Journal articles on the topic 'Emotional contagion'
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Wróbel, Monika, and Michał Olszanowski. "Emotional reactions to dynamic morphed facial expressions: A new method to induce emotional contagion." Roczniki Psychologiczne 22, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2019.22.1-6.
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In the current study, we tested the utility of a new method developed to study emotional contagion (i.e., the transfer of emotional states between people). Inspired by studies on emotional mimicry – a process that has been postulated as one of the main mechanisms leading to emotional contagion, we created a set of videos showing morphed facial expressions of happiness, sadness, and anger. Following exposure to each video, participants rated their emotions. Our findings demonstrated that the videos evoked congruent emotions in viewers, thereby supporting the notion that dynamic morphed facial expressions may be effective “emotionally contagious” stimuli. Additionally, in line with the previous studies and classic theories of emotional contagion, the displays of anger evoked a complementary reaction of fear.
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Zhang, Yu-Heng, Xi Wang, Meng-Meng Chen, Yi-Mei Tai, and Jin-Hua Li. "“Emotional Proximity” and “Spatial Proximity”: Higher Relationship Quality and Nearer Distance Both Strengthen Scratch Contagion in Tibetan Macaques." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162151.
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Behavioral contagion has been defined as a phenomenon in which an unlearned behavior automatically triggers a similar behavior in others. Previous studies showed that a behavioral contagion might have the function of strengthening social relationships, promoting group coordination and maintaining social cohesion. However, so far, there are few studies investigating the correlation between contagious scratching and social bonding. Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) live in multi-male and multi-female cohesive matrilineal groups, and scratching is usually observed in their affiliated interactions. We investigated the process of scratch contagion in one group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques and explored whether behavioral contagion could consolidate social relationships and maintain social stability. Results showed that the scratching was contagious and correlated with relationship quality and spatial distance. In dyads with a higher Dyadic Composite Sociality Index (DSI), the contagion was strong. In addition, contagions occurred more frequently and faster among individuals nearer to each other. In terms of social groups, members with higher social centrality participated in more behavioral contagion, whether as expressers or observers. Our findings provide new perspectives for studying behavioral contagions in humans and animals.
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Doherty, R. William, Lisa Orimoto, Theodore M. Singelis, Elaine Hatfield, and Janine Hebb. "Emotional Contagion." Psychology of Women Quarterly 19, no. 3 (September 1995): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00080.x.
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Theorists have proposed that men and women and those in various occupational groups should differ in their susceptibility to primitive emotional contagion. Study 1 was designed to explore the extent to which gender and occupation affected respondents’ self-reports of emotional contagion, as measured by the Emotional Contagion (EC) scale. As predicted, women in a variety of occupations secured higher total EC scores than did men. Study 2 was designed to determine the extent to which gender affected self-reports of emotional contagion (again as measured by the EC scale) and actual responsiveness to others’ emotions. As predicted, women received higher EC scores, reported sharing the targets’ emotions to a greater extent, and were rated by judges as displaying more emotional contagion than did men.
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Tang, Jingyun, Guang Yu, and Xiaoxu Yao. "Emotional Contagion in the Online Depression Community." Healthcare 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121609.
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Negative emotions are prevalent in the online depression community (ODC), which potentially puts members at risk, according to the theory of emotional contagion. However, emotional contagion in the ODC has not been confirmed. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to verify the extent of emotional contagion using data from 1548 sample users in China’s popular ODC. During interaction, the emotional themes were analyzed according to language use. The diurnal patterns of the interaction behaviors were also analyzed. We identified the susceptible groups and analyzed their characteristics. The results confirmed the occurrence of emotional contagion in ODC, that is, the extent to which the user’s emotion was affected by the received emotion. Our study also found that when positive emotional contagion occurred, the replies contained more hopefulness, and when negative emotional contagion occurred, the replies contained more hopelessness and fear. Second, positive emotions were easier to spread, and people with higher activity in ODC were more susceptible. In addition, nighttime was an active period for user interaction. The results can help community managers and support groups take measures to promote the spread of positive emotions and reduce the spread of negative emotions.
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Liu, Xiao-Yu, Nai-Wen Chi, and Dwayne D. Gremler. "Emotion Cycles in Services: Emotional Contagion and Emotional Labor Effects." Journal of Service Research 22, no. 3 (March 17, 2019): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670519835309.
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Service organizations encourage employees to express positive emotions in service encounters, in the hope that customers “catch” these emotions and react positively. Yet customer and employee emotions could be mutually influential. To understand emotional exchanges in service encounters and their influences on customer outcomes, the current study models the interplay of emotional contagion and emotional labor, as well as their influence on customer satisfaction. Employees might catch customers’ emotions and transmit those emotions back to customers through emotional contagion, and employee emotional labor likely influences this cycle by modifying the extent to which emotional contagion occurs. Data from 268 customer-employee dyads, gathered from a large chain of foot massage parlors, confirm the existence of an emotion cycle. Deep acting, as one type of emotional labor used by employees, hinders the transmission of negative emotions to customers, whereas surface acting facilitates it. Both customer emotions and employee emotional labor thus have critical influences on service encounters. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the potential influence of customer preservice emotions and the presence of an emotion cycle during service delivery.
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Hatfield, Elaine, John T. Cacioppo, and Richard L. Rapson. "Emotional Contagion." Current Directions in Psychological Science 2, no. 3 (June 1993): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953.
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Du, Jiangang, Mengya Yang, and Jianhua Liu. "Flow effect and resonance effect: group emotional contagion in service failure encounters." Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science 2, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcmars-01-2019-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the two effects (flow effect and resonance effect) during a group complaint based on the emotional contagion theory. Design/methodology/approach This study uses an experimental research design in which participants’ negative emotions dynamically change driven by group emotional interactions when they are experiencing a group complaint. Findings Flow effect and resonance effect can occur during the process of group emotional contagion. Specifically, when group customers’ negative emotional similarity is low in a group complaint, group emotional contagion leads to flow effect (i.e. negative emotions flow from customers with higher levels of negative emotions to those with lower levels of negative emotions). By contrast, when group customers’ negative emotional similarity is high in a group complaint, group emotional contagion leads to resonance effect (i.e. group customers’ negative emotions increase significantly). Originality/value Most of the previous research studies the process of emotional contagion from one with higher levels of emotional displays to the other with lower levels of emotional displays, which is named as the “flow effect” of emotional contagion. However, when two individuals with the same levels of negative emotional displays interact with each other, the flow effect of emotional contagion is very likely not to occur. It is interesting to find that both individuals’ negative emotions increase significantly during the process of emotional contagion. The authors propose the “resonance effect” of emotional contagion to explain this phenomenon.
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Rhee, Seung-Yoon, Hyewon Park, and Jonghoon Bae. "Network Structure of Affective Communication and Shared Emotion in Teams." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10100159.
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This paper identifies the relative effectiveness of two mechanisms of emotional contagion on shared emotion in teams: explicit mechanism (active spreading of one’s emotion) and implicit mechanism (passive mimicry of others’ emotion). Using social network analysis, this paper analyzes affective communication networks involving or excluding a focal person in the process of emotional contagion by disaggregating team emotional contagion into individual acts of sending or receiving emotion-laden responses. Through an experiment with 38 pre-existing work teams, including undergraduate or MBA project teams and teams of student club or co-op officers, we found that the explicit emotional contagion mechanism was a more stable channel for emotional contagion than the implicit emotional contagion mechanism. Active participation in affective communication, measured by outdegree centrality in affective communication networks, was positively and significantly associated with emotional contagion with other members. In contrast, a team member’s passive observation of humor, measured by ego network density, led to emotional divergence when all other members engaged in humor communication. Our study sheds light on the micro-level process of emotional contagion. The individual-level process of emotional convergence varies with the relational pattern of affective networks, and emotion contagion in teams depends on the interplay of the active expresser and the passive spectator in affective networks.
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Briefer, Elodie F. "Vocal contagion of emotions in non-human animals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1873 (February 28, 2018): 20172783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2783.
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Communicating emotions to conspecifics (emotion expression) allows the regulation of social interactions (e.g. approach and avoidance). Moreover, when emotions are transmitted from one individual to the next, leading to state matching (emotional contagion), information transfer and coordination between group members are facilitated. Despite the high potential for vocalizations to influence the affective state of surrounding individuals, vocal contagion of emotions has been largely unexplored in non-human animals. In this paper, I review the evidence for discrimination of vocal expression of emotions, which is a necessary step for emotional contagion to occur. I then describe possible proximate mechanisms underlying vocal contagion of emotions, propose criteria to assess this phenomenon and review the existing evidence. The literature so far shows that non-human animals are able to discriminate and be affected by conspecific and also potentially heterospecific (e.g. human) vocal expression of emotions. Since humans heavily rely on vocalizations to communicate (speech), I suggest that studying vocal contagion of emotions in non-human animals can lead to a better understanding of the evolution of emotional contagion and empathy.
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Zhu, Yanchun, Wei Zhang, and Chenguang Li. "Modeling emotional contagion in the COVID-19 pandemic: a complex network approach." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (November 20, 2023): e1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1693.
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During public health crises, the investigation into the modes of public emotional contagion assumes paramount theoretical importance and has significant implications for refining epidemic strategies. Prior research predominantly emphasized the antecedents and aftermath of emotions, especially those of a negative nature. The interplay between positive and negative emotions, as well as their role in the propagation of emotional contagion, remains largely unexplored. In response to this gap, an emotional contagion model was developed, built upon the foundational model and enriched from a complex network standpoint by integrating a degradation rate index. Stability analyses of this model were subsequently conducted. Drawing inspiration from topological structural features, an enhanced model was introduced, anchored in complex network principles. This enhanced model was then experimentally assessed using Watts-Strogatz’s small-world network, Barabási-Albert’s scale-free network, and Sina Weibo network frameworks. Results revealed that the rate of infection predominantly dictates the velocity of emotional contagion. The incitement rate and purification rate determine the overarching direction of emotional contagion, whereas the degradation rate modulates the waning pace of emotions during intermediate and later stages. Furthermore, the immunity rate was observed to influence the proportion of each state at equilibrium. It was discerned that a greater number of initial emotional disseminators, combined with a larger initial contagion node degree, can amplify the emotion contagion rate across the social network, thus augmenting both the peak and overall influence of the contagion.
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Adriaense, Jessie E. C., Jordan S. Martin, Martina Schiestl, Claus Lamm, and Thomas Bugnyar. "Negative emotional contagion and cognitive bias in common ravens (Corvus corax)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 20, 2019): 11547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817066116.
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Emotional contagion is described as an emotional state matching between subjects, and has been suggested to facilitate communication and coordination in complex social groups. Empirical studies typically focus on the measurement of behavioral contagion and emotional arousal, yet, while highly important, such an approach often disregards an additional evaluation of the underlying emotional valence. Here, we studied emotional contagion in ravens by applying a judgment bias paradigm to assess emotional valence. We experimentally manipulated positive and negative affective states in demonstrator ravens, to which they responded with increased attention and interest in the positive condition, as well as increased redirected behavior and a left-eye lateralization in the negative condition. During this emotion manipulation, another raven observed the demonstrator’s behavior, and we used a bias paradigm to assess the emotional valence of the observer to determine whether emotional contagion had occurred. Observers showed a pessimism bias toward the presented ambiguous stimuli after perceiving demonstrators in a negative state, indicating emotional state matching based on the demonstrators’ behavioral cues and confirming our prediction of negative emotional contagion. We did not find any judgment bias in the positive condition. This result critically expands upon observational studies of contagious play in ravens, providing experimental evidence that emotional contagion is present not only in mammalian but also in avian species. Importantly, this finding also acts as a stepping stone toward understanding the evolution of empathy, as this essential social skill may have emerged across these taxa in response to similar socioecological challenges.
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Coplan, Amy. "Catching Characters Emotions: Emotional Contagion Responses to Narrative Fiction Film." Film Studies 8, no. 1 (2006): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/fs.8.5.
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In this paper, I examine the role of emotional contagion in our affective engagement with narrative fiction film, focusing in particular on how spectator responses based on emotional contagion differ from those based on more sophisticated emotional processes. I begin by explaining emotional contagion and the processes involved in it. Next, I consider how film elicits emotional contagion. I then argue that emotional contagion responses are unique and should be clearly distinguished from responses based on other emotional processes, such as empathy. Finally, I explain why contagion responses are a significant feature of spectators engagement with narrative fiction film.
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Cespedes-Guevara, Julian, and Nicola Dibben. "The Role of Embodied Simulation and Visual Imagery in Emotional Contagion with Music." Music & Science 5 (January 2022): 205920432210938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20592043221093836.
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Emotional contagion has been explained as arising from embodied simulation. The two most accepted theories of music-induced emotions presume a mechanism of internal mimicry: the BRECVEMA framework proposes that the melodic aspect of music elicits internal mimicry leading to the induction of basic emotions in the listener, and the Multifactorial Process Model proposes that the observation or imagination of motor expressions of the musicians elicits muscular and neural mimicry, and emotional contagion. Two behavioral studies investigated whether, and to what extent, mimicry is responsible for emotion contagion, and second, to what extent context for affective responses in the form of visual imagery moderates emotional responses. Experiment 1 tested whether emotional contagion is influenced by mimicry by manipulating explicit vocal and motor mimicry. In one condition, participants engaged in mimicry of the melodic aspects of the music by singing along with the music, and in another, participants engaged in mimicry of the musician’s gestures when producing the music, by playing along (“air guitar”-style). The experiment did not find confirmatory evidence for either hypothesized simulation mechanism, but it did provide evidence of spontaneous visual imagery consistent with the induced and perceived emotions. Experiment 2 used imagined rather than performed mimicry, but found no association between imagined motor simulation and emotional intensity. Emotional descriptions read prior to hearing the music influenced the type of perceived and induced emotions and support the prediction that visual imagery and associated semantic knowledge shape listeners’ affective experiences with music. The lack of evidence for the causal role of embodied simulation suggests that current theorization of emotion contagion by music needs refinement to reduce the role of simulation relative to other mechanisms. Evidence for induction of affective states that can be modulated by contextual and semantic associations suggests a model of emotion induction consistent with constructionist accounts.
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Wróbel, Monika, Magda Piórkowska, Maja Rzeczkowska, Adrianna Troszczyńska, Aleksandra Tołopiło, and Michał Olszanowski. "The “Big Two” and socially induced emotions: Agency and communion jointly influence emotional contagion and emotional mimicry." Motivation and Emotion 45, no. 5 (June 18, 2021): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09897-z.
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AbstractThree studies investigated the effects of two fundamental dimensions of social perception on emotional contagion (i.e., the transfer of emotions between people). Rooting our hypotheses in the Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion (Abele and Wojciszke in Adv Exp Soc Psychol 50:198–255, 10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7, 2014), we predicted that agency would strengthen the effects of communion on emotional contagion and emotional mimicry (a process often considered a key mechanism behind emotional contagion). To test this hypothesis, we exposed participants to happy, sad, and angry senders characterized by low vs. high communion and agency. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the effects of the two dimensions on socially induced emotions were interactive. The strength and direction of these effects, however, were consistent with our predictions only when the senders expressed happiness. When the senders expressed sadness, we found no effects of agency or communion on participants’ emotional responses, whereas for anger a mixed pattern emerged. Overall, our results align with the notion that emotional contagion and mimicry are modulated not only by the senders’ traits but also by the social meaning of the expressed emotion.
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Wróbel, Monika, and Kamil K. Imbir. "Broadening the Perspective on Emotional Contagion and Emotional Mimicry: The Correction Hypothesis." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691618808523.
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Emotional contagion has long been conceptualized as the automatic transfer of affective states between people, similar to the spread of diseases. New evidence, however, has challenged this view by demonstrating that emotions, contrary to diseases, spread selectively rather than blindly because their transfer is controlled by social factors. Here, we take a closer look at this top-down social control of emotional contagion. We review literature on the moderating role of social factors in emotional contagion and emotional mimicry, a process often considered a basic mechanism of emotional contagion. We argue that top-down social processes controlling emotional mimicry may be explained by the correction hypothesis formulated to account for contrast effects in priming research. We also analyze whether similar corrective processes may be involved in less automatic mechanisms of emotional contagion, such as social appraisal. Finally, we propose that the modulating effects of social factors on emotional contagion and its mechanisms, similar to priming effects, may be interpreted within the framework of dual-process theories.
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Jia, Meng, and Yingbao Yang. "Cross-emotional infection among multi-flight groups in mass flight delays." Kybernetes 45, no. 10 (November 7, 2016): 1589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2016-0003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study dynamic evolution of passenger emotional contagion among different flights emerging in mass flight delays, so as to quantitatively analyze emotional variation tendencies and influences of concerned factors and intervention measures. Design/methodology/approach An intervening variable of group emotion was introduced into emotional contagion model to simulate passenger emotional evolution among multi-flight groups. Besides, personalities, characters and social relationships were considered to represent individual differences in emotional changes. Based on personal contact relationships, emotional contagion model was proposed to evaluate cross-emotion transition processes among different groups under scenarios of information shortage. Eventually, evolutionary processes of passenger emotions were fused in an agent-based simulation based on social force correction model. Findings Simulation experiment results revealed that passenger emotions suffer from combined impacts of individual emotional changes and emotional interactions among adjacent flights through a comparison with actual survey. Besides, emotional interactions accelerate processes of emotion transitions, and have significant impacts on adjacent flights when different measures are taken. Moreover, taking intervention measures simultaneously seems more effective than implementing intervention successively. Originality/value The proposed method makes up for deficiency of ignoring effects of emotional interactions among adjacent flights. It contributes to providing control methods and strategies for relevant departments and improving the efficiency and ability of handling passenger collective events in mass flight delays.
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Marx, Anton K. G., Anne C. Frenzel, Daniel Fiedler, and Corinna Reck. "Susceptibility to positive versus negative emotional contagion: First evidence on their distinction using a balanced self-report measure." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): e0302890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302890.
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Susceptibility to emotional contagion is defined as the disposition of how susceptible someone is to catch others’ emotions and it has long been studied in research on mental health, well-being, and social interaction. Given that existing self-report measures of susceptibility to emotional contagion have focused almost exclusively on negative emotions, we developed a self-report measure to assess the susceptibility to emotional contagion of both positive and negative emotions (2 scales). In two studies, we examined their factor structure, validity, and reliability using exploratory factor analysis (Study 1, N = 257), confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2, N = 247) and correlations. Our results confirmed the two-factor structure and demonstrated good internal consistencies. Regarding external validity, our scales showed diverging correlational patterns: While susceptibility to negative emotional contagion was linked to mental health problems and negative emotions, susceptibility to positive emotional contagion was linked to interpersonal functioning and prosocial tendencies. In conclusion, our scales appear to be internally/externally valid and a promising tool for future research.
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Norscia, Ivan, Lucia Agostini, Alessia Moroni, Marta Caselli, Margherita Micheletti-Cremasco, Concetta Vardé, and Elisabetta Palagi. "Yawning Is More Contagious in Pregnant Than Nulliparous Women." Human Nature 32, no. 2 (June 2021): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-021-09404-w.
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AbstractContrary to spontaneous yawning, which is widespread in vertebrates and probably evolutionary ancient, contagious yawning—yawning triggered by others’ yawns—is considered an evolutionarily recent phenomenon, found in species characterized by complex sociality. Whether the social asymmetry observed in the occurrence of contagious yawning is related to social and emotional attachment and may therefore reflect emotional contagion is a subject of debate. In this study we assessed whether yawn contagion was enhanced in pregnant women, a cohort of subjects who develop prenatal emotional attachment in preparation for parental care, via hormonal and neurobiological changes. We predicted that if yawn contagion underlies social and emotional attachment, pregnant women would be more likely to contagiously yawn than nonpregnant, nulliparous women of reproductive age. We gathered data in two different settings. In the experimental setting, 49 women were exposed to video stimuli of newborns either yawning or moving their mouth (control) and we video-recorded the women during repeated trials to measure their yawning response. In the naturalistic setting, 131 women were observed in a social environment and their yawning response was recorded. We tested the factors influencing the yawning response, including the reproductive status (pregnant vs. not pregnant). In both settings, yawn contagion occurred significantly more in pregnant than nonpregnant women. By showing that pregnant women were most likely to respond to others’ yawns, our results support the hypothesis that the social variation observed in yawn contagion may be influenced by emotional attachment and that yawning in highly social species might have been coopted for emotional contagion during evolution.
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Chen, Ying, Wenfeng Chen, Ling Zhang, Yanqiu Wei, and Ping Hu. "The Reward-Related Shift of Emotional Contagion from the Observer’s Perspective Correlates to Their Intimacy with the Expresser." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13110934.
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Although previous studies have found a bidirectional relationship between emotional contagion and reward, there is insufficient research to prove the effect of reward on the social function of emotional contagion. To explore this issue, the current study used electroencephalography (EEG) and the interactive way in which the expresser played games to help participants obtain reward outcomes. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between changes in emotional contagion and closeness, indicating that emotional contagion has a social regulatory function. Regarding the impact of reward outcomes, the results showed that compared to the context of a loss, in the context of a win, participants’ closeness toward the expresser shifted to a more intimate level, their emotional contagion changed in a more positive direction, and the activity of the late positive component (LPC) of the event-related potentials (ERPs) changed to a greater extent. Significantly, the mediation results demonstrated the effect of reward and indicated that changes in the LPC elicited while experiencing the expressers’ emotion predicted the subsequent shifts in closeness through alterations in emotional contagion of the anger emotion in the winning context and the happy emotion in the loss context. This study provides empirical evidence regarding the social function of emotional contagion and proves for the first time that the reward context plays a role in it.
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Rahmawati, Nada, and Saodah Wok. "The Effects of Organizational Change on Students' Emotions." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(13).
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Objective - This study aims to examine the effects of perception on technological change, leadership change and structural change towards students' emotions; and to analyze the mediating effect of experience on perception towards emotion resulting from organizational changes. Using the Theory of Emotional Contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo & Rapson, 1993), organizational change can produce a number of positive and negative emotional responses that can be transferred to others. Methodology/Technique - The study employs the quantitative research design using the survey method with the self-administered questionnaire. A total of 223 respondents were identified among the undergraduate students at a faculty in a public university who have faced organizational changes (technological, leadership and structural). Findings - The results reveal that perceptions of technology, leadership and structural changes are found to have moderate effects on students' emotions. However, experiences of change partially mediate students' emotion and perception of technological, leadership and structural changes. Experience with organizational changes affects students' emotions badly. Novelty - The implications of the Emotional Contagion Theory holds true for organizational changes as the hypotheses are supported. Students' emotions are equally important to be considered before applying any change to any academic institution. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Emotional Contagion Theory; Emotional Effect; Leadership Change; Structural Change; Technological Change. JEL Classification: I21, O33.
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Neves, Leonor, Carolina Cordeiro, Sophie K. Scott, São Luís Castro, and César F. Lima. "High emotional contagion and empathy are associated with enhanced detection of emotional authenticity in laughter." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817741800.
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Nonverbal vocalisations such as laughter pervade social interactions, and the ability to accurately interpret them is an important skill. Previous research has probed the general mechanisms supporting vocal emotional processing, but the factors that determine individual differences in this ability remain poorly understood. Here, we ask whether the propensity to resonate with others’ emotions—as measured by trait levels of emotional contagion and empathy—relates to the ability to perceive different types of laughter. We focus on emotional authenticity detection in spontaneous and voluntary laughs: spontaneous laughs reflect a less controlled and genuinely felt emotion, and voluntary laughs reflect a more deliberate communicative act (e.g., polite agreement). In total, 119 participants evaluated the authenticity and contagiousness of spontaneous and voluntary laughs and completed two self-report measures of resonance with others’ emotions: the Emotional Contagion Scale and the Empathic Concern scale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. We found that higher scores on these measures predict enhanced ability to detect laughter authenticity. We further observed that perceived contagion responses during listening to laughter significantly relate to authenticity detection. These findings suggest that resonating with others’ emotions provides a mechanism for processing complex aspects of vocal emotional information.
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Choi, Min-Jeong, Ji-Sun Hong, and Sook-ja Ahn. "A Phenomenological Study on the ‘Emotional Contagion’ of Intermediate Counselors." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 8 (April 30, 2023): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.8.505.
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Objectives This study was conducted to clarify the meaning and essence of how counselors experienced emotional contagion in counseling relationships for intermediate counselors and how they understood and dealt with it.
Methods Applying Giorgi's phenomenological research method as a research method, In-depth interviews and data analysis were conducted with 8 counselors who have a counseling major, have a master's degree or higher, are currently conducting counseling in the counseling field, have between 4 and 9 years of counseling experience, and have an above-average level of emotional contagion from October to December 2021.
Results As a result, 62 semantic units, 17 sub-themes, and 5 upper-level topics were derived. The top 5 topics are as follows. With “feeling like one with a client,” “broken counseling,” “exploitation of emotions that began by looking back on oneself,” “counseling that meets enough with emotions,” and “newly approaching emotional contagion,” at first, the counselors experienced emotional contagion clearly. but while recognizing what kind of attitude they had toward emotional contagion, they looked back on themselves and met deeply with their clients through emotions. with this they could accept emotional contagion anew and use it for counseling.
Conclusions This study is meaningful in that suggesting the nature of experience by specifically exploring how intermediate counselors vividly experience emotions and how it resonates in them and how they understand it and cope with it in addition, it was found that emotional contagion is inevitable in the counseling scene and can affect counseling performance depending on how the counselor recognizes and uses it. In the future, this study can be used by counselors as basic data to understand, utilize, and cope with emotional contagion in growing into experts.
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Kudryashov, Arkadiy Aleksandrovich, and Luiza Gagikovna Simonyan. "THE PHENOMENON OF EMOTIONAL CONTAGION IN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY." Психология. Психофизиология 12, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/jpps190402.
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Abstract. The authors present a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of "emotional contagion". Aim. The purpose of the article is to establish the content of the phenomenon of “emotional contagion" as a non-verbal form of communication that affects the cognitive, motivational and emotional spheres of the personality. Materials and methods. A theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological works devoted to the psychophysiological aspects of the perception of emotional information in the context of “emotional contagion” was performed. Results. “Emotional contagion” is considered as a form of non-verbal communication when the direct interaction of communicants is minimized or eliminated. The content of modern biopsychosocial models (theories, concepts) of emotional contagion is presented that explain the possible mechanisms of its activity: the contagion theory, "inorganic viruses"; concepts of collective emotions, interpersonal limbic regulation; models of "emotional convention", mirror neurons. The directions of research and the scope of the application of "emotional contagion" in educational activities, psychotherapy, advertising industry, political science, demography are determined. The authors focus on the positive and negative effects of the techniques of “emotional contagion”: from individual exposure as part of corrective measures to the planetary scale and regulation of the demographic situation. Conclusion. The analysis of scientific research presented in the review actualizes the need to increase the psychophysiological resources of stress resistance to modern conditions.
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ZHANG, Qiyong, and Jiamei LU. "What Is Emotional Contagion? The Concept and Mechanism of Emotional Contagion." Advances in Psychological Science 21, no. 9 (December 16, 2013): 1596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.01596.
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Thonhauser, Gerhard. "Towards a Taxonomy of Collective Emotions." Emotion Review 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17540739211072469.
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This paper distinguishes collective emotions from other phenomena pertaining to the social and interactive nature of emotion and proposes a taxonomy of different types of collective emotion. First, it emphasizes the distinction between collective emotions as affective experiences and underpinning mechanisms. Second, it elaborates on other types of affective experience, namely the social sharing of emotion, group-based emotions, and joint emotions. Then, it proposes a working definition of collective emotion via a minimal threshold and four structural features. Finally, it develops a taxonomy of five types of collective emotion: emotional sharing, emotional contagion, emotional matching, emotional segregation, and emotional fusion.
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Wang, Min, Yulan Han, and Yiyi Su. "Social contagion or strategic choice?" Chinese Management Studies 11, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-05-2017-0122.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore how Chinese negotiators’ positive and negative emotions affect value claiming during dyadic negotiations and examine the influence of these aroused emotions on the recipient as well as the antecedents and consequents of such reactions. Design/methodology/approach Using a simulated face-to-face negotiation between buyers and sellers, the authors conducted an experiment based on the manipulation of the sellers’ emotions. About 280 undergraduates participated in a simulated negotiation. SPSS20.0 statistical analysis software was used to test the hypothesis. Findings The results indicated that the sellers who demonstrates negative emotions claimed more value than happy sellers (direct effect), and the perceived power disadvantage mediated this effect. Moreover, buyers in the happy dyads displayed a higher evaluation of their guanxi (relationship). This experiment also indicated that the sellers’ emotions (happiness or anger) evoked a reciprocal emotion in the buyers, supporting the social contagion perspective. More importantly, as emotion recipients, the buyers’ reactions exerted further influence on the outcomes (ripple effect); specifically, in the happy dyads, the buyers’ positive emotional reactions were negatively related to their individual gains. Finally, the buyers with low agreeableness were more likely to display negative emotional reactions. Research limitations/implications Negotiators should have an understanding of how emotions may shape conflict development and resolution via direct and ripple effects. In general, during Chinese negotiations, expressing anger is an effective negotiation tactic that incurs the expense of damaged relationships with counterparts. Originality/value The findings validated the impact of emotions in the Chinese negotiation context. Further, the paper extended the research by demonstrating the influence of emotions on the recipients’ reactions. Both the direct and ripple effect provided evidence for adopting the strategic choice perspective during negotiations.
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Serritella, Elena, Mirko Duradoni, and Elisa Guidi. "Self-presentation and emotional contagion on Facebook: new experimental measures of profiles' emotional coherence." PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 2 (October 2022): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2022-002002.
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Social Networks allow users to self-present by sharing personal content, and emotions expressed in a post affect the subsequent posts, eliciting a congruent emotion. The main goals of this research were to investigate the emotional coherence between wall posts and their comments on SNSs and to evaluate the association between the profiles' General Emotional Coherence and self-presentation styles from a sample of adolescent's Facebook profiles (n = 50; Mage = 16.95; 50% female). Two new experimental metrics were developed, describing the emotional load (positive and negative) of posts and comments, and the mood correspondence between them. The combination of these measures was used to define the profiles' "General Emotional Coherence". Results confirm how publishing an emotional post corresponds to receiving comments with a coherent mood. The more "emotionally coherent" profiles are characterized by a typical self-presentation style (more posts, more comments and likes).
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Helt, Molly S., Deborah A. Fein, and Jacob E. Vargas. "Emotional contagion in children with autism spectrum disorder varies with stimulus familiarity and task instructions." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000154.
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AbstractAlthough deficits in cognitive empathy are well established in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the literature on emotional empathy, or emotional contagion, in individuals with ASD is sparse and contradictory. The authors tested susceptibility to contagious yawning and laughter in children with ASD (n = 60) and typically developing (TD) children (n = 60), ages 5–17 years, under various conditions, to elucidate factors that may affect emotional contagion in these populations. Although TD children showed equal amounts of emotional contagion across conditions, children with ASD were highly influenced by the familiarity of the target stimulus, as well as task instructions that encourage eye gaze to target. More specifically, children with ASD exhibited less contagious yawning and laughter than their TD peers except when their attention was explicitly directed to the eyes or (and even more so) when their parents served as the stimulus targets. The authors explore the implications of these findings for theories about the mechanisms underlying empathic deficits in ASD as well as the clinical implications of having parents involved in treatment.
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Siebert, Darcy Clay, Carl F. Siebert, and Alicia Taylor-McLaughlin. "Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion." Journal of Social Service Research 33, no. 3 (April 17, 2007): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j079v33n03_05.
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Cappella, Joseph N. "Inoculating Against Emotional Contagion." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 40, no. 7 (July 1995): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/003785.
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Bull Schaefer, Rebecca A., and Michael E. Palanski. "Emotional Contagion at Work." Journal of Management Education 38, no. 4 (May 24, 2013): 533–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1052562913489030.
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Czarna, Anna Z., Monika Wróbel, Michael Dufner, and Virgil Zeigler-Hill. "Narcissism and Emotional Contagion." Social Psychological and Personality Science 6, no. 3 (November 13, 2014): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559652.
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Fairbairn, Catharine E., Michael A. Sayette, Odd O. Aalen, and Arnoldo Frigessi. "Alcohol and Emotional Contagion." Clinical Psychological Science 3, no. 5 (September 26, 2014): 686–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614548892.
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Eldadi, Omer, Hila Sharon-David, and Gershon Tenenbaum. "Interpersonal emotions in team sports." Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2, no. 4 (August 24, 2023): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/kcdx3917.
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This research explores how emotional contagion within a team impacts emotions, team cohesion, collective efficacy perception, effort perception, perceived performance, and actual performance outcomes. Forty-seven non-competitive amateur cross-fit participants were split into two experimental groups: high pleasantness-high arousal (HH) and low pleasantness-low arousal (LL). To stimulate these mood states, two trained associates were engaged, which served as catalysts for the teams' "emotional contagion". Participants from the HH group outperformed and exerted more effort than those from the LL group, though they perceived their effort levels to be similar. They demonstrated greater collective efficacy and team cohesion, had a more positive emotional state, and perceived their team's performance as superior. Emotional contagion plays a significant role in team dynamics and physical outcomes. The practical implications of emotional contagion are discussed.
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Gallup, Andrew C. "On the link between emotional contagion and contagious yawning." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 121 (February 2021): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.023.
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Rosenbusch, Hannes, Anthony M. Evans, and Marcel Zeelenberg. "Multilevel Emotion Transfer on YouTube: Disentangling the Effects of Emotional Contagion and Homophily on Video Audiences." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 8 (January 25, 2019): 1028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618820309.
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Why do connected users in online social networks express similar emotions? Past approaches have suggested situational emotion transfers (i.e., contagion) and the phenomenon that emotionally similar users flock together (i.e., homophily). We analyze these mechanisms in unison by exploiting the hierarchical structure of YouTube through multilevel analyses, disaggregating the video- and channel-level effects of YouTuber emotions on audience comments. Dictionary analyses using the National Research Council emotion lexica were used to measure the emotions expressed in videos and user comments from 2,083 YouTube vlogs selected from 110 vloggers. We find that video- and channel-level emotions independently influence audience emotions, providing evidence for both contagion and homophily effects. Random slope models suggest that contagion strength varies between YouTube channels for some emotions. However, neither average channel-level emotions nor number of subscribers significantly moderate the strength of contagion effects. The present study highlights that multiple, independent mechanisms shape emotions in online social networks.
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Kimura, Masanori, Ikuo Daibo, and Masao Yogo. "THE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL CONTAGION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.27.
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Emotional contagion was examined from the perspective of interpersonal relationships. Using a vignette paradigm, 156 Japanese undergraduates (108 females and 48 males) assumed either a friend, acquaintance, senior, or junior as their partner. Their emotional expression and experience were measured when their assumed partner told them of intensely positive episodes (e.g., the long-sought passing of a certification examination) and intensely negative episodes (e.g., the death of their mother). Emotional responses were significantly stronger in the friend, senior, and junior conditions than in the acquaintance condition for both positive and negative episodes, suggesting the degree of intimacy in the interpersonal relationship influenced emotional contagion. Emotional responses were also stronger in the junior condition than in the senior condition, suggesting that social power in interpersonal relationships influenced emotional contagion. Moreover, sad expressions resulting from partners' disclosures did not differ across conditions, reflecting the display rule of negative emotions in Japan. These results indicate that interpersonal relationships need to be taken into account in the model of emotional contagion.
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Parkinson, Brian. "Intragroup Emotion Convergence: Beyond Contagion and Social Appraisal." Personality and Social Psychology Review 24, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868319882596.
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Mimicry-based emotion contagion and social appraisal currently provide the most popular explanations for interpersonal emotional convergence. However, neither process fully accounts for intragroup effects involving dynamic calibration of people’s orientations during communal activities. When group members are engaged in shared tasks, they simultaneously attend to the same unfolding events and arrive at mutually entrained movement patterns that facilitate emotional coordination. Entrainment may be further cultivated by interaction rituals involving rhythmic music that sets the pace for collective singing, dancing, or marching. These rituals also provide an emotionally meaningful focus for group activities and sometimes specifically encourage the experience of intense embodied states. Intragroup emotion convergence thus depends on interlocking processes of reciprocated and context-attuned orientational calibration and group-based social appraisal.
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Zhang, Ling, Ying Chen, Yanqiu Wei, Jie Leng, Chao Kong, and Ping Hu. "Kick Cat Effect: Social Context Shapes the Form and Extent of Emotional Contagion." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13070531.
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Emotional contagion refers to the transmission and interaction of emotions among people. Researchers have mainly focused on its process and mechanism, often simplifying its social background due to its complexity. Therefore, in this study, we attempt to explore whether the presence and clarity of social context affect emotional contagion and the related neural mechanisms. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to report their subjective experiences after being exposed to the facial expressions of emotional expressers, with or without the corresponding social context being presented. The results revealed that positive or negative expressions from the expressers elicited corresponding emotional experiences in the receivers, regardless of the presence of social context. However, when the social context was absent, the degree of emotional contagion was greater. In Experiment 2, we further investigated the effect of the clarity of social contexts on emotional contagion and its neural mechanisms. The results showed an effect consistent with those in Experiment 1 and highlighted the special role of N1, N2, P3, and LPP components in this process. According to the emotions as social information theory, individuals may rely more on social appraisal when they lack sufficient contextual information. By referencing the expressions of others and maintaining emotional convergence with them, individuals can adapt more appropriately to their current environment.
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Xiao, Qian, and Jiayang Li. "Evacuation Model of Emotional Contagion Crowd Based on Cellular Automata." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (March 26, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549188.
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Crowd evacuation under emergency is an important task of world public security research and practice. In order to describe the microemotional contagion of evacuation individuals, a cellular automata-based evacuation model of emotional contagion crowd based on the classical SIS model of infectious diseases is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the state of evacuation individual is defined as “emotional susceptible” and “emotional infective.” Then, a dynamic model considering emotional contagion is established with cellular automata. Based on the models of static floor field and dynamic floor field, the emotion updating rules and state updating rules are constructed. The influence of perception domain radius on pedestrian evacuation process is analyzed through experiments. The conclusion can provide evacuation guidance for evacuation individuals. The comparative experiment results show that the improved model can reflect the movement characteristics of evacuation individuals effectively. The evacuation efficiency of the whole system is also effectively improved due to the consideration of emotional contagion and evacuation strategy.
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Lundqvist, Lars-Olov, and Pantelis Kevrekidis. "Factor Structure of the Greek Version of the Emotional Contagion Scale and its Measurement Invariance Across Gender and Cultural Groups." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 3 (January 2008): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.3.121.
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Theories regarding susceptibility to emotional contagion, which address the ease of catching the emotions expressed by others, have recently received growing interest in the field of social psychology and health. Despite the theoretical and empirical importance, reliable and valid instruments to assess emotional contagion in men and women from cultures outside the English-speaking world are not well developed. The present study examines the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Greek adaptation of the Emotional Contagion Scale (ECS), and is a first attempt to test its measurement invariance across gender and culture groups (Greece and Sweden). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of competing models supports a five-factor model that includes the five basic emotions of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, and love. Using multiple-group CFA and a sequence of nested tests, configural invariance and partial metric and partial scalar invariance across gender and culture groups of the five-factor model were demonstrated. The results show that meaningful comparisons of ECS can be made across men and women from different cultures and support the hypothesis that susceptibility to emotional contagion operates at a differential emotions level.
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Xu, Erjia, and Ping Hu. "Emotional Contagion Ability Scale: Compilation and empirical validity for Chinese college students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 51, no. 9 (September 6, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.12352.
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The aim of our research was to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess trait emotional contagion ability in Chinese college students. In Study 1 we generated a preliminary questionnaire by modifying previously established questionnaires and eliminating items assessing emotional response. The final version consisted of 12 items categorized into four dimensions, and it demonstrated high reliability and validity. Study 2 was designed to examine the empirical validity of the questionnaire in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that trait emotional contagion ability was significantly associated with muscle activity and level of state emotional contagion in the laboratory experiment, indicating that the Emotional Contagion Ability Scale is a valid tool for assessing emotional contagion ability and can be utilized in laboratory-based emotional contagion research among college students.
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Song, Haeri. "The Relationship Between Emotional Contagion And Empathy." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 15 (August 15, 2022): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.15.227.
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Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between empathy and emotional contagion, and effect of facial expression mimicry treatment on enhancement of emotional contagion and/or empathy.
Methods In order to supplement the limitations of measurement method, both self-reported questionnaire and experimental measurement were used. Emotional Contagion Scale(ECS) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI) were used in survey research, and Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding(BIDR) were used to control social desirability bias. In the experiment, participants watched interview video clips and responded how they empathized with the interviewee and how their mood had changed. The experimental group additionally proceed with a treatment that mimics the facial expression of the interviewee, and examined whether facial expression mimicry treatment could enhance emotional contagion and empathy in college students.
Results Self-reported survey results indicated that sensitivity of emotional contagion has a significant positive influence on levels of empathy, even though control the social desirable responding. Also, emotional contagion accounted for 27.7% of variance in empathy. However, in the experiment, there was not a consistent significant correlation between emotional contagion and emotional empathy in the correlation analysis. Also, there were no differences on the level of emotional contagion and empathy between the groups.
Conclusions The implications of the present study are to try to clarify the relationship between emotional contagion and empathy via both self-reported questionnaires and experiments.
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Vachuska, Karl. "Inter-City Emotional Synchrony Is Conditional on Mobility Patterns." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12110410.
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Recent research has attempted to document large-scale emotional contagion on online social networks. Despite emotional contagion being primarily driven by in-person mechanisms, less research has attempted to measure large-scale emotional contagion in in-person contexts. In this paper, I operationalize the temporal emotions associated with a particular city at particular points in time using sentiment analysis on Twitter data. Subsequently, I study how emotions converge between seven proximal cities in the state of Virginia, using two-way fixed effect models. I find that positive emotions tend to be synchronous between cities, but that effect is conditional on the level of contact between city residents at that period of time, as indicated by cell phone mobility data. I do not find any synchrony based on other types of emotions or general sentiment. I discourage drawing causal conclusions based on the presumed existence of several unmeasured sources of bias.
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Cheng, Yueyuan. "Occupational Therapy Practice Based on New-Generation Information Technology for Employee Emotion Analysis and Management." Occupational Therapy International 2022 (July 26, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3536911.
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This work intends to combine neural network technology with occupational therapy to fully acquire employees’ emotional information by constructing an effective emotion recognition network. Firstly, the psychological state of employees is discussed from three aspects of leadership narcissism, organizational identification, and the emotional contagion effect, and the corresponding model is implemented. Secondly, based on the convolutional neural network technology, the facial feature recognition and the body feature recognition are combined, and the employees’ emotions can be accurately identified by establishing a multilearning emotion recognition network. Finally, a questionnaire survey is carried out on the employees of enterprises in the coastal areas of Zhejiang. Descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, mediation effect tests, and other methods are used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results reveal that leadership narcissistic organizational identification plays a mediating role in the process of employees’ emotional contagion perception affecting employees’ psychology. Compared with younger employees, older employees have better psychological quality and mental health. There are also significant differences in emotion and work enthusiasm among employees with different educational backgrounds and positions. Employees’ perception of emotional contagion to pretending expressions, indifferent expressions, contempt expressions, and sincere expressions has an obvious positive impact on the psychological impact of other employees. The classification accuracy and regression error rate of the constructed multilearning emotion recognition network are 28.5% and 9.8%, respectively, which can accurately identify the emotional performance of employees. This work helps enterprises better understand the mental health of their employees.
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ZHANG, Qiyong, Jiamei LU, Zhiying YAN, and Chenghui CHEN. "The mechanism of emotional contagion." Acta Psychologica Sinica 48, no. 11 (2016): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2016.01423.
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Tofts, Darren. "Courting emotional contagion: Tina Gonsalves'Chameleon." Digital Creativity 21, no. 2 (June 2010): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2010.483685.
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Hunter, David, and Nicholas Evans. "Facebook emotional contagion experiment controversy." Research Ethics 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016115626341.
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Gump, Brooks B., and James A. Kulik. "Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no. 2 (1997): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.305.
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Barsade, Sigal G., Constantinos G. V. Coutifaris, and Julianna Pillemer. "Emotional contagion in organizational life." Research in Organizational Behavior 38 (2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.005.
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