Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emitters

Academic literature on the topic 'Emitters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Emitters"

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KOH, W. S., and L. K. ANG. "SIMULATION OF HIGH CURRENT FIELD EMISSION FROM VERTICALLY WELL-ALIGNED METALLIC CARBON NANOTUBES." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 04n05 (August 2004): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04002528.

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We have studied the intense electron beams emitted from multiple metallic, vertical and well-aligned Carbon Nanotube (CNT) field emitters. A two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell simulation code MAGIC2D is used to obtain the I–V characteristics near to the apex of the emitters' surface for a given applied electric field and field enhancement factor over a wide range of parameters. The effects of electron space charge and electric field shielding from neighboring emitters are compared in low current and high current regimes. It is found that the electron space charge is dominant in high current regime, where the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) law becomes the 2D Child–Langmuir (CL) law. The emitter spacing, number of emitters, and emitter's uniformity are also particularly studied, and they are more critical in low current regime. Smooth transition from the FN law to CL law is demonstrated.
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Li, Zhangyan, Liming Yu, Na Li, Liuhong Chang, and Ningbo Cui. "Influence of Flushing Velocity and Flushing Frequency on the Service Life of Labyrinth-Channel Emitters." Water 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111630.

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Dripline flushing is an effective way to relieve emitter clogging and extend the longevity of drip irrigation systems. This laboratory study was conducted at Kunming University of Science and Technology to evaluate the effect of three targeted flushing velocities (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m/s) and four flushing frequencies (no flushing, flushing daily, and flushing every three or five days) on the emitter’s service life and the particle size distribution of the sediment discharged from emitters and trapped in an emitter channel. The gradation of particle size was analyzed by a laser particle size analyzer. The experiment results suggested that flushing velocity and flushing frequency had a significant effect on the service life of emitters, and the emitter’s service life was extended by 30.40% on average under nine different flushing treatments. Flushing can effectively reduce the accumulation of sediments in the dripline and decrease the probability of coarse particles flowing into emitters and fine particles aggregating and cementing in the labyrinth channel, thus relieving the emitter clogging. Therefore, dripline flushing can effectively slow down clogging in muddy water drip irrigation system. The recommended flushing velocity should be set at 0.6 m/s, and the flushing intervals should be shortened.
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Almario-Narváez, Johana, Javier Enrique Vélez-Sánchez, and María Jaqueline Molina-Ochoa. "Emitter clogging when using water from a tributary of the Bogotá River in Colombia." Agronomía Colombiana 34, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v34n2.56890.

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An experiment was conducted to study the behavior of three types of emitters used in Colombia under real-work conditions using water from the Neusa River, a tributary of the Bogotá River. The emitters included: an in-line turbulent-flow emitter (E1), an integrated turbulent-flow emitter (E2), and an integrated self-regulated turbulent-flow emitter (E3). The operation and quality of the emitters were evaluated taking into account the flow decrease trend over time (RF), the flow reduction percentage of the emitters (qr), the coefficient of variation (Cv), the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), and the emission uniformity (EU). The results indicated that the water quality in general affected the performance of the emitters over time, depending on the characteristics and properties of the emitters. The EU and CU decreased in the three emitter types as the experiment progressed and the Cv and qr increased. The E2 emitter showed a lower Cv and qr and a higher CU and EU than the E1 and E3 emitters.
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Zhou, Hongxu, Yunkai Li, Youheng Fang, Yang Xiao, and Qiang Li. "Assessment of Flat Emitter Anti-Clogging Performance in Drip Irrigation Systems." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 3 (2019): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13151.

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Abstract. Selecting drip emitters with excellent anti-clogging performance (AP) is vital to ensure the safe operation of drip irrigation systems. However, previous researchers have not reached a consensus on emitter selection and evaluation standards based on emitter AP. In this study, eight types of flat emitters were selected as experimental objects, and high-sand surface water was used as the water source to test the AP of emitters with three experimental treatments. The emitter total coefficient of evaluation index (ETEI) was applied to analyze the relative differences in AP of the emitters, and then the mechanism leading to those differences was explored. The results indicated that there were significant variations in AP among different emitters, and four evaluation indices had good consistency in evaluating emitter AP. Small-discharge emitters showed good anti-clogging ability. Emitters with large cross-section average velocity (v), not just with high discharge (Q), should be identified as having excellent AP. The combination of emitter structural parameters, mainly width-depth ratio (W/D), relative radius (A1/2/L), and flow path length (L), made significant differences in the v of emitters under the same operating conditions. Higher v caused a significant linear decrease in key clogging components, solid particles (SD), CaCO3 and MgCO3 precipitates (C-MP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and microbial activity (MA), of the clogging material inside the emitter. This study provides a reference for the selection and development of emitter products with high-efficiency AP. Keywords: Anti-clogging ability, Emitter discharge, Evaluation indices, Micro-irrigation, Uniformity.
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Santalices, David, Juan Meléndez, and Susana Briz. "Virtual Spectral Selectivity in a Modulated Thermal Infrared Emitter with Lock-In Detection." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 5451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145451.

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The need for affordable low-power devices has led MEMS-based thermal emitters to become an interesting option for optical gas sensors. Since these emitters have a low thermal mass, they can be easily modulated and combined with a lock-in amplifier for detection. In this paper, we show that the signal measured by a lock-in amplifier from a thermal emitter that varies its temperature periodically can have different spectral profiles, depending on the reference signal used. These virtual emitters appear because the Fourier series expansion of the emitted radiance, as a function of time, has different coefficients for each wavelength, and this spectral signature, which is different for each harmonic, can be retrieved using a reference signal that corresponds to its frequency. In this study, the effect is first proved theoretically and then is measured experimentally. For this purpose, we performed measurements with an IR camera provided with six different spectral filters of a modulated emitter, in combination with lock-in amplification via software. Finally, we show a potential application of this effect using multiple virtual emitters to gain spectral selectivity and distinguish between two gases, CO2 and CH4.
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Filippov, Sergey V., Fernando F. Dall’Agnol, Eugeni O. Popov, Anatoly G. Kolosko, and Thiago A. de Assis. "Reaching homogeneous field emission current from clusters of emitters with nonuniform heights." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 41, no. 1 (January 2023): 010601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002315.

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In field electron emission from pointed structures in a cluster or in an array, electrostatic depolarization due to neighboring emitters diminishes the local field enhancement factor (FEF). This effect can limit the maximum macroscopic emission current from devices. If emitters in a cluster are regularly spaced and uniformly tall, the local FEF will always present significantly larger values at the edges, making most of the cluster ineffective. In this work, we explore conducting emitters in a cluster that are not uniformly tall and numerically calculate the local electrostatic field and the macroscopic emitted current over classical emitter’s surfaces using the Murphy–Good emission model. Our results show the conditions to homogenize and, therefore, optimize the emission current extractable from the cluster.
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Anttu, Nicklas, Henrik Mäntynen, Anastasiia Sorokina, Pyry Kivisaari, Toufik Sadi, and Harri Lipsanen. "Geometry Tailoring of Emission from Semiconductor Nanowires and Nanocones." Photonics 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020023.

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Semiconductor nanowires are of interest as light emitters in applications such as light-emitting diodes and single-photon sources. Due to the three-dimensional geometry in combination with a size comparable to the wavelength of the emitted light, nanowires have shown strong scattering effects for the emitted light. Here, we demonstrate with electromagnetic modeling that the emission properties of nanowires/nanocones show a complicated dependence on the geometry of the nanowire/nanocone, the shape and position of the emitter region, and the polarization of the emitter. We show that with proper design, the extraction efficiency can close in on 80% for as-grown single nanowires/nanocones. Importantly, we demonstrate how the internal quantum efficiency of the emitter plays a large role in the design process. A considerably different geometry design approach should be undertaken at low and high internal quantum efficiency. Due to the complicated design optimization, we strongly recommend the use of electromagnetic modeling of the emission to give guidance for suitable designs before starting the fabrication and processing of nanowire/nanocone-based light emitters.
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Yasnohorodskyi, M. A. "The use of various materials as a metal component in a metamaterial thermophotovoltaic emitter." Radiotekhnika, no. 210 (September 28, 2022): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2022.3.210.13.

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Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) is a process by which photons emitted by a heat emitter are converted into electrical energy by a photovoltaic cell. Selective heat emitters that can survive temperatures at or above 1000°C have the potential to significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency of a PV cell by limiting the emission of photons with energies below the band gap energy of a photovoltaic cell. Waste heat can be a valuable source of energy if we can find a way to harvest it efficiently. Deviations from ideal absorption and ideal blackbody behavior lead to light losses. For selective emitters, any light emitted at wavelengths outside the bandgap energy of the photovoltaic system may not be efficiently converted, reducing efficiency. In particular, it is difficult to avoid emission associated with phonon resonance for wavelengths in the deep infrared, which cannot be practically converted. An ideal emitter would not emit light at wavelengths other than the bandgap energy, and much TFP research is devoted to designing emitters that approximate better this narrow emission spectrum. TPV systems usually consist of a heat source, a radiator and a waste heat removal system. TFV cells are placed between the emitter, often a metal or similar block, and the cooling system, often a passive radiator. Efficiency, heat resistance and cost are the three main factors for choosing a TPF emitter. The efficiency is determined by the absorbed energy relative to the incoming radiation. High temperature operation is critical because efficiency increases with operating temperature. As the temperature of the emitter increases, the radiation of the black body shifts toward shorter waves, which allows for more efficient absorption by photocells. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using materials such as platinum, gold, and nichrome as a metal component in a metamaterial emitter with respect to their absorption and thermal stability.
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Siwach, Pooja, P. Arumugam, S. Modi, L. S. Ferreira, and E. Maglione. "Proton emission study as a guide to astrophysical rp process." EPJ Web of Conferences 260 (2022): 11039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226011039.

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Proton emitters play an important role in deciding the path of the astrophysical rapid proton capture (rp) process. The lifetime of these nuclei depends on several factors, like the deformation, angular momentum of the emitted proton, residual interaction between valence proton and neutron (especially in case of odd-odd nuclei) and so on. Therefore, it is worth to investigate the structure of proton emitters to understand the rp process path. However, due to lack of data in this exotic region, the theoretical models should be robust and the dependence on the free parameters should be minimal. In this direction, we have developed the first microscopic approach to study the triaxially deformed odd-odd proton emitters. The application of the developed approach to 108I, a recently observed proton emitter to investigate the end cycle of the rp process, is discussed.
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POHER, Claude, and Danielle POHER. "Transient Luminous Events, into the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere, observed during violent thunderstorms lightning, are explained thanks to laboratory jets of photons in air, occuring during emission of Gravitational Quanta." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10216.

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Abstract : A Gravitational field emitter, as we patented in 2006, is composed of an “active” material squeezed between two metallic electrodes. The active material is superconducting, with conductive or insulating grains added inside, to get local electric fields during brief electric discharges made into that emitter. Along such a discharge, the emitter propels itself, by anisotropic re-emission of interacting Gravitational Quanta. These emitted quanta accelerate distant matter particles placed along their trajectory. With early YBCO superconducting material emitters, cooled down by liquid nitrogen, we observed systematically a bright emission of light into the bath. This light emission is caused by nitrogen molecules’ ionization by gravitational quanta push. In 2012, the partial superconducting behavior of natural Graphite, at room temperature, was discovered, so we built new emitters from Graphite. These shown the same propelling effect as the early ones made of YBCO, with a lower performance. Here we record and discuss light emission in the form of jets of photons, in air, at room temperature, and pressure, during strong electric discharges into Graphite based emitters. These results enhance the confirmation of predictions from our theoretical Quantum model of Inertia and Gravitation. They explain also the enigmatic Transient Luminous Events observed in the atmosphere over thunderstorms clouds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emitters"

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Johnson, Eric (Eric M. ). "Self-installation of drip irrigation emitters for prototype emitter testing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105700.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 31).
In this thesis, I tested methods of adhering factory-made drip emitters to the interior of short segments of piping. Different types of adhesive and pipe material combinations were tested, and I selected three combinations for further testing. Performance similar to factory-installed drip emitters was achieved at low pressure, but the necessary watertight seals repeatedly burst at higher water pressures. Alterations to the drip emitter and installation procedure are recommended to increase reliability and resilience of the installation.
by Eric Johnson.
S.B.
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Culham, Stacey. "Polymetallic triplet emitters." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36124/.

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This work is concerned with the synthesis and property investigation of a relatively new class of cyclometallated Ir(III) and Pt(II) complexes in which two metal centres are coordinated to a common heterocycle resulting in a rigid polymetallic assembly. Highly luminescent materials which can emit and absorb in a red region of the spectrum were targeted. There are three main parts of the thesis. The first part investigates how luminescent properties of the diplatinum systems are affected by the bridging ligand. A series of novel mono- and dinuclear Pt(II) complexes has been prepared and their luminescent and redox properties investigated. The main observation is that the introduction of the second metal centre leads to a substantial red-shift in absorption and emission. In the second part the role of changing the ligand substituents in a cyclometallated complex has been investigated to determine the extent to which luminescence is affected by the nature of the substituents. A series of mono- and dinuclear Pt(II) complexes have been prepared using substituted pyrazine bridging ligands. It was found that electron donating substituents such as –OMe in the benzene cyclometallating ring cause a red-shift, while electron withdrawing substituents such as –F cause a blue-shift in emission. The final part of the work describes the synthesis of cyclometallated homometallic bis Ir(III) complexes. A series of bis- Ir(III) complexes have been prepared using a terdentate cyclometallating N^C^N coordinating 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene derivative as an auxiliary ligand. It was found that the nature of the bridging ligand determines the overall stability of the complex. Pyrimidine-linked systems were found to be the most stable, while pyrazine analogues readily photodecompose/isomerise. Pyridazine-linked systems lead to ionic complexes where one chloride ligand is shared by two Iridium metal centres.
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Bates, R. "Silicon heterostructure intersubband emitters." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596474.

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It is believed that the Silicon Germanium (SiGe) materials system offers numerous benefits over GaAs/AlGaAs for operation within the THz gap - absorption coefficients are lower due to the non-polar nature of the SiGe lattice and the potential for integration with Si chips exists. Furthermore, operating within the valence band allows surface normal emission to be observed and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers to be fabricated using transitions between light (LH) and heavy (HH) hole subbands and poly-Si/silicon dioxide Bragg reflectors. This dissertation reports upon recent advances made in FIR Quantum Cascade Emitters (QCEs) based within the SiGe materials system. Initial measurements were designed purely to demonstrate the ability of the vertical intersubband transition to absorb radiation. Such structures were also observed to emit and spectroscopy was performed allowing the origin of such emission to be verified as being due to intersubband transitions. QCEs were then designed and processed, allowing the observation of the first surface-normal emission from a QCE in the absence of a grating to be observed. Further designs demonstrated the primary dependence upon the strain within the quantum wells of the energy of the LH1-HH1 transition. The scalability of the active regions has also been demonstrated - the strain symmeterised growth allowing hundreds of layers to be grown at a uniformly high standard. A shift from vertical (intrawell) to diagonal (interwell) transitions using photon assisted tunnelling lead to the theoretical observation of population inversion within the system. One of the key requirements for lasing, the existence of population inversion demonstrates both the potential and feasibility for a QCL to be fabricated in SiGe.
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Mahlmeister, Nathan Howard. "Graphene based thermal emitters." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/24326.

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Mid-Infrared thermal emission sources based on graphene were investigated both experimentally and simulated using the finite element method modelling software package COMSOL. Devices were fabricated by transferring graphene onto various substrates. The thermal emission of few-layer and single graphene on SiO2/Si, under a pulsed square wave drive current, was characterised using spatially resolved thermal emission measurements. It was determined that the devices with single-layer graphene maintained characteristic properties of graphene, while few-layer graphene displayed properties typical of a semi-metal. The effect of thermal management on the emission was investigated by comparing simulations to the emission from these devices and a hexagonal boron nitride encapsulated few-layer graphene device. Limiting the vertical heat dissipation was shown to improve device modulation speed. The emission from the graphene devices was determined to be grey-body in nature. Metamaterial structures, including ring resonators and split ring resonators, were integrated with the encapsulated devices in order to narrow the emission spectra. The emission and reflectance of the devices was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A tuneable electromagnetically induced transparency like spectral response was observed for devices with metamaterial structures. The resonance peaks were shifted by altering the unit cell parameters. Finally, gallium nitride nano-rod arrays were investigated for the potential to incorporate both spectral control and thermal management into the underlying substrate, in addition to the possibility of the optical generation of graphene plasmons. It was determined that the conventional wet transfer technique was inadequate to transfer the graphene onto the nano-rods. Therefore, a modified transfer technique was utilised, with a significant improvement in the graphene coverage observed. Optical characterisation of the nano-rods using Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy indicated the excitation of localised surface phonon polaritons, while no evidence was observed in the graphene reflectance spectra of the generation of graphene plasmons.
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Taminiau, Tim Hugo. "Optical antennas for single emitters." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132097.

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The interaction of light with matter is a central topic in both fundamental science and applied technology. At the heart of this interaction lies the absorption or emission of a photon by an electronic transition in for example an atom, molecule or semiconductor. Because such quantum emitters are generally much smaller than the wavelength of light, they interact slowly and omnidirectionally with light, limiting their absorption and emission. At radio frequencies similar issues were encountered and addressed long ago. Electrical circuits radiate little because they are much smaller than the corresponding wavelength. To enable wireless communication, they are connected to antennas that have dimensions in the order of the wavelength. These antennas are designed to effectively convert electrical signals into radiation and vice versa. The same concept can be applied in optics. The central idea of this thesis is that the interaction of a quantum emitter with light can be improved by near-field coupling it to the resonant plasmon modes of a metal nano-particle, which then acts as an optical antenna. In this way, excitation and emission rates can be enhanced, and the angular, polarization, and spectral dependence controlled. Chapter 1 of this thesis outlines these concepts and introduces optical antennas for single emitters. The experimental demonstration of optical antennas requires the near-field coupling of a single emitter to a resonant optical antenna. We fabricated optical monopole antennas on scanning probes, so that they can be precisely positioned near single fluorescent molecules. In this way we directly mapped the changes in the excitation and emission of a single quantum emitter as it is scanned near the antenna. Chapter 2 presents the results for the excitation part of the interaction. The enhanced excitation field at the antenna is highly confined (within 25 nm); the emitter only interacts with the antenna mode over this short distance. The antenna resonances were probed directly in the near-field and show that the antenna is indeed an optical analog of a monopole antenna. The experiments in Chapter 3 demonstrate how the antenna controls the emission. If the emitter is placed at the right position and if the antenna is tuned to resonance, the angular emission of the coupled system is determined by the antenna mode, regardless of the orientation of the emitter. In Chapter 4, we exploit that fact. We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, that the radiation from a single emitter coupled to a multi-element optical Yagi-Uda antenna is highly directed. We show that by reciprocity such a high directivity both enhances the excitation field and the collection efficiency. An intuitive way to understand optical antennas is as cavities for surface plasmon polaritons. In chapter 5, I present an extended description of the interaction of dipolar emitters with radiation through nano-rod antenna modes, by treating the antenna as a cavity. The results demonstrate how the properties of the antenna modes evolve from macroscopic perfectly conducting antennas to nanoscale plasmonic antennas, and highlight the similarities and differences between optical and conventional antennas. The results presented in this thesis show that optical antennas provide a new way to link single emitters to light. By designing the antenna the absorption and emission properties of the emitter can be tailored. More generally, optical antennas enhance and control light-matter interaction on the nano-scale, making them promising tools for applications in topics as diverse as high resolution near-field scanning optical microscopy, non-linear optics and spectroscopy, and photovoltaic devices.
La interacción entre luz y materia es fundamental tanto en ciencia básica como en tecnología aplicada. En el corazón de esta interacción están la emisión y absorción de fotones en transiciones electrónicas de, por ejemplo, átomos, moléculas o semiconductores. Tales emisores cuánticos son más pequeños que la longitud de onda de la radiación con la que interaccionan. La interacción es entonces lenta y omnidireccional, lo que limita los procesos de absorción y emisión. En radio frecuencias este mismo problema fue resuelto tiempo atrás. Los circuitos eléctricos radián poco por ser más pequeños que las ondas de radio. La comunicación inalámbrica es posible sólo si los circuitos están conectados a antenas con dimensiones del orden de la longitud de onda. Las antenas son diseñadas para convertir efectivamente señales eléctricas en radiación y viceversa. Este principio se extender a la óptica. La idea central de esta tesis es que la interacción entre la luz y un emisor cuántico incrementa cuando éste es acoplando, en el campo cercano, a los modos plasmónicos resonantes de una nano-partícula metálica. La partícula actúa entonces como una antena óptica. Es posible entonces aumentar las tasas de excitación y emisión, y controlar la dependencia angular, espectral y en polarización. El capítulo 1 de ésta tesis explica estos conceptos e introduce las antenas ópticas para emisores individuales. Para implementar experimentalmente una antena óptica es necesario acoplar en campo cercano un emisor individual a una antena resonante. Como las antenas ópticas monopolares fueron fabricadas sobre sondas de barrido, podemos ubicarlas con precisión cerca a una molécula fluorescente. Es así como escaneando un emisor cuántico singular cerca a la antena es posible mapear los cambios en la excitación y la emisión. El capítulo 2 presenta los resultados relativos a la parte de la interacción correspondiente a la excitación. El campo excitado en la antena está altamente confinado (25 nm); el emisor solo interactúa con los modos de la antena dentro de esta pequeña región. Las resonancias, probadas directamente en el campo cercano, muestran que en efecto la antena es el análogo óptico a una antena monopolar. Los experimentos en el capítulo 3 muestran como la antena controla la emisión. Cuando el emisor se ubica en la posición correcta y la antena está en resonancia, la emisión del sistema acoplado es determinada por el modo de la antena, independientemente de la dirección del emisor. El capítulo 4 explora esta característica. Teórica y experimentalmente, hemos demostrado la alta direccionalidad de la radiación de un emisor individual cuando es acoplado a una antena Yagi-Uda de múltiples elementos. Por reciprocidad, esta direccionalidad incrementa tanto el campo de excitación como la eficiencia de acoplamiento. En una forma intuitiva las antenas ópticas se pueden entender como cavidades para los plasmones-polaritones de superficie. Tratando las antenas como cavidades, el capítulo 5 presenta una descripción de la interacción entre los emisores dipolares y la radiación mediada por los modos de las nano-antenas. Los resultados muestran como las propiedades de estos modos evolucionan desde las antenas macroscópicas perfectamente conductoras hasta las nano-antenas plasmónicas. Los resultados también explican las diferencias entre las antenas ópticas y las convencionales. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis prueban que las antenas ópticas son una nueva alternativa para acoplar luz a emisores cuánticos individuales. Las propiedades de absorción y emisión del emisor pueden ser controladas diseñando adecuadamente las antenas. Las antenas ópticas permiten amplificar y controlar la interacción entre radiación y materia en la escala nanométrica, convirtiéndolas en herramientas importantes en campos muy diversos. Por ejemplo, en microscopia óptica de campo cercano, en información cuántica, en óptica no lineal, en espectroscopia y en dispositivos fotovoltaicos
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Geiß, Barbara. "Donor-Acceptor Substituted Triplet Emitters." kostenfrei, 2009. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3972/.

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Krishnan, Jagadamma Lethy. "Characterisation of nanostructured light emitters." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17192.

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Group III-nitride semiconductors are the dominant inorganic solid state light emitting materials, spanning the UV to infra-red spectral range. InGaN/GaN based LEDs and lasers are commercially available and intense research is being pursued to improve their efficiency. One practical approach is the development of functionalised and/or improved materials patterned on a nanometre length scale. This thesis presents the optical, morphological and compositional characterisation of III-nitride based nanostructured light emitters. The III-nitride nanostructures studied are GaN coalesced above arrays of either nanopyramids or nanocolumns, semipolar and nonpolar InGaN QWs on the facets of GaN nanopyramids, and thin epilayers of AlInN and AlInGaN. Spatially resolved optical characterisation of nano-ELOG GaN layers revealed a shift in the exciton-related band edge emission across the coalesced layer. This is related to Si doping and to strain effects. Study of the semipolar {1011} InGaN QWs grown on the facets of GaN nanopyramids identified a blue shift in QW emission energy as the sampled region is moved up the pyramid facets. This shift is found to follow the release of the tensile strain towards the top of nanopyramid. Luminescence properties of nearly lattice matched AlInN epilayers investigated using CL, PL and PLE spectroscopic techniques revealed that the emission and bandgap energy of the AlInN layers are at higher energy than that of GaN. Results obtained from polarisation resolved PL measurements of AlInN epilayers point to two possible implications: the observed higher energy AlInN emission is either related to defects or this emission is due to carrier recombination occurring in InN clusters similar to those of InGaN epilayers. Optical properties of thin AlInGaN epilayers investigated using PL and PLE spectroscopy revealed a redshift in bandgap energy with increase in InN fraction. The observed spatial intensity fluctuations are discussed in terms of the InN compositional fluctuations and inhomogeneous strain effects.
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Gant, Dean Alan. "Comparison of alkali ion emitters." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28043.

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Natrella, M. "Photonic terahertz emitters and receivers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1470214/.

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The research work presented in this thesis is concerned with the design, fabrication and characterisation of Continuous Wave (CW) Photonic Terahertz (THz) Emitters employing antenna-integrated Uni-Travelling-Carrier Photodiodes (UTC-PDs), based on the Indium Phosphide (InP) materials system. The solution employing photonic techniques for the generation of sub-millimetre and THz waves, via photomixing of lasers operating at 1550 nm, is a major candidate for the realisation of tuneable, power efficient, compact and cost effective THz sources operating at room temperature. The availability of sources endowed with such properties would make many important applications possible in this frequency range, such as ultra broad band wireless communications, spectroscopic sensing and THz imaging. The UTC-PDs enable high optical to electrical (O-E) conversion efficiency and are key components for the realisation of a photonic terahertz emitter. In this thesis the fabrication and characterisation of test vertically illuminated UTC-PDs, achieved using materials grown by Solid Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy at UCL and the fabrication of high performance waveguide UTC-PDs are reported, as milestones towards the development of a simple, repeatable and high yield fabrication process. A comprehensive study of UTC-PD impedance and frequency photo response, carried out using experimental techniques, circuit analysis and 3D full-wave electromagnetic modelling, is presented. The results of this investigation provide valuable new information for the optimisation of the UTC-PD to antenna coupling efficiency. New THz antenna and antenna array designs, obtained by means of full wave modelling, are also presented, and shown to be suitable for integration with both standard silicon lenses and a novel solution employing a ground plane. The accurate antenna design, along with the results of the UTC-PD impedance investigation, enables the prediction of the power radiated by antenna integrated UTC-PDs, not only in terms of trend over the frequency range but also of absolute level of emitted power. 3D full-wave modelling has also been used at optical frequencies, to address the problem of the optical fibre-to-chip coupling efficiency, which is another fundamental factor for the optimisation of a photonic THz emitter. Among other features, this analysis enables a better understanding of how the light is absorbed throughout the device structure and provides key information for future realisation of travelling-wave photodetectors. An additional experimental tool for the analysis of THz emission, namely the sub-wavelength aperture probe, has been modelled and characterised, revealing interesting properties for the characterisation of antenna far-fields and near fields, and hence providing a valuable tool for THz antenna analysis and design.
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Clegg, James. "Polarisation microscopy of single emitters." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/30775.

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This thesis contains a report on the development of a new type of confocal microscope. The microscope aims to allow the user to be able to determine the three dimensional orientation of single fluorescent emitters. The microscope has at its heart a binary spatial light modulator that allows us to control the excitation electric field in the pupil of the microscope objective. This allows us to exploit the fact that the excitation of, and emission from, a single fluorescent emitter is polarisation and orientation dependent. By changing the field in the excitation pupil we can generate a set of images that when taken together can be analysed to find the emitter orientation. We show that the microscope allows us to resolve the orientation of single fluorescent molecules and nitrogen vacancy centres in nanodiamond. We designed the microscope from scratch using extensive mathematical modelling techniques. We anticipate that these models will be useful to other researchers. One example is that our model of the polarisation distortions introduced during scanning is relevant to any galvanometer-based scanning system. We also developed a full model of a confocal microscope that includes the dipole-like nature of many samples. We use this to calculate, amongst other things, the optical sectioning properties of confocal microscopes. This allows us to validate previous models that ignored polarisation distortions of high numerical aperture lenses and also to make calculations where previous models would have been inadequate, for example in calculating the sectioning strength of sheets of aligned dipoles. As well as developing numerical models, we invented a new method for controlling the polarisation of light using a binary spatial light modulator. This work has applications in materials science, and industrial applications.
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Books on the topic "Emitters"

1

Kneissl, Michael, and Jens Rass, eds. III-Nitride Ultraviolet Emitters. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24100-5.

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Chubb, Donald L. Reappraisal of solid selective emitters. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Gant, Dean Alan. Comparison of alkali ion emitters. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Saito, Yahachi, ed. Carbon Nanotube and Related Field Emitters. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630615.

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Peter, Capper, and Elliott C. T, eds. Infrared detectors and emitters: Materials and devices. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2001.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop (2003 Vilnius, Lithuania). UV solid-state light emitters and detectors. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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Saito, Yahachi. Nanostructured Carbon Electron Emitters and Their Applications. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003141990.

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Capper, Peter, and C. T. Elliott, eds. Infrared Detectors and Emitters: Materials and Devices. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1607-1.

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Shur, Michael S., and Artūras Žukauskas, eds. UV Solid-State Light Emitters and Detectors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2103-9.

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Woodhead, Christopher. Enhancing the Light Output of Solid-State Emitters. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95013-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emitters"

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Bauer, Thomas. "Radiators (Emitters)." In Thermophotovoltaics, 17–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19965-3_2.

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Kono, Shozo. "Diamond Emitters." In Carbon Nanotube and Related Field Emitters, 219–30. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630615.ch16.

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Yates, John T. "Thermionic Emitters." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_14.

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Zimmermann, Horst. "Silicon Light Emitters." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 237–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01521-2_9.

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Demchenko, Alexander P. "Nanoscale Fluorescence Emitters." In Introduction to Fluorescence Sensing, 203–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20780-3_5.

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Maillard, Pierre. "Qualification of Emitters." In Competitive Quality and Innovation, 159–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119137573.ch7.

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Maillard, Pierre. "Supervision of Emitters." In Competitive Quality and Innovation, 177–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119137573.ch9.

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Yates, John T. "Thoriated Thermionic Emitters." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 202–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_63.

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Juarez-Martinez, Gabriela, Alessandro Chiolerio, Paolo Allia, Martino Poggio, Christian L. Degen, Li Zhang, Bradley J. Nelson, et al. "Magnetic Dipole Emitters." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1248. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100371.

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Zinov’ev, N. N. "Semiconductor Terahertz Emitters." In Terahertz Sources and Systems, 15–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0824-2_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emitters"

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Si, Bui Quang Tran, Doyoung Byun, and Sukhan Lee. "Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Cone-Jet for Electrospray." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42815.

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The interference effect on an array of electrospray emitters is analytically and experimentally investigated. An analytical model is presented to predict the behavior of the operating voltage with respect to emitter spacing in an array of emitters. The basic idea of these models is to superimpose the electric potential of individual emitters together in an array of emitters. If only one of the emitters operates and no liquid is supplied through the neighboring emitters, the potential required to form a stable cone-jet generally increases as the emitters move closer to each other due to electrical shielding. However, at very close spacing the required potential decreases. If all the emitters operate simultaneously, the operating voltage required for cone-jet spraying increases as the emitter spacing decreases; furthermore, there is no decrease in potential when the spacing is very close. The results of the analytical electrostatic interference model agree well with the experimental data.
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Pruijmboom, A., W. T. A. van den Einden, D. B. M. Klaassen, J. W. Slotboom, G. Streutker, A. E. M. de Veirman, and P. C. Zalm. "Phosphorus-Implanted Polysilicon Emitters with High Emitter Efficiency." In 1992 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1992.b-2-5.

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Taylor, Katherine A., Pulkit Shamshery, Ruo-Qian Wang, and Amos G. Winter. "A Mathematical Model for Pressure Compensating Emitters." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47519.

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This paper presents a mathematical model investigating the physics behind pressure-compensating (PC) drip irrigation emitters. A network of PC emitters, commonly known as drip irrigation, is an efficient way to deliver water to crops while increasing yield. Irrigation can provide a means for farmer to grow more sensitive, and profitable crops and help billions of small-holder farmers lift themselves out of poverty. Making drip irrigation accessible and economically viable is important for developing farmers as most face the challenges of water scarcity, declining water tables and lack of access to an electrical grid. One of the main reasons for the low adoption rate of drip irrigation in the developing world is the relatively high cost of the pumping power. It is possible to reduce this cost by reducing the required activation pressure of the emitters, while maintaining the PC behavior. The work presented here provides a guide of how design changes in the emitter could allow for a reduction in the activation pressure from 1 bar to approximately 0.1 bar. This decrease in the activation pressure of each emitter in turn decreases the system driving pressure. This reduction of driving pressure will decrease the energy need of pumping, making a solar-powered system affordable for small-acreage farmers. This paper develops a mathematical model to describe the PC behavior in a commercially available emitter. It is a 2D model that explains the relationship between the pressure, structural deformation and fluid flow within a PC emitter. A parametric study has been performed to understand the effects of geometric and material parameters with regards to the activation pressure and PC behavior. This knowledge will help guide the designs and prototypes of optimized emitters with a lower activation pressure, while also providing the PC behavior.
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Wang, Xinkun, and Junhong Li. "Numerical Calculation of Triangle Circulation Drip Irrigation Emitters." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30581.

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Based on the hydraulic characteristics of triangle circulation, sudden-expansion pipe and sudden contraction pipe, Construct a drip irrigation emitter with strong turbulent flow, large over-current cross-section and strong anti-clogging ability. Triangular circulation flow path emitters for the key structural parameters for the factors, application of computer numerical fluid dynamics CFD software FLUENT6.3, simulate triangular circulation flow channel structure, analyze the influence of various structural parameters on hydraulic performance of emitters, flow index, flow rate and the anti-clogging ability. The results show that increase unit cusp, unit chamfer, the flow index increased, but the effect to varying degrees; inlet dimension increase, flow index reduced; flow channel depth and flow channel width increases, the discharge increases. Increase unit cusp, unit chamfered, can improve the anti-clogging performance of emitters. Based on the above results, to design an emitter structure with good performance, and its numerical simulation analysis, the flow index, flow rate and anti-clogging ability have met the requirements of drip irrigation. Provide a theoretical basis for the triangle circulation emitter structure design and quantitative analysis. The research has a positive meaning for energy conservation.
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Stelmakh, Veronika, Walker R. Chan, John D. Joannopoulos, Marin Soljacic, Ivan Celanovic, and Kimberly Sablon. "Improved Thermal Emitters for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion." In ASME 2016 5th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2016-6698.

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Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion enables millimeter scale power generation required for portable microelectronics, robotics, etc. In a TPV system, a heat source heats a selective emitter to incandescence, the radiation from which is incident on a low bandgap TPV cell. The selective emitter tailors the photonic density of states to produce spectrally confined selective emission of light matching the bandgap of the photovoltaic cell, enabling high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency. The selective emitter requires: thermal stability at high-temperatures for long operational lifetimes, simple and relatively low-cost fabrication, as well as spectrally selective emission over a large uniform area. Generally, the selective emission can either originate from the natural material properties, such as in ytterbia or erbia emitters, or can be engineered through microstructuring. Our approach, the 2D photonic crystal fabricated in refractory metals, offers high spectral selectivity and high-temperature stability while being fabricated by standard semiconductor processes. In this work, we present a brief comparison of TPV system efficiencies using these different emitter technologies. We then focus on the design, fabrication, and characterization of our current 2D photonic crystal, which is a square lattice of cylindrical holes fabricated in a refractory metal substrate. The spectral performance and thermal stability of the fabricated photonic crystal thermal emitters are demonstrated and the efficiency gain of our model TPV system is characterized.
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Wilt, David M., and Donald L. Chubb. "Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion Technology Development at NASA Lewis Research Center." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0972.

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Abstract NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) has had an ongoing research program in TPV since the late 1980’s. This effort has included both in-house research programs on critical components such as photovoltaic cells (PV) and emitter materials, as well as an active contracting effort directed toward system and component development. Of particular note is the in-house development of thin film selective emitters fabricated from rare-earth yttrium aluminum garnets (YAG). These emitters have demonstrated in-band emittances of > 0.7 with low out of band emittances (∼0.2). Rare earth elements have a unique valency which allows them to behave as isolated atoms even when at solid state densities (i.e. produce line emission rather than grey body emission). Each element has a characteristic emission frequency (wavelength) and YAG selective emitters with emissions peaks ranging from 0.98μm to > 2μm have been demonstrated. In addition, it has been demonstrated that two rare earth elements can be added to the same emitter for increased the power density. Also developed at LeRC is a Monolithically Interconnected Module (MIM) consisting of many small InGaAs cells series interconnected on a single InP substrate. An infrared reflector placed on the rear surface of the substrate returns unabsorbed photons to the emitter for recycling. The MIM design has many advantages such as: high output voltages and low currents, improved reliability, minimized losses associated with emitter non-uniformity (i.e. variation in view factor, temperature, etc.), high output power density, simplified system design and simplified thermal management. MIM devices with excellent photoresponses and IR reflectivity’s > 82% have been demonstrated. The contracted efforts include a TPV system development by Tecogen, Inc., based on ytterbia fibrous selective emitters and silicon PV devices. Two (2) prototype TPV systems were constructed, each including recuperators, non-premixed combustor designs, dielectric interference filters and PERL silicon TPV PV cells. Emitters temperatures of 2000K were routinely achieved and both systems have logged many hours of testing. Also under contract development are solar powered TPV systems, InGaAsSb PV devices and plasma-sprayed selective emitters.
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Narain, Jaya, and Amos G. Winter. "A Hybrid Computational and Analytical Model of Inline Drip Emitters." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85871.

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This paper details a hybrid computational and analytical model to predict the performance of inline pressure-compensating (PC) drip irrigation emitters. The term inline refers to flow control devices mounted within the irrigation tubing. Pressure-compensating emitters deliver a relatively constant flow rate over a range applied pressure to accurately meter water to crops. Flow rate is controlled within the emitter by directing the water through a tortuous path (which imposes a fixed resistance), and then through a variable resistor composed of a flexible membrane that deflects under changes in pressure, restricting the flow path. An experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to predict flow behavior through tortuous paths, and a pressure resistance parameter was derived to represent the pressure drop with a single variable. The bending and shearing mechanics of the membrane were modeled analytically and refined for accuracy by deriving a correction factor using finite element analysis. A least-squares matrix formulation that calculates the force applied by a line load of any shape, along which there is a prescribed deflection applied on a rectangular membrane, was derived and was found to be accurate to within one percent. The applicability of the assumption of locally fully developed flow through the pressure compensating chamber in a drip emitter was analyzed. The combined hybrid computational-analytical model reduces the computational time of modeling drip emitter performance from days to less than 30 minutes, dramatically lowering the time required to iterate and select optimal designs. The model was validated using three commercially available drip emitters, rated at 1.1, 2, and 3.8 L/hr. For each, the model predicted the flow rate with an error of twenty percent or less, as compared to the emitter performance published by the manufacturer.
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Yuksel, Anil, Alex Heltzel, and John R. Howell. "Design and Optimization of Thermal Selective Emitters for High-Efficiency Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) Power Generation." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49581.

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Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices are popular energy converters due to providing low noise, low thermal-mechanical stresses and portability. The conversion efficiency of TPVs is still low due to mistuned spectral properties between thermal selective emitters and the TPV cell. Using thermal selective emitters that are well-matched to the TPV cell spectrum enhances the conversion efficiency of TPVs. Several thermal selective emitters, composed of 1-D complex multilayer structures with rectangular gratings, have been proposed. Cost, fabrication and stability factors have been major problems for their application on TPV modules. In this paper, a 1-D tungsten thermal emitter is optimized which exhibits close to blackbody emittance near the band-gap of a GaInAsSb TPV cell and sharp cutoff for longer wavelengths. The emitter is at 1200K, and is designed and optimized by modeling triangular grooves to excite localized groove modes which are well-matched to the GaInAsSb TPV cell external quantum efficiency (EQE) for high efficiency energy conversion. We suggest that a quasi-monochromatic, narrow-band and coherent emitter at a frequency near the energy band-gap of the converter is an ideal source to achieve high conversion efficiency.
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Peana, Samuel, Omer Yesilyurt, Vahagn Mkhitaryan, Alexander Senichev, Zachariah O. Martin, Alexei S. Lagutchev, Alexandra Boltasseva, and Vladimir M. Shalaev. "Large Scale Deterministic Creation of Single Photon Emitters in Silicon Nitride Nanopillars." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fs4b.5.

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We demonstrated large scale deterministic creation of single photon emitters in annealed silicon nitride on silicon oxide pillars. The estimated single photon emitter yield is approximately 50% with a lateral accuracy of ±85nm.
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Shamshery, Pulkit, and Amos G. Winter. "Designing a Low Activation Pressure Drip Irrigation Emitter With Constraints for Mass Manufacturing." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60078.

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This work discusses the modeling and optimization of a drip irrigation emitter for reducing activation pressure. Our model formulation focuses on analytically characterizing fluid-structure interactions in an existing 8 liters per hour (lph) pressure-compensating online emitter. A preliminary experimental validation of the resulting model was performed for three different emitter architectures. This model was used as a basis for a genetic algorithm-based optimization algorithm that focused on minimizing activation pressure. The design variables considered in our formulation include, geometric features of the emitter architecture, and practical constraints from manufacturing. We applied our optimization approach to four emitters (with flow rates of 4, 6, 7 and 8.2 lph) and were able to lower activation pressure by more than half in each case. The optimization results for all four emitters were experimentally validated in lab-studies. We performed a more exhaustive validation study for the 8.2 lph emitter with an emitter manufacturer. Results from these experiments (which followed ISO standards) showed that the optimized 8.2 lph emitter had a 75% lower activation pressure when compared to the original emitter design.
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Reports on the topic "Emitters"

1

Garland, Nancy L., H. H. Nelson, and A. P. Baronavski. Survey of Near-Infrared Emitters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389679.

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Calisti, A., F. Khelfaoui, R. Stamm, L. Sylvander, and B. Talin. Spectral line shape code for multielectron emitters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7243926.

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Kania, D. R. Hard carbon field emitters for flat panel displays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491834.

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Hollingsworth, Jennifer. Advanced Quantum Emitters: Chemistry, Photophysics, Integration and Application. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1781363.

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Mounce, Andrew, Bryan Kaehr, Michael Titze, Edward Bielejec, and Heejun Byeon. Single Photon Emitters Coupled to Photonic Wire bonds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1828645.

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Biefeld, R. M., A. A. Allerman, and S. R. Kurtz. Recent advances in mid-infrared (3--6 micron) emitters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/486175.

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Mauzerall, Denise, Babar Sultan, Namsoug Kim, and David Bradford. Charging NOx Emitters for Health Damages: An Exploratory Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10824.

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Siskaninetz, William J., and Reginald J. Turner. Bipolar Cascade Emitters for Radio-Frequency and Electro-Optical Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484605.

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Daly, James. Final report for Frequency selective surfaces for rugged thermophotovoltaic emitters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808063.

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Choi, C. K. Monte Carol-Based Dosimetry of Beta-Emitters for Intravascular Brachytherapy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798524.

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