Books: 'Emotion processing deficits'

1

Timoney, Linden R., and Mark D. Holder. Emotional Processing Deficits and Happiness. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7177-2.

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Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Emotion Processing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0003.

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Prolonged difficulty identifying and regulating emotions is another essential symptom of PTSD, and has been associated with hormonal dysregulation, social and academic difficulties, and structural and functional brain deficits in youth and adults. Individual subject variance in personality, disposition, sex, and genotype has been shown to uniquely modulate the prefrontal and limbic brain regions associated with emotion processing. The current chapter examines how the component processes of emotion regulation, such as fear conditioning, can be dysregulated by the experience of traumatic stress, by which the brain centers that manage reactions to emotionally charged stimuli are over- or underactivated. The preclinical literature that serves as the basis for our understanding of these systems is reviewed, as well as studies of adults and children who have experienced trauma. Future directions, such as clinical care based on neuroendocrine research, are also discussed.

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Hamilton, Nancy A., Ruth Ann Atchley, Lauren Boddy, Erik Benau, and Ronald Freche. Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Control in Pain Processing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0003.

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Chronic pain is a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by deficits at the behavioral, social, and affective levels of functioning. Depression and anxiety disorders are overrepresented among pain patients, suggesting that pain affects processes of emotion regulation. Conceptualizing the experience of chronic pain within a motivational organizing perspective offers a useful framework for understanding the emotional experiences of individuals living with chronic pain and how they balance harm-avoidant goals with generative approach oriented goals. To that end this chapter also integrates theories of emotion regulation (ER) and cognitive control to shed additional light on the problem of living with chronic pain, and it introduces a theory, consistent with findings from affective neuroscience, suggesting that painful flare-ups may be driven by anticipatory pain reactions in addition to somatic signals.

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Buhlmann, Ulrike, and Andrea S. Hartmann. Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0022.

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According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.

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Quadt, Lisa, Hugo D. Critchley, and Sarah N. Garfinkel. Interoception and emotion: Shared mechanisms and clinical implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0007.

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Internal states of bodily arousal contribute to emotional feeling states and behaviors. This chapter details the influence of interoceptive processing on emotion and describes how deficits in interoceptive ability may underpin aberrant emotional processes characteristic of clinical conditions. The representation and control of bodily physiology (e.g. heart rate and blood pressure) and the encoding of emotional experience and behavior share neural substrates within forebrain regions coupled to ascending neuromodulatory systems. This functional architecture provides a basis for dynamic embodiment of emotion. This chapter will approach the relationship between interoception and emotion within the interoceptive predictive processing framework and describe how emotional states could be the product of interoceptive prediction error minimization.

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May, Joshua. The Limits of Emotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0002.

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Empirical research apparently suggests that emotions play an integral role in moral judgment. The evidence for sentimentalism is diverse, but it is rather weak and has generally been overblown. There is no evidence that our moral concepts themselves are partly composed of or necessarily dependent on emotions. While the moral/conventional distinction may partly characterize the essence of moral judgment, moral norms needn’t be backed by affect in order to transcend convention. Priming people with incidental emotions like disgust doesn’t make them moralize actions. Finally, moral judgment can only be somewhat impaired by damage to areas of the brain that are generally associated with emotional processing (as in acquired sociopathy and frontotemporal dementia). While psychopaths exhibit both emotional and rational deficits, the latter alone can explain any minor defects in moral cognition.

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Newman, Jennifer, and Charles R. Marmar. Executive Function in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the role of executive function in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is far from fully understood. Deficits are subtle and findings are often inconsistent. Impairments have been related to worsening of psychological symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. They can also negatively impact treatment. Functional imaging shows that neurocognitive deficits in PTSD may be related to an imbalance in brain connectivity, where emotion processing is enhanced and control is reduced. Structural findings show abnormalities in brain regions involved in higher-level functions. However, findings are often discrepant. Factors related to these inconclusive results are considered, including developmental course, premorbid functioning, and comorbidities such as traumatic brain injury, depression, substance use, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, health behaviors, and medical concerns. Treatment implications, limitations of this work, and future directions are presented. The aim of future research is to advance scientific understanding of PTSD, neurocognitive impairments, and related conditions, with the goal of improving outcomes for those who encounter trauma.

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Goodkind, Madeleine S., and Amit Etkin. Functional Neurocircuitry and Neuroimaging Studies of Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0034.

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Anxiety and fear serve adaptive functions and include wide-ranging subjective, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses. When these reactions are present chronically, and to a heightened degree that generalizes to signals beyond those that are objectively dangerous, one sees emergence of clinical anxiety disorders. Historically, anxiety disorders have been conceptualized as disruptions in fear processing, though more recent accounts also highlight changes in emotional reactivity beyond fear and deficits in emotion regulation. In this chapter, we review the neural circuitry relevant for fear processing and for emotional reactivity and regulation more broadly. We then review neuroimaging studies of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We highlight areas of overlap between disorders as well as disorder-specific perturbations.

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Soloff, Paul, and Christian Schmahl. Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0011.

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This chapter reviews current data on the prevalence of suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in patients with PDs; the characteristics of attempters versus completers; and the epidemiology of NSSI in borderline personality disorder (BPD). In addition, it presents explanatory models for suicide and NSSI. Also, there are comprehensive discussions of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in both suicidality and NSSI focusing on the structural and functional neuroimaging of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, executive cognitive deficits, affective interference and cognitive function, and the Endogenous Opioid System. The chapter concludes with a detailed description of pain processing as it interacts with NSSI.

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Maren, Stephen. Neural Circuits for Context Processing in Aversive Learning and Memory. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0005.

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The nature and properties of emotional expression depend importantly on not only the stimuli that elicit emotional responses, but also the context in which those stimuli are experienced. Deficits in context processing have been associated with a variety of cognitive-emotional disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These deficits can be localized to specific neural circuits underlying context processing in the mammalian brain. In particular, the hippocampus has been implicated through numerous animal and human studies to be involved both in normal contextual memory formation, but also in discrimination of trauma-related cues. Decreased hippocampal functioning, as is observed in PTSD, is associated with increased generalization of fear and threat responses as well as deficits in extinction of fear. Understanding context processing offers the opportunity to further understand the biology of PTSD and to target new approaches to therapeutics.

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Ryckaert, Celine, Jonna Kuntsi, and Philip Asherson. Emotional dysregulation and ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0011.

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Symptoms of emotional dysregulation commonly accompany ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. These include volatile moods, temper tantrums, and irritability. How emotional dysregulation relates to ADHD is currently debated. We approach this by establishing that, while emotional dysregulation is a transdiagnostic construct, it is also seen in ADHD cases independently of comorbidity. Furthermore, it accounts for ADHD-related impairments beyond symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Aetiological studies suggest shared genetic influences drive the covariation of emotional dysregulation and ADHD symptoms. However, at the cognitive and neural level emotional dysregulation in ADHD seems to emerge as the direct effects of dysfunctions in emotional processing, rather than being secondary to deficits underpinning the symptoms of ADHD. Nevertheless, treatment trials of stimulants and atomoxetine show significant clinical improvement in emotional dysregulation symptoms. Future research needs to investigate the interaction of ADHD with comorbid disorders, and the predictors of response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

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12

Timoney, Linden R. R., and Mark D. Holder. Emotional Processing Deficits and Happiness: Assessing the Measurement, Correlates, and Well-Being of People with Alexithymia. Springer, 2013.

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13

Timoney, Linden R., and Mark D. Holder. Emotional Processing Deficits and Happiness: Assessing the Measurement, Correlates, and Well-Being of People with Alexithymia. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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14

Frost, Randy O., and Jessica L. Rasmussen. Phenomenology and Characteristics of Compulsive Hoarding. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0020.

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This chapter discusses current understanding of the phenomenology and characteristics of compulsive hoarding. The disorder is conceptualized within a cognitive-behavioral framework that includes excessive acquisition, difficulties with discarding, and clutter/disorganization. Information-processing deficits, emotional attachments, beliefs about possessions, and perfectionism are examined as underlying etiological factors. Characteristics of the disorder such as prevalence, onset and course, demographics and comorbidity are discussed. It is suggested that the distinctive features of compulsive hoarding, including unique neural and genetic substrates, warrant diagnostic classification as a separate disorder. Methodological problems with existing research are identified.

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15

Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Executive Function. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0001.

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In the first chapter, the relationship between traumatic stress and the broad domain of executive function (EF) and their neurofunctional correlates is discussed. The phenomenology of this relationship is reviewed in terms of the preclinical lesion and adult neuroimaging studies that have established a link between stress and deficits in executive functions. The myriad executive functions that have demonstrated vulnerability to traumatic stress are categorized as either updating, inhibiting, or shifting. Considerations from each domain establish clearly that the experience of trauma and the manifestation of posttraumatic stress symptoms can lead to or predispose individuals to deficits throughout the brain, resulting in slower processing speed, the formation of negative decision-making biases, and difficulties in emotional regulation, attention regulation, and response inhibition. The transition from psychometric cognitive tests to structural and functional neuroimaging and future directions for the study of executive function are also discussed.

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16

Young, Jared W., Alan Anticevic, and Deanna M. Barch. Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0016.

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Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome presenting with a constellation of symptoms. Clinicians have long recognized that abnormalities in cognitive function and motivated behavior are a key component of psychosis, and of schizophrenia in particular. Here we postulate that these deficits may reflect, at least in part, impairments in the ability to actively maintain and utilize internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals in order to drive current and future behavior in a way that would normally allow individuals to obtain desired outcomes. We discuss the evidence for such impairment in schizophrenia, how it manifests in domains typically referred to as executive control, working memory, and episodic memory, how it may help us understand impairments in reward processing and motivation in schizophrenia, and the animal research consistent with these hypotheses.

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17

Leon, Susan A., Amy D. Rodriguez, and John C. Rosenbek. Right Hemisphere Damage and Prosody. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.15.

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Communication requires interdependent functioning of large portions of the brain, and damage to any of these systems can disrupt effective and appropriate communication. Damage to the right hemisphere or basal ganglia can result in difficulty using or understanding prosodic contours in speech. Prosody includes pitch, loudness, rate, and voice quality, and is used to convey emotional connotation or linguistic intent. A disorder in the comprehension or production of prosody is known as aprosodia; affective aprosodia is a specific deficit affecting emotional or affective prosodic contours. The right hemisphere has been shown to play a critical role in processing emotional prosody and aprosodia syndromes resulting from damage to right hemisphere areas have been proposed. These include an expressive aprosodia resulting from anterior damage and a receptive aprosodia resulting from more posterior damage. Assessment and diagnosis of aprosodia in clinical settings are often perceptually based; however, acoustic analyses of means and ranges of frequency, intensity, and rate provide an instrumented analysis of prosody production. The treatment of aprosodia following stroke has received scant attention in comparison to other disorders of communication, although a few studies investigating cognitive–linguistic and imitative treatments have reported some positive results.

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18

Tsakiris, Manos, and Helena De Preester, eds. The Interoceptive Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.001.0001.

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This volume focuses on the role of interoception for mental life and lived experience, from the perspectives of neurosciences, psychological sciences, and philosophy. Interoception is the body-to-brain axis of signals originating from the internal body and visceral organs (such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, hormonal, and circulatory systems), and plays a unique role in ensuring homeostasis. This volume goes beyond the traditional role of interoception for homeostasis and offers a state-of-the-art overview of and new insights into the role of interoception for mental life, awareness, subjectivity, affect, and cognition. Structured across three parts, this multidisciplinary volume highlights the role that interoceptive signals and awareness thereof play in our mental life (Part I), considers deficits in interoceptive processing and awareness in various mental health conditions but also the equally important role of interoception for well-being (Part II), and approaches interoception from a theoretical and philosophical perspective, representing a highly novel departure for philosophy of mind and subjectivity (Part III). The chapters share a common concern for what it means to experience oneself, for the crucial role of emotions, and for issues of health and well-being, discussed on the joint basis of our bodily existence and interoception. The research presented here will hopefully accelerate the much-anticipated coming of age of interoceptive research in psychology, cognitive neurosciences, and philosophy.

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Books on the topic 'Emotion processing deficits'

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