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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Employed labour

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Academic literature on the topic 'Employed labour'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 September 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Employed labour"

1

Engblom, Samuel. "Equal Treatment of Employees and Self-Employed Workers." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 17, Issue 2 (June 1, 2001): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/354231.

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Developments in the organisation of work make it necessary to question the traditional personal scope of labour law. Many self-employed workers share sufficiently many characteristics with employees to make a strong case for their inclusion in the personal scope of labour law. Genuinely self-employed workers are, however, not just workers, but commercial enterprises as well. A balance thus has to be struck between the conflicting regimes of labour law and commercial law, granting sufficient social protection to the self-employed workers while not destroying the competitiveness of his or her enterprise.

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Naldi, N. "Labour employed in production and labour commanded: a Ricardian conjecture." Cambridge Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.4.547.

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James, Claire. "Self-employed and employee transport workers: Labour process determinants of occupational injury." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.1993.10669118.

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Todolí-Signes, Adrián. "The ‘gig economy’: employee, self-employed or the need for a special employment regulation?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381.

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The digital era has changed employment relationships dramatically, causing a considerable degree of legal uncertainty as to which rules apply in cyberspace. Technology is transforming business organisation in a way that makes employees – as subordinate workers – less necessary. New types of companies, based on the ‘on-demand economy’ or so-called ‘sharing economy’ and dedicated to connecting customers directly with individual service providers, are emerging. These companies conduct their entire core business through workers that they classify as self-employed. In this context, employment law is facing its greatest challenge, as it has to deal with a very different reality to the one existing when it was created. This article analyses the literature available about the classification of this new type of worker as an employee or as self-employed, concluding that there is a need for a new special labour regulation. It also describes and justifies the bases for this new special labour regulation.

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Reis, Mauricio. "Self‐employed workers' health and household labour supply." Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 6 (November 2011): 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443581111177376.

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Koellinger, Philipp D., Julija N. Mell, Irene Pohl, Christian Roessler, and Theresa Treffers. "Self-employed But Looking: A Labour Market Experiment." Economica 82, no. 325 (November 13, 2014): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12115.

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A, Onasoka, Olyinka. "Pain Experience and Coping Strategies Employed by Women in Labor in a Secondary Health Facility in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.10.01.art017.

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Labour pain experience is distinctive and complex, and women use various coping strategies to cope with it. Hence, this study attempted to explore pain experience and coping strategies employed by women in labor in a secondary health facility in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. A qualitative exploratory research design was used, and a purposive sampling technique was used to select a total of ten (10) mothers who delivered within 48hours in the healthcare facility. A total of three FGD sessions were conducted, each had between 3 and 4 participants. The semi-structured interview guide was used for data collection, and the data were analyzed using content analysis. The women who participated in this study were between 20 and 42years of age, and they perceived labour pain differently. Some of the women described labour pain as very painful; others said the pain is normal, while some said the pain cannot be compared with anything. The study revealed that younger women who are primiparous perceived labor pain as more severe than the multiparous women. All the participants said that birth information and instructions received from the midwives, as well as the presence of caring midwives, help to relieve labour pains and consequently influence their pain experience(s) positively. The coping strategies used varied among participants, and deep breathing techniques, relaxation, and vertical positions were the major coping strategies used. Therefore, the provision of adequate labour information on coping strategies and the presence of caring midwives influenced the labour experience(s) positively.

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Sabir, Muhammad, and Zehra Aftab. "Province-wise Growth Patterns in Human Capital Accumulation." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.873-890.

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It is apparent from various labour force surveys that during the past 20 years Pakistan’s employed labour force has become more “educated”. For instance, according to the Labour Force Survey 1982-83, 28 percent of the employed labour force had attained formal education.12 In comparison, the literate employed labour force in 1999- 2000 is estimated at 46 percent, while the formally educated is 43 percent. However, the pattern of growth in educated labour force is not uniform in all four provinces of the country. A closer look at disaggregated provincial level data reflects the disparity in employed labour force in the four provinces: Punjab, Sind, NWFP, and Baluchistan.

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Laycock, Henry. "Exploitation and Equality: Labour Power as a Non-Commodity." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 15 (1989): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1989.10716804.

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The theory of surplus value contrasts ‘pay for labour power’ (for proletarians) and ‘pay for labour services’ (for independent, self-employed ‘professionals’). Unlike labour services (living labour, living labour, i.e., work itself) but like all commodities, labour power has a specific economic value (it contains a specific amount of embodied labour) and it exchanges at this value. Unlike that of other commodities, the consumption of labour power results in the creation of more value than the commodity itself contains. Surplus value arises from the gap between the labour needed to sustain a day’s work, to keep the worker going for a day, and the labour performed in that same time. By the labour theory of value, the amount of labour needed to sustain a day’s work (necessary labour) confers one value on the means of subsistence the worker requires, and thereby on the labour power the worker sells to her employer, whereas the day’s work itself (necessary and surplus labour) confers another larger value on the product marketed by the employer.

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Ayuwat, Dr Dusadee, Wanichcha Narongchai, and Dr Somkiat Choosrithong. "LABOUR RIGHTS OF INFORMAL LABOUR IN RURAL KHON KAEN, THAILAND: THE HOME WORKERS PERSPECTIVES." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (August 24, 2014): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i1.3289.

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The objectives of this research were to study the home working production process and to study labour rights understanding of the home workers in the rural area of Khon Kaen province, Thailand via the qualitative research methodology. Data collection was based on an in-depth interview and observation to 18 home workers, which conducted during March August 2010. The content analysis was employed to data analysis. The results indicated that the formation of the home workers was driven by the demand from the producers from neighboring villages. These producers were operating within the chain of production associated with other producers from the central part. Due to their formation as a group, their existing skills in garment and tailoring, and their increased labor management skill, they had the ability to get order directly from the outside producers. Despite their limited negotiation capacity regarding benefits, the informal labours considered the home workers as economically rewarding and beneficial to their family. As regards understanding on the labour rights, the home workers define the labour rights as the right to social insurance, the right to safe work place, the right to medical services, and the right to increased wages. The majority of them had a limited understand about the labour rights as it was related to the rights and duty of the employees and employers.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Employed labour"

1

Randall, Jennifer M. "Home as a place of work." N.p, 1995. http://oro.open.ac.uk/18913.

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Ng, Yuen-ming Amy, and 吳婉明. "The labour unions of social workers employed by the subvented organizations in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31266186.

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Ng, Yuen-ming Amy. "The labour unions of social workers employed by the subvented organizations in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13788061.

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Höljer, Henrik. "Begreppen arbetstagare, uppdragstagare samt self-employed och betydelsen för den svenska byggsektorn." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5020.

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Serfontein, Erika Mariane. "Educators employed by school governing bodies : what are their labour rights and obligations? / Erika Mariane Joubert-Serfontein." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2448.

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Silubonde, Tikwiza Rayleen. "Migrants access to the labour market and ethnic niching: case study of Zimbabweans employed in the Cape Town restaurant industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6826.

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This research used a qualitative method of enquiry to examine observations and theoretical claims made about the ability of migrants to secure employment. These claims indicated that migrants of the same ethnic groups are able to enter into the job market of their countries of residence, to the extent that they become concentrated in specific industries. The ethnic niche theory, the segmented labour theory and social network theories were taken as the point of departure. These theories were further broken down into four key factors that were believed to be integral to understanding how migrants gain entry and consolidate themselves in different industries. The key factors identified were job search methods, social and family networks, recruitment/employer practices and migrants characteristics. A case study approach focusing on interviews with employees, managers and owner in the Cape Town was used to examine how the different factors contribute to the process of how migrants secure employment. Face to face Interviews were conducted with five male respondents, and comprised open-ended questions. Questions covered the migrants, personal and educational background, migration and employment history, social activities and residential location. The findings confirmed network theory claims that Migrants have been able to use the social capital gained from their social and family networks, to benefit from job related information and access to jobs through referrals and vouching. It was also found that as argued by the segmented labour theory, jobs are differentiated into different sectors, and migrants are more likely to secure employment in the secondary sector. Moreover, as suggested by the ethnic niche theory, migrants did become concentrated in specific sectors as a result of networks and the use of methods such as referral hiring. An important finding that emerged was that while social and family networks play a major role in the creation and maintaining of ethnic niches, there are other contributing factors. Significantly, the structural and institutional context in the host country also plays a major role in the insertion of migrants into specific industries. This goes further than segmented labour theory analysis, which stops at how jobs are differentiated in the market, to acknowledge the role played by the context of the specific industry, the state of the local labour market and the immigration legislation. It was found that it is beneficial to use theory in conjunction with the case context and immigrant characteristics. Thus a multidimensional approach focusing on job search methods, social and family networks, recruitment/employer practices and migrants characteristics is required to understand migrants, access to employment.

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Mughogho, Atusaye Kajera. "Training by the unemployed and employed prior to the implementation of the NSDS : evidence from the Mesebetsi labour force survey 1999 - 2000." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5733.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-129).
This study is an investigation into the training by the unemployed and employed in the South African labour market prior to the implementation of the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS) in 2001. The study uses the Mesebetsi Labour Force Survey 1999-2000 to conduct the investigation. This investigation was prompted by the pervasive nature of unemployment in the labour market. This research will set the benchmark for future research that aims to establish the impact of the NSDS on the labour market through the use of household surveys. However. the fact that recent household datasets do not contain as rich information on training will complicate analysis that aims to compare findings and such a task may require a second round of the Mesebetsi Survey. Four probit models are developed to determine the probabilities of training for the economically active population as a whole. the unemployed and the employed respectively. Both the third and fourth probits determine the probability of training for the employed. However. the difference between the fourth model and the others is the fact that it determines the probability of employer funded training while the other three probits determine the probabilities of training regardless of the source of funding.

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Hussein, Hiba. "Insights from a new division of the self-employed : analysis of characteristics, earnings returns and labour market transitions using the BHPS and UKHLS." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2018. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q9475/insights-from-a-new-division-of-the-self-employed-analysis-of-characteristics-earnings-returns-and-labour-market-transitions-using-the-bhps-and-ukhls.

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This thesis examines self-employed individuals in the UK labour market, creating a new division that differentiates those who sustain by self-employment from those who move between self-employment and employee jobs. The thesis begins with an exploration of the characteristics of the different self-employed groups, compared to employees; then estimates earnings returns to human capital accumulation for the different groups; and scrutinises labour market transitions before and after the 2008 financial crisis, to see if the recession impacted behaviours. The analysis begins by establishing the criteria for partition between the self-employed, based on observation of the labour market behaviours of workers in our sample. We use an amalgamated dataset, the British Household Panel Survey, from the years 1991 till 2008, and its successor the United Kingdom Longitudinal Study, from years 2010 till 2014, following the same respondents in the UK for 23 years. We identify three categories of workers: those who we consider as ‘sustaining’ in self-employment; those who ‘dabble’ in self-employment [switching between self-employment and employee jobs] and those who are employees. The first empirical chapter sets out the criteria for the categorisation of individuals into sustained and dabbled self-employed and employees and describes the motivation for this additional distinction – not least the fact that most labour market studies consider ‘employees’ and ‘the self-employed’ as separate and distinct categories of worker. In this first chapter, we compare the characteristics of individuals in our two categories of self-employed with those of employees in our sample, using a Multinomial Logit Model. The analysis lends support to our categorisation of the two sets of self-employed workers. The sustained self-employed have characteristics that we more traditionally associate with the self-employed, for instance they are older, more male-oriented, non-white, non-UK born, and non-English native speakers. In contrast, those who we consider as dabbling in self-employment exhibit a unique set of attributes that place them in a distinct position when compared to both the sustaining self-employed and employees. They are found to be more advantaged than the wage earners, with respect to their observed socio-economic characteristics; not from ethnic minority groups, more male-oriented, UK nationals, native English speakers, middle-aged group of workers with good health status, reporting higher degrees of achievement and working in higher skilled industries. Also, they are more skilled than the sustained self-employed, with respect to their qualifications and skill levels, but are not well embedded in self-employment like the latter group. Sustainers are better off with respect to their home ownership, report higher work satisfaction, have fewer working partners, with a higher percentage of previously self-employed parents. What we expected to find was that dabblers were a disadvantaged group, pushed into self-employment because they cannot have access to paid employment, but what we found was that their movement between forms of self-employed and employee jobs seems to reflect a labour market ‘power’ of sorts and not a deficiency. They can move between forms of employment depending on the returns they perceive and are pulled rather than pushed. Hence, this does not fit with our original expectations and does not align with the disadvantage theory on which we base the formulation of our hypotheses. This implies that we have a sequential of highly professional and advantaged portfolio workers possibly making the best out of self-employment and paid employment jobs as they arise. The second empirical chapter estimates the returns to formal education for the ‘amalgamated’ group of self-employed and paid employees, without considering any heterogeneity within or among this group of workers in our data. We then estimate the returns for our categorisation and compare the results. We use the Log-Mincerian function to estimate the earnings returns for our workers, and the Ordinary Least Square model, Random Effect model, Fixed Effect model and Instrumental Variable techniques to interpret the results, and to deal with the potential endogeneity of education. We also employ the Heckman selection model to account for non-random selection into employment. The results from the [preferred] Fixed Effect model indicate that the returns for additional years of education are lower for the dabbled self-employed in comparison to paid employees. Similar findings are also shown when using credentials, although in both cases dabblers report a higher number of years of education and higher levels of educational attainments than paid workers. This validates with our own hypothesis, where we argue that dabblers are not able to enjoy higher returns to their human capital accumulation than paid employees, because they are unable to secure or ensure long term paid employment. Hence their lower returns to formal education might be explained by their oscillating pattern between paid employment and self-employment. Another possible explanation is that their agile way of working does not help us truly capture their earnings returns and for that reason the aggregate returns are shown to be lower. Moving towards the sustained self-employed, we could not find any robust evidence about higher returns in comparison to the dabbled self-employed and the always employed, although the estimates found lead towards this direction but do not hold any significant values. Hence, we could not validate our own hypothesis, based on the extension of the personal control theory, where we argue that sustainers should enjoy higher returns than dabblers because they have more planning advantages, continue longer in self-employment and are more established than dabblers. Also, sustainers should enjoy higher returns than paid employees because they are not bound by organisational rules since they are their own boss, they have more control over their own work and better use of their personal human capital. Furthermore, we could not detect any differences in the earnings returns between the general/amalgamated group of self-employed and paid employees, whereas our categorisation showed that the two subgroups of self-employed are different from each other and from paid workers, with respect to their observed socio-economic and demographic characteristics and their earnings returns. Although our results do not show any differences in the returns of the sustained self-employed, the returns for our dabblers seem to be lower, even though they are on average more advantaged. Hence, at the very least, we have found a group of workers not previously identified in studies that seem to suffer from some form of labour market disadvantage, when we consider their returns to education and account for the selectivity in occupational choice and endogenous problems of education. By doing so, we have contributed to new micro-econometric evidence on the heterogeneity of earnings returns to education for the self-employed in the UK labour market and offered a new comparable type of heterogeneity in the labour market that can be looked through in other studies and established in other countries. The third and last empirical chapter of this study looks at the transitions of workers in our sample, prior to and after the economic downturn and impact of the 2008 financial crisis on the behaviour of our division groups. This chapter explores the short and long-term trends in self-employment in the UK labour market, the changes in the nature of jobs and the demand and supply of workers in the market, the growth in self-employment in the UK labour market following the recession and the policies adapted as a response to the crisis. The aim is to find out if the transition behaviour of our workers helps us explain the overall changes in growth in self-employment that occurred in recent years within the UK labour market.

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Cousin, Justine. "Extra-European Seamen employed by British Imperial Shipping Companies (1860-1960)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL135.

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Cette thèse étudie les marins non-européens travaillant sur les navires à vapeur des compagnies maritimes britanniques desservant l’empire de la Grande-Bretagne, à partir d’archives métropolitaines et coloniales, mais aussi de témoignages oraux. Ces sources sont étudiées avec une approche d’histoire impériale, maritime, sociale et du travail. Les marins extra-européens viennent des Caraïbes, du sous-continent indien, de la péninsule arabique, d’Afrique de l’Est et de l’Ouest. Ils occupent des postes peu ou pas qualifiés dans les trois départements du bord, justifiés par des caractéristiques pseudo-scientifiques établissant une hiérarchie des origines. Leur recrutement est justifié leur faible coût salarial et de leurs horaires de travail étendus en comparaison de leurs collègues britanniques. Les postes de commandement étant réservés aux Blancs, les marins de couleur sont confinés à un rôle de subordonnés. Ces derniers subissent une ségrégation touchant leur logement et leur avitaillement, mais aussi leurs uniformes, contribuant à les mettre à part sur les navires à vapeur. Le recrutement des marins extra-européens se développe massivement à partir de 1849 avant de connaitre des restrictions à partir de 1905 et surtout de l’entre-deux-guerres. Certains s’installent dans les quartiers portuaires dans des environnement multi-ethniques, souvent dégradés et à l’écart du reste de la ville. Ils restent alors dans des pensions qui servent d’entre-deux culturel ou bien sont pris en charge par les missionnaires locaux. Certains s’installent dans leur propre logement et établissent des relations avec les femmes blanches, ce qui suscite périodiquement l’hostilité des hommes locaux
This dissertation studies extra-European seamen who worked on steamships of the British shipping companies throughout the British Empire, by using metropolitan and colonial archives as well as oral history testimonies. These sources are studied with an imperial, maritime, labour and social history approaches. Extra-European seamen came from the Caribbean, the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian peninsula, Eastern and Western Africa. They were hired for unskilled or low-skilled positions in the three shipboard departments, based on pseudoscientific characteristics which created racial hierarchies. They were chosen over their British counterparts, as they cost less and worked more hours aboard. Tbey were subordinated to white officers, as non-white seamen could not get a senior position. Their accommodation and food rations both reflected work division and racial segregation, as they had specific and lower living quarters and food. They were also set apart with their dedicated uniforms. Extra-European seamen are massively recruited from 1849 onwards until further restrictions from 1905 and the interwar years especially. Some of them settled in interracial dockside areas, which were often run-down, overpopulated and physically segregated from the rest of the city. They may stay in boarding-houses that acted as buffers between native and metropolitan cultures or be taken in charge by the local missionaries. Some of them settled in their own houses and began interracial relationships with local white women, which periocally arouse hostility from the local white men

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Cottle, Eleanor. "Nineteenth-century rural labour in Canterbury : rural apprenticeship or rural proletariat? : an assessment of the social mobility of the workers employed at Mt. Peel Station from 1856-1893." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4235.

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This thesis focuses on a group of men who, in the last half of the nineteenth century, were employed at Mt. Peel Station in South Canterbury. While some held 'skilled' positions as shepherds, shearers, or contract workers, the majority were unskilled, employed as labourers, general hands, or general servants. As a study of the social mobility of these workers, this thesis will attempt to find out to what extent they' got on.' The value of a study such as this becomes apparent when it is found that there are two opposing theories on the structure of nineteenth-century New Zealand society. One theory is that nineteenth-century New Zealand was a relatively class-free country where good opportunities for upward mobility made it possible for wage-earners to eventually buy enough land to be largely self-sufficient and free of a total reliance on wage-labour; a country where rural labour was part of an overall rural apprenticeship. The other theory is that the opportunities for mobility were lacking and rural labourers remained largely landless and reliant on wage labour for subsistence; a country where the rural labourer was part of a distinct rural working class or rural proletariat. In order to find which theory is closest to reality information is needed on both urban and rural areas. While a lot of work has been done on social mobility in urban New Zealand, both of a qualitative and quantitative nature, rural New Zealand has largely been ignored, especially in terms of quantitative studies. This thesis aims to provide both qualitative and quantitative evidence of the social mobility experienced by this group of rural labourers and thus offer support to one of the theories of social structure in New Zealand. In the process, the various mechanisms and factors which affected social mobility will be examined.

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Books on the topic "Employed labour"

1

Lear, Walter Edwin. Labour laws, or, The rights of employer and employed. Toronto: Law Books, 1996.

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Andersson, Pernilla. Employees who become self-employed: Do labour income and wages have an impact? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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R, Baldwin John. The impact of self-employment on labour-productivity growth: A Canada and United States comparison. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch, 2003.

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Japan. Sōmuchō. Tōkeikyoku. Jinkō no rōdōryoku jōtai, shūgyōsha no sangyō shokugyō: Labour force status of population, industry and occupation of employed persons. Tōkyō: Sōmuchō Tōkeikyoku, 1998.

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Elias, Peter. Recruitment in local labour markets: Employer and employee perspectives. [London]: [Department of Employment], 1991.

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Elias, Peter. Recruitment in local labour markets: Employer and employee perspectives. Sheffield: Department of Employment, 1993.

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Andrew, Heisz, Nakamura Alice, and Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., eds. Job tenure, worker mobility and the youth labour market during the 1990s: Y G. Picot, A. Heisz and A. Nakamura. [Ottawa]: Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch, 2001.

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Sherman, Wessels. Model employee policies for Illinois employers. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Chamber of Commerce, Center for Business Management, 2009.

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Holzer, Harry J. Wages, employer costs, and employee performance in the firm. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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The employer, the employee, and the law in Malaysia. Singapore: Butterworths, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Employed labour"

1

Haunschild, Axel, and Doris Ruth Eikhof. "Bringing Creativity to Market: Actors as Self-Employed Employees." In Creative Labour, 156–73. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12173-8_8.

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Ashton, David, Malcolm Maguire, and Mark Spilsbury. "Determinants of the Type of Labour Employed at the Level of the Firm." In Restructuring the Labour Market, 84–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20737-4_6.

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Christou, Anastasia, and Eleonore Kofman. "Gendered Labour." In IMISCOE Research Series, 33–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_3.

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AbstractAs we saw in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_1, the gendered transfer of labour globally and within Europe has been the focus of attention and the core of the discourse concerning the feminization of migration. Whilst gendered labour migrations are not new, their composition, extent, and how we analyse them, theoretically and methodologically, have evolved. As data show, migrants and especially females, are heavily concentrated within certain sectors producing not just a migrant division of labour (Wills et al., 2010) but a gendered migrant division of labour. Some sectors such as household services (domestic work and care) or social reproductive labour are not only predominantly female but, especially in Southern Europe, overwhelmingly filled by migrant women. Although this type of work has attracted much attention in studies of female labour migration, other sectors, both lesser skilled and more skilled, have also relied heavily on female migrant labour but have been much less studied. Mirjana Morokvasic (2011) questioned the basis of our preoccupation about migrant women as subaltern and victims, exclusively filling low skilled sectors. Thus domestic and care workers have become the emblematic figures of globalised migrations in stark contrast to the easily mobile male IT worker (Kofman, 2013). This is not to deny that domestic and care work globally employ more migrant women than any other sector, and that demand has not grown in response to the inadequacies of public provision across different welfare regimes, leading to the search for cheap solutions to fulfil reproductive needs by using migrant workers, including men. However it does raise issues around our lack of attention to other low skilled sectors such as hospitality and contract and commercial cleaning in hospitals, offices and public spaces, which also employ large numbers of migrants. Skilled labour, especially in welfare sectors, such as education, health and social work is also sourced globally to make good shortfalls in professional reproductive labour (Kofman & Raghuram, 2015). Thus at all skill levels migrant women are employed disproportionately in diverse sectors of social reproduction in sustaining the wellbeing of the household and of society more generally.

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Dvouletý, Ondřej, and Agnieszka Postepska. "Highly skilled solo self-employed individuals in the digital economy." In The Digital Economy and the European Labour Market, 159–68. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254638-15.

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Sanders, Teela, Rachel Lara Cohen, and Kate Hardy. "Hairdressing/Undressing: Comparing Labour Relations in Self-Employed Body Work." In Body/Sex/Work, 110–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-02191-5_7.

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Romero, Luis Alberto, and Hilda Sabato. "Between Rise and Fall: Self-Employed Workers in Buneos Aires, 1850–1880." In Essays in Argentine Labour History 1870–1930, 52–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12383-4_3.

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Riley, Joellen. "Regulating the engagement of non-employed labour: A view from the Antipodes." In The Future Regulation of Work, 61–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-43244-5_5.

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Sampson, Helen. "Introduction." In The World of the Seafarer, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_1.

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AbstractThe shipping industry transported a total volume of 10.3 billion tons of cargo in 2017 (UNCTAD 2017) and is estimated to employ 1.5 million workers (http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/seafarers/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm accessed 1/2/18) who are classed as seafarers. Such workers are employed on different vessel types in the cruise and cargo sectors. Sailors working for the military are not classed as seafarers. However, seafarers may be employed on board in a variety of roles which are not directly associated with marine navigation (as croupiers or entertainers on a cruise ship for example) but their ship should be engaged in a voyage which would differentiate them from taking a ‘fishing trip’ for example. Doumbia-Henry describes some of the provisions of ILO Convention No. 185 stating that:

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Xie, Zengyi. "Basic Duties of the Employer and the Employee." In Labor Law in China, 23–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46929-3_2.

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Burchill, Frank. "The Employers." In Labour Relations, 66–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-30700-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Employed labour"

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Bakanov, Arsenii S., Aigul A. Aldasheva, Marina E. Zelenova, and Oksana V. Runets. "Simulation Of The Self-Employed Labour Supply And Demand." In International Conference «Humanity in the Era of Uncertainty». European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.02.30.

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Petrović, Jovana. "USLUGE AGENCIJA ZA PRIVREMENO ZAPOŠLjAVANjE." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.527p.

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Temporary agency work is an atypical form of employment that is becoming more frequently used as an alternative to standard labour relationship. It is a complex, ‘triangular’ legal relationship, which involves temporary-work agency, employee employed by the agency and a user firm, to which the agency assigns the employee. This is not a new legal institute, but it has become popular and somewhat legally regulated in the territory of the former SFRY in the last ten years. The Republic of Serbia does not have regulations that would regulate this specific issue, although these agencies exist in practice and in large numbers operate in the labor market of Serbia. However, Serbia has taken a step on the road to that. Namely, the Ministry of Labor has published the Draft Law on Agency Employment with the aim of providing legitimate employment and guaranteeing a working position of the transferred workers who are guaranteed to the employees with the employer. By introducing the legal framework for work through the temporary employment agency, the labor legislation of the Republic of Serbia is harmonized with the international standards of the ILO and the EU. By clearly defining the temporary employment agencies and specifying the conditions for their work, the rights and obligations of persons who conclude an employment contract with the temporary employment agency for the purpose of assigning temporary employment to the employer, and other mutual rights and obligations of the employees, agencies and employers of the users, This area and maximally protect the so-called. agency employees. Namely, agency employees will receive equal wages and other basic working conditions, safety and health at work and other working conditions applicable to employees directly employed by the employer-user (according to which the order and instructions of the agency employee work).

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Sándorová, Zuzana. "The Importance of Intercultural and Communicative Competences for Tourism Labour Market." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9389.

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The present paper is founded on two pillars. Firstly, it is one of the current trends in education worldwide, i.e. to connect theory and practice. Secondly, it is the need to be interculturally competent speakers of a foreign language in today’s globalized world of massive migration flows and signs of increasing ethnocentrism. Based upon these two requirements, the ability to communicate in a FL effectively and interculturally appropriately in the tourism industry is a must, since being employed in whichever of its sectors means encountering other cultures on a daily basis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to find out undergraduate tourism students’ opinion on the importance of intercultural communicative competences for their future profession as well as their self-assessment in the given field. The findings of the research, which are to be compared to employers’ needs, revealed that there is considerable difference between the respondents’ views on the significance of the investigated issues and their self-esteem.

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Andreeva, Andriyana, and Galina Yolova. "IMPACT OF THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE LABOUR - LAW RELATIONSHIP IN THE SPHERE OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.144.

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The report examines the impact of the new Industrial Revolution on the labour-law relationship in the sphere of employment in the agriculture. After examination and classification of the factors, having impact on the employed in this sector the authors motivate the necessity of re-thinking of the measures for involvement of the workers and employees in the sector of agriculture.

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Pekarčíková, Miriam, Peter Trebuňa, Marek Kliment, and Michal Dic. "The potential for digital and human workforce integration." In Průmyslové inženýrství 2020. Západočeská univerzita, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/pi.2020.09693.169-174.

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We are entering a new era of human-machine interaction and it is essential to underestimate the importance of people in the digital factory. Digital factories require a new way of working, this has several implications. The composition of the workforce wants to change, and companies want to be adequately employed and retain employees accordingly. It is equally important to work with people before and during the implementation of new technologies. The paper addresses the potential that the integration of digital and human labour can offer.

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Kudins, Janis. "Involvement of older people in employment in Latvia." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.023.

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Demographic transformation and increase of older people in Europe have encouraged discussions regarding how economics could help older people to grow old in a dignified way and be active in labour market. In Latvia the term older people is usually applied to pensioners. In this research the author analysed the number of pensioners in Latvia from 2012 till 2018, as well as change of pensioners’ employment level in population aged 45 and over. This research showed that 63.1 % of pensioners (45 years old and over) in Latvia were employed in 2018. Compared to 2012 the amount of employed pensioners in 2018 has increased by 10.2 %. Regression analysis between employed pensioners and average pension in Latvia from 2004 till 2018 shows a statistically significant linear interrelationship (R2 = 0,723) but the data correlation analysis shows a strong positive correlation (r = 0,850).

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DUDEK, Michał, and Bożena KARWAT-WOŹNIAK. "BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES IN INCREASING RURAL EMPLOYMENT: LABOUR RESOURCES AND SELECTED POLICY INSTRUMENTS. THE CASE OF EU COHESION POLICY AND COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY INTERVENTIONS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.155.

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An important feature of many rural markets is the over-supply of labour. An insufficient number of jobs in rural areas is usually associated with the shortage of capital, companies, consumers and skilled workers, i.e. limited impact of the agglomeration effect. Additionally, in regions with structural changes in agriculture, the phenomenon of increased or hidden unemployment is visible. One of the important objectives of labour market policy in Poland was a promotion of employment, especially in peripheral, poor and agricultural territories. Along with the accession of Poland to the EU, both agricultural and cohesion policy instruments supported by the structural funds have also been aimed at resolving the problems of rural labour markets. They concerned mainly the diversification of agricultural activities, support of entrepreneurship, as well as development of knowledge and skills. The paper considers the barriers and challenges in increasing employment in rural Poland. In particular, the changes on local rural labour markets and the influence of relevant policy tools thereon have been studied. The study is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the public statistics and information on the implementation of selected EU CAP and Cohesion Policy instruments in Poland from the period 2007-2014 and the literature of the subject. The study showed that, despite the favourable economic situation and the effects of projects aimed at creating and maintaining non-agricultural jobs in rural areas supported by the EU founds, the rural employment rate and the number of people employed in agriculture did not increase significantly. In this context, the paper provides the explanation of limited improvements in terms of rural employment and policy offers recommendations in this area.

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Šimelytė, Agnė, and Gitana Dudzevičiūtė. "Consumption of Renewable Energy and Economic Growth." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.048.

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The significance of renewable energy is highly recognized all over the world. However, the impact of consuming renewable energy on the economy is very often disputable and contravercial. The paper explores links between consumption of renewable energy, economic growth, trade, capital and labour. The study covers 28 European Union countries for the period from 1990 to 2012. Energy has been considered as one of production factors, which has a great impact on output. Thus, the neo-classical Cobb-Douglas function has been employed to reach the aim of the article. Following the relevant state-of-art, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy, trade, capital and labour are considered as separate factors. The analysis indicates that consumption of renewable energy boots economy in 12 countries out of 28. The neutrality hypothesis has been confirmed in 2 countries, while the conservation hypothesis has been proved in 6 cases. The weakest links between the consumption of renewable energy and other factors has been noticed in Luxembourgh’s case.

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Cheremnykh, Ekaterina, and Fabio Gori. "Exergy and Extended Exergy Cost Assessment of a Commercial Truck." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37860.

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To gain a clearer understanding of the overall economic and environmental impact of the manufacturing process of a single vehicle, including its operational phase, it is useful to examine the process in a life-cycle perspective and with an exergy approach.. The method of Extended Exergy Accounting (EEA) has already provided reliable results both for the assessment of entire countries and for the analysis of specific industrial sectors. National transportation sectors, generally reputed inefficient, have been the subject of a series of energy and exergy efficiency studies, though so far the phase of vehicle manufacturing was not specifically addressed. The present study is an attempt to quantitatively develop the complex evaluation of the exergy cost of a single vehicle, in particular of a commercial truck produced in the US (for which the available data are extensive and reliable). In the analysis performed in the course of this study, the last version of EEA has been employed, with the latest available data on the allocation coefficients for labour and capital cost factors. Particular attention is given to data selection and their processing. The values of the exergy costs for materials flows, energy inputs and of their equivalents for capital, labour and environment remediation are predicted. The results shows numerically the exergetic costs of economic, labour, material and energy inputs, and emphasize the further research of environmental remediation costs.

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Nikoloski, Dimitar. "POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0019.

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Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.

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Reports on the topic "Employed labour"

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Enfield, Sue. Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.081.

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This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.

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Ravindranath, Divya, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Aditi Surie, and Gautam Bhan. Effects of Social Protection for Women in Informal Work on Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/espwiwmcho01.2021.

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The International Labour Organization estimates that, globally, approximately two billion people are employed in the informal economy. Of this, 740 million are female workers [1]. In Asia and Africa, a large proportion of non-agricultural female workforce is employed in the informal economy in urban areas. Women workers are concentrated in sectors such as domestic work, street vending, waste picking and home-based work [2,3].

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Dütsch, Matthias, and Ralf Himmelreicher. Characteristics contributing to low- and minimum-wage labour in Germany. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-54129.

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In this article we examine the characteristics of individuals, companies, and industries involved in low-wage labour in Germany to understand their impact on the risks workers face of earning hourly wages that are below the minimum-wage and low-wage thresholds. To identify these characteristics, we use the Structure of Earnings Survey 2014 (SES). The SES is a mandatory survey of companies which provides information on wages and working hours from about 1 million jobs and nearly 70,000 compa-nies from all industries. This data allows us to present the first systematic analysis of the interaction of individual-, company-, and industry-level factors on minimum- and low-wage working in Germany. Using a descriptive analysis, we first give an overview of typical low-paying jobs, companies, and in-dustries. Second, we use random intercept-only models to estimate the explanatory power of the indi-vidual, company, and industry levels. One main finding is that the influence of individual characteristics on wage levels is often overstated: Less than 25 percent of the differences in the employment situa-tion regarding being employed in minimum-wage or low-wage jobs can be attributed to the individual level. Third, we performed logistic and linear regression estimations to assess the risks of having a minimum- or low-wage job and the distance between a worker’s actual earnings and the minimum- and low-wage thresholds. Our findings allow us to conclude that several determinants related to indi-viduals appear to suggest a high low-wage incidence, but in fact lose their explanatory power once controls are added for factors relating to the companies or industries that employ these individuals.

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Morales-Zurita, Leonardo Fabio, and Daniel Medina. Labor fluidity and performance of labor outcomes in Colombia : evidence from employer-employee linked panel. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.926.

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Abowd, John, and Francis Kramarz. Internal and External Labor Markets: An Analysis of Matched Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6109.

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Flórez, Luz Adriana, Leonardo Fabio Morales-Zurita, Daniel Medina, and José Lobo. Labour flows across firm´s size, economic sectors and wages in Colombia: evidence from employer-employee linked panel. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República de Colombia, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1013.

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Hellerstein, Judith, and David Neumark. Production Function and Wage Equation Estimation with Heterogeneous Labor: Evidence from a New Matched Employer-Employee Data Set. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10325.

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Rebitzer, James, and Michael Robinson. Employer Size and Dual Labor Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3587.

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TITOVA, E. FEATURES OF MIGRATION POLICY IN THE JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-54-70.

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The article reveals the features of the state mechanism for regulating labor migration in the Jewish Autonomous Region. It is noted that labor migration is an integral part of the economic development of the region. The purpose of the study is the peculiarities of solving the problems of optimizing the mechanisms for regulating labor migration in the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAO). The practical significance of the study is underscored by the growing resource requirements of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The importance of attracting labor migrants from the widest list of countries, to increase the exchange of experience and improve interethnic relations, the organization of programs to increase the flow of willing workers and promising employers, is highlighted. The scientific novelty of the research is in the designation of the latest methods and state programs aimed at improving the efficiency of the labor migration management mechanism. Every year, the number of migrants illegally staying on the territory of Russia is growing, and the authorities of the Russian Federation are trying to improve the methods of control of foreign citizens entering the country, which makes it easier, but at the same time more effective, to exercise control over migrants and distribute it in. areas such as the patent system, employee-to-employer linkage and simplified taxation.

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Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé, and Hélène Turon. Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labor Market. CIRANO, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/hvdc9170.

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We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.’s zero-hours contract (ZHC) – a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract.

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