Journal articles: 'Emotional stroop'

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Schulte, Tilman, Eva M. Müller-Oehring, Edith V. Sullivan, and Adolf Pfefferbaum. "Disruption of Emotion and Conflict Processing in HIV Infection with and without Alcoholism Comorbidity." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2011): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711000348.

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AbstractAlcoholism and HIV-1 infection each affect components of selective attention and cognitive control that may contribute to deficits in emotion processing based on closely interacting fronto-parietal attention and frontal-subcortical emotion systems. Here, we investigated whether patients with alcoholism, HIV-1 infection, or both diseases have greater difficulty than healthy controls in resolving conflict from emotional words with different valences. Accordingly, patients with alcoholism (ALC, n = 20), HIV-1 infection (HIV, n = 20), ALC + HIV comorbidity (n = 22), and controls (CTL, n = 16) performed an emotional Stroop Match-to-Sample task, which assessed the contribution of emotion (happy, angry) to cognitive control (Stroop conflict processing). ALC + HIV showed greater Stroop effects than HIV, ALC, or CTL for negative (ANGRY) but not for positive (HAPPY) words, and also when the cue color did not match the Stroop stimulus color; the comorbid group performed similarly to the others when cue and word colors matched. Furthermore, emotionally salient face cues prolonged color-matching responses in all groups. HIV alone, compared with the other three groups, showed disproportionately slowed color-matching time when trials featured angry faces. The enhanced Stroop effects prominent in ALC + HIV suggest difficulty in exercising attentional top-down control on processes that consume attentional capacity, especially when cognitive effort is required to ignore negative emotions. (JINS, 2011, 17, 537–550)

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Imbir, Kamil K., and Maria T. Jarymowicz. "The Effect of Automatic vs. Reflective Emotions on Cognitive Control in Antisaccade Tasks and the Emotional Stroop Test." Polish Psychological Bulletin 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0016.

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Abstract The article presents two studies based on the assumption that the effectiveness of cognitive control depends on the subject’s type of emotional state. Inhibitory control is taken into account, as the basic determinant of the antisaccade reactions and the emotional Stroop effect. The studies deal with differentiation of emotions on the basis of their origin: automatic (due to primary affective reactions) vs. reflective (due to deliberative evaluation). According to the main assumption, automatic emotions are diffusive, and decrease the effectiveness of cognitive control. The hypothesis predicted that performance level of both the Antisaccade Task and the Emotional Stroop Test would be lower in the automaticemotion eliciting condition than in the reflective-emotion eliciting condition. In two experimental studies, positive and negative (automatic vs. reflective) emotions were elicited. The results support the predictions, regardless of the valence of emotions.

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Simon-Thomas, Emiliana R., Kemi O. Role, and Robert T. Knight. "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence of a Right Hemisphere Bias for the Influence of Negative Emotion on Higher Cognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 3 (March 2005): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053279504.

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We examined how responses to aversive pictures affected performance and stimulus-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during a demanding cognitive task. Numeric Stroop stimuli were briefly presented to either left or right visual hemifield (LVF and RVF, respectively) after a centrally presented aversive or neutral picture from the International Affective Picture System. Subjects indicated whether a quantity value from each Stroop stimulus matched the preceding Stroop stimulus while passively viewing the pictures. After aversive pictures, responses were more accurate for LVF Stroops and less accurate for RVF Stroops. Early-latency extrastriate attention-dependent visual ERPs were enhanced for LVF Stroops. The N2 ERP was enhanced for LVF Stroops over the right frontal and parietal scalp sites. Slow potentials (300–800 msec) recorded over the frontal and parietal regions showed enhanced picture related modulation and amplitude for LVF Stroops. These results suggest that emotional responses to aversive pictures selectively facilitated right hemisphere processing during higher cognitive task performance.

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Atkinson, Leslie, Eman Leung, Susan Goldberg, Diane Benoit, Lori Poulton, Natalie Myhal, Kirsten Blokland, and Sheila Kerr. "Attachment and selective attention: Disorganization and emotional Stroop reaction time." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000078.

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AbstractAlthough central to attachment theory, internal working models remain a useful heuristic in need of concretization. We compared the selective attention of organized and disorganized mothers using the emotional Stroop task. Both disorganized attachment and emotional Stroop response involve the coordination of strongly conflicting motivations under conditions of emotional arousal. Furthermore, much is known about the cognitive and neuromodulatory correlates of the Stroop that may inform attempts to substantiate the internal working model construct. We assessed 47 community mothers with the Adult Attachment Interview and the Working Model of the Child Interview in the third trimester of pregnancy. At 6 and 12 months postpartum, we assessed mothers with emotional Stroop tasks involving neutral, attachment, and emotion conditions. At 12 months, we observed their infants in the Strange Situation. Results showed that: disorganized attachment is related to relative Stroop reaction time, that is, unlike organized mothers, disorganized mothers respond to negative attachment/emotion stimuli more slowly than to neutral stimuli; relative speed of response is positively related to number of times the dyad was classified disorganized, and change in relative Stroop response time from 6 to 12 months is related to the match-mismatch status of mother and infant attachment classifications. We discuss implications in terms of automatic and controlled processing and, more specifically, cognitive threat tags, parallel distributed processing, and neuromodulation through norepenephrine and dopamine.

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Sideridis, Georgios D. "Assessing Cognitive Interference Using the Emotional Stroop Task in Students with and Without Attention Problems." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 2 (January 2009): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.99.

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The present study describes the Emotional Stroop Task as a means to assess cognitive interference triggered by emotional stimuli in elementary school students with and without attention problems. Using the Emotional Stroop Task in a computerized environment and employing samples of students with and without attention problems (111 without and 29 with attention problems), results indicated that prolonged latencies to stimuli with heavy emotional content related to their school experiences were predictive of students’ membership, after controlling for their gender and grade levels. These effects were independent of students’ processing ability as indicated by the lack of significant differences in reaction time to neutral stimuli. It is concluded that the Emotional Stroop Task can be used to assess cognitive interference in emotionally charged conditions across groups of students.

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Hopper, Lydia M., Matthias Allritz, Crystal L. Egelkamp, Sarah M. Huskisson, Sarah L. Jacobson, Jesse G. Leinwand, and Stephen R. Ross. "A Comparative Perspective on Three Primate Species’ Responses to a Pictorial Emotional Stroop Task." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030588.

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The Stroop effect describes interference in cognitive processing due to competing cognitive demands. Presenting emotionally laden stimuli creates similar Stroop-like effects that result from participants’ attention being drawn to distractor stimuli. Here, we adapted the methods of a pictorial Stroop study for use with chimpanzees (N = 6), gorillas (N = 7), and Japanese macaques (N = 6). We tested all subjects via touchscreens following the same protocol. Ten of the 19 subjects passed pre-test training. Subjects who reached criterion were then tested on a standard color-interference Stroop test, which revealed differential accuracy in the primates’ responses across conditions. Next, to test for an emotional Stroop effect, we presented subjects with photographs that were either positively valenced (a preferred food) or negatively valenced (snakes). In the emotional Stroop task, as predicted, the primates were less accurate in trials which presented emotionally laden stimuli as compared to control trials, but there were differences in the apes’ and monkeys’ response patterns. Furthermore, for both Stroop tests, while we found that subjects’ accuracy rates were reduced by test stimuli, in contrast to previous research, we found no difference across trial types in the subjects’ response latencies across conditions.

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Straub, Elisa Ruth, Constantin Schmidts, Wilfried Kunde, Jinhui Zhang, Andrea Kiesel, and David Dignath. "Limitations of cognitive control on emotional distraction – Congruency in the Color Stroop task does not modulate the Emotional Stroop effect." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (November 4, 2021): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-021-00935-4.

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AbstractEmotional information receives prioritized processing over concurrent cognitive processes. This can lead to distraction if emotional information has to be ignored. In the cognitive domain, mechanisms have been described that allow control of (cognitive) distractions. However, whether similar cognitive control mechanisms also can attenuate emotional distraction is an active area of research. This study asked whether cognitive control (triggered in the Color Stroop task) attenuates emotional distraction in the Emotional Stroop task. Theoretical accounts of cognitive control, and the Emotional Stroop task alike, predict such an interaction for tasks that employ the same relevant (e.g., color-naming) and irrelevant (e.g., word-reading) dimension. In an alternating-runs design with Color and Emotional Stroop tasks changing from trial to trial, we analyzed the impact of proactive and reactive cognitive control on Emotional Stroop effects. Four experiments manipulated predictability of congruency and emotional stimuli. Overall, results showed congruency effects in Color Stroop tasks and Emotional Stroop effects. Moreover, we found a spillover of congruency effects and emotional distraction to the other task, indicating that processes specific to one task impacted to the other task. However, Bayesian analyses and a mini-meta-analysis across experiments weigh against the predicted interaction between cognitive control and emotional distraction. The results point out limitations of cognitive control to block off emotional distraction, questioning views that assume a close interaction between cognitive control and emotional processing.

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Kappes, Cathleen, and Christina Bermeitinger. "The Emotional Stroop as an Emotion Regulation Task." Experimental Aging Research 42, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2016.1132890.

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Frings, Christian, Julia Englert, Dirk Wentura, and Christina Bermeitinger. "Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63, no. 1 (January 2010): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210903156594.

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Dunajska, Magdalena, Anna Szymanik, and Janusz Trempała. "Attentional bias and emotion in older adults: Age-related differences in responses to an emotional Stroop task." Polish Psychological Bulletin 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-012-0014-5.

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Attentional bias and emotion in older adults: Age-related differences in responses to an emotional Stroop task The purpose of the study was to examine whether older adults show an emotional interference effect in a Stroop task, and whether their RTs differ with regard to age, gender and tendencies of mood regulation (to improvement and/or deterioration). The sample consisted of 60 participants at the age from 65 to 85. Emotional version of Stroop task and the Mood Regulation Scales were used. The results showed no significant differences in RTs to emotional and neutral words. Unexpectedly, a speeding effect was observed with the age of women. It appeared also that the effect of mood regulation tendencies was not significant for RTs. The last two effects are not consistent with the literature on cognitive and emotional aging.

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Fisk, Gary D., and Steven J. Haase. "Classic Stroop Color Words Produce No Stroop Effect When the Display Characteristics Are Based Upon Emotional Stroop Studies With Subliminal Presentations." Psychological Reports 123, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 1207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294119843220.

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Two forms of the Stroop task have produced contradictory findings regarding unconscious perceptual processing. Emotional Stroop task studies with prime words presented at an objective threshold (i.e., subliminal) produce Stroop-like effects, but comparable studies conducted with classic Stroop stimuli do not produce Stroop effects. We tested the possibility that differences in the display appearance might explain this discrepancy. Color word prime stimuli from the traditional Stroop task were used with display characteristics based upon the emotional Stroop studies. There was a Stroop effect for the relatively long prime stimulus durations (59, 87, or 108 milliseconds) but not for the brief durations (18, 24, or 38 milliseconds). Accordingly, the discrepancy in research findings cannot be attributed to simple differences in display methodology. The failure to find strong evidence of unconscious perceptual processing is consistent with the negative findings from some emotional Stroop studies that use subliminal stimulus presentations.

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Scurtu, María Claudia, Vicente Manzano-Arrondo, and Juan Francisco Rodríguez Testal. "Stroop test software. The Tastiva proposal." Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v9i2.13209.

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There has been a great deal of research on emotional information processing within the field of clinical psychology. Many tests have been developed and the emotional Stroop test is one of the most used. However, some versions of the Stroop test have methodological issues when used to study word-colour interferences, especially when the words are emotionally charged. We present a computer-assisted version of the emotional Stroop test called Tastiva, which is highly versatile, useful, and accessible, in addition to being easy to use and widely applicable. The Tastiva software and User Manual is available on the University of Seville website: http://grupo.us.es/recursos/Tastiva/index.htm. We also present a case study using neutral and sexual content words, in which the program calculates the word exposure time by analysing the behaviour of the respondent. One of its novel contributions is the graphic presentation of meas-ures: response time, errors, and non-response to stimuli.

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Shibasaki, Masahiro, Tomoko Isomura, and Nobuo Masataka. "Viewing images of snakes accelerates making judgements of their colour in humans: red snake effect as an instance of ‘emotional Stroop facilitation’." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 3 (November 2014): 140066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140066.

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One of the most prevalent current psychobiological notions about human behaviour and emotion suggests that prioritization of threatening stimuli processing induces deleterious effects on task performance. In order to confirm its relevancy, 108 adults and 25 children were required to name the colour of images of snakes and flowers, using the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. When reaction time to answer the colour of each stimulus was measured, its value was found to decrease when snake images were presented when compared with when flower images were presented. Thus, contrary to the expectation from previous emotional Stroop paradigm research, emotions evoked by viewing images of snakes as a biologically relevant threatening stimulus were found to be likely to exert a facilitating rather than interfering effect on making judgements of their colour.

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Ishio, Atsuko. "Stroop interference in an emotional task." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 3EV—1–042–3EV—1–042. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_3ev-1-042.

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Williams, J. Mark G., Andrew Mathews, and Colin MacLeod. "The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology." Psychological Bulletin 120, no. 1 (July 1996): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3.

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French, Christopher C., Anne Richards, and Emma J. C. Scholfield. "Hypomania, anxiety and the emotional Stroop." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 35, no. 4 (November 1996): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01217.x.

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Hill, A. B., and T. H. Knowles. "Depression and the ‘emotional’ stroop effect." Personality and Individual Differences 12, no. 5 (January 1991): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90066-k.

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Demily, C., N. Attala, G. Fouldrin, V. Czernecki, J. F. Ménard, S. Lamy, B. Dubois, and F. Thibaut. "The Emotional Stroop task: A comparison between schizophrenic subjects and controls." European Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (March 2010): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.02.003.

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AbstractThe colour-word Emotional Stroop task (ES task) has been proposed to assess the interferences between emotion and attention. Using this task, first, we examined how attention (using reaction times) can be modified by emotionally relevant words in schizophrenics as compared with controls as a function of the emotional significance of the word; second, we tested the assumption that schizophrenics with the most negative symptoms will show higher impairment in relationship to negative emotional words. In general, schizophrenics were slower to react. In both groups, mean reaction times were slower for emotional as compared with neutral words. No significant differences were observed between negative and positive words either in schizophrenics (n = 21) or in controls (n = 20). Even in the most negative schizophrenic patients, there were no differences between negative and positive words. There were no significant interactions between type of stimulus and any clinical variables (PANSS negative or non negative categorization, etc.). Also, there were no statistically significant correlations between reaction times and neuroleptic dosage or anhedonia scores. In conclusion, schizophrenia patients showed the same degree of interference from emotional words as compared with controls. Moreover, patients with a higher level of negative symptoms did not differently experience positive and negative words.

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Thompson, Nicholas M., Carien M. van Reekum, and Bhismadev Chakrabarti. "Cognitive and Affective Empathy Relate Differentially to Emotion Regulation." Affective Science 3, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00062-w.

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AbstractThe constructs of empathy (i.e., understanding and/or sharing another’s emotion) and emotion regulation (i.e., the processes by which one manages emotions) have largely been studied in relative isolation of one another. To better understand the interrelationships between their various component processes, this manuscript reports two studies that examined the relationship between empathy and emotion regulation using a combination of self-report and task measures. In study 1 (N = 137), trait cognitive empathy and affective empathy were found to share divergent relationships with self-reported emotion dysregulation. Trait emotion dysregulation was negatively related to cognitive empathy but did not show a significant relationship with affective empathy. In the second study (N = 92), the magnitude of emotion interference effects (i.e., the extent to which inhibitory control was impacted by emotional relative to neutral stimuli) in variants of a Go/NoGo and Stroop task were used as proxy measures of implicit emotion regulation abilities. Trait cognitive and affective empathy were differentially related to both task metrics. Higher affective empathy was associated with increased emotional interference in the Emotional Go/NoGo task; no such relationship was observed for trait cognitive empathy. In the Emotional Stroop task, higher cognitive empathy was associated with reduced emotional interference; no such relationship was observed for affective empathy. Together, these studies demonstrate that greater cognitive empathy was broadly associated with improved emotion regulation abilities, while greater affective empathy was typically associated with increased difficulties with emotion regulation. These findings point to the need for assessing the different components of empathy in psychopathological conditions marked by difficulties in emotion regulation.

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Pereira, H., and G. Esgalhado. "The emotional stroop test for screening of suicide risk." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1809.

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IntroductionSuicide is problematic today, being one of the most potentially fatal psychological phenomena, so it is important to assess thinking about suicide or suicidal ideation.ObjectivesIn this study we aim to develop methodological procedures, in order to understand if the emotional stroop test for screening of suicide risk is a good measure of suicidal ideation.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried-out among a convenience sample of 100 subjects. The data collection was done using a socio-demographic questionnaire, the emotional stroop test for screening of suicide risk, the suicidal ideation questionnaire and the beck depression inventory.ResultsRegarding the degree of association between the score of interference of the emotional stroop test and level of suicidal ideation there is a strong negative correlation and statistically significant. There are statistically significant differences in the scores on the three sheets of emotional stroop test between subjects with high suicidal ideation and low suicidal ideation. Attention is impaired in the group with suicidal ideation.ConclusionsThe emotional stroop test for screening of suicide risk is a useful, rapid and simple assessment tool that can to be used to detect symptoms of suicidal ideation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Zurrón, Montserrat, Marta Ramos-Goicoa, and Fernando Díaz. "Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop." Journal of Psychophysiology 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000100.

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With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

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Thomas, Justin, Carol Campbell, Belkeis Altareb, and Ahmed Yousif. "Emotional Stroop Interference for Depression-Related Stimuli in a United Arab Emirates Student Population." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.597.

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A bilingual Arabic-speaking student population performed an emotional Stroop task designed to assess the interference effects of depressive stimuli. The aim was to replicate the findings of previous studies with English-speaking participants in which slower color-naming responses were reported for depression-related stimuli, with speed negatively correlated with increasing levels of depressive symptomatology. We used repeated measures design measuring any slowing of naming for the emotional words, while Pearson's r was used to explore the relationship between emotional Stroop performance decrease and extent of depressive symptoms. University students (N = 261) completed a computerized, Arabic-language version of the emotional Stroop task, along with a questionnaire (the Beck Depression Inventory) measure of depressive symptoms. The response time differential for depression related (RT depressive – RT normal), but not neutral (RT neutral – RT normal), words were positively correlated with depressive symptom scores. The findings were consistent with studies reporting mood-congruent information processing biases in English-speaking populations. The emotional Stroop task may prove useful as a culturally-neutral adjunct in the implicit assessment of depressive symptoms or vulnerabilities.

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Franken, Ingmar H. A., Liselotte Gootjes, and Jan W. van Strien. "Automatic processing of emotional words during an emotional Stroop task." NeuroReport 20, no. 8 (May 2009): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832b02fe.

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Lin, Yi, Hongwei Ding, and Yang Zhang. "Prosody Dominates Over Semantics in Emotion Word Processing: Evidence From Cross-Channel and Cross-Modal Stroop Effects." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 896–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00258.

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Purpose Emotional speech communication involves multisensory integration of linguistic (e.g., semantic content) and paralinguistic (e.g., prosody and facial expressions) messages. Previous studies on linguistic versus paralinguistic salience effects in emotional speech processing have produced inconsistent findings. In this study, we investigated the relative perceptual saliency of emotion cues in cross-channel auditory alone task (i.e., semantics–prosody Stroop task) and cross-modal audiovisual task (i.e., semantics–prosody–face Stroop task). Method Thirty normal Chinese adults participated in two Stroop experiments with spoken emotion adjectives in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 manipulated auditory pairing of emotional prosody (happy or sad) and lexical semantic content in congruent and incongruent conditions. Experiment 2 extended the protocol to cross-modal integration by introducing visual facial expression during auditory stimulus presentation. Participants were asked to judge emotional information for each test trial according to the instruction of selective attention. Results Accuracy and reaction time data indicated that, despite an increase in cognitive demand and task complexity in Experiment 2, prosody was consistently more salient than semantic content for emotion word processing and did not take precedence over facial expression. While congruent stimuli enhanced performance in both experiments, the facilitatory effect was smaller in Experiment 2. Conclusion Together, the results demonstrate the salient role of paralinguistic prosodic cues in emotion word processing and congruence facilitation effect in multisensory integration. Our study contributes tonal language data on how linguistic and paralinguistic messages converge in multisensory speech processing and lays a foundation for further exploring the brain mechanisms of cross-channel/modal emotion integration with potential clinical applications.

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Kutsenko, T. "Influence of cognitive load on the expression of the emotional stroop effect." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 80, no. 1 (2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2020.80.30-34.

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The Emotional Stroop Effect (ESE) is the result of a greater delay in naming colors of written emotional words than colors of written neutral words, because of shifting attention to emotionally meaningful information. ESE is mainly used in psychopathology surveys, but its application is also promising for solving applied psychophysiological problems, from professional screening and neuromarketing to detecting lies and detecting threats from emotionally unstable individuals. Because the ESE is sensitive to testing conditions, various modifications to the Emotional Stroop Test (EST) have been investigated. Within the subtests, neutral and emotional (negatively coloured) words were presented. The inclusion of distractors in subtests (target words, names of plants and animals that were not required to be answered by keystrokes) complicates the task, which manifests itself in a considerable extension of the reaction time. When performing a task with significant cognitive load, the left hand responds to emotional stimuli longer than the right. The results obtained may indicate the formation of a special system for processing emotional information in the right hemisphere, while the left hemisphere focuses on the cognitive task. It is likely that in the case of increased cognitive load, the subsystems for processing emotional and cognitive information operate relatively autonomously, inter-hemispheric interaction is enhanced, and functional asymmetry is reduced. As cognitive pressure decreases, functional asymmetry is likely to increase inter-hemispheric interaction, and ESE is not detected. The obtained values of latent periods of reaction to emotionally significant and neutral stimuli can be used to develop scales and criteria for evaluating a person's emotional reactions when it is needed.

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Mannie, Zola N., Ray Norbury, Susannah E. Murphy, Becky Inkster, Catherine J. Harmer, and Philip J. Cowen. "Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 5 (May 2008): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043398.

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BackgroundWe previously found that children of parents with depression showed impaired performance on a task of emotional categorisation.AimsTo test the hypothesis that children of parents with depression would show abnormal neural responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in the integration of emotional and cognitive information.MethodEighteen young people (mean age 19.8 years) with no personal history of depression but with a biological parent with a history of major depression (FH+ participants) and 16 controls (mean age 19.9 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an emotional counting Stroop task.ResultsControls showed significant activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to both positive and negative words during the emotional Stroop task. This activation was absent in FH+ participants.ConclusionsOur findings show that people at increased familial risk of depression demonstrate impaired modulation of the anterior cingulate cortex in response to emotionally valenced stimuli.

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González Díez, Sonia, Antonio Sánchez Cabaco, Mª Cruz Pérez Lancho, Sarai Mata Gil, and Luz Mª Fernández Mateos. "EVALUACIÓN DE SESGOS ATENCIONALES EN SUJETOS CON ALTA VULNERABILIAD A LA ARACNOFOBIA MEDIANTE UNA TAREA STROOP EMOCIONAL." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 2, no. 1 (September 18, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v2.422.

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Abstract:EVALUATION OF ATTENTIONAL BIASES OF SUBJECTS WITH HIGH VULNERABILITY TO ARACHNOPHOBIA USING A EMOTIONAL STROOP TASKThe present study aims to analyze attentional biases that are triggered in vulnerable subjects to phobias of spiders. A sample of subjects with high and low vulnerability to arachnophobia were administered two tests: 1 - classic Stroop task and 2 - emotional Stroop task formed by three sheets: neutral words, repulsive emotional words and words related to spider phobia. The results showed that subjects with high vulnerability do not present attentional biases with these words related to their phobia. Attentional biases were neither found regarding the state-trait anxiety about words. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that the attentional bias was not influenced by the variable of sex, although there were differences in the colour in which the stimuli were presented in the three sheets of the emotional Stroop. It was the black colour the one which produced more interference due to the fact that the colour of the stimulus would attract more attentional resources because it resembles the colour of some of these insects.Key words: emotional Stroop, aracnofobia, attentional bias, words-spiderResumen:El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los sesgos atencionales que se desencadenan en sujetos vulnerables a mostrar fobia a las arañas. A una muestra de sujetos con alta y baja vulnerabilidad a la aracnofobia se le administraron dos pruebas: 1- Tarea Stroop clásico y 2- Tarea Stroop emocional formada por tres láminas: palabras neutras, palabras emocionales de carácter aversivo y palabras relacionadas con fobia a las arañas. Los resultados demostraron que los sujetos con alta vulnerabilidad no presentan sesgos atencionales para palabras relacionadas con su fobia. Tampoco se encontraron sesgos en atención en ansiedad rasgo-estado respecto a palabras. Por otro lado, cabe destacar que el sesgo atencional no se vio influenciado por la variable sexo de la muestra, aunque se produjeron diferencias respecto al color en que se presentaron los estímulos en las tres láminas del Stroop emocional, siendo el color negro el que produciría más interferencia debido que el color del estímulo atraería más recursos atencionales ya que se asemeja a la característica perceptiva del color negro de alguno de estos insectos.Palabras clave: stroop emocional, aracnofobia, atención selectiva, palabras-araña

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ISAGAWA, Yuko, Tetsuro MINO, and Koichi YOKOI. "Emotional Stroop Task Performance of Depressed Participants." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 1AM080. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_1am080.

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Bentall, Richard P., and Michelle Thompson. "Emotional Stroop performance and the manic defence." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 29, no. 2 (May 1990): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00877.x.

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Becker, Eni S., Mike Rinck, Jürgen Margraf, and Walton T. Roth. "The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 15, no. 3 (May 2001): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00055-x.

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Phillips, Laura K., Patricia J. Deldin, Martina M. Voglmaier, and Sarah Rabbitt. "Emotional Stroop performance predicts disorganization in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 77, no. 2-3 (September 2005): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.009.

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Hart, SJ, SR Green, M. Casp, and A. Belger. "Emotional Priming Effects during Stroop Task Performance." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72097-x.

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Hart, Sarah J., Steven R. Green, Michael Casp, and Aysenil Belger. "Emotional priming effects during Stroop task performance." NeuroImage 49, no. 3 (February 2010): 2662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.076.

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Yaguchi, Yukiyasu. "The emotional Stroop effect of the onomatopoeia." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 3EV—072–3EV—072. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_3ev-072.

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WON, Sung-Yoon, and Dong-Eun LEE. "Effects of Chewing Gum Stimuli on General and Emotional Stroop Test." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 9, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.9.2.11.

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The aim of this study was to determine whether chewing gum affects cognitive function and stress relief. Sixty volunteers (mean age 23.3±3.01 years) without general or neuropsychiatric disease were recruited, and Stroop tests and stress surveys were conducted. Volunteers were administered performed a General and Emotional Stroop test with and without chewing gum, and the response time was recorded. The response time after chewing gum was significantly faster while conducting the General Stroop test. Stimulation of chewing gum may increase blood flow to the brain, which results in increased cognitive function. The response time was longer in the incongruent stimuli test compared to the congruent stimuli test, due to the effect of Stroop interference. However, when the chewing gum stimulus was introduced, the possibility of effectively reducing this effect. Stress index and response time of negative stimuli test showed weak positive correlation. This study suggests that chewing gum may play a positive role in increasing cognitive function and relieving stress.

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Schirmer, Annett, and Sonja A. Kotz. "ERP Evidence for a Sex-Specific Stroop Effect in Emotional Speech." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 1135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903322598102.

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The present study investigated the interaction of emotional prosody and word valence during emotional comprehension in men and women. In a prosody-word interference task, participants listened to positive, neutral, and negative words that were spoken with a happy, neutral, and angry prosody. Participants were asked to rate word valence while ignoring emotional prosody, or vice versa. Congruent stimuli were responded faster and more accurately as compared to incongruent emotional stimuli. This behavioral effect was more salient for the word valence task than for the prosodic task and was comparable between men and women. The event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed a smaller N400 amplitude for congruent as compared to emotionally incongruent stimuli. This ERP effect, however, was significant only for the word valence judgment and only for female listeners. The present data suggest that the word valence judgment was more difficult and more easily influenced by task-irrelevant emotional information than the prosodic task in both men and women. Furthermore, although emotional prosody and word valence may have a similar influence on an emotional judgment in both sexes, ERPs indicate sex differences in the underlying processing. Women, but not men, show an interaction between prosody and word valence during a semantic processing stage.

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Liu, Xingyu, Yisheng Yang, Songxiu Jiang, and Jie Li. "The facilitating effect of positive emotions during an emotional Stroop task." NeuroReport 29, no. 11 (August 2018): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000001048.

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du Rocher, Andrew R., and Alan D. Pickering. "Trait anxiety, infrequent emotional conflict, and the emotional face Stroop task." Personality and Individual Differences 111 (June 2017): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.017.

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Thomaes, K., E. Dorrepaal, N. Draijer, M. B. de Ruiter, B. M. Elzinga, A. J. van Balkom, J. H. Smit, and D. J. Veltman. "Treatment effects on insular and anterior cingulate cortex activation during classic and emotional Stroop interference in child abuse-related complex post-traumatic stress disorder." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 11 (March 22, 2012): 2337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000499.

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BackgroundFunctional neuroimaging studies have shown increased Stroop interference coupled with altered anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula activation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These brain areas are associated with error detection and emotional arousal. There is some evidence that treatment can normalize these activation patterns.MethodAt baseline, we compared classic and emotional Stroop performance and blood oxygenation level-dependent responses (functional magnetic resonance imaging) of 29 child abuse-related complex PTSD patients with 22 non-trauma-exposed healthy controls. In 16 of these patients, we studied treatment effects of psycho-educational and cognitive behavioural stabilizing group treatment (experimental treatment; EXP) added to treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU only, and correlations with clinical improvement.ResultsAt baseline, complex PTSD patients showed a trend for increased left anterior insula and dorsal ACC activation in the classic Stroop task. Only EXP patients showed decreased dorsal ACC and left anterior insula activation after treatment. In the emotional Stroop contrasts, clinical improvement was associated with decreased dorsal ACC activation and decreased left anterior insula activation.ConclusionsWe found further evidence that successful treatment in child abuse-related complex PTSD is associated with functional changes in the ACC and insula, which may be due to improved selective attention and lower emotional arousal, indicating greater cognitive control over PTSD symptoms.

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Grabovac, Beáta, and Csaba Pléh. "Processing of the emotional value of words in an emotional stroop task by late Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 69, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.69.2014.4.5.

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Az érzelmi információ feldolgozása kétnyelvűeknél az utóbbi években több kutatás fókuszpontjává vált. A vizsgált csoportok között vannak korai és kései kétnyelvűek is, a nyelvi dominancia és a nyelvek kombinációi is variálódnak. A kognitív nézőpont képviselői sok esetben a kétnyelvűek végrehajtó funkcióira helyezik a hangsúlyt és ez a trend megfigyelhető az affektív információ feldolgozásában is, amit a végrehajtó funkciókat affektív szinten mérő feladatok megjelenése jelez.Kutatásunk célja az volt, hogy megvizsgáljuk, mennyire dolgozzák fel az érzelmi információt Stroop-feladatban magyar-szerb kései kétnyelvűek a magyar és a szerb nyelvben. Az érzelmi információ a feladat szintjén irreleváns disztraktorként volt jelen.Eredményeink szerint a második nyelvet alacsonyabb szinten ismerő személyeknél nyelvtől függetlenül megjelenik az érzelmi Stroop-hatás, a negatív információ lassúbb feldolgozása a semlegessel szemben, valamint a nyelvi dominancia is kirajzolódik az anyanyelvi gyorsabb válaszadáson keresztül.

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Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., S. C. R. Williams, N. D. Walsh, A. J. Cleare, C. Donaldson, J. Scott, and C. H. Y. Fu. "Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 2 (September 10, 2007): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001523.

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BackgroundA mood-congruent sensitivity towards negative stimuli has been associated with development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). The emotional Stroop task assesses interference effects arising from the conflict of emotional expressions consistent with disorder-specific self-schemata and cognitive colour-naming instructions. Functional neuroimaging studies of the emotional Stroop effect advocate a critical involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during these processes.MethodSubjects were 17 medication-free individuals with unipolar MDD in an acute depressive episode (mean age 39 years), and 17 age-, gender- and IQ-matched healthy volunteers. In an emotional Stroop task, sad and neutral words were presented in various colours, and subjects were required to name the colour of words whilst undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Overt verbal responses were acquired with a clustered fMRI acquisition sequence.ResultsIndividuals with depression showed greater increases in response time from neutral to sad words relative to controls. fMRI data showed a significant engagement of left rostral ACC (BA 32) and right precuneus during sad words in patients relative to controls. Additionally, rostral ACC activation was positively correlated with latencies of negative words in MDD patients. Healthy controls did not have any regions of increased activation compared to MDD patients.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence for a behavioural and neural emotional Stroop effect in MDD and highlight the importance of the ACC during monitoring of conflicting cognitive processes and mood-congruent processing in depression.

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Yoon, Hoi Jin, and Myoung-Ho Hyun. "The Effect of Directed Avoidance on Impulsive Behaviors among Individuals with Traits of Borderline Personality Disorder." STRESS 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.4.260.

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Background: This study aims to examine the emotion regulation effect of directed avoidance on the impulsive behavior of individuals with traits of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Methods: A total of 44 participants with BPD traits were randomly assigned to the control group (n=22) and treatment group (n=22). Participants in the treatment group were directed to use avoidance when they experienced a negative emotion. Positive and negative emotions and impulsivity were measured before and after the negative emotion was induced; impulsivity was measured using the Stroop test and Contingency Delay task. Results: The Stroop test’s results demonstrated that there was a significant interaction effect of time and error between the groups, specifically, impulsivity increased in the control group when negative emotions were induced. However, the results of Contingency Delay task were marginally significant. The main effect of directed avoidance on discount rate k slightly increased but did not reach a significant level, and the interaction effect between the groups and time was not found. In the control group, discount rate k significantly increased after directed avoidance was induced; however, it was not significant in the treatment group. Conclusions: Findings from our study supported the effect of directed avoidance could be used as an emotional regulation method among individuals with traits of BPD, such as controlling impulsive behaviors. Finally, limitations of this study and implications of the short-term intervention method using the immediate emotional control effect of directed avoidance for the future are discussed.

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Cannon, Brooke J. "An Emotional Stroop Effect to Malingering Related Words." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 3 (June 2003): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3.827.

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Nortje, Charl, Le Roux Van Der Westhuizen, André T. Möller, and Bianca Y. Oellermann. "Expertise and Performance on the Emotional Stroop Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 88, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.88.3c.1361.

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Mathews, Andrew, and Shannon Sebastian. "Suppression of emotional stroop effects by fear-arousal." Cognition and Emotion 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939308409203.

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Phaf, R. Hans, and Kees-Jan Kan. "The automaticity of emotional Stroop: A meta-analysis." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 38, no. 2 (June 2007): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.008.

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Thomas, Susan J., Stuart J. Johnstone, and Craig J. Gonsalvez. "Event-related potentials during an emotional Stroop task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 63, no. 3 (March 2007): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.10.002.

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Pérez Lancho, Cruz, Antonio Sánchez Cabaco, Sonia González Díaz, Luz María Fernández Mateos, and Sarai Mata Gil. "EL PARADIGMA STROOP EMOCIONAL EN EL ESTUDIO DEL PROCESAMIENTO COGNITIVO DE LA CONTRAPUBLICIDAD DEL TABACO." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.406.

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Abstract:THE EMOTIONAL STROOP PARADIGM IN THE STUDY OF TOBACCO COUNTERPUBLICITY COGNITIVE PROCESSINGThe aim of this work is to analyze the attentional and mnesic processing of words related to smoking and health using the emotional stroop paradigm and a bigram completing task. A modified stroop task consisting of three types of words: neutral, smoking related words and health related words extracted from health warnings messages presented in smoking publicity, was given to a sample integrated by smokers, non-smokers and former-smokers. The individuals performed then an implicit memory task. The results obtained indicated that the health related words are not preferentially attended by the smokers. However, they complete more bigrams with tobacco words than the other groups. The relevance of this memory bias in the context of smoking counterpublicity and of stop-smoking therapy is discussed.Keywords: emotional stroop paradigm, implicit memory, health warnings, smokers.Resumen:Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el procesamiento atencional y mnésico de palabras relacionadas con el tabaco y con la salud utilizando el paradigma stroop emocional y una tarea de completar bigramas. A una muestra formada por fumadores, no fumadores y exfumadores se administró una tarea stroop modificada compuesta por tres tipos de palabras: neutras, palabras relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco y palabras relacionadas con la salud, extraídas de los mensajes de advertencia sanitaria que aparecen en la publicidad del tabaco. Posteriormente se aplicó una prueba de memoria implícita. Los resultados mostraron que las palabras relacionadas con los riesgos del tabaco para la salud no son atendidas de forma preferente por los fumadores y sin embargo completan más bigramas con palabras tabaco que el resto de los grupos. Se discute la relevancia de este estudio en el ámbito de la contrapublicidad y en las terapias de deshabituación del tabaco.Palabras clave: paradigma stroop emocional, memoria implícita, advertencias sanitarias, fumadores.

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Zhang, Huan, Xingli Zhang, Xiping Liu, Haibo Yang, and Jiannong Shi. "Inhibitory Process of Collaborative Inhibition: Assessment Using an Emotional Stroop Task." Psychological Reports 123, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 300–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118805007.

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This study investigated the inhibitory process of collaborative inhibition. An emotional Stroop task was manipulated three times after a group-recall task across three experiments. The results showed that, when participants performed an emotional Stroop task immediately after a group-recall task (Experiment 1) or between two subsequent individual-recall tasks after a group-recall task (Experiment 3), they were able to discriminate color information relating to studied but nonrecalled emotional stimuli more rapidly in the collaborative-recall condition than in the nominal-recall condition. This indicated that participants experienced a stronger inhibition effect in the former condition. However, when the emotional Stroop task was performed after the final individual-recall task (Experiment 2), there were no differences in discrimination between the conditions. These results suggest that the inhibition effect occurs immediately after the group-recall phase and lasts until the final individual-recall task is completed (4 minutes or longer in Experiment 3). It is therefore possible to discuss retrieval inhibition as an underlying mechanism of collaborative inhibition.

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Wang, Enguo, Li Tian, and Wang Chao. "The Influence of Explicit Emotional Information on the Inhibition Process of Deceptive Response: Evidence from ERP." International Journal on Engineering, Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonest.38.

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Deceptive response may be influenced by the individual’s internal emotional experience and external emotional information. Deception can bring nervous, fearful or even emotional experiences to the deceiver. The emotional experience can also affect deceptive behavior. Based on previous studies, this paper used facial expressions as a stimulus material, combined with explicit tasks, to study the impact of emotional information on the inhibition process of deceptive responses. The experiment adopted the emotional Stroop paradigm, used event-related potential to discuss the neural mechanism of the influence of explicit emotional information on deception. In the explicit task, it was found that high intensity triggered greater P300 amplitudes, high-intensity negative emotions triggered greater LPC amplitudes, and deceptive responses triggered greater N200, P300 and LPC amplitudes. These results show that in the explicit tasks, the impact of emotional information on fraudulent responses runs through the three stages of executive function. This is, inhibition stage, conflict and reaction monitoring stage and implementation stage. This study also found that negative emotion information had greater influence on deceptive response in explicit tasks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Emotional stroop'

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