Journal articles on the topic 'Empathic Disposition'
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Wise, Pamela Sharratt, and Stanley H. Cramer. "Correlates of Empathy and Cognitive Style in Early Adolescence." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.179.
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This research examined the correlations among cognitive style, empathic traits, and other variables such as age, sex, grade, school ability, birth order, and school-related achievement, identified from previous empathy and cognitive-style research. Subjects were 840 seventh and eighth grade students. The Hogan Empathy Scale measured empathic disposition globally, while the Interpersonal Reactivity Index measured dimensional traits of empathic concern, personal distress, perspective taking, and fantasy. Cognitive style was assessed on the Group Embedded Figures Test. No significant correlation appeared between empathy and cognitive style as measured by this instrument. Two empathy factors were identified, a general empathic factor and a withdrawn personal distress factor. Correlations with the other variables are presented and discussed.
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Rao, Bramhani, and Sambashiva Rao Kunja. "Relationship between leader’s empathic disposition and authorization of idiosyncratic deals." Journal of Indian Business Research 11, no. 4 (November 18, 2018): 370–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-09-2018-0253.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between two sub-dimensions of a leader’s empathy (perspective-taking and empathic-concern) and successful authorization of idiosyncratic deals (developmental, location flexibility and schedule flexibility i-deals). Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling was conducted on the cross-sectional data collected from 307 managers working in software development and support companies located in major cities in India. Findings While empathic-concern is positively related to successful authorization of both developmental and flexibility i-deals, perspective-taking related positively to authorization of developmental i-deals and showed no significant relationship with flexibility i-deals. Research limitations/implications The study reiterates the importance of empathy in modern workplaces and encourages managers to be conscious of their intelligence, as well as emotions, while participating in negotiations at the workplace. Originality/value The paper relates i-deals to sub-dimensions of empathy which is a previously unexplored antecedent to i-deals.
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Woody, Robert H., Danni Gilbert, and Lynda A. Laird. "Music Teacher Dispositions: Self-Appraisals and Values of University Music Students." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418757220.
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For music teachers to be most effective, they must possess the dispositions that best facilitate their students’ learning. In this article, we present and discuss the findings of a study in which we sought to explore music majors’ self-appraisals in and the extent to which they value the disposition areas of reflectivity, empathic caring, musical comprehensiveness, and musical learnability orientation. Evidence from a survey of 110 music majors suggested that music education students possess and value the dispositions of reflectivity, musical comprehensiveness, and musical learnability orientation more highly after they have matured through their college careers. Additionally, based on their responses to music teaching scenarios, it appears that senior music education majors possess greater empathic caring than do their freshman counterparts.
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Antinienė, Dalia, and Rosita Lekavičienė. "EMPATHY AND ITS FACTORS: EMPIRICAL STUDY." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 4, no. 99 (2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i99.97.
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Background. The level of personality’s empathy largely determines altruistic behaviour and the quality of interpersonal relationships rendering the relevance of research indubitable. In psychology, empathy is classified into emotional/affective, cognitive and predictive. This study analyses affective empathy and aims to find out which personality traits related to self-perception, effectiveness in interpersonal relationships and sociodemographics are linked to empathy. Methods. Research participants were schoolchildren, students, unemployed and employed individuals, inmates of imprisonment institutions and other young people. The target group was youth from 17 to 27 years of age, M =19.7, N =1400. An original measurement technique the psychometric quality indicators of which were sufficient (Cronbach’s alpha reached .81) was used to research empathy. Results. The means of Spearman’s correlation coefficients revealed that empathy was related to self-irony (r = .19, p ≤ .001), externality (r = .14; p ≤ .05), positive self-evaluation (r = .47; p ≤ .001), leadership disposition (r = .17; p ≤ .05), etc. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that women (Mean Rank = 274.88) were more empathic than men (Mean rank = 139.78; p ≤ .001), young people with higher education (Mean Rank = 234.62) were more empathic than those with no or some education (Mean Rank = 161.06; p ≤ .001), etc. Conclusion. Research revealed that empathy was related to personal-psychological traits: self-irony, externality, positive self-evaluation, leadership disposition, general state of health, etc. The research highlighted the differences of empathy in different genders and revealed that women were more empathic than men. The research participants with high educational achievements exhibited the highest level of empathy.
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À Koko Richard, Mfiarak, Mawang Adama Adèle, Kammoe Youdom Fernand Felix, Makoudoum Talla Lucie, and Djouhoua Talla Justine Malthide. "GUIDANCE COUNSELORS’ PROFESSIONALISM AND STUDENTS’ CONSULTATION INTENTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL: A SERIAL MEDIATION OF INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND EMPATHETIC DISPOSITION." Education. Innovation. Diversity. 1, no. 4 (June 21, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/eid2022.1.6895.
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This study deals with the professionalism and students’ consultation intention of guidance counselors. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the quality of interventions on the students' intention to consult guidance counselors, via interpersonal skills and empathetic disposition. The data presented in this study were collected by means of a questionnaire from 388 students from three high schools in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The mediation analysis carried out support the indirect effect of the quality of the guidance counselor's interventions on the students' consultation intention, through the successive mediators of relational qualities and empathic disposition.
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Mestre, María Vicenta, Paula Samper, María Dolores Frías, and Ana María Tur. "Are Women More Empathetic than Men? A Longitudinal Study in Adolescence." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 1 (May 2009): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001499.
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Since the 1970s there has been a growing interest in analysing sex differences in psychological variables. Empirical studies and meta-analyses have contributed evidence on the differences between male and female individuals. More recently, the gender similarities hypothesis has supported the similarity of men and women in most psychological variables. This study contributes information on women's greater empathic disposition in comparison with men by means of a longitudinal design in an adolescent population. 505 male and female adolescents aged between 13 and 16 years were evaluated at two different moments (grade 2 and grade 3, lower secondary education). They completed the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents by Bryant and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index by Davis. The results confirm a greater empathic response in females than in males of the same age, differences growing with age. The sizes of the effect estimated in the second evaluation (average age 14 years) are large for emotional empathy and medium for cognitive empathy.
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Tei, Shisei, Jukka-Pekka Kauppi, Kathryn F. Jankowski, Junya Fujino, Ricardo P. Monti, Jussi Tohka, Nobuhito Abe, Toshiya Murai, Hidehiko Takahashi, and Riitta Hari. "Brain and behavioral alterations in subjects with social anxiety dominated by empathic embarrassment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 8 (February 10, 2020): 4385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918081117.
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Social-anxiety disorder involves a fear of embarrassing oneself in the presence of others. Taijin-kyofusho (TKS), a subtype common in East Asia, additionally includes a fear of embarrassing others. TKS individuals are hypersensitive to others’ feelings and worry that their physical or behavioral defects humiliate others. To explore the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms, we compared TKS ratings with questionnaire-based empathic disposition, cognitive flexibility (set-shifting), and empathy-associated brain activity in 23 Japanese adults. During 3-tesla functional MRI, subjects watched video clips of badly singing people who expressed either authentic embarrassment (EMBAR) or hubristic pride (PRIDE). We expected the EMBAR singers to embarrass the viewers via emotion-sharing involving affective empathy (affEMP), and the PRIDE singers to embarrass via perspective-taking involving cognitive empathy (cogEMP). During affEMP (EMBAR > PRIDE), TKS scores correlated positively with dispositional affEMP (personal-distress dimension) and with amygdala activity. During cogEMP (EMBAR < PRIDE), TKS scores correlated negatively with cognitive flexibility and with activity of the posterior superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction (pSTS/TPJ). Intersubject correlation analysis implied stronger involvement of the anterior insula, inferior frontal gyrus, and premotor cortex during affEMP than cogEMP and stronger involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and pSTS/TPJ during cogEMP than affEMP. During cogEMP, the whole-brain functional connectivity was weaker the higher the TKS scores. The observed imbalance between affEMP and cogEMP, and the disruption of functional brain connectivity, likely deteriorate cognitive processing during embarrassing situations in persons who suffer from other-oriented social anxiety dominated by empathic embarrassment.
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Dučić, Bojan, Svetlana Kaljača, and Irena Stojković. "Relationship between the Broader Autism Phenotype and empathy among students." Primenjena psihologija 15, no. 3 (November 17, 2022): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.v15i3.2381.
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Previous research has shown that persons with a higher level of the broad autism phenotype (BAP) experience deficits in empathy. The aim of the present study is to investigate a multivariate relationship between the BAP and different aspects of empathy. In a sample of 293 university students, we explored the relationship between the BAP and the following aspects of empathy: fantasy, empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress. The BAP level was measured using The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used for multidimensional assessment of empathy disposition. Canonical correlation analysis yielded two functions (Function 1 ̶ Rc2 = 17.31%, Function 2 ̶ Rc2 = 10.82%). In Function 1, IRI subscales Personal Distress (PD) (rs = .92) and Perspective Taking (PT) (rs = -.39) are associated significantly with all three domains of the BAP. The strongest correlation PD and PT show with Rigid and Pragmatic Language domains of the BAP, while they demonstrate a weaker relationship with the Aloofness domain. In Function 2, IRI subscales Empathic Concern (EC) (rs = -.98), Fantasy (FS) (rs = -.46), PT (rs = -.43) and PD (rs = -.31) are related to the Aloofness domain of the BAP. The results imply that the relationship between BAP and empathy differs for different aspects of these two constructs. The more detailed understanding of the relationship between BAP and empathy obtained through the multivariate approach provides a basis from which to create programs for the more efficient promotion of empathy skills.
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Lin, Hung-Chu, Yang Yang, Robert McFatter, Raymond W. Biggar, and Rick Perkins. "Inmates’ empathy in relation to perceived parenting and attachment working models." Journal of Criminal Psychology 7, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2016-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine criminal offenders’ dispositional empathy and relate it to perceived parenting characteristics of primary caregivers (measured as care and overprotection) and inmates’ internal working models of the self and others (measured as attachment anxiety and avoidance, respectively). Design/methodology/approach Compared to a group of 110 college students, the group of 102 inmates indicated lower levels of cognitive and emotional empathy (measured as perspective taking (PT) and empathic concern (EC), respectively). Among inmates, perceived parental care was related to PT; parental overprotection was related to EC. Findings The inmates’ data fit a model suggesting a mediational role of attachment anxiety in the relation between perceived parental overprotection and EC. Also, inmates’ attachment avoidance moderated the relation between attachment anxiety and EC, so that the relation only occurred when attachment avoidance was not high. The findings suggested potential protective roles of early parental bonding and positive views of social others in enhancing empathy for justice-involved populations. Originality/value The findings shed light on how inmates’ perception of parenting related to both aspects of empathy and how cognitive representations of the self and others potentially underlie the association between perceived parenting and their disposition for EC. To cultivate dispositional empathy as a means of preventing delinquency, it is important to advocate not only parenting characterized as caring and warm, but also cognitive interventions on framing positive working models of social others, particularly for those who perceive their primary caregivers as overprotective and are highly avoidant to social closeness.
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Ng, Stella L., Doreen J. Bartlett, and S. Deborah Lucy. "Exploring the Utility of Measures of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Professional Behavior Development in an Audiology Education Program." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 05 (May 2013): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.5.3.
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Background: Discussions about professional behaviors are growing increasingly prevalent across health professions, especially as a central component to education programs. A strong critical thinking disposition, paired with critical consciousness, may provide future health professionals with a foundation for solving challenging practice problems through the application of sound technical skill and scientific knowledge without sacrificing sensitive, empathic, client-centered practice. In this article, we describe an approach to monitoring student development of critical thinking dispositions and key professional behaviors as a way to inform faculty members' and clinical supervisors' support of students and ongoing curriculum development. Purpose: We designed this exploratory study to describe the trajectory of change for a cohort of audiology students' critical thinking dispositions (measured by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory: [CCTDI]) and professional behaviors (using the Comprehensive Professional Behaviors Development Log—Audiology [CPBDL-A]) in an audiology program. Implications for the CCTDI and CPBDL-A in audiology entry-to-practice curricula and professional development will be discussed. Research Design: This exploratory study involved a cohort of audiology students, studied over a two-year period, using a one-group repeated measures design. Study Sample: Eighteen audiology students (two male and 16 female), began the study. At the third and final data collection point, 15 students completed the CCTDI, and nine students completed the CPBDL-A. Data Collection and Analysis: The CCTDI and CPBDL-A were each completed at three time points: at the beginning, at the middle, and near the end of the audiology education program. Data are presented descriptively in box plots to examine the trends of development for each critical thinking disposition dimension and each key professional behavior as well as for an overall critical thinking disposition score. Results: For the CCTDI, there was a general downward trend from time point 1 to time point 2 and a general upward trend from time point 2 to time point 3. Students demonstrated upward trends from the initial to final time point for their self-assessed development of professional behaviors as indicated on the CPBDL-A. Conclusions: The CCTDI and CPBDL-A can be used by audiology education programs as mechanisms for inspiring, fostering, and monitoring the development of critical thinking dispositions and key professional behaviors in students. Feedback and mentoring about dispositions and behaviors in conjunction with completion of these measures is recommended for inspiring and fostering these key professional attributes.
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Petek Šter, Marija, and Polona Selič. "Assessing Empathic Attitudes in Medical Students: The Re-Validation of the Jefferson Scale of Empathystudent Version Report." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0037.
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Abstract Introduction. Self-reported scales, such as the Jefferson Scale of Empathy - Student version (JSE-S), had been recognised to measure the empathic disposition rather than behavioural expression. This study aimed to re-validate the JSE-S and its factor structure prior further research on empathy in medical students. Methods. A convenience sampling method was employed in two consecutive academic years, in 2012/13 and 2013/14, at the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana, Slovenia; first and final year students participated voluntarily. The JSE-S examined empathy levels. The principal component analysis was performed with Oblimin rotation and Kaisers’ criteria. Factors with eigenvalues ≥ 1.25 were retained and items loading ≥ |0.40| were required for the interpretation of the factor structure. Results. The total study sample size was 845 students, (580 (68.6%)) of them women; 327 (72.2%) were in the first (19.2 ± 1.9 years old) and 253 (61.7%) in the sixth (24.9 ± 1.1 years old) year of medical school. Females achieved higher JSE-S scores in all groups. The three-factor JSE-S was confirmed, but only seven items were concordant in all groups. A higher proportion of explained variation for Perspective Taking and Standing in the Patient`s Shoes, and better internal consistency, was found in a reduced-item scale (16-18 items). When performing factor analysis of a seven-item scale, the percentages of explained variance increased with two factors extracted. Conclusions. Only the cognitive dimension of JSE-S gave results as expected, therefore proper terminology, i.e. the object of assessment, must be used in further administration of JSE-S and empathy-related research in medical students.
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Niemyjska, Aleksandra, Katarzyna Cantarero, Katarzyna Byrka, and Michał Bilewicz. "Too humanlike to increase my appetite: Disposition to anthropomorphize animals relates to decreased meat consumption through empathic concern." Appetite 127 (August 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.012.
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Bajouk, Omar, and Michel Hansenne. "Dispositional Perspective-Taking and Empathic Concern Modulate the Impact of Cognitive Load on Empathy for Facial Emotions." Psychological Reports 122, no. 6 (September 13, 2018): 2201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118799337.
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Meeting other people involves the importance to share their experiences and to understand their perspectives or, more simply, to empathize with them. Empathy research distinguishes two main dimensions of empathy, the affective sharing and the cognitive understanding. In the present study, we focus on the impact of cognitive load on empathy to pain, fear, happiness, and neutral facial emotions. Participants had to judge the intensity of the emotion when looking to facial expressions (empathize group), or with an additional eight-digit memory task (cognitive load group). While we assumed that cognitive load would reduce empathy, inconsistently with previous findings, our results did not show any significant effect of group. Interestingly, regression analyses showed that perspective-taking and empathic concern were positively related to pain, fear, and happiness ratings within the cognitive load group. These results reveal that when judging empathy under high cognitive load, dispositional empathic concern and perspective-taking could allow individuals to override the supposed deleterious cognitive load effect on empathy.
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Thompson, Bryant, and Travis J. Simkins. "Self-oriented forgiveness and other-oriented forgiveness: Shaping high-quality exchange relationships." Journal of Management & Organization 23, no. 5 (August 8, 2016): 741–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.18.
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AbstractWe examine the effects of two distinct forgiveness motives, self-oriented and other-oriented, on relationship quality within supervisor–subordinate relationships. We provide empirical evidence that both forgiveness motives are positively associated with leader–member exchange and differentially associated with interpersonal citizenship behavior and suggest that previous forgiveness research may be incomplete. We demonstrate that high-quality leader–member relationships and interpersonal citizenship behavior can be enhanced by self-oriented forgiveness motive and other-oriented forgiveness motive. We further show that the association between forgiveness motive and leader–member exchange can be strengthened by one’s disposition, such that proactive personality strengthens the influence of self-oriented forgiveness motive on leader–member exchange and empathic concern strengthens the influence of other-oriented forgiveness motive on leader–member exchange. This manuscript aims to empirically examine two key pathways to forgiveness: one driven by self-orientation and the other driven by other-orientation.
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Lee, Sae Na, and Min Jeong Kim. "The Effect of Gratitude Enhancement Program for Freshmen on Pre-service Early Childhood Teacher’s Gratitude Disposition, Empathic Ability, Department Satisfaction." Korean Journal of Child Education and Care 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21213/kjcec.2019.19.2.85.
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Skinner, C., and P. Spurgeon. "Valuing empathy and emotional intelligence in health leadership: a study of empathy, leadership behaviour and outcome effectiveness." Health Services Management Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0951484053051924.
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This article examines the relationship between health managers' self-assessed empathy, their leadership behaviours as rated by their staff, and staff's personal ratings on a range of work satisfaction and related outcome measures. Empathy was conceived of as four distinct but related individual dispositions, namely empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT), personal distress (PD) and empathic matching (EM). Results showed three empathy scales (EC, PT and EM) were, as postulated, positively related to transformational behaviour (inspiring followers to achieve more than expected). The same three measures, also as expected, showed no relationship to transactional behaviour (motivating followers to achieve expected results) and were negatively associated with laissez-faire leadership (an absence of leadership style). Relationships between empathy scales and outcome measures were selective and moderate in size. Strongest empathy association was evident between the PT scale and most outcome measures. Conversely, the extra effort outcome appeared most sensitive to the range of empathy scales. Where significant relationships did exist between empathy and outcome, leadership behaviour was in all cases a perfect mediator. Whilst not denying the smaller dispositional effects on leadership outcomes, leadership behaviour itself, rather than individual traits such as empathy, appear to be major influencing factors in leadership effectiveness.
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Decety, Jean, Kimberly L. Lewis, and Jason M. Cowell. "Specific electrophysiological components disentangle affective sharing and empathic concern in psychopathy." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00253.2015.
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Empathic impairment is one of the hallmarks of psychopathy, a personality dimension associated with poverty in affective reactions, lack of attachment to others, and a callous disregard for the feelings, rights, and welfare of others. Neuroscience research on the relation between empathy and psychopathy has predominately focused on the affective sharing and cognitive components of empathy in forensic populations, and much less on empathic concern. The current study used high-density electroencephalography in a community sample to examine the spatiotemporal neurodynamic responses when viewing people in physical distress under two subjective contexts: one evoking affective sharing, the other, empathic concern. Results indicate that early automatic (175–275 ms) and later controlled responses (LPP 400–1,000 ms) were differentially modulated by engagement in affective sharing or empathic concern. Importantly, the late event-related potentials (ERP) component was significantly impacted by dispositional empathy and psychopathy, but the early component was not. Individual differences in dispositional empathic concern directly predicted gamma coherence (25–40 Hz), whereas psychopathy was inversely modulatory. Interestingly, significant suppression in the mu/alpha band (8–13 Hz) when perceiving others in distress was positively associated with higher trait psychopathy, which argues against the assumption that sensorimotor resonance underpins empathy. Greater scores on trait psychopathy were inversely related to subjective ratings of both empathic concern and affective sharing. Overall, the study demonstrates that neural markers of affective sharing and empathic concern to the same cues of another's distress can be distinguished at an electrophysiological level, and that psychopathy alters later time-locked differentiations and spectral coherence associated with empathic concern.
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Galang, Carl Michael, Michael Ku, and Sukhvinder S. Obhi. "Blatant Dehumanization is Not Influenced by Dual Identity Labels: Evidence from the Canadian Context." International Journal of Psychological Studies 13, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v13n4p62.
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Blatant dehumanization has been shown to be prevalent in modern society. However, little work has explored the possible ways in which blatant dehumanization may be attenuated. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring if activating a dual identity attenuates (or even erases) blatant dehumanization. To investigate these issues, Canadian participants completed the “Ascent of Man” scale, rating various groups in terms of their perceived evolutionary qualities. Half of our participants saw labels with the qualifier “-Canadians” attached, while the other half saw no such qualifier. Results showed that, regardless of whether the “-Canadians” label was provided, participants rated Filipinos, Christians, Arabs, Muslims, and Indigenous groups as significantly lower than Whites on the evolution scale. As such, provision of the additional group label “-Canadians” did not influence the manifestation of blatant dehumanization. We also found that ratings on the evolution scale significantly correlated with both Social Dominance Orientation and Empathic Concern levels, such that stronger adherence to current power structures and social hierarchies showed stronger blatant dehumanization, while those with a high pre-disposition for altruistic behaviours and emotions showed weaker blatant dehumanization. We discuss our results in the light of other research on blatant dehumanization and intergroup processes.
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SIMAS, ELIZABETH N., SCOTT CLIFFORD, and JUSTIN H. KIRKLAND. "How Empathic Concern Fuels Political Polarization." American Political Science Review 114, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000534.
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Over the past two decades, there has been a marked increase in partisan social polarization, leaving scholars in search of solutions to partisan conflict. The psychology of intergroup relations identifies empathy as one of the key mechanisms that reduces intergroup conflict, and some have suggested that a lack of empathy has contributed to partisan polarization. Yet, empathy may not always live up to this promise. We argue that, in practice, the experience of empathy is biased toward one’s ingroup and can actually exacerbate political polarization. First, using a large, national sample, we demonstrate that higher levels of dispositional empathic concern are associated with higher levels of affective polarization. Second, using an experimental design, we show that individuals high in empathic concern show greater partisan bias in evaluating contentious political events. Taken together, our results suggest that, contrary to popular views, higher levels of dispositional empathy actually facilitate partisan polarization.
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Taruffi, Liila, Stavros Skouras, Corinna Pehrs, and Stefan Koelsch. "Trait Empathy Shapes Neural Responses Toward Sad Music." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00861-x.
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AbstractIndividuals with a predisposition to empathize engage with sad music in a compelling way, experiencing overall more pleasurable emotions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these music-related experiences in empathic individuals are unknown. The present study tested whether dispositional empathy modulates neural responses to sad compared with happy music. Twenty-four participants underwent fMRI while listening to 4-min blocks of music evoking sadness or happiness. Using voxel-wise regression, we found a positive correlation between trait empathy (with scores assessed by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and eigenvector centrality values in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), including the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). We then performed a functional connectivity (FC) analysis to detect network nodes showing stronger FC with the vmPFC/mOFC during the presentation of sad versus happy music. By doing so, we identified a “music-empathy” network (vmPFC/mOFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, primary visual cortex, bilateral claustrum and putamen, and cerebellum) that is spontaneously recruited while listening to sad music and includes brain regions that support the coding of compassion, mentalizing, and visual mental imagery. Importantly, our findings extend the current understanding of empathic behaviors to the musical domain and pinpoint sad music as an effective stimulus to be employed in social neuroscience research.
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Palmieri, Arianna, Federica Meconi, Antonino Vallesi, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Emanuele Pick, Sonia Marcato, Johann R. Kleinbub, Gianni Sorarù, and Paola Sessa. "Enhanced Neural Empathic Responses in Patients with Spino-Bulbar Muscular Atrophy: An Electrophysiological Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010016.
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Background: Spino-bulbar muscular atrophy is a rare genetic X-linked disease caused by testosterone insensitivity. An inverse correlation has been described between testosterone levels and empathic responses. The present study explored the profile of neural empathic responding in spino-bulbar muscular atrophy patients. Methods: Eighteen patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy and eighteen healthy male controls were enrolled in the study. Their event-related potentials were recorded during an “Empathy Task” designed to distinguish neural responses linked with experience-sharing (early response) and mentalizing (late response) components of empathy. The task involved the presentation of contextual information (painful vs. neutral sentences) and facial expressions (painful vs. neutral). An explicit dispositional empathy-related questionnaire was also administered to all participants, who were screened via neuropsychological battery tests that did not reveal potential cognitive deficits. Due to electrophysiological artefacts, data from 12 patients and 17 controls were finally included in the analyses. Results: Although patients and controls did not differ in terms of dispositional, explicit empathic self-ratings, notably conservative event-related potentials analyses (i.e., spatio-temporal permutation cluster analyses) showed a significantly greater experience-sharing neural response in patients compared to healthy controls in the Empathy-task when both contextual information and facial expressions were painful. Conclusion: The present study contributes to the characterization of the psychological profile of patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy, highlighting the peculiarities in enhanced neural responses underlying empathic reactions.
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Bukowski, Henryk, Nor Faizaah Ahmad Kamal, Deirdre Bennett, Gabriella Rizzo, and Colm O'Tuathaigh. "Association between dispositional empathy and self-other distinction in Irish and Belgian medical students: a cross-sectional analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e048597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048597.
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ObjectivePhysicians’ cognitive empathy is associated with improved diagnosis and better patient outcomes. The relationship between self-reported and performance-based measures of cognitive empathic processes is unclear.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the association between medical students’ empathy scale scores and their empathic performance in a visuospatial perspective-taking (VPT) task.ParticipantsUndergraduate medical students across two European medical schools (n=194).Primary and secondary outcome measuresTwo self-report empathy and one performance-based perspective-taking outcome: Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE); Empathy Quotient (EQ); Samson’s level-1 VPT task.ResultsHigher scores on the ‘standing in patient’s shoes’ subscale of the JSPE were associated with a lower congruency effect (as well as lower egocentric and altercentric biases) in the VPT (B=−0.007, 95% CI=−0.013 to 0.002, p<0.05), which reflects an association with better capacity to manage conflicting self-other perspectives, also known as self-other distinction. Lower egocentric bias was also associated with higher scores on the ‘social skills’ EQ subscale (B=−10.17, 95% CI=−17.98 to 2.36, p<0.05). Additionally, selection of a ‘technique-oriented’ clinical specialty preference was associated with a higher self-perspective advantage in the VPT, reflecting greater attentional priority given to the self-perspective.ConclusionsWe show that self-assessment scores are associated with selected performance-based indices of perspective taking, providing a more fine-grained analysis of the cognitive domain of empathy assessed in medical student empathy scales. This analysis allows us to generate new critical hypotheses about the reasons why only certain self-report empathy measures (or their subscales) are associated with physicians’ observed empathic ability.
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de Wied, Minet, Cora Maas, Stephanie van Goozen, Marjolijn Vermande, Rutger Engels, Wim Meeus, Walter Matthys, and Paul Goudena. "Bryant's Empathy Index." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 2 (January 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.99.
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Abstract. The present study examined the internal structure of Bryant's (1982) Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents, a 22-item questionnaire measure of dispositional affective empathy. Third graders (n = 817), fourth to sixth graders (n = 82), and eighth graders (n = 1,079) were studied. Factor analyses revealed that the empathy index is multidimensional, encompassing two subscales. The same two-factor solution emerged in all samples. The first factor, labeled empathic sadness, showed good reliability in the two larger samples. Sex differences were established in each sample, with girls reporting more empathic sadness than boys. The second factor, reflecting attitudes rather than feelings, showed weak reliability in all samples, and poor differentiation between the sexes in the two younger age samples. The findings seriously challenge the validity of the 22-item empathy index. Improvement of the scale as a measure of affective empathy is indicated.
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Schaefer, Michael, Anja Kühnel, Franziska Rumpel, and Matti Gärtner. "Do Empathic Individuals Behave More Prosocially? Neural Correlates for Altruistic Behavior in the Dictator Game and the Dark Side of Empathy." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070863.
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Do empathic individuals behave more prosocially? When we think of highly empathic individuals, we tend to assume that it is likely that those people will also help others. Most theories on empathy reflect this common understanding and claim that the personality trait empathy includes the willingness to help others, but it remains a matter of debate whether empathic individuals really help more. In economics, a prominent demonstration that our behavior is not always based on pure self-interest is the Dictator Game, which measures prosocial decisions in an allocation task. This economic game shows that we are willing to give money to strangers we do not know anything about. The present study aimed to test the relationship between dispositional empathy and prosocial acting by examining the neural underpinnings of prosocial behavior in the Dictator Game. Forty-one participants played different rounds of the Dictator Game while being scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Brain activation in the right temporoparietal junction area was associated with prosocial acting (number of prosocial decisions) and associated with empathic concern. Behavioral results demonstrated that empathic concern and personal distress predicted the number of prosocial decisions, but in a negative way. Correlations with the amount of money spent did not show any significant relationships. We discuss the results in terms of group-specific effects of affective empathy. Our results shed further light on the complex behavioral and neural mechanisms driving altruistic choices.
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Ulloa, Emilio C., and Julia F. Hammett. "The Role of Empathy in Violent Intimate Relationships." Partner Abuse 7, no. 2 (2016): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.7.2.140.
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This study employed a dyadic data analysis approach to examine the association between partners’ dispositional empathy and intimate partner violence (IPV). Data were collected from 1,156 couples, who were participants in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). For both IPV perpetration and IPV victimization, significant actor effects for men and significant partner effects for men to women emerged: Men who were less empathic were more likely to perpetrate IPV and to be victimized. Similarly, women whose men partners were less empathic were more likely to perpetrate IPV and to be victimized. Findings partially generalized to analyses assessing the associations between empathy and the different types of IPV (psychological, physical, sexual IPV, and occurrence of injury from IPV) separately. The present findings show that men’s levels of empathy may carry more weight in determining their own as well as their partners’ aggressive behaviors than do women’s levels of empathy.
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Kameda, Tatsuya, Aiko Murata, Choetsu Sasaki, Satomi Higuchi, and Keigo Inukai. "Empathizing With a Dissimilar Other." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 8 (April 3, 2012): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212442229.
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Can we empathize effectively with someone who has a different sensitivity to physical events from ours? Or, are we susceptible to an egocentric bias in overprojection, which may lead us to under- or overreact in such cases? In this study, participants with normal visual and auditory capacity observed a video clip in which a sighted or blind target was exposed to a strong flash or high-frequency sound, while their physiological arousals during the observation were recorded. On average, participants displayed a differential arousal pattern to the aversive stimuli, according to the target’s ability to perceive them. Degrees of arousal control were also correlated with dispositional differences in empathy. Participants who scored higher on the Empathic Concern subscale of Davis’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index were better at controlling arousals in accordance with the Target × Stimulus interaction. The authors’ findings have important implications for helping disabled people while respecting their inherent dignity and individual autonomy.
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Aparicio-Flores, María Pilar, José María Esteve-Faubel, Rosa Pilar Esteve-Faubel, and José Daniel Álvarez-Teruel. "High Academic Self-Efficacy and Dispositional Empathy in Future Teachers." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176728.
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High perceived academic self-efficacy influences both subject performance and emotions of the subject. In turn, dispositional empathy implies a social and emotional adaptability towards the subject itself and those around them. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the mean dispositional empathy factors (i.e., perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) between future teachers with high and low perceived academic self-efficacy, as well as the predictive capacity of dispositional empathy on high perceived academic self-efficacy, and the correlations between both dimensions. For this, a sample of 805 Spanish students of the Faculties of Education of the Universities of Alicante and Murcia was recruited. The Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas was used to assess perceived academic self-efficacy and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to analyze the dimensions of dispositional empathy. It was observed that high academic self-efficacy is more likely to present in people with a high level of perspective taking and fantasy (OR = 1.06 and 1.09, respectively) and less for those with personal discomfort (OR = 0.86). The other analyzes provided the same conclusions. In conclusion, it is important to develop perceived academic self-efficacy in undergraduates and future teachers due to the consequences that can lead to their classrooms.
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Rajhans, Purva, Manuela Missana, Kathleen M. Krol, and Tobias Grossmann. "The association of temperament and maternal empathy with individual differences in infants’ neural responses to emotional body expressions." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt1 (October 6, 2015): 1205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000772.
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AbstractWe examined the role of infant temperament and maternal dispositional empathy in the neural processing of happy and fearful emotional body expressions in 8-month-old infants by measuring event-related brain potentials. Our results revealed that infants’ tendency to approach novel objects and people was positively correlated with the neural sensitivity (attention allocation) to fearful expressions, while infant fearfulness was negatively correlated to the neural sensitivity to fearful expressions. Maternal empathic concern was associated with infants’ neural discrimination between happy and fearful expression, with infants of more empathetically concerned mothers showing greater neural sensitivity (attention allocation) to fearful compared to happy expressions. It is critical that our results also revealed that individual differences in the sensitivity to emotional information are explained by an interaction between infant temperament and maternal empathic concern. Specifically, maternal empathy appears to impact infants’ neural responses to emotional body expressions, depending on infant fearfulness. These findings support the notion that the way in which infants respond to emotional signals in the environment is fundamentally linked to their temperament and maternal empathic traits. This adds an early developmental neuroscience dimension to existing accounts of social–emotional functioning, suggesting a complex and integrative picture of why and how infants’ emotional sensitivity varies.
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Choe, So Young, and Kyung-Hwan Min. "Who makes utilitarian judgments? The influences of emotions on utilitarian judgments." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 7 (October 2011): 580–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000262x.
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AbstractRecent research has emphasized emotion’s role in non-utilitarian judgments, but has not focused much on characteristics of subjects contributing to those judgments. The present article relates utilitarian judgment to individual disposition to experience various emotions. Study 1 first investigated the relationship among state emotions and utilitarian judgment. Diverse emotions were elicited during judgment: guilt, sadness, disgust, empathy, anger, and anxiety, etc. Using psychological scales, Study 2 found that trait emotions predict the extent of utilitarian judgments, especially trait anger, trait disgust, and trait empathy. Unlike previous research that designated emotions only as factors mitigating utilitarian judgment, this research shows that trait anger correlates positively with utilitarian judgment. On the other hand, disgust and empathy correlated negatively. Guilt and shame—though previous research argued that their absence increased utilitarian judgment—appear unrelated to the extent of utilitarian judgment. These results suggest that people’s emotional dispositions can affect their judgment. This finding might contribute to untangling the complex mechanisms of utilitarian judgments.
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Risberg, Eirik Julius, and Per Nortvedt. "Professional Moral Reasoning and (lack of) Empathy." Tidsskrift for Professionsstudier 16, no. 31 (November 12, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tfp.v16i31.122759.
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Empathy is seen as a virtue or even a necessary skill in many professions. However, while proponents of the concept argue that it plays a fundamental role in our moral judgements, critics have objected that our empathy is easily manipulated and that our dispositions to empathise more strongly with those close to or resembling ourselves makes it a poor moral guide. We argue that while not necessary for professional moral judgement, professional moral reasoning would be fundamentally amiss without the ability and willingness to perceive the situation from the perspective of those they are trained to serve.
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Barnett, Mark A., Patricia A. Tetreault, and Iriz Masbad. "Empathy with a Rape Victim: The Role of Similarity of Experience." Violence and Victims 2, no. 4 (January 1987): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.2.4.255.
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The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend a prior investigation (Barnett, Tetreault, Esper, & Bristow, 1986) in order to clarify the role of similarity of experience in women’s empathy with a rape victim. Women who were identified as having been raped rated themselves as more empathic with, and more similar to, a rape victim patient presented on videotape than did nonrape control subjects who had been matched on level of dispositional empathy. However, no difference was found between the two subject groups in their responses to a videotaped patient whose personal problems were unrelated to the experience of rape. In addition, subjects generally rated the rape victim patient as less emotionally stable than the patient whose personal problems were unrelated to rape. Alternative interpretations of the major finding of this study are discussed.
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Tam, Kim-Pong. "Dispositional empathy with nature." Journal of Environmental Psychology 35 (September 2013): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.004.
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Kosowski, Paweł. "Relationships between forgiveness, life satisfaction, and empathy in honorary blood donors. The mediating role of forgiveness." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 48, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v48i4.879.
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Introduction: Voluntary blood donation can be considered as an expression of pro-social behaviour, resulting from empathetic motives and a desire to help those in need of a transfusion of whole blood or it’s components, as it was demonstrated by numerous studies. The process of donation is carried out in accordance with the prescribed stages, which include the initial qualification and examination of the blood and exclusion of any diseases or postoperative complications that may have negative consequences for the future recipient. In view of the current trend in psychological research in the group of blood donors, we decided to examine the factors that may coexist and enhance empathy in this group, these factors being the disposition to forgiveness and satisfaction with life.
Method: Main purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between life satisfaction, disposition to forgiveness, and empathy quotient, the level of explanation of empathy by life satisfaction and forgiveness, and the mediating role of forgiveness between life satisfaction and empathy in a group of honorary blood donors. The study group amounted to 111 subjects (72 women and 39 men). The mean age of the subjects was 24.9 years (SD=8.7). The study variables were measured using the scales: SWLS, HFS and SSIE.
Results: The results of the conducted study showed associations between forgiveness and empathy and life satisfaction, and a satisfactory level of explanation of empathy by forgiveness (with a higher proportion of positive forgiveness) and life satisfaction. Mediation analysis also showed that forgiveness indirectly explains the relationship of life satisfaction and empathy. The correlation of blood donation seniority with life satisfaction and general and negative forgiveness was also found to be significant.
Conclusions: The results of the conducted study can be considered as a contribution to further, more extensive research within the group of honorary blood donors. The results were confirmed in the literature, indicating a strong relationship between forgiveness and empathy, which may constitute a basis for the conclusion that forgiveness and life satisfaction resulting from longer length of blood donation may strengthen the level of empathy, as well as empathy itself may strengthen the level of forgiveness and life satisfaction.
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Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel, and Jean Decety. "Empathy in Clinical Practice: How Individual Dispositions, Gender, and Experience Moderate Empathic Concern, Burnout, and Emotional Distress in Physicians." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 19, 2013): e61526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061526.
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Duschek, Stefan, Lena Nassauer, Casandra I. Montoro, Angela Bair, and Pedro Montoya. "Dispositional empathy is associated with experimental pain reduction during provision of social support by romantic partners." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 20, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2019-0025.
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AbstractBackground and aimsWhile social interactions like verbal support and physical touch have repeatedly been shown to reduce experimental pain, analgesic effects of passive social support, i.e. the sole physical presence of a supportive other, remain unclear. Moreover, little is known about individual factors influencing the extent of pain attenuation during social support. This study investigated analgesic effects of passive support by a romantic partner and the role of partner empathy therein.MethodsIn 48 heterosexual couples, sensitivity to pressure pain was assessed; each participant was tested alone and in the passive presence of his/her partner. Dispositional empathy was quantified by a questionnaire.ResultsIn the presence, as compared to absence, of their partners men and women exhibited higher pain threshold and tolerance, as well as lower sensory and affective pain ratings on constant pressure stimuli. Partner empathy was positively associated with pain tolerance and inversely associated with sensory pain experience.ConclusionsThe results confirm the analgesic effects of social support, which may even occur without verbal or physical contact. Partner empathy may buffer affective distress during pain exposure, thereby reducing pain sensitivity and promoting pain coping. These processes may occur solely due to a partner’s physical presence and do not necessarily require direct empathetic feedback.
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Silva, Caroline, and Chia-Jung Tsay. "Harmful Attributions: The Role of Mind Perception." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 9 (November 2019): 788–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.9.788.
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Introduction: Drawing from literature in social and clinical psychology, we explore mechanisms associated with the lack of empathy for people who engage in self-injurious behaviors. Methods: Using implicit and explicit measures across three samples, we tested whether knowledge of prior self-injury impacts observers' empathy, perceived agency, perspective taking, and willingness to help a target individual. Results: We found in Studies 1-2 that observers report decreased empathy, perceive less agency, and make more dispositional attributions toward a person who engages in deliberate self-injury, compared to accidental injury. Study 3 indicates that observers perceive a target who engaged in deliberate self-injury to have lower agency. Furthermore, when evaluating a target who has been victimized, observers report less empathy, compassion, and likelihood of helping if the target has a history of deliberate self-injury. Perceived agency accounted for decreased empathy, whereas empathy accounted for lower likelihood of helping. Discussion: Our findings imply that observers may be better able to empathize with people with a history of self-injury if they focus on the agency of the indi-vidual and situational causal explanations for the behavior.
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Medina, Camila, Cassia Leticia Carrara Domiciano, Paula Da Cruz Landim, and Fausto Orsi Medola. "LA CAPA DE PAPEL: como roubar a atenção do observador em manuais instrucionais para educação em saúde | “LA CAPA DE PAPEL”: how to raise the reader's attention in instructional manuals for health education." InfoDesign - Revista Brasileira de Design da Informação 15, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51358/id.v15i2.665.
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“La capa de papel” conta a história das capas de alguns materiais gráficos instrucionais de saúde, que embora sejam importantes artefatos comunicacionais, apresentam problemas de legibilidade, usabilidade, layout e conteúdo. Foram coletadas 17 capas de manuais disponibilizadas por fabricantes de próteses auditivas (7 digitais,10 impressas), analisadas de acordo com o tamanho, tipo de suporte, personalização, dispositivos por manual, foco e tipo de imagem. Resultados demonstraram que nenhuma capa exibiu elementos que remetam personalização e os tamanhos finais são menores que o recomendado. Nos impressos, problemas no tipo de papel foram diagnosticados (n=4). Treze manuais contemplaram mais que um dispositivo. A maioria (n=12) exibiu imagens figurativas, das quais 10 focaram nos dispositivos. Sugere-se aumentar o tamanho dos materiais, incluir elementos para personalização e apresentar um manual por modelo. Portanto, cabe ao designer aprimorar estes materiais sob o ponto de vista gráfico-informacional para promover empatia, interação e atrair o leitor.*** “La capa de papel” tells the story of the covers of some medical device manuals that are important communication means but present reading, usability, layout and content problems. Seventeen covers of hearing aid manuals made by manufacturers (7 digital, 10 printed) were collected and analyzed according to size, support type, personalization, number of devices per manual, focus and image type. Results showed that none of the covers exhibited personalization-related elements and final sizes are smaller than recommended. For printed manuals, paper type problems were detected (n = 4). Thirteen manuals contemplated more than one device. The majority (n = 12) exhibited figurative images, of which 10 focused on the devices. Authors suggest increasing the size of the materials, including personalization elements and providing one manual per model. It’s up to the designer the improvement of these materials from a graphic and informational point of view, in order to promote empathy, interaction and getting the reader’s attention.
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Leshchuk, Halyna. "ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OFEMPATHY AS A PROFESSIONALLY SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF A SOCIAL WORKER." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2021-4 (December 4, 2021): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2021-4-16.
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The article characterizes empathy as a professionally significant feature of a social worker. The significance of empathy for social workers is substantiated due to the fact that social workers are forced to be in close and intense interaction with different people, in an emotionally tense atmosphere, which can cause significant damage to their health and professional activities. The main directions of scientific research of the phenomenon of empathy are outlined, the analysis of scientific sources allowed to come to the conclusion that empathy was most actively studied in the problematic field of psychology, ethics and philosophy. The main approaches to defining the essence of empathy are determined: epistemological, ethical and integrative. The main types and forms of empathy are indicated: short-term and long-term empathy, adequate and inadequate empathy, situational and dispositional empathy. It was found out that the formation of empathy is influenced by socio-demographic, psychological and external factors. Factors that significantly complicate the development of empathy include egocentrism, emotional coldness, instability of character, excessive self-control, and so on. It is noted that interpersonal interaction between a social worker and a client is a complex two-way process that requires empathic response not only from social workers, so empathy should be developed in clients and it is important to motivate them to communicate with the specialist. We see a promising direction of further research in the study of techniques of balanced interpersonal interaction, which, on the one hand, will promote sufficient expression of empathy on the part of the social worker, on the other hand, will help to resist his/her emotional exhaustion. The essential characteristics of the social workers’ empathy are defined: they are humanistic attitude to the client, the two-sided nature of the manifestation of empathy, the correlation of empathy with the psychological mechanism of identification and the combination of three components in empathy (cognitive, emotional, activity components).
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Cho,Geung-Ho, 최경순, and 김지연. "Cultural Dispositions, Control of Anger, and Empathy." 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 23, no. 1 (February 2009): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.1.005.
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Wilhelm, Mark Ottoni, and René Bekkers. "Helping Behavior, Dispositional Empathic Concern, and the Principle of Care." Social Psychology Quarterly 73, no. 1 (March 2010): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272510361435.
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Erle, Thorsten M., and Sascha Topolinski. "Spatial and Empathic Perspective-Taking Correlate on a Dispositional Level." Social Cognition 33, no. 3 (June 2015): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2015.33.3.187.
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Davis, Cassandra, Li Jiang, Patti Williams, Aimee Drolet, and Brian J. Gibbs. "Predisposing Customers to Be More Satisfied by Inducing Empathy in Them." Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 58, no. 3 (April 21, 2017): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965517704373.
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The present research demonstrates that increasing a consumer’s empathy with a service provider can increase that consumer’s satisfaction with the service. In Study 1, customers at a café who were induced to empathize with the clerk felt more satisfied with the service, and in Study 2, such empathizing customers were better tippers. Study 3 corroborated this finding of an empathy–satisfaction relation using dispositional empathy, showing that naturally occurring levels of empathy were positively related to consumers’ feelings of satisfaction in a long-term service relationship (personal fitness training). Study 4 found that the positive effect of empathy on consumer satisfaction held true for a negative service situation (for female but not for male consumers), indicating that the effect was not the result of consumers becoming more sensitive to the valence of the service situation. In addition, the overall results suggest that the effect was not mediated by more favorable attitudes toward the service provider or by more favorable attributions of responsibility to the service provider. Instead, we suggest that empathy may make consumers more cooperative and that being satisfied is one way consumers “cooperate” with a service provider. These findings exemplify how responses to a marketing situation can be managed by manipulating the mental state of consumers rather than by altering the attributes of the goods or services being offered.
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Lapshova, Ekaterina S. "Empathy of social professionals as a mechanism for realizing the needs of third-age people." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 2, no. 125 (2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2022-2-125-26-32.
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According to UN forecasts, the number of 60+ aged people will double by 2050. The state system of social protection in the Russian Federation provides qualified support to elderly citizens. However, it requires both to create conditions for a decent life of elderly citizens, and to realize their needs. It raises the problem of developing mechanisms to meet their needs. The aims are to analyze third-age people needs in the Samara region and to identify the mechanisms to meet them. The survey identifies three main types of barriers that prevent meeting third-age people needs: situational, institutional and dispositional ones. The empathic abilities of specialists working with third-age people contribute to overcoming these barriers and meeting third-age people needs. The research methods are a comprehensive analysis, socio-demographic, socio-gerontological, socio-psychological approaches and sociological methods. The results are the following: the contradiction between the requirements for a specialist in the professional field and personal readiness to meet third-age people needs can be resolved in the course of professional and vocational training, which ensures the development of professionally significant personality traits, the development of empathy; empathic interaction between specialists and third-age people contributes to the organization of a system of external influences on third-age people, the organization of their lives and activities, meet their needs.
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Beaumont, Elaine, Gillian Rayner, Mark Durkin, and Gosia Bowling. "The effects of compassionate mind training on student psychotherapists." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 12, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-06-2016-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine pre and post outcome measures following a course of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT). Participants were students enrolled on a Post Graduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (CBP). The aim of the research was to explore whether CMT would increase self-compassion, compassion for others, dispositional empathy and reduce self-critical judgement. Design/methodology/approach In total, 21 participants who had enrolled on the CBP programme took part in the study. Data were collected using the self-compassion scale, interpersonal reactivity index, and the compassion for others scale. Findings Results reveal an overall statistically significant increase in self-compassion scores and statistically significant reduction in self-critical judgement scores post training. There was no statistically significant difference post training on the interpersonal reactivity index or the compassion for others scale. Research limitations/implications CMT training may help students develop healthy coping strategies, which they can use to balance their affect regulation systems when faced with organisational, placement, client, academic, personal and supervision demands. Further research and longitudinal studies, using larger sample sizes are needed to explore if cultivating compassion whilst on psychotherapy training helps students build resilience and provide a barrier against empathic distress fatigue, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout. Practical implications Incorporating CMT into a CBP programme may bring changes in student levels of self-compassion and self-critical judgement. Originality/value This inaugural study examines whether incorporating CMT into a CBP programme impacts on students levels of compassion, dispositional empathy and self-critical judgement. The findings from this preliminary study suggest the potential benefits of training students in compassion focused practices.
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Sezen-Balçikanli, Gülfem, and Mehmet Sezen. "Professional Sports and Empathy: Relationship Between Professional Futsal Players’ Tendency Toward Empathy and Fouls." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0003.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between the professional futsal players’ (futsallers’) empathic tendency and the numbers of the cards they are shown and the fouls they commit. Empathy was assessed through a Turkish version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index-IRI. The original IRI takes as its starting point from the notion that empathy consists of a set of separate but related constructs, and seeks to provide measures of dispositional tendencies in several areas. The instrument contains four (seven-items) subscales, each tapping a separate facet of empathy. The items are scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with 0 (does not correspond at all to me) and 4 (corresponds exactly to me) serving as extreme points. Research group is composed of total 76 professional male futsal players who took part in Efes Pilsen Futsal League games with 7 teams from Ankara region. Age averages of all the participants were between the ages of 18 and 38 and their age average range was from 24 to 26. As a statistical method in the assessment of the research data; in order to examine the correlation between the general average, standart deviation, mean per team, standart deviation and professional futsal players’ empathy levels and the number of the cards they are shown (yellow/red) and their fouls, Spearman Rank Correlation was utilized. The results obtained demonstrate that there is a relationship between empathy and yellow/red cards and fouls. It is considered that the empathy practices to be developed for the sportspersons will develop perspective taking and interpersonal communication between them, enhance moral viewpoint and moral attitudes in sports in them, and reduce the aggressive behaviours and self-seeking actions.
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Clifford, Scott, Justin H. Kirkland, and Elizabeth N. Simas. "How Dispositional Empathy Influences Political Ambition." Journal of Politics 81, no. 3 (July 2019): 1043–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703381.
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McCarthy, Marie. "Empathy: A Bridge between." Journal of Pastoral Care 46, no. 2 (June 1992): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234099204600204.
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Suggests that the capacity for a broad, rich, and encompassing empathy is an essential ingredient of an authentic intercultural experience and understanding for an effective ministry in a world church. Notes that empathy is a process as well as a disposition. Proposes that shared stories greatly enhance the possibility of empathy as do the realities of physical and psychic presence. Suggests that the theological notion of the Incarnation is a powerful metaphor for both the possibilities and the limits of empathy.
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Hardman, Doug, and Phil Hutchinson. "Cultivating the dispositions to connect: an exploration of therapeutic empathy." Medical Humanities 46, no. 4 (May 28, 2020): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2020-011846.
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Empathy is a broad concept that involves the various ways in which we come to know and make connections with one another. As medical practice becomes progressively orientated towards a model of engaged partnership, empathy is increasingly important in healthcare. This is often conceived more specifically through the concept of therapeutic empathy, which has two aspects: interpersonal understanding and caring action. The question of how we make connections with one another was also central to the work of the novelist E.M. Forster. In this article we analyse Forster’s interpretation of connection—particularly in the novel Howards End—in order to explore and advance current debates on therapeutic empathy. We argue that Forster conceived of connection as a socially embedded act, reminding us that we need to consider how social structures, cultural norms and institutional constraints serve to affect interpersonal connections. From this, we develop a dispositional account of therapeutic empathy in which connection is conceived as neither an instinctive occurrence nor a process of representational inference, but a dynamic process of embodied, embedded and actively engaged enquiry. Our account also suggests that therapeutic empathy is not merely an untrainable reflex but something that can be cultivated. We thus promote two key ideas. First, that empathy should be considered as much a social as an individual phenomenon, and second that empathy training can and should be given to clinicians.
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Holmgren, Robin A., Nancy Eisenberg, and Richard A. Fabes. "The Relations of Children’s Situational Empathy-related Emotions to Dispositional Prosocial Behaviour." International Journal of Behavioral Development 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502598384568.
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Although empathy-related responding has frequently been associated with prosocial behaviour directed towards the target of an individual’s vicarious emotional responding, relations between dispositional prosocial behaviour and sympathy or personal distress have seldom been examined, particularly with a multimethod approach. Kindergarten to third-graders’ empathy-related responses to a ”lm were examined as predictors of dispositional prosocial behaviour as reported by teachers, parents, and peers. Teachers’ ratings of dispositional behaviour were related to children’s facial and skin conductance reactions to the ”lm. Parents’ and peers’ ratings of dispositional prosocial behaviour were infrequently associated with children’s empathy-related responding, although peer reports were positively related to heart rate acceleration for boys. Reasons for the differential patterns of relations for different reporters are considered.
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Strayer, Janet, and William Roberts. "Children’s Personal Distance and Their Empathy: Indices of Interpersonal Closeness." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 3 (April 1997): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385199.
Full textAbstract:
We examined relations between children’s preferred physical closeness with other persons and both their specific responsive empathy with these persons and their more general dispositional or trait empathy. Children ( N 73) in three age groups (5-, 9-, and 13-year-olds) viewed persons in videotaped vignettes, were interviewed for responsive empathy with these persons, and then placed photos of them on a grid at individually preferred distances relative to themselves. Dispositional empathy was assessed by questionnaire in a separate session. Older children placed vignette characters closer to themselves when they reported greater responsive empathy with them. There were substantial differences in responsive empathy across characters and situations, as would be expected: Adults who punished rarely elicited empathy, nor did a child who lied about another child. Consistent with the within-subjects analysis, vignette characters who elicited greater empathy also elicited closer personal distances. In both analyses (within-subjects and across vignette characters), strength of relation increased with age and was stronger for girls than boys. In contrast to responsive empathy, dispositional empathy was not significantly associated with closer personal distance, despite the significant correlation of the two empathy measures. Thus, it seems important to distinguish empathy that is responsive to particular persons and contexts from more general attitudes that may or may not generalise to specific contexts.