Dissertations / Theses: 'Empathy'

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Joneken, Isabelle. "Empathy and Ethnicity : The Ethnic Empathy Bias." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-10139.

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The aim of this thesis is to overview studies examining the effect ethnicity has on the neural and physiological responses associated with empathy and the underlying mechanisms behind this effect. It has been revealed that ethnicity can modulate the empathic responses in that faster physiological arousal and greater sensorimotor resonance occurs during the perception of own ethnic members in suffering. A reduction and even total absence of activity in empathy-associated brain regions such as anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, temporo partial junction and medial prefrontal cortex has further been seen during the perception of other ethnic members in pain. There have however been studies where ethnicity has not had an effect on empathic responses, indicating that it might not be ethnicity per se but instead other underlying mechanisms that causes the difference in empathic responses. There is an ongoing debate on which these mechanisms might be. It has been suggested that it might be attitudes, similarity and familiarity with the target, general ingroup bias, differences in perceptual processes and culture. The thesis will end with a discussion on how the results can be interpreted, the implications of the results, proposals for future research directions and a conclusion.

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De, La Mothe M. "Empathy revisited." n.p, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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de, la Mothe M. "Empathy revisited." Thesis, Open University, 1987. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57027/.

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Empathy is presented as a relation between persons and by analogy between persons and non-human entities in which case it is called quasi-empathy. The characteristics of empathy, the sufficient and necessary conditions for its creation and nurturance, and various types of empathy, both authentic and mistaken, are examined. The role of empathy in various types of knowing especially personal knowing are discussed leading to an attempt to classify interpersonal relations. In the course of this analysis different ways of construing human beings are presented and contrasted with particular interest in the extent to which empathy, quasi-empathy and other relations are involved. A variety of emotional bonds which have some bearing on or similarity to empathy are compared with empathy. The dissertation concludes with a review of a selection from the empathy literature in which contrasts are made with the outline theory of empathy developed in this dissertation.

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Cullen, Carley Nicole. "Empathy + entropy." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6721.

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Harvey, Sarah Danielle Carol. "Finding Empathy: Discovering Pre-Medical Students' Perceptions of Empathy." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1594811077953078.

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Sutherland, Elisabeth Ainsley. "Staged empathy : empathy and visual perception in virtual reality systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97998.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Comparative Media Studies, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 102-107).
This thesis proposes staged empathy as a new analytical framework to examine how virtual reality work provokes empathic feeling. Virtual reality has seen renewed interest in recent years, and has been hailed by journalists and practitioners as an "empathy machine'. This characterization is informal and assumes that feelings of presence and a first-person perspective alone will drive empathic feeling. A critical method for analyzing how virtual reality work engages with the concept of empathy (specifically defined as "inner imitation for the purpose of gaining knowledge of another") does not exist. This thesis reviews the intellectual history of empathy (prior to the diversification of the term in social psychology to refer to a host of social behaviors) to derive a theoretical foundation to staged empathy A staged empathy framework foregrounds process and reflexivity, innate aspects of empathizing, and introduces an externalized and performed model for empathizing that is facilitated by virtual reality. To construct this framework, a variety of contemporary virtual reality works are studied which suggest the emergence of specific techniques that are referred to in this thesis as "intentional looking" and "direct address". Applying theories of affordances and revealed phantasms from environmental philosophy and cultural computing to these techniques, staged empathy provides a framework for the analysis of virtual reality work that is sensitive to the new potentials of the medium as well as the limitations of empathy.
by Elisabeth Ainsley Sutherland.
S.M.

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Engelbrecht, Petrus Roelof. "Empathy and Narrative Transportation : fiction's Relationship to Empathy in Leaders." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64843.

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Empathy is an essential competence of ethical leadership. However, business leaders are more likely to display and value traits like narcissism than empathy at work. This has prompted a need to explore empathy in leadership, specifically through its relationship to aesthetics as a potential source thereof. Previous research has shown that those more easily transported into aesthetic mediums like fictional narratives display higher degrees of cognitive empathy. Here, we extend this research into a business context, exploring the relationship between leader narrative transportation ability and cognitive empathy, using both self-reported and task-based measures (statistically controlling for gender, cultural background and English as first language). Leader narrative transportation ability positively predicted measures of task-based cognitive empathy but did not predict self-reported measures of cognitive empathy. These results suggest that leaders that share a positive relationship with fiction may be more adept at cognitive empathy, providing some justification for the role of aesthetics in business. Furthermore, self-reported cognitive empathy at work may be influenced by bias or misperception.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
pa2018
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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Pieters, Amanda Jean. "Service Learning and Ethnocultural Empathy: Developing Cultural Empathy Through Experience." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27819.

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The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of experiential learning (through service learning) and ethnocultural empathy in undergraduate students. In other words, how does serving in the community impact how empathetic a person is toward others who are ethnically different than themselves? The researcher developed a 45 question electronic self-report survey utilizing The Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (SEE; Wang et al., 2003) to assess mean empathy scores of participants. Research questions addressed: 1) Empathy scores of students who volunteered 10 or more hours, 2) Empathy scores of students who volunteered and served adult populations, 3) Empathy scores of students who are required to volunteer as part of a course, 4) Empathy scores of female students compared to male students. Results comparing mean SEE scores to each research question showed females and students who volunteer 10 hours or more have higher empathy scores.

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Vang, Judith C. "Empathy and lesbianism /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 1986. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/nursing/1986/thesis_nur_1986_vang_empat.pdf.

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Barnes, Allison. "Empathy and epistemology." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10905.

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Meneses, Rita Wengorovius Ferro. "Experiences of ‘empathy’." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2892/.

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The meaning and experience of ‘empathy’ was investigated for this thesis. A mixed approach was utilized, with a strong qualitative accent. There was evidence of an ‘intuitive’ social understanding which appears to be theoretically and experientially distinct from the two prevailing models of empathic understandings (intellectual, or explicit simulation theories; and sympathetic, or implicit simulation theories). Phenomenological views on intersubjectivity were the principal interpretative framework. The first Chapter reviews two main theoretical meanings of empathy: empathy-as-knowing, or understanding someone’s experience (empathy), and empathy-as-responding to someone’s experience (sympathy). The second Chapter describes the study of the folk psychology stories and definitions of ‘empathy’; and their resemblance to the various theoretical meanings. The third Chapter summarizes Edith Stein’s phenomenological views about empathy-as-knowing; and compares these views with more contemporary approaches. The fourth Chapter describes the study of the essential qualities of the experiences of ‘insight into’ the experiences of another (resonance), alongside experiences of feeling understood by another (reception). Social understandings happened by thinking, listening, perceiving and experiencing. The fifth Chapter describes the study where pairs of participants were invited to share their stories of a prior happy experience with each other, and then to scrutinize their recent interpersonal understandings during joint ‘cued-recall’ interviews. There were intuitive, sympathetic and imaginative social understandings. The sixth Chapter is an overview of the overall findings associated with sympathetic, intellectual, and intuitive understandings.

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Leyva, Carolina. "Empathy in Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367926038.

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Nilsson, Peter. "Empathy and emotions : on the notion of empathy as emotional sharing." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Philosophy and Linguistics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-75.

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The topic of this study is a notion of empathy that is common in philosophy and in the behavioral sciences. It is here referred to as ‘the notion of empathy as emotional sharing’, and it is characterized in terms of three ideas. If a person, S, has empathy with respect to an emotion of another person, O, then (i) S experiences an emotion that is similar to an emotion that O is currently having, (ii) S’s emotion is caused, in a particular way, by the state of O or by S’s entertaining an idea of the state or situation of O, and (iii) S experiences this emotion in a way that does not entail that S is in the corresponding emotional state. The aim of the study is to clarify this notion of empathy by clarifying these three ideas and by tracing the history of their development in philosophy.

The study consists of two parts. Part one contains a short and selective account of the history in Western philosophy of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing. In chapter 2 Spinoza’s theory of imitation of affects and Hume’s theory of sympathy are presented. It is argued that these theories only exemplify the second idea characteristic of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing. Chapter 3 contains presentations of Adam Smith’s theory of sympathy, and Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion. These theories are shown to exemplify the second and the third idea. In chapter 4 there are presentations of Edith Stein’s description of Einfühlung, and Max Scheler’s account of empathy and fellow-feeling. It is shown that these accounts contain explicit specifications of the third idea, and it is argued that they also exemplify the second idea.

In part two, the three ideas are further clarified and the notion of empathy as emotional sharing is defined. Chapter 5 contains a discussion of the main contemporary philosophical analyses of empathy. Three different views are distinguished: one that construes empathetic emotions as emotional states, one that construes them as imagined emotions, and one that construes them as off-line emotions. The first two views are criticized and rejected. The third is accepted and further developed in chapter 6, which contains a general analysis of the emotions. A distinction is made between two ways of experiencing an emotion, and it is argued that it is possible to have the affective experience characteristic of a particular kind of emotional state without being in that kind of state. In chapter 7, a definition of ‘empathy’ is proposed. This definition contains specifications of the three ideas characteristic of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing, and it shows both how the empathizer’s emotion resembles the emotion of the empathee, and how this emotion is caused and experienced.

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Hrincu, Viorica. "Expansive empathy : normative and descriptive considerations for the cultivation of empathy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63608.

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My aim is to understand what it means when we ask people to have more empathy. ‘More’ refers to an increment, but what this increment is has yet to be specified. To some people it may be sufficient to be more empathetic to their family and friends. To others, more empathy means connecting and understanding strangers or people who are different from ourselves. Underpinning these tendencies are biases that draw us towards those individuals with whom we can easily identify or are part of the same in-group. This is something to consider when choosing instruments to measure empathy, most of which are self-reported measures. There are two new scales that seem to capture the role of identity and its relationship to empathy in different but important ways: The Moral Expansiveness Scale (Crimston et al., 2016) and the Empathy Gradient Questionnaire (Hollar, 2017). This is an emerging area of research that uses scales that systematize the closeness of an individual (target of empathy) to the empathizer. Importantly, these discussions of what is essentially empathy enhancement inevitably leads to normative questions such as: ‘What is an appropriate level of empathy?’ or more generally ‘What is an appropriate amount of moral concern?’ In response, I frame the normative side of the discussion within a virtue ethics perspective to shift the focus away from ‘how much’ empathy to the quality of empathy. The question of an ideal is at the heart of a virtue ethics approach: how to navigate one’s moral circle in the healthiest way that encourages flourishing for ourselves and the objects of our moral concern. Continuing to understand and promote empathy means we must also understand what it means to be more or less empathetic.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Graduate

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Eyles, Kieren. "The empathy fillip : can training in microexpressions of emotion enhance empathic accuracy?" Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2016. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-empathy-fillip(972e0b0a-0669-476b-b869-26247c51ecd2).html.

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Empathy is a central concern in the counselling process. Though much researched, and broadly commented upon, empathy is still largely understood through the words within a client-counsellor interaction. This semantic focus continues despite converging lines of evidence that suggest other elements of an interaction – for example body language – may be involved in the communication of empathy. In this thesis, the foundations of empathy are examined, focusing on empathy’s professional instantiation. These foundations are then related to the idea that the face, and its ability to express emotion, are an important part of the empathic process. What follows is an experiment testing 60 participants. This was a between groups design, with participants assigned to two even groups; one group receiving training in how emotion appears on the face: using the training program eMETT; the other reading a passage on empathy. Following the intervention, hypothesised group differences were assessed using the following analyses. Firstly, an Independent sample T-test, compared group means on the Ickes Empathic Accuracy paradigm, the measure of empathy used. Secondly, a further Independent sample T-test assessed the effect of eMETT training. Thirdly, an ANCOVA, evaluated whether the obtained results may have been confounded by age difference between the experimental groups. Finally a correlational analyse tested for any relationship between baseline and outcome measures. The hypothesis tested stated: training in facial expressions of emotion will enhance counsellors’ empathic accuracy; a hypothesis for which positive evidence was shown. The implications of this evidence suggest efficacy of the eMETT training to enhance empathic accuracy, though this is qualified through critical examination of the experimental method. Suggestions for refinement of this method are discussed.

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Olsson, Sandra. "En jämförelse mellan rollspelare och icke-rollspelare med avseende på empati : En kvantitativ studie om bordsrollspel, kön och empati." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71302.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur kön och rollspelande relaterar till affektiv och kognitiv empati. 204 personer deltog i föreliggande studie genom att besvara en elektronisk enkät och 192 ifyllda enkäter analyserades. Mätinstrumenten som användes för att undersöka empati och sensorisk föreställningsförmåga var IRI och PSI-Q. Två 2x2 ANOVA utfördes för att undersöka hur kön (man och kvinna) och rollspelande (rollspelande och icke-rollspelande) relaterar till upplevd grad av affektiv och kognitiv empati. Det fanns en signifikant interaktionseffekt mellan kön och rollspelande avseende affektiv empati. Manliga deltagare uppvisade ungefär lika hög affektiv empati oavsett om de spelade rollspel eller inte. Kvinnliga icke-rollspelare uppvisade högre affektiv empati än kvinnliga rollspelare. Det fanns en signifikant huvudeffekt av kön avseende kognitiv empati. Kvinnorna uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än männen. Det fanns även en signifikant huvudeffekt av rollspelande avseende kognitiv empati som erhöll att rollspelare uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än icke-rollspelare. Den aktuella studien kan medföra nytta för framtida forskning och bidra till idéer om tillvägagångssätt för att lära ut kognitiv empatisk förmåga.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate how gender and role play relate to affective and cognitive empathy. 204 people participated in the present study by answering an online survey and 192 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The instruments that were used to measure empathy and sensory imagery were IRI and PSI-Q. Two 2x2 ANOVA were performed to investigate how gender (male and female) and role playing (role playing and non-role playing) relate to perceived degree of affective and cognitive empathy. There was a significant interaction between gender and role playing regarding affective empathy. Male participants showed equal degree of affective empathy regardless of whether they role played or not. Female non-role players showed higher affective empathy than female role players. There was a significant main effect of gender on cognitive empathy. The women showed higher cognitive empathy than men. There was also a significant main effect of role playing with regard to cognitive empathy, role players showed higher cognitive empathy than non-role players. The current study can bring benefits to future research and contribute to ideas of approaches to teach cognitive empathy.

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Cliffordson, Christina. "Assessing empathy : measurement characteristics and interviewer effects /." Göteborg : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009363239&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Persson, Björn. "Subclinical Psychopathy and Empathy." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8492.

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Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder that results in antisocial, manipulative, and callous behavior. The main diagnostic instrument for assessing psychopathy is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. This thesis will introduce the psychopathy construct, including what is known as subclinical psychopathy. Subclinical psychopathy refers to individuals who exhibit many of the characteristics of psychopathy, except for some of the more severe antisocial behaviors. This constellation of traits allows the subclinical psychopath to avoid incarceration. The fundamental difference between clinical and subclinical psychopaths is a major question in the field of psychopathy and is the main theme of this thesis. Impaired empathy is one of the key aspects of psychopathy and it may be a significant factor in both clinical and subclinical psychopaths. Subclinical psychopathy may be related to a moderated or altered expression of empathy. Hence, the empathy construct is a secondary concern in this thesis. This thesis has two aims: (a) to argue that the conceptualization of subclinical psychopathy is flawed and needs revision in accordance with less ambiguous criteria; and (b) to present data in support of the hypothesis that subclinical psychopaths have intact, or even enhanced, cognitive capacities in contrast to clinical psychopaths.

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Sutherland, Debbie. "Empathy and self-interest." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0024/MQ33854.pdf.

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Dively, Ronda S. "Empathy for Captain Ahab /." View online, 1989. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131012518.pdf.

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Auyeung, Karen Wei. "Social anxiety and empathy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43008.

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Scott, Helen. "Empathy in healthcare settings." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2011. http://research.gold.ac.uk/6704/.

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Empathy is an important concept associated with positive outcomes for healthcare practitioners and their patients. In order to identify the best methods to develop and sustain empathy in healthcare professionals there is a need for greater understanding of the antecedents and behaviours involved in empathic responding towards patients. This thesis used a multidimensional model of empathy as a guide for research aimed at understanding the antecedents and behaviours involved in empathic interactions between patients and healthcare professionals. Studies one to three were cross sectional and quantitative in design. Studies one and two investigated relationships between self-reported empathy, personality and emotional intelligence. Findings suggested that (1) perspective taking and empathic concern were closely associated with agreeableness and extraversion, and also loaded on to the single factor of emotional intelligence (2) fantasy was associated with with openness to experience but not emotional intelligence, and (3) personal distress was positively related to neuroticism and negatively related to emotional intelligence. Study three went on to investigate the relationships between emotional intelligence, propensity to empathise and empathic behaviour amongst doctors. Propensity to empathise was positively related to observer ratings of empathic behaviour, but not when doctors had qualified in a different country. finally, study four qualitatively examined empathy in the healthcare context, from patients' perspectives. Situational and patient characteristics were also identified as antecedents to empathy, further relating to employee engagement and work design. The specific behaviours associated with empathy as judged by patients included helping and prosocial behaviours. Implications for the development of empathy are discussed in terms of possible training , development and work design interventions. Finally areas for future research are identified.

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Coeyman, Daniel. "Likeness: Empathy in Art." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/749.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
B.F.A
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Art

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Richins, Matthew Thomas. "Intergroup empathy : beyond boundaries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31148.

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Individuals feel more empathy for those in their group (i.e., ingroup members) and less for those who are not (i.e., outgroup members). But evidence suggests that empathy is not merely selective to the other’s group, rather it fluctuates according to how the other’s group is perceived by the individual. This project was developed to investigate whether individuals truly differentiate between outgroups when it comes to empathy. Across several studies, I presented participants with images depicting others receiving physically painful stimulations. The other person in each case was a member of the ingroup or one of two outgroups, one of which was more of a competitive threat to the ingroup. In Study 3, I found that participants exhibited an ingroup bias, that is, greater levels of empathy to images of ingroup pain, compared to outgroup pain. In Study 4, I found that empathic responses also varied between the two outgroups: Empathy was significantly lower when targets were from the outgroup that was perceived as more of a competitive threat to the ingroup, than the other outgroup. This provided the first evidence that beliefs about outgroups, and not merely the ingroup-outgroup distinction, modulates empathic processing. I also investigated the extent to which threats that are incidental to the ingroup context affect empathy. Across two studies I showed reliable evidence that priming incidental feelings of fear was sufficient to elicit intergroup bias in self-reported empathy, specifically against the outgroup, i.e., reduced empathy for outgroup targets, rather than increased empathy for ingroup targets. Finally, I investigated the extent to which my findings could be accounted for by individual differences. In a series of ‘mini meta-analyses’, I provide evidence that in an intergroup context a shared group membership confers an empathic advantage when responding to a target’s pain, regardless of one’s sex or their scores on a measure of trait empathy.

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Peddis, Isaura. "Is empathy an emotion?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8251/.

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The main aim of my thesis is to ascertain whether empathy has the required qualities of an emotion. Disagreement is rife regarding the process leading to the arousal of an emotion, which creates uncertainty as to what exactly an emotion is, and how it appears. This is the first issue I tackle in my work, as I concentrate on examining some of the significant cognitive and feeling theories of emotions. My study of these theories outlines their downsides, and I instead propose to retain a hybrid definition that combines the advantages of both families of theories to provide a balanced approach that recognises the importance of both physical changes and cognitions. The focus of my work then moves specifically onto empathy, with the intention of precisely defining this term too, its functioning, as well as the meaning of the expression ‘feeling empathy for someone’. The existing literature on empathy fails to provide a clear understanding of empathy’s classification as an emotion or a skill. My work is original in that I avoid assertions and clearly establish that empathy constitutes an emotion based on the definition of emotion I advance in the first part of my work.

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Hughes, Brooke. "Empathy and Centering Prayer." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10980308.

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Practices that cultivate healthy relationships with self and others are always needed and valuable, especially during this modern time of ever-increasing fragmentation through technology. Cultivating empathy individually and communally promotes increased levels of connection among individuals and can create greater harmony among communities. Centering prayer offers an intervention that respects Christian practices of contemplation and can address care needs. This study investigated the impact of centering prayer on levels of empathy. This study was conducted through a single group pilot study using a mixed methods design. Given that centering prayer is primarily a Christian practice of contemplation, the population for this study was a Christian church community. Both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered to create a greater understanding of possible applications for centering prayer. The initial findings from this study support centering prayer as a positive intervention to help build psychological and emotional tools of empathy that can be added to church community offerings or Christian organizations.

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Larsson, Emelie, and Elin Niemi. "Empati, utmattning och distansering : en jämförelse mellan mellan mentalskötare och undersköterskor." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6522.

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Inom vården är empati en viktig grund för vårdarbetet. Forskning har visat att om man känner en ökad empati för en person i nöd så ökar tendensen att hjälpa denne. Frågesällningarna var ifall personal blir utmattade i högre grad vid hög empati och om distansering har att göra med hur länge man har arbetat inom sitt yrke. En kvantitativ studie med 109 mentalskötare och undersköterskor påvisade signifikanta skillnader inom yrkena på empati, utmattning och distans. Undersköterskor uppvisade en högre empati än mentalskötare. Hög empati samvarierar med en högre utmattning. Vid distans upptäcktes en signifikant trevägsinteraktion. En intressant framtida forskning vore att jämföra andra yrkeskategorier, så som andra yrken inom den offentliga sektorn på empati, utmattning och distans.

Key words: empathy, subject/object view, care, medical nursing.

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Mitschke, Samantha. "Empathy effects : towards an understanding of empathy in British and American Holocaust theatre." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6362/.

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This thesis considers how and why empathy is important in Anglo-American Holocaust theatre, utilising close readings of selected plays, existing theories of empathy and Holocaust representation, and authorial formulations of new empathic definitions. The first chapter examines the empathic responses of Frances Goodrich & Albert Hackett and Meyer Levin to Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl, and how these subsequently affected their stage adaptations of the book. The second chapter interrogates how spectator empathy with child protagonists is problematic in terms of the 'Holocaust fairytale' narrative often used, leading to spectator misinformation in the context of historical fact. The third chapter investigates British critical responses to Bent in both 1979 and 1990 in terms of 'precocious testimony', establishing that Bent was only received in its proper socio-political context upon the emergence of overt contemporary queer oppression. The final chapter explores how 'empty empathy', engendered by 'Holocaust etiquette', can be challenged through inverting Holocaust signs, or 'balagan', in 'Holocaust cabarets' to evoke alternative audience responses. The thesis concludes that empathy is central in Holocaust theatre, enabling spectators to identify and engage with representative characters - fulfilling the didactic purpose of Holocaust theatre in teaching about the genocide and encouraging anti-prejudicial views.

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Lipsitt, Nancy. "Development of empathy in children: The contribution of maternal empathy and communication style." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057075028.

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30

Impey, Gayle O. "Empathy, motive and morality : an enquiry into the role of empathy in ethics." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/empathy-motive-and-morality-an-enquiry-into-the-role-of-empathy-in-ethics(b5ef9d53-26c7-4400-a5a4-ec39336d3af2).html.

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The thesis argues that two ways in which we can consider empathy’s role in ethics are fundamentally flawed because they fail to take into account the myriad ways in which empathy can be affected and influenced by our motivations. I apply what I call ‘the motivation objection’ to these two views. This has three aspects: (1) reliability: because empathy can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathizing does not always lead to the right results; (2) function: because it can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathy is not sufficient for various functions; (3) circularity: because it can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathy cannot be used to define or explain certain aspects of morality in a non-circular way. The two ways of considering empathy’s role in ethics are what I call constitutive views, according to which empathy in some way constitutes, or is the foundation for, morality, and instrumental views, according to which empathy is of instrumental value in morality. I apply the motivation objection to three constitutive views, two historical and one contemporary, each of which is a sentimentalist theory of morality with empathy (or sympathy, in the case of the historical theories) at its heart. These are the sentimentalist moral theories of David Hume, Adam Smith and Michael Slote. I then apply the motivation objection to instrumental views of empathy’s role in ethics, before defending one particular instrumental view, according to which empathy can play a positive role in morality when integrated with virtue, and the virtue of compassion in particular.

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Behler, Anna Maria C. "When Empathy Only Goes So Far: Development of a Trait Parochial Empathy Scale." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6005.

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Empathy, the ability to feel and/or understand another’s emotional state, plays a significant role in interpersonal interactions, mitigating hostility and enhancing affiliation and helping. However, empathy also biases interpersonal reactions. For example, at the group level empathy can become amplified towards members of their ingroup and blunted towards individuals in outgroups, a term called parochial empathy. Currently, no validated measures of parochial empathy at the dispositional level exist, and development of such a scale would be important to understanding the role of group-based emotions in prejudice and discrimination against outgroups. I conducted five studies to develop and validate a self-report Trait Parochial Empathy Scale (TPES) that could measure tendencies to respond with parochial empathy across any set of group membership categories. Study 1 assessed the factor structure of the TPES through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses while Study 2 attempted to replicate the Study 1 factor structure and assess concurrent and divergent validity of the TPES using attitudinal measures. Study 3 assessed the temporal consistency of the TPES. Study 4 examined whether the TPES could be flexibly used across a variety of groups by assessing its relation to various outcomes across different ingroup and outgroup combinations. Finally, Study 5 assessed the ability of the TPES to predict in vivo behavior.

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Kartberg, Emma. "OCD and Empathy Games : Using empathy games to inform the public about ODC." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17846.

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This research focuses on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how games focused on making the player feel empathy (empathy games) can increase the public’s general knowledge of the disorder. The disorder is currently commonly misunderstood and is not always taken seriously, something that potentially could hurt those with OCD. The stigma surrounding OCD sometimes makes people avoid getting the help they need, making them suffer in silence. The objective of the research was to define several game design principles that suggests what a developer should focus on when making an empathy game about OCD with the purpose to inform the general public. This was done by analyzing several scientific articles discussing either OCD or empathy games, and concluding the most important parts from them into game design principles. Four game design principles were found; target audience, reality, clarity, and includation. These have not been tested in a practical setting, but can possibly serve as guidelines when making an empathy game focusing on OCD.

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McCrady, Fara Elaine. "Empathy and the adolescent sexual offender an examination of the specificity of empathy deficits and the relationship between empathy and distorted thought /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1116814427.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 63 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-49). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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FORGIARINI, MATTEO. "The neuropsychology of empathy for pain: how social differences affect the empathic brain." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20198.

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With the present thesis I investigated whether and how empathy for pain is effected by social cues. Empathy is a critical function regulating human social life and, specifically empathy for pain is a source of deep emotional feelings and a strong trigger of pro-social behavior. I investigated the existence of a racial and religion bias in the emotional reaction to other people’s pain. Measuring participants’ physiological arousal and functional brain activations, I found that Caucasian observers reacted to pain suffered by African people significantly less than to pain of Caucasian people. The reduced reaction to the pain of African individuals was also correlated with the observers’ individual implicit race bias. Religion did not seem to affect empathy for other people pain. My thesis pointed out that other people’s race is a crucial clue for understanding to what extent empathy for pain, social interactions, and possibly integration, may be influenced by deeply rooted automatic and uncontrollable responses.

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Hardy, Carter. "A Phenomenological Approach to Clinical Empathy: Rethinking Empathy Within its Intersubjective and Affective Contexts." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6855.

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This dissertation contributes to the philosophy of empathy and biomedical ethics by drawing on phenomenological approaches to empathy, intersubjectivity, and affectivity in order to contest the primacy of the intersubjective aspect of empathy at the cost of its affective aspect. Both aspects need to be explained in order for empathy to be accurately understood in philosophical works, as well as practically useful for patient care in biomedical ethics. In the first chapter, I examine the current state of clinical empathy in medicine including professional opinions about empathy, the dominant definition being employed, and the problems that arise from this definition. By trying to define empathy in a way that is useful to the current presuppositions in medicine, clinical empathy aligns with simulation theory, which has three problems: the discrepancy between the way empathy is defined and the way it is explained, the lack of diversity that this theory of empathy allows in our understanding of others, and the lack of affective understanding and affective engagement involved in the patient-physician interaction. These three problems are used to derive three questions that are important for any theory of empathy: (1) What is the phenomenon being explained? (2) What is the intersubjective context of empathy? (3) What is the affective dimension of empathy? The best theory of clinical empathy can be formulated by answering these three questions as they relate to phenomenological theories, which are more attuned to overcoming presuppositions. Chapters two and three each examine a different phenomenological approach to empathy from opposite extremes in their theories of intersubjectivity. Husserl and Stein begin from an isolated, transcendental subject that needs empathy to bridge the gap between itself and others, while Scheler begins from a primary intersubjectivity in which self and other are undifferentiated, making empathy a largely unnecessary skill. Despite their strongly opposed positions, and the acknowledgement that their theories of intersubjectivity necessitate their theories of empathy, I argue that both fail to understand the affective dimension of empathy. Husserl and Stein leave no room in empathy for it to be an affect, while Scheler prioritizes affects that reunite subjects, but leaves empathy itself as a non-affective skill. Chapter four explains Gallagher’s interaction theory as a more moderate approach to the relation between empathy and intersubjectivity. He draws on the insights of the other two theories, but conceives of empathy as a multi-leveled phenomenon that allows for an understanding of others. While this theory does aid in addressing the intersubjective context of empathy in a way that best solves the first two problems with clinical empathy, interaction theory still fails to fully address the affectivity of empathy, maintaining empathy as a largely cognitive ability. Gallagher does acknowledge the affective core of empathy, but he does not explain the way in which it is affective. In response to this problem, I explain Anya Daly’s application of Merleau-Ponty’s theory of reversibility to affectivity as a possible solution to the problematic gap in Gallagher’s theory. Chapter five focuses on theories of clinical empathy in order to address the neglected affective aspects of empathy, and respond to the problem of detached concern. The problems caused by detached concern are explained, as well as why the theories discussed in the middle chapters are still unable to solve them. This is done in two parts. In the first part, I explain the basis of this issue in the cognitive/feeling divide, as explained in the philosophy of emotion. Then, I give a brief overview of the phenomenology of affectivity to be used as a guide to the affectivity of empathy. In the second part, I examine three theories of clinical empathy that attempt to solve the problem of detached concern, noting their strengths and weaknesses based on their similarities to phenomenological approaches to empathy and affectivity.

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Scrimgeour, Meghan. "Empathy and aggression : a study of the interplay between empathy and aggression in preschoolers /." Norton, MA : Wheaton College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/788.

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McCarthy, Noviski Krista Lynne. "Empathy in Medicine: What is the Lived Experience of Teaching Empathy in Medical Education?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1588620779984618.

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Reynolds, William James. "A study of the effects of an empathy education programme on registered nurses' empathy." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/56463/.

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Hytönen, Alexandra. "Portraying Empathy In Character Design." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för speldesign, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258216.

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This thesis examines possible improvement in evoking empathy through character design. The method used is research by design, by gathering information about emotions, emotional- and character design, and applying it during the design phase, two new characters were created based on an existing game character. The evaluation was done through a survey which concluded that the re-designed characters ability in evoking empathy was significantly stronger than the original characters. The characters ability in evoking empathy improved because they were more distinct when it came to expressing emotions through facial features and body language.
Det här arbetet undersöker möjliga förbättringar att väcka empati genom karaktärsdesign. Metoden som används är forskning genom design, genom att samla information om emotioner, emotionell- och karaktärsdesign, och applicera det under design fasen, två nya karaktärer är skapta baserat på en existerande spel karaktär. Utvärderingen görs med hjälp av en undersökning vars slutsats är att de nya karaktärernas förmåga att väcka empati ökade drastiskt till skillnad från original karaktären. Detta var huvudsakligen på grund av deras tydligare ansiktsuttryck och kroppspråk.

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Sztybel, David. "Empathy and rationality in ethics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53826.pdf.

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Plant, Nicola Jane. "Intersubjectivity, empathy and nonverbal interaction." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/39762.

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Empathy is thought to involve cognitive processes that depend on the simulation of another's experiences. Embodiment has a key role for empathy as vehicle for recreating the experience of another. This thesis explores the validity of this claim by investigating what people do when communicating about their experiences. In particular, what is the contribution of our embodied resources such as gestures, postures and expressions to empathy and intersubjectivity? These questions are explored against two corpora of dyadic interactions. One features conversations of people describing recalled embodied experiences to each other, such as painful or pleasant bodily experiences like a headache or laughing. The other features a series of interactions designed to emulate informal conversations. The analysis uses hand coded gestures, feedback and clari cation questions, body movement data and a new approach to quantifying posture congruence. The analysis shows the embodied responses observed within these interactions are intentionally placed and formulated to facilitate the incremental process of a conversation as a joint activity. This is inconsistent with accounts that propose there is an automatic and non-conscious propensity for people to mimic each other in social interactions. Quantitative analysis show that patterns of gesture type and use, feedback form and posture di er systematically between interlocutors. Additionally, results show that resources provided by embodiment are allocated strategically. Nonverbal contributions increase in frequency and adjust their form responding to problems in conversation such as during clari cation questions and repair. Detailed qualitative analysis shows the instances that appear to display mimicry within the interaction function rather as embodied adaptations or paraphrases. In their contrast with the original contribution they demonstrate a speci c understanding of the type of experience being conveyed. This work shows that embodiment is an important resource for intersubjectivity and embodied communication is speci cally constructed to aid the collaborative, sequential and intersubjective progression of dialogue.

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Stevens, Mitchell. "Obliti - Empathy game regarding depression." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/353.

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Obliti is a game meant to promote empathy for people with depression, and applies a personal story to the experience. Empathy is the experience of understanding another person€™s condition from their perspective. You place yourself in their shoes and feel what they are feeling. 17 The story follows the character through corrupted dream states, stuck in an infinite loop; reliving the tarnished dreams. This paper will discuss the story of Obliti, its history and the way the design helped the story come to the forefront of the experience. Using lighting, first person character and art assets, Obliti puts the player into the shoes of the main character. The paper also includes a post mortem in order to discuss the challenges of working with paid art assets, making a game about your past and the overall outcome of the project. In order to test the effectiveness of Obliti, 20 subjects were asked to fill out a series of questions regarding mood and depression. The results of the study showed a change in mood from pretest and posttest, pointing toward empathy being transferred to the player. Part of the study asked players if they understood depression, in which there was a 10% change from €œNo,€� to €œI don€™t know,€� suggesting some internal thoughts were changed on the topic.

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wildman, patrick. "Empathy: A tool to unite?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1943.

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I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Bowman, for providing valuable input as I pursued this important topic. I would also like to thank Professor Krauss, my unofficial Psychology advisor. I would like to thank my parents who raised me to value empathy. Our family-dinner conversations weren’t always pretty, but they served me well as I made the trek from Cincinnati, Ohio to Claremont, California. As we were encouraged to speak, we were required to listen and to try to understand different viewpoints. We didn’t always agree, but the confinements of our home forced us to understand not only other beliefs, but the reasons behind those beliefs. Finally, this thesis and my experience at Claremont McKenna College taught me that empathy for most humans is a choice. This choice can mean the world to both the recipient and the provider.

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Boag, Elle. "Attachment patterns, prejudice, and empathy." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/187381/.

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The purpose of my PhD is to examine one mechanism by which attachment security may lead to decreased prejudice, thus examining novel research hypotheses. Research supports the prediction that high attachment avoidance and high attachment anxiety are associated with high negativity toward outgroups (Hofstra, van Oudenhoven, & Buunk, 2005) and decreased empathy compared to individuals low in attachment avoidance or anxiety (e.g., Batson, Eklund, Chermok, Hoyt, & Ortiz, 2007). However, whereas fearful individuals characteristically use hyperactivating strategies to avoid rejection from others, dismissing individuals use deactivating strategies to avoid contact with others. Thus, it is important to assess how empathy influences the relation between attachment avoidance and prejudice, and between attachment anxiety and prejudice. I hypothesized that empathy would mediate the relation between attachment dimensions and prejudice. Specifically, I predicted that the relation between attachment avoidance and prejudice, and between attachment anxiety and prejudice, would be mediated by low empathy. Dispositional attachment security and primed attachment security were examined separately in three studies. In the Study 1 the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between dispositional attachment security and prejudice was identified. In Study 2 the mediating role of empathy on the relationship between primed attachment pattern and prejudice was confirmed, providing specificity as to which aspect of empathy is the key component through which prejudice can be reduced in attachment-avoidant individuals. Study 3 extends the findings to demonstrate that primed attachment security influences self-reported intention to discriminate and subsequent discriminatory behaviour. Combined, the findings within this thesis make valuable contributions to social psychological understanding of why variations in prejudice toward Muslims exist, and provide evidence that have important implications in future interventions aimed to reduce prejudice

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Blot, Alice. "Exploring games to foster empathy." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22980.

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In this thesis I investigated empathy field in games and I explored how to create a game fostering empathy. In a first part I defined empathy, game and game mechanics and I analyzed four games fostering empathy through the prism of these definitions. I noticed these games used role-playing so then I focused my research on role-play games. In a second part I proposed an interactive story based on game mechanics fostering empathy. This interactive story is a mix of LARP and escape room. The player embodies a role and follows a goal. This game tries to foster empathy for the main character, a young woman who just found out that her mother had passed away. Through the iterations of testing I could improve the game and highlight some issues. Empathy is difficult to evaluate and puzzle solving prevents the player from being empathic. This thesis intends to contribute to the research areas in different ways. It outlines game mechanics fostering empathy and it suggests a new kind of game, the interactive story using these game mechanics.

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Gouvrit, Montaño Florence. "Empathy and Human-Machine Interaction." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313442553.

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Watson, Olivia. "The Language of Clinical Empathy." Thesis, Department of Linguistics, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8803.

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This Honours thesis examines the language of clinical empathy in an attempt to broaden understanding of what constitutes effective communication in medicine. Linguistic theories of appraisal, affiliation and intonation are applied in a case study analysis of an expert interpersonal communicator, using recorded data from patient consultations. A new graded model of empathic responses is introduced, which uses linguistic criteria to categorise potential responses according to the degree of empathy conveyed. The appropriateness of the different response options is shown to be dependent on the context in which they are used, and this relationship is analysed sensitive to both ideational and attitudinal factors. This thesis extends existing work on affiliation to examine bonding in a professional context, and introduces the concept of 'empathic contours' where empathy develops over several conversational moves. It targets the difficulty in defining, and therefore teaching, interpersonal skills in medicine by proposing some systematic strategies for describing the language of expressions of empathy. In this way it offers the medical discipline a new framework for understanding and teaching empathic communication.

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Bragado, Jimenez Maria. "Empathy and violence in schizophrenia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111473/.

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Background: Associations are recognised between impaired empathy and schizophrenia and, separately, violence, but a systematic literature review revealed little exploration of the three-way relationship. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), widely used in such research, has been psychometrically established only with healthy students, so I tested it in my sample. My main aim was to examine the relationships between empathy and violence among schizophrenic men. Hypotheses: Among them, empathy would be 1) more impaired in the schizophrenic group with more serious violence and 2) stable over time. Methods: Participants were hospital inpatients in South Wales or Bristol. Sample size was estimated from prior empathy and violence studies. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of schizophrenia, or similar psychotic disorders; exclusion criteria primary developmental disorders or specific empathy interventions. Competent, consenting men were interviewed up to three times over three months. Assessments included the IRI, which encompasses cognitive empathy – perspective taking and fantasy - and affective subscales – empathic concern and personal distress; the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Scale (MADS) and modified Gunn-Robertson Criminal Profile violence subscale. Additional clinical and socio-demographic variables were obtained from records. The IRI was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). Correlations between IRI scores and violence relationships, using different violence thresholds, and all other variables were examined, using Pearson Spearman tests for parametric and non-parametric variables respectively. Empathy stability was tested by repeated measures ANOVA. SPSS v 22 was used throughout.

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Williams, Gregory Spencer. "Empathy and the Instructional Designer." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5808.

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The purpose of this study was to understand how instructional designers define empathy in the context of instructional design technology and how empathy was manifest in their daily work. Through a series of in-depth interviews with six designers, three definitions of empathy emerged including caring for the learner, referencing personal experience in service of the learner, and taking on somebody else's viewpoint. Additionally, analysis of empathy in participants' daily work resulted in six themes: personal experience, metacognition or self-awareness, project management constraints, multiple stakeholders, practical processes and traditional learner analysis, and navigating learner goals and motivation. Several complexities regarding empathy and learner analysis were revealed, including those pertaining to institutional constraints, managing empathetic relationships with various stakeholders beyond learners, the amount of learner analysis necessary for a good design, the degree to which interaction between designer and learner is necessary, and whether increased content knowledge helps designers effectively empathize with learners. In addition to these complexities of practice, the gap in research regarding learner analysis and empathy in instructional design were recommended as important topics for further research.

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Hühnel, Isabell. "Empathy in intergenerational emotion communication." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17089.

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Positive Interaktionen zwischen jüngeren und älteren Erwachsenen scheinen gefährdet, da Untersuchungen einen Mangel an Einfühlungsvermögen gegenüber älteren Menschen nahelegen. Eine Reihe von Faktoren könnte für die Verringerung oder Abwesenheit von Empathie von jüngere Erwachsenen verantwortlich sein: Studie 1 betrachtete die Wirkung von Gesichtsfalten und Stereotypen auf die Dekodierung und Imitation von emotionalen Gesichtsausdrücken und fand heraus, dass Imitationsreaktionen für ältere Erwachsene auftraten, trotz des Einflusses von Falten und Stereotypen auf die Dekodierung. Studie 2 untersuchte den Einfluss des affiliativen Kontextes in Interaktionen zwischen jungen und alten Erwachsenen und nahm an, dass der Emotionsausdruck per se (freudig vs. ärgerlich) sowie die Beziehung zwischen Beobachter und Darsteller (Eigengruppe vs. Fremdgruppe) sich auf Gesichtsmimikry in lebensechten Interaktionen auswirken. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Mimikry für freudige Ausdrücke älterer Erwachsener während der beiden emotionalen Ereignisse (freudig vs. ärgerlich) stattfand. Allerdings war Mimikry im freudigen Ereignis stärker gegenüber jungen Erwachsenen im Vergleich zu älteren Erwachsenen ausgeprägt, wohingegen keine Unterschiede in Mimikry im ärgerlichen Ereignis auftraten. Studie 3 untersuchte empathischen Fähigkeiten von älteren im Vergleich zu jüngeren Erwachsenen und fand keine Unterschiede in der affektiven Empathie, obwohl die Dekodierung einiger Emotionen bei den älteren Teilnehmern reduziert war. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass affektive empathische Reaktionen gegenüber älteren Menschen unabhängig von der reduzierten Akkuratheit der Emotionseinschätzung sowie vom affiliativen Kontext im Wesentlichen intakt sind und dass ältere Erwachsene die über gleichen affektiven Fähigkeiten verfügen. Somit liefert diese Arbeit einen positiveren Ausblick für intergenerationale Interaktionen als bisher gedacht.
Positive interactions between younger and older adults seem to be at risk as previous research suggests a lack of empathy to the elderly. A number of elements might be accountable for the reduction or absence of empathy by younger adults: Study 1 focused on the effect of wrinkles and stereotypes on decoding accuracy and facial mimicry of emotional facial expressions. It revealed that wrinkles and stereotypes have an impact on decoding accuracy, however facial mimicry reactions to the emotion expressions of older adults were present regardless of those decoding biases. Study 2 focused on the affiliative context of interactions between younger and older adults, and suggested that the type of emotion display (happy vs. angry) as well as the observer’s relationship to the expresser (in-group vs. out-group member) impacted on facial mimicry in real-life interactions. It revealed that mimicry of happy expressions of older adults was present during the two emotional events (happy and angry). However, mimicry of younger compared to older adults was stronger in the happy event, whereas no difference occurred in mimicry in the angry event. Study 3 investigated empathic capabilities of older compared to younger adults and found no differences in affective empathy, although decoding accuracy was reduced for some emotions in the older participant sample. Collectively, these results indicate that affective empathic responding via facial mimicry toward the elderly is essentially intact regardless of reduced decoding accuracy for older faces and affiliative context. They further indicate that older adults possess the same affective capabilities as younger adults. In sum, this work provides a more positive outlook for intergenerational interactions than previously suggested.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Empathy'

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