 tot 4 jaar (34%) and 5 tot 9 jaar (33%). Die grootste persentasie van respondente (74%) was spanlede, terwyl die ander gedeelte van respondente verdeel is as spanleiers (22%) and spanbestuurders (4%). Die meerderheid van respondente (59%) was ook voor die samesmelting van die bank groep aangestel terwyl die mediaan bereken was op 3 jaar vir die hoeveelheid diensjare wat elke werknemer in hulle huidige posvlak was. ‘n Baie hoë persentasie van respondente (82%) het glad nie ondergeskiktes direk of indirek (83%) bestuur nie. Daar is bevind dat ‘n inter-korrelasie bestaan tussen demografiese veranderlikes en die sielkundige samestelling, wat weer bevestig dat die aantal jare wat individue in diens was, geassossieer word met die moontlikheid van ‘n lae psigologiese onttrekking. Terwyl die hoeveelheid diensjare in dieselfde pos posisie positief verbind word met absorpsie en negatief verbind word met waarneembare werkshulpbronne, word die vlak van wantoestand wat ervaar word, positief verband met die graad van nakoming van die sielkundige kontrak by werknemers en ‘n negatiewe korrelasie met waarneembare kontrakbreuk. Bewyse was ook gevind vir die modererings effek op werksbegeestering in die verhouding tussen psigologiese welstand en werksbegeestering en tussen werksbegeestering en somige dimensies van teenproduktiewe gedrag. Bewyse het getoon dat psigologiese welstand ook somtyds ervaar was, terwyl teenproduktiewe gedrag amper nooit ervaar was nie. ‘n Hoë uitbranding telling, gelyktydig gekoppel aan hoë vlakke van werksbegeestering kan moontlik beskou word as ‘n ontginbare faktor. Die beperkinge op die huidige studie en aanbevelings vir die organisaie is ook bespreek. Dié studie beklemtoon ook die feit dat al die vergelykings tussen pre-samesmelting aanstellings en post-samesmelting aanstellings totaal onbeduidend was. Uitbranding was baie meerduidelik opsigtelik onder die post-samesmelting groep. Werknemer of werkgewer verpligtinge teenoor die respondente was ook gesien as onbeduidend, ongeag van die verskille in die sielkundige kontrak wat deur elke werknemer ervaar word.

There is a perceived impending shortage of skilled talent for the corporate world, as well as the US federal and state governments (Herman, 2004). This issue is much fodder for discussion of how to retain employees, how to develop loyalty and the birth of catch phrases such as "global employer of choice." The concept of engaging employees for greater firm performance; and for finding ways to continuously engage employees with the idea of becoming an employer of choice may be one of those areas that scholars, consultants and practitioners have the right idea, but translation to an executable plan is difficult.

This phenomenological study contributes to the literature on organizational commitment, and employee identity networks through the lived experiences of the participants. This study focuses on why people stay through the conceptual framework of Allen and Meyers' (1991) work organizational commitment and their affective commitment prong. Participants were interviewed twice and the interview data was analyzed utilizing Moustaka's (1998) empirical psychological phenomenological method (EPPM).

Given the turnover of employees with short tenure, one question is whether organizations are providing the right elements to foster organizational commitment, job embeddedness or engagement. More specifically, what keeps employees at companies? This study takes a comparative look at the lived experience of a diverse sample of employees who have stayed with the company between 5-7 years. The study looks at the perspectives of African Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, Hispanic Americans, who participated in an employee identity network and the perspectives of White American males who did not participate in an employee identity network.

Findings revealed five themes that contributed to the development of affective commitment. The study has concluded that actions taken by both the company and the participant around a critical event were paramount in why people stayed and that employee identity networks provide much of the antecedents to affective commitment and ultimately to the decision to stay despite a difficult critical career event.

In the past decade, human resource practitioners have focused their attention on employee retention. They have tried various practices in order to keep their employees in the organisation for longer. The research gap identified is in the graduate employees' intention to stay context. There has been even less research in this field within South Africa. This study aims to examine the extent to which career advancement opportunities and supervisor involvement contribute to graduate employees' intention to stay. In addition, this study focused on four factors namely, career progression, continuous learning, performance management and recognition in analysing the extent to which these four factors have contributed to graduate employees' intention to stay. Job satisfaction and affective commitment were also examined for their mediational effects on the relationship between career advancement opportunities, supervisor involvement and graduate employees' intention to stay. Graduate employees working in South African organisations participated in a self-report, quantitative survey (N = 357). Whilst the exploratory factor analysis of the intention to stay revealed a unidimensional factor, it was interesting to note that career progression and continuous learning loaded onto one distinct factor, labelled as career advancement opportunities. The multiple regression analysis indicated that career advancement opportunities and supervisor involvement were statistically significant predictors of intention to stay. Process mediation was used to test whether job satisfaction and affective commitment were mediators between career advancement opportunities, supervisor involvement and intention to stay. It was found that both job satisfaction and affective commitment were significant partial mediators in the abovementioned relationship. The study discusses suggestions for future research and the implications, both theoretical and practical, associated with the study.

Thesis (MComm (Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Social anxiety symptoms are common within the community. They are often unrecognised in many organisations, with resultant significant work impairments. The aim of the study was to explore to what extent the social anxiety spectrum of symptoms influences the performance of management employees and how the disorder should be managed in the workplace. The study includes the following constructs: social anxiety spectrum, job characteristics, work limitations and perceived performance difficulties. A nonexperimental research design was used to explore the relationships between the four constructs. A convenience sample of 250 managerial employees was approached from two large organizations, one in the private, and the other in the public sector. One hundred and eighteen (118) respondents completed and returned their questionnaires. The descriptive statistics reflected a mean age of 32 years (range 20 to 56 years), with 50% males and 50% females, and a race distribution of 64% White, 29% Coloured, 4% Black and 3% Indian for the sample. The majority of the participants had been working for 0 to 5 years (37.29%). The mean years worked was 10.81 and the median 9.5 (range 0.5 to 40 years worked). A high percentage of participants (11%) were found to have social anxiety symptoms above the cut off score for a diagnosis of the disorder. The results of the present study indicated that social anxiety affects all areas of work. These symptoms were associated with several areas of work limitations and performance difficulties not restricted to social interaction or presentation. It was also found that job insecurity increases social anxiety symptoms, work limitations and perceived performance difficulties. On the other hand, it was found that organisational support may act as a buffer against demands and may decrease work limitations and perceived performance difficulties. Whilst no moderating effect was found for growth opportunities in the relationship between social anxiety and work limitations, support was found for a negative relationship with both social anxiety and work limitations. No moderating effect was found for job insecurity in the relationship between social anxiety and work limitations. However, growth opportunities as a resource were found to moderate the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and perceived performance difficulties. Evidence was also found for the moderating effect of job insecurity in the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and perceived performance difficulties. The limitations of the current study and recommendations for organisations are discussed. This study highlights the importance of social anxiety symptoms as a barrier to effective work performance. Given the fact that interventions can potentially improve social anxiety and thereby performance, this area deserves much greater research attention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sosiale angssimptome kom algemeen in die gemeenskap voor. Die simptome word nie alledaags in organisaies herken nie, en mag tot merkbaar verlaagde prestasie lei. Die doel van die studie was om die mate waartoe sosiale angsspektrum-simptome die prestasie van bestuursvlak-werknemers beïnvloed te bepaal en ondersoek in te stel na wyses waarop die simptome in organisasies bestuur moet word. Die studie het die volgende konstrukte ingesluit: sosiale angsspektrum-simptome, werkseienskappe, werksbeperkinge en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings. Daar is van ’n nie-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp gebruik gemaak om die verhoudings tussen die vier konstrukte te bestudeer. ’n Gerieflikheidsteekproef van 250 bestuursvlak-werknemers van beide ’n privaatsektor en publieke sektor organisasie is genader. Eenhonderd en agtien voltooide vraelyste is ingedien. Die beskrywende statistiek het ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 32 jaar getoon (versprei oor 20 tot 56 jaar), met 50% manlik, 50% vroulik, en ’n rasverspreiding van 64% wit, 29% kleurling, 4% swart en 3% Indiër respondente in die steekproef. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers het vorige werkservaring van 0 tot 5 jaar (37.29%) aangedui. Die gemiddelde aantal jare van werk was 10.81 en die mediaan 9.5 (versprei oor 0.5 tot 40 jaar gewerk). ‘n Hoë voorkomssyfer (11%) van sosiale angs is in die studie gevind, bo die afsnypunt vir die diagnose van die versteuring. Die resultate van die huidige studie dui aan dat sosiale angs alle aspekte van werk beïnvloed. Hierdie simptome was geassosieer met vele areas van werksbeperkings en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings en was nie slegs tot take wat sosiale interaksie en voordragte insluit, beperk nie. Die studie het ook gevind dat werksonsekerheid sosiale angssimptome, werksbeperkings en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings verhoog. Organisasieondersteuning is aangedui as ‘n moontlike buffer teen werkseise en mag werksbeperkings en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings verminder. Geen modereringseffek is vir groeigeleenthede gevind in die verhouding tussen sosiale angs en werksbeperkings nie, maar daar is wel gevind dat groeigeleenthede ’n negatiewe verband met beide sosiale angs en werksbeperkings het. Geen modereringseffek vir werksonsekerheid in die verhouding tussen sosiale angs en werksbeperkinge is gevind nie. Die rol van groeigeleenthede as hulpbron om die verhouding tussen sosiale angssimptome en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings te modereer, is bevestig. Getuienis is ook vir die modereringseffek van werksonsekerheid in die verhouding tussen sosiale angssimptome en waargenome prestasie-uitdagings gevind. Die beperkinge van die huidige studie en voorstelle vir organisasies word bespreek. Hierdie studie bekemtoon die belangrikheid van sosiale angssimptome as ’n hindernis met betrekking tot effektiewe werksprestasie. Ingrepe kan potensiaal sosiale angs verminder en daardeur prestasie verhoog. Hierdie aspek behoort heelwat meer navorsingsaandag in die toekoms te geniet.

The purpose of this study was to: (1) explore the type of relationships that exist for work and leisure for workers of a federal government department, and (2) examine the perceptions of workers believed to experience leisure at work. The study employed a phenomenological design in an attempt to understand people's perceptions and perspectives of a particular situation. Access to the population group was provided by a senior sponsor of the department, who had secured five workers to partake in the semi-structured interviews. The key results indicate that: (1) leisure tends to be experienced during work, (2) work offers a "leisure appeal", and (3) leisure appears to be a "state of mind" notion that is distinctly experienced from the obligations of structured work. The study provides insight regarding the work-leisure relationship for some public sectors workers; however, more research is needed in order to make generalizations.

Emotional intelligence and job insecurity are important to study because they can have an impact both on an individual’s professional and personal life; however, research on emotional intelligence and job insecurity is contradictory. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there were gender differences in emotional intelligence and job insecurity in employees in a Swedish sample. The aim was also to investigate if emotional intelligence moderated gender differences in job insecurity. The sample consisted of 109 employees, with 33 males (30.30%) and 76 females (69.70%), from four different organizations both from public and private sector. The research question was: “Are there differences in emotional intelligence and job insecurity between female and male employees?” Two questionnaires were used: The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF) and The Job Insecurity Measure. Correlation analysis was performed between emotional intelligence and job insecurity and a medium, negative relationship was found. Gender differences in emotional intelligence and job insecurity were tested with independent samples t-tests. The results indicated no gender differences. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to investigate if emotional intelligence moderated gender differences in job insecurity; however, the results were non-significant. The present study shows that emotional intelligence and job insecurity are negatively correlated, and since job insecurity is regarded as an environmental stressor and part of job stress, the relationship between emotional intelligence and job stress is also confirmed by this negative correlation.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common and undertreated mental health disorders in the US (World Health Organization, 2001). Utilizing an online, correlational design and a sample of approximately100 American employees with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), this study will examine the impact of perceived organizational support (POS) on the help seeking behaviors of employees with GAD. It is predicted that POS will be positively correlated with likelihood of treatment seeking among employees with GAD, and negatively correlated with treatment seeking delay. It is further predicted that perceived mental health stigma will mediate the relationship between POS and these treatment-seeking behaviors. This research may hold significant implications for individuals suffering from GAD, as well as organizations that employ these individuals, as it may shed light on critical correlates of help seeking, and how organizations can promote treatment-seeking behaviors.

Organisations today, regardless of their function, exist in an environment that is characterised by change. In order to maintain a competitive advantage it is vital that organisations manage such change and are sensitive to their human resource. It is imperative for organisations to understand and explore the factors that impact on employee satisfaction and overall organisational performance. The hospitality industry is an industry that is notorious for low levels of pay and long working hours, and often dissatisfied employees. This research focused on a hotel, that is part of an international chain of hotels, which has recently undergone a rebranding process (a change from within). This research aimed to assess and explore factors that impact on levels of employee satisfaction and organisation/hotel performance, in other words it aimed to 'diagnose' the hotel's current status. The research was conducted in two phases. Phase one made use of a widely used measure of job satisfaction, the job descriptive index (JDI), that looked at five facets of job satisfaction namely: pay, opportunity for promotion, co-workers, supervision and the nature of work. Phase two further explored the results of the JDI (staff being very dissatisfied with pay and promotions opportunity) and further explored other areas of the organisation/hotel with the use of an organisational development model, Weisbord's Six-Box Model (1990). The 'boxes' included areas of purpose, structure, relationships, leadership, rewards and helpful mechanisms. These areas were explored with staff using focus groups. Heads of departments (management) and the deputy general manager of the hotel were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format, exploring similar issues to those researched with staff. Results indicated problems in the hotel with regard to purpose, a severe lack of communication and staff feeling they have little chance for promotion as well as pay structures being perceived as unfair. The overall leadership at the hotel was described as erratic, and relationships between management revealed high levels of mistrust. Due to limited research in the South African hospitality industry, much of the literature available is based on experiences in the United States of America or the United Kingdom. For this research, the researcher had few previous published findings and was unsure of the many issues that could possibly arise. However, the intervention was enjoyable and recommendations have been provided for the hotel to consider, so the hotel can go from "good to great".

Psychology
Ed.M.
Active engagement is important in enhancing the quality of life of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities being served in residential programs. In addition, focusing on socially significant goals and communication is essential to ensure quality treatment. The following study examined the use of employee training in combination with positive reinforcement and in vivo coaching and modeling in a Behavioral Skills Training model to increase the efficacy and consistency of active engagement from direct care employees aimed toward clients with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a residential setting. The results of the current study demonstrated that direct care workers can be trained to increase active engagement with residents with developmental disabilities. Further, the study demonstrated that the instructional training method alone reflected a small increase in skill acquisition. However, more socially significant changes resulted from the establishment of the in vivo modeling component of Behavior Skills Training in relation to the skill development of direct care employees.
Temple University--Theses