To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Emissions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Emissions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Emissions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Jooste, Dustin. "Emissions trading scheme for South Africa : opportunities and challenges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79330.
Full textAbstract:
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report aims to determine whether an emissions trading scheme or carbon tax is the
most suitable market-based emissions reduction mechanism for South Africa, given its multiple
environmental, social and economic objectives. Key factors considered in this comparison include:
environmental effectiveness; economic efficiency; social welfare impacts; public finance
considerations; administrative complexity and costs; and, finally, the relationship to global
greenhouse gas reduction mechanisms. These factors are compared in the short and long term to
determine which mechanism is most likely to deliver South Africa’s emissions reduction targets
within the given time frames. The comparison of these factors involves a non-empirical literature
review, followed by a rating of the mechanisms in order to distil a best fit in terms of the various
aspects of an effective emissions reduction mechanism, taking into account the specific needs and
conditions of South Africa.
The research found that, in the short term, a carbon tax was best suited to the South African
context. This is because of the fiscal certainty inherent in this mechanism, which provides clear
price signals and a stable public income. However, the reasons for these comparative advantages
over an emissions trading scheme relate to the long lead times and structure of the latter
mechanism, which requires years of implementation and favours environmental effectiveness over
economic efficiency. Further reasons include a lack of understanding and buy-in in terms of
market-based mechanisms, a situation that favours familiarity over effectiveness in some
instances. Taking these issues into account, the research shows that an emissions trading scheme
is better suited to the South African context in the long term. Once properly implemented, this
mechanism provides superior results in terms of the above-mentioned factors, and specifically in
terms of environmental effectiveness and the potential for benefit through international integration.
This research report concludes that the South African government has failed to take a long-term
view of the mechanisms available for emissions reduction, choosing instead to implement a carbon
tax, which favours economic growth at the expense of the environment and future generations. A
general lack of understanding of the structures and opportunity costs of the two mechanisms
necessitates an investigation by government of the applicability and structure of an emissions
trading scheme in the South African context before market-based mechanisms can play an
effective part in the future development of the country’s environmental regulatory regime.
2
Paulsson, Fredrik. "Emissions for Sale : The Ethics of Emissions Trading." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1954.
Full textAbstract:
International regulations target a global reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through the allocation of national reduction targets and the definition of mechanisms to achieve these targets. One of these mechanisms is international emissions trading, these trading programs have been the targets of widespread criticism since they were introduced into the policy-making arena. The point of departure in this study has been that the trading raises questions about morality, since it implies signals, which legitimates pollution. The main purpose with this study has been to find out if emissions trading systems can be morally justified with the method of wide reflective equilibrium. From the study it was found that the moral intuition; it is wrong to pollute the environment, and perform activities, which legitimates pollution, finds support from the different theories within environmental ethics and Kantian ethics. But, it was also found that there are a number of background theories, such as neo-classical economic thinking, liberalism, and utilitarianism, that supports the notion of emissions trading. The paper argues that even though the concept of CO2-emissions trading raises moral questions it can be morally defended on the basis of rationality. When the theory about specification is applied to the concept of emissions trading it is possible to reach a situation were a wide reflective equilibrium is achieved.
3
Vice, President Research Office of the. "Undermining Emissions." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9509.
Full textAbstract:
Once a source of environmental concern, mine tailings could now contribute to the fight against climate change. Greg Dipple and team are discovering how mines can potentially ofset their own emissions.
4
Nord, Kent. "Particles and unregulated emissions from CI engines subjected to emission control /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/09.
Full text
5
Kim, Tae-Kyung. "Dynamic analysis of sulfur dioxide monthly emissions in U.S. power plants." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086195964.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 218 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jean Michael Guldmann, City and Regional Planning Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-133).
6
de, Souza Nayara. "Total Fume Emissions and Emission Factors Applicable to Gas Metal Arc Welding." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2603.
Full textAbstract:
Welding is a common industrial practice that has the potential to emit air pollutants. Emission factors are useful indicators to help in the understanding of the extent of pollution from a process and managing them to reduce or minimize health impacts. The objective of this thesis is to determine emission factors applicable to the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), under varying current and voltage conditions. The most used base metals and an electrode for the shipbuilding industry were considered. A weld fume chamber was used to achieve the project goals along with standard sampling and analytical procedures. Three test runs were performed for each sampling scenario to ensure repeatability. The EPA EF average for MS experiments with the ER70S-6 electrode is 5.2 g/kg, and for SS experiments with the ER316L-Si electrode is 3.2 g/kg, while the average results for this study were 6.81 g/kg and 3.28 g/kg respectively.
7
Bannister, Christopher David. "Vehicle emissions measurement." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437600.
Full text
8
Nemalapuri, Vijay Krishna. "Impact of Traffic Operations on Carbon Monoxide Emissions Analysis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282322424.
Full text
9
Bowerman, Niel H. A. "Emission targets for avoiding dangerous climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a330ad41-54e4-46d7-99b5-110bd40a820b.
Full textAbstract:
A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak global warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution. This thesis builds on this work by using a simple climate model to apply the concept of cumulative emissions to emission floors, by comparing cumulative emissions with other types of emissions target, and by extending the work to apply to noncarbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Though peak global warming correlates well with cumulative carbon emissions, the link to emissions over shorter periods or in the years 2020 or 2050 is shown to be weaker. It is also shown that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some warming targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely warming up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak warming in the simple model used, regardless of the type of emissions floor used. The maximum rate of CO2- induced warming is not determined by cumulative emissions but is shown to be limited by the peak rate of CO2 emissions. A simple model of non-CO2 greenhouse gases is also developed and used to investigate SLCFs. It is shown that emissions of SLCFs today have little impact on peak warming, and that delaying near-term reductions in SLCFs would not have a significant impact on peak warming. Only once CO2 emissions are falling do SLCF emissions have a significant impact on peak warming. A global climate policy framework is presented as an example of how the work in this thesis could be used in policy. Future work is also discussed, particularly verification of these results in a more complex model.
10
Seward, Balaji B. "Small engine emissions testing laboratory development and emissions sampling system verification." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11024.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 110 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-110).
11
Liu, Xin. "Emission Trading For China : the inspiration from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58643.
Full textAbstract:
How to avoid and deal with dangerous climate change, which will have catastrophic economic and social consequences, has already become the focus worldwide. From the UNFCCC to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community has been trying to find effective means to reduce GHGs. Facing both internal demand and external pressure, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China needs to make further efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. So far, emission trading, especially the EU ETS has proved to be a good system to reduce emissions with low cost. In this thesis, the valuable experience and lessons of the EU ETS and the current situation of China are reviewed. The necessity, feasibility and limitations of applying the EU ETS in China are analyzed through comparative study and SWOT – PEST analytical model. In the light of the analysis result that establishing its own emission trading scheme based on the EU ETS will be a good choice for China, several recommendations are put forward concerning both the process of the “Sino ETS” and various stakeholders.
12
Douglas, Philippa. "Bioaerosol emissions from open windrow composting facilities : emission characterisation and dispersion modelling improvements." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8061.
Full textAbstract:
Bioaerosol emissions from open windrow composting facilities are becoming of increasing concern due to the negative health effects associated with bioaerosols, and the fact that emissions from open windrow facilities are not contained. Current bioaerosol monitoring techniques provide only a snapshot of bioaerosol concentrations spatially and temporally, whereas dispersion models have the potential to offer a more continual overview of bioaerosol levels, alongside existing sampling methods. However, dispersion models have not been successful at accurately predicting bioaerosol concentrations from open windrow composting facilities, generally under predicting concentrations by at least one order of magnitude. This is predominantly due to a lack of knowledge and data surrounding the complex nature of bioaerosol release and transportation, particularly when the compost is agitated. This study aimed to improve the reliability in the outputs of the ADMS dispersion model, specifically in the open windrow composting scenario, by performing several model tests alongside selected input parameter quantification improvements. This involved completing a sensitivity analysis, and a model calibration and validation specific to this scenario for the first time. Results from the sensitivity analysis showed that the use of wet and dry deposition modules is significant, and the majority of model inputs associated with the representation of the source of the emission are sensitive. These findings helped select the model input parameters for quantification improvements. Novel preliminary measurements of bioaerosol temperature, velocity and concentration at the source of composting agitation activities were completed. These values provided more accurate model inputs. Collectively, these results allowed the model to be successfully calibrated, and consequently, validated for the first time for this specific scenario, resulting in model outputs corresponding to within one order of magnitude to measured data. This has helped to generate an initial set of modelling recommendations, allowing modellers to use the ADMS dispersion model in a reliable manner, when applied to the open windrow composting scenario. Eventually, these improved model outputs may be used to predict bioaerosol exposure levels at sensitive receptors, particularly in conditions where current monitoring methods are not feasible.
13
Glader, Annika. "Chemical emissions from building structures : emission sources and their impact on indoor air." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-55196.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed.Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)
14
MAISSA, SOPHIE. "Etude des emissions lumineuses associees aux emissions electroniques dans les cavites hyperfrequences." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112418.
Full textAbstract:
Actuellement, les performances des cavites hyperfrequences (hf) acceleratrices sont severement limitees par l'emission electronique par effet de champ. Notre objectif est de reveler l'existence d'emissions lumineuses simultanees aux emissions electroniques en regime hf et d'etudier leurs proprietes afin d'elucider les mecanismes de l'emission electronique, meconnus a ce jour. Une cavite hf, operant a temperature ambiante et en regime impulsionnel, associee a un dispositif experimental sophistique est developpe pour cette etude. Les caracteristiques des emissions lumineuses et electroniques sont precisement mesurees sur des surfaces naturelles ou intentionnellement contaminees afin d'examiner l'incidence des contaminants sur ces phenomenes. Lors du conditionnement de ces surfaces, des spots lumineux instables ne brillant qu'une impulsion hf sont observees preferentiellement a proximite des particules metalliques et des defauts geometriques de type rayures. Deux hypotheses pourraient expliquer leur origine: la luminescence de micro-plasmas associes a l'emission electronique explosive lors du conditionnement ou la radiation thermique du metal fondu. En outre, sont aussi observes des spots lumineux stables inities durant plusieurs impulsions hf. Sur les surfaces contaminees avec des particules dielectriques, ces emissions stables sont nombreuses et intenses, et conduisent a des emissions lumineuses explosives. Deux interpretations sont proposees pour justifier leur origine sur les surfaces contaminees: l'initiation de decharges de surface sur les particules dielectriques ou leur chauffage par le champ hf a des temperatures suffisamment elevees pour induire leur radiation thermique et leur explosion. Enfin, une cavite hf supraconductrice a permis l'observation d'evenements lumineux, qui different des precedents par leur forme etoilee et qui pourraient etre associes aux micro-plasmas, reveles par les starbursts observes sur les parois des cavites supraconductrices
15
Dabbas, Wafa M. "Modelling vehicle emissions from an urban air-quality perspective:testing vehicle emissions interdependencies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5866.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at the beginnings, reviews critically the formation of emissions in gasoline-fuelled engines, and also reviews existing and emerging models of automotive emissions. The thesis then, presents the relationships between the urban transport system and vehicle emissions. Particularly, it summarises different types of emissions and the contributory factors of the urban transport system to such emissions. Subsequently, the thesis presents the theory of vehicle emissions interdependencies and the empirical framework for testing the hypothesis of the thesis. The scope of testing the hypothesis of the thesis is only limited to gasoline-fuelled conventional vehicles in the urban transport environment. We use already available laboratory-based testing dataset of 542 passenger vehicles, to investigate the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. HC, CO, and NOX emissions were collected under six test drive-cycles, for each vehicle before and after vehicles were tuned. Prior to using any application, we transform the raw dataset into actionable information. We use three steps, namely conversion, cleaning, and screening, to process the data. We use classification and regression trees (CART) to narrow down the input number of variables in the models formulated for investigating the hypothesis of the thesis. We then, utilise initial results of the analysis to fix any remaining problems in the data. We employ three stage least squares (3SLS) regression to test the hypothesis of the thesis, and to estimate the maximum likelihood of vehicle variables and other emissions to influence HC, CO, and NOX emissions simultaneously. We estimate twelve models, each of which consists of a system of three simulations equations that accounts for the endogenous relations between HC, CO and NOX emissions when estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously under each test drive-cycle. The major contribution of the thesis is to investigate the inter-correlations between vehicle emissions within a well controlled data set, and to test the hypothesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. We find that HC, CO, and NOX are endogenously or jointly dependent in a system of simultaneous-equations. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (H1) that HC, CO, and NOX are statistically significantly interdependent. We find, for the thesis sample, that NOX and CO are negatively related, whereas HC and CO emissions are positively related, and HC and NOX are positively related. The results of the thesis yield new insights. They bridge a very important gap in the current knowledge on vehicle emissions. They advance not only our current knowledge that HC, CO, and NOX should be predicted jointly since they are produced jointly, but also acknowledge the appropriateness of using 3SLS regression for estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously. The thesis measures the responses of emissions to changes with respect to changes in the other emissions. We investigate emission responses to a one percent increase in an emission with respect to the other emissions. We find the relationship between CO and NOX is of special interest. After vehicles were tuned, we find those vehicles that exhibit a one percent increase in NOX exhibit simultaneously a 0.35 percent average decrease in CO. Similarly, we find that vehicles which exhibit a one percent increase in CO exhibit simultaneously a 0.22 percent average decrease in NOX. We find that the responses of emission to changes with respect to other emissions vary with various test drive-cycles. Nonetheless, a band of upper and lower limits contains these variations. After vehicle tuning, a one percent increase in HC is associated with an increase in NOX between 0.5 percent and 0.8 percent, and an increase in CO between 0.5 percent and one percent Also, for post-tuning vehicles, a one percent increase in CO is associated with an increase in HC between 0.4 percent and 0.9 percent, and a decrease in NOX between 0.07 percent and 0.32 percent. Moreover, a one percent increase in NOX is associated with increase in HC between 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent, and a decrease in CO between 0.02 percent and 0.7 percent. These measures of the responses are very important derivatives of the hypothesis investigated in the thesis. They estimate the impacts of traffic management schemes and vehicle operations that target reducing one emission, on the other non-targeted emissions. However, we must be cautious in extending the results of the thesis to the modern vehicles fleet. The modern fleet differs significantly in technology from the dataset that we use in this thesis. The dataset consists of measurements of HC, CO, and NOX emissions for 542 gasoline-fuelled passenger vehicles, under six test drive-cycles, before and after the vehicles were tuned. Nevertheless, the dataset has a number of limitations such as limited model year range, limited representations of modal operations, and limitations of the measurements of emissions based only on averages of test drive-cycles, in addition to the exclusion of high-emitter emission measurements from the dataset. The dataset has a limited model year range, i.e., between 1980 and 1991. We highlight the age of the dataset, and acknowledge that the present vehicle fleet varies technologically from the vehicles in the dataset used in this thesis. Furthermore, the dataset has a limited number of makes - Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi. There are also a limited number of modal operations. The model operations presented in the dataset are cold start, warming-up, and hot stabilised driving conditions. However, enrichment episodes are not adequately presented in the test-drive cycles of the dataset. Moreover, the dataset does not take into account driving behaviour influences, and all measurements are cycle-based averages. The emission measurements of laboratory-based testings are aggregated over a test drive cycle, and the test drive-cycle represents an average trip over an average speed. The exclusion of the measurements of high emitting vehicles from the dataset introduces further limitations. Remote sensing studies show that 20 percent of the on-road vehicle fleet is responsible for 80 percent of HC and CO emissions. The findings of the thesis assist in the identification of the best strategies to mitigate the most adverse effects of air-pollution, such as the most severe pollution that have the most undesirable pollution effects. Also, they provide decision-makers with valuable information on how changes in the operation of the transport system influence the urban air-quality. Moreover, the thesis provides information on how vehicle emissions affect the chemistry of the atmosphere and degrade the urban air-quality.
16
Alfieri, Ezio. "Emissions-controlled diesel engine /." Zürich : ETH, 2009. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18214.
Full text
17
Hengel, Pieter Willem Jan van van. "Emissions from cochlear modelling." [S.l. : [Groningen] : s.n.] ; [University Library Groningen] [Host], 1996. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/152179801.
Full text
18
Cappiello, Alessandra 1972. "Modeling traffic flow emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84328.
Full text
19
Gustavsson, Anna, and Kristina Andersson. "Reducing aviation carbon emissions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279501.
Full textAbstract:
För att nå internationella klimatmål bör de globala koldioxidutsläppen halveras till och med år 2030. I flygintensiva organisationer, där flygresor utgör en betydande del av organisationens totala, årliga koldioxidutsläpp finns det således ofta en strävan att minska på anställdas flygresande. Forskningsprojektet FLIGHT på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) utforskar verktyg som ämnar hjälpa organisationer att minska sina flygrelaterade koldioxidutsläpp. På uppdrag av FLIGHT har studenter på KTH framställt verktyget FlightViz, som sammanställer och visualiserar information om flygresor gjorda av anställda på KTH. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur FlightViz bör vidareutvecklas för att vara användbart för fler än den ursprungliga användargruppen - forskarna involverade i FLIGHT. Forskningsfrågan som ställs är vilka funktioner som bör inkluderas och vilka designförändringar som bör implementeras för att FlightViz ska vara användbart för en bredare grupp användare på KTH. Forskningsintervjuer med hållbarhetsstrateger på KTH Sustainability Office och med anställda på olika skolor på KTH genomfördes i syfte att kartlägga användarbehov och skapa underlag till att besvara forskningsfrågan. Resultatet av studien visade att en rad funktioner och designförändringar är av hög betydelse för FlightViz användbarhet. Att visualisera personanpassad data per årsarbetskraft, årsvis och i förhållande till olika genomsnitt är eftertraktat, och visades vara av hög betydelse vid vidareutveckling av FlightViz. Huruvida datan ska vara anonym är en fråga utan ett lika självklart svar. Trots det var anonymitet ett viktigt ämne i studien.In order to reach international climate goals, global carbon emissions must be halved by 2030. In flight-intensive organisations, where air travel makes up a significant portion of the organisation’s total annual carbon emissions, there is therefore often an ambition to reduce employee flight travel. The research project FLIGHT at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) explores tools that are designed to help organisations reduce their flight-related carbon emissions. On behalf of FLIGHT, students at KTH have developed a tool called FlightViz, which combines and visualises information about travels by flight, made by KTH employees. This study aims to investigate how FlightViz can be developed further, in order to be useful to a larger group of users, other than the originally intended user base - the researchers in the FLIGHT project. The research question asked is what features should be included and what design changes should be implemented in order to make FlightViz useful for a wider group of users at KTH. Research interviews with sustainability strategists at KTH Sustainability Office and with employees from different schools at KTH were conducted, with the aim of identifying user needs and creating a basis for answering the research question. The results of the study indicated that a number of features and design alterations are desirable in order to make FlightViz usable for a broader user base. Visualising personalised data per annual workforce, per year and in relation to various averages was found to be of high importance in the further development of FlightViz. Whether the data should be anonymous or not, was a question with a less obvious answer. Nevertheless, anonymity was an important topic in the study.
20
Arvidsson, Martins Mikael. "Convergence of CO2 emissions in the Americas." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53137.
Full textAbstract:
Maintaining global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is vital. Whether the convergence hypothesis holds for carbon dioxide emissions is important for policymakers facing this issue. This paper investigates the convergence behavior of carbon dioxide emissions for 39 countries in the Americas from 1960-2016. A linear regression test of convergence which looks for conditional sigma convergence is employed, and a clustering algorithm is used to identify convergence clubs. The results show evidence of convergence in the region for the long run. Convergence clubs are identified for the short run. The convergence clubs show some relation to spatial distribution and income level. Possible factors determining the formation of convergence clubs are investigated through logistic regression. Initial level of emissions and energy intensity were found to have the largest impact determining what convergence club a country belongs to. Per capita GDP, trade openness, and renewable energy were all found to be highly significant factors determining what convergence club a country belongs to as well. Different results were found for urbanization’s impact in determining the formation of convergence clubs. These findings show that policymakers should promote allocation schemes for carbon dioxide emissions. Policymakers should also aim to reduce carbon footprint based on the economy’s structural characteristics.
21
Fichter, Christine. "Climate impact of air traffic emissions in dependency of the emission location and altitude." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499573.
Full textAbstract:
This research approaches the questions "to what future worlds of work do women executives aspire, and how might these aspirations be accomplished?" This is undertaken through a futures study within the banking and professional services industries, in which, despite over 30 years of organisational initiatives, legislation, research and social change, there are few women in executive positions.
22
Kašparová, Pavlína. "Povolenky k emisím CO2 v účetnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4685.
Full textAbstract:
The graduation theses is focused on problems of emission rights. The graduation theses is describing when and where has been firstly started talking about emission rights and why, what has been developement of emission rights prices on the stock markets since their implementation in 2005 and what was the impact on the financial statements. The main part of the gradiation theses is about financial reporting. There is described a few of possible methods how to enter it in the books with concrete examples each of them. There is not missing historically first sollution of the emission rights bookkeeping, interpretation IFRIC 3.
23
Ellison, Richard Bachman. "Understanding dynamic responses to mitigation policies for intra-urban road freight emissions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11568.
Full textAbstract:
Freight transport is an integral component of the economy, providing benefits to businesses, consumers and the wider economy. Yet despite its many benefits, freight transport also contributes disproportionately to the emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases relative to other vehicles. This has necessitated strategies that attempt to maintain the societal benefits provided by freight transport while limiting the damage caused to both human health and the environment. Designing policies that can strike this balance requires an understanding of how firms might adapt to restrictions in how they operate. This thesis explores the dynamic components of behavioural decision making that drive how freight firms respond to policies across time with an aim to improving the design of mitigation policies for intra-urban road freight emissions. This thesis develops a novel approach to collecting longitudinal data on the behavioural responses of freight firms to government policies. The approach involves the use of a survey in which respondents are presented with a simulated scenario where they must complete a freight delivery task repeatedly over a period of time. The survey is used to collect a longitudinal dataset on how freight firms adapt to government policies. The dataset is used to investigate how and when firms adapt to government policies focusing on their choices of routes, vehicles and departure time. Using a structural equation modelling approach to growth models, the adaptation strategies of firms are analysed to see what attributes influence firms' decisions, how their influence changes through several stages of a policy's introduction and how firms ultimately respond to policies. By adding the time dimension, these models more accurately reflect the dynamic nature of decision making of freight firms. Finally, a predictive model is developed that can be used to assess how firms are likely to respond to policies intended to reduce emissions from urban freight.
24
Reniers, Jorn. "Analysis of a real-time signal for greenhouse gas emissions of district heating consumption." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169508.
Full textAbstract:
The district heating system (DHS) of Stockholm is one of the largest systems in the world with a total yearly production of 10TWh of heat and 2TWh of electricity (through combined heat and power plants). Large amounts of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are emitted to produce this heat and electricity. Given the goal of the City of Stockholm to reduce the amount of GHG emissions to 3 ton per capita in 2015 and to keep reducing emissions at a similar rate after 2015, it is important to identify the potentials for further reductions. Numerous studies have been done on how the DHS can become more sustainable by installing new generation units. However, also the consumers have an influence on the DHS. After all, it are the consumers who decide when and how much heat or electricity they use. Most former studies and environmental guidelines for the DHS in Stockholm focussed on the producer side. This thesis looks at the consumer perspective of the (heat of the) district heating system. A real-time signal giving the greenhouse gas emissions of individual households is developed and its potential and challenges are discussed. With this signal, households that want to minimise their environmental impact have a tool to decrease their environmental impact by changing their consumption. This can be a first step to transform the DHS to a smart district heating system. First, generic models to calculate the dynamic greenhouse gas intensity of the heat production of district heating and to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions related to the heat consumption of households are suggested. Then the feedback signal with those real-time household emissions is calculated for representative households in Stockholm based on data of Stockholm’s DHS and data about hot tap water consumption in Sweden. Results indicate that variations in household level greenhouse gas emissions mostly reflect changes in consumption but can also result from changes by the producer. Intraday variations are mostly caused by changes in hot tap water consumption, while variations on a timescale of a few days are caused by changes in heating consumption (changing weather) and changes made by the producer (to use different fuels). Then several scenarios are calculated, each scenario looking at the actions a consumer can take to shift or reduce his/her consumption (decrease hot tap water usage, lower indoor temperature etc.). The real-time household emissions are calculated again to see if the signal gives the needed incentives (is the household rewarded for its effort? Does it get further incentives?). It was found that a strong time-incentive (to decrease consumption when it saves most emissions) is missing if the average perspective is used to calculate the emission intensity of the heat production. Also, the results confirmed the finding that the feedback signal might not reflect changes in consumption. Finally, challenges for the signal are discussed. One of the major hurdles is the fact that household consumption of heat (heating and hot tap water) can often not be measured on a household level. Thus, it has to be estimated but it seems very difficult to get this estimation accurate enough to give correct feedback to households, especially about the emissions saved by their efforts to reduce/shift their consumption. Secondly, the time resolution should be chosen well to still get accurate results but not make the signal to data-intensive. Finally, the result is heavily dependent on the chosen methodology (average or marginal perspective? Do you account for the electrical side of the DHS? How about the distribution losses? Etc.).
25
Aldrich, Tomàs Remei. "Allocation of GHG emissions in a paper mill, an application tool to reduce emissions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7803.
Full textAbstract:
El sector de pasta i paper és considerat un dels set sectors industrials més intensius en consum energètic. La producció i consum d'electricitat i de vapor esdevenen les fonts majoritàries d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle en aquest sector industrial. Les fàbriques papereres poden assolir objectius de reducció d'emissions mitjançant reducció en origen (substitució de combustibles, introducció d'energies renovables) o bé a partir de mesures d'eficiència energètica en el propi procés. En aquest context, s'ha desenvolupat un mètode de distribució d'emissions que permet assignar a cada unitat d'operació del procés paperer, el seu grau de responsabilitat en emissions. També s'han avaluat diferents mètodes de càlcul de factors d'emissió de vapor i electricitat, tant per plantes de cogeneració com per sistemes individuals. A partir d'aquesta avaluació s'han proposat nous mètodes alternatius als analitzats. Aquests mètodes i els factors d'emissions s'han aplicat a dues fàbriques papereres catalanes.Pulp and paper sector is considered one of the seven industrial sectors with a higher energy intensive profile. Power and steam production and consumption are the main responsible for green house gas emissions of this industrial activity. Paper industries can achieve reductive emission targets by considering emissions origin (replacing fuels, aplying renewable energies) as well as improving energy efficiency of the process itself. An emission allocation tool has been developed with the purpose of approaching to each unit operation of the papermaking process its related emissions share. In addition, energy-emission factors regarding power and steam generation in combined heat and power plants and in single heat and power systems have been evaluated. Some new methods for calculating different emission factors have been proposed after the analysis. Two Catalan paper mills have been used as case-studies to apply, both allocation method and emission factors.
26
Saliba, Georges. "Emissions and Climate Impacts of Aerosol Emissions from Cookstoves and Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1126.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropogenic gas- and particle-phase emissions affect the climate by absorbing and scattering radiation, and have been linked to adverse health effects. Black carbon (BC), a by-product of incomplete combustion, is the most potent light-absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols, with a top-of-the atmosphere direct radiative forcing estimated to be only second to CO2. However, there is a large uncertainty associated with BC’s total direct and indirect radiative forcings due to uncertain source emissions and optical properties and complex interactions with clouds. In this dissertation we investigate the direct radiative impact of two of the most important sources of BC particles: biofuel combustion and vehicles. Together these sources contribute around 40% of the global atmospheric BC burden. Recently, both of these energy sources are undergoing rapid technology changes, and the climate impacts from the emissions of these newly adopted technologies remain uncertain. We also investigate the role of atmospheric processing on the optical properties and growth rates of particles. This dissertation first assesses the climate impacts of aerosol emissions of two rapidly emerging technologies: improved cookstoves and gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles. We performed extensive measurements of gas- and particle emissions and optical properties of emissions from both these sources. Our data suggests that improved rocket cookstoves have, on average, a factor of two lower particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to traditional cookstoves but only a 4% climate benefits associated with their emissions. In contrast, we estimated a 30% climate benefit from switching traditional cookstoves to gasifier ones. Of all the stoves tested, charcoal stoves had the lowest emissions and climate impacts. Our data suggests the widespread deployment of improved cookstoves to replace existing, inefficient, traditional cookstoves will likely result in health and climate co-benefits. Similarly, we estimated that the rapid adoption of GDI vehicles to replace existing port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles will likely result in reduced warming from emissions. This is due to the higher fuel economy of GDI engines; we measured an average CO2 reduction of 57 g/mi, from switching engine technologies. GDI engine emissions had higher PM emissions compared to PFI engines, similar to previous findings. In addition, our data suggests that newer GDI engines have a factor of two lower PM emissions compared to older GDI engines. These improvements in emissions may enable GDI-equipped vehicles to meet the new Federal Tier 3 PM standard of 3.0 mg/mi without gasoline particulate filters (GPF, which would reduce their fuel economy). To better constrain the large uncertainty of radiative forcing associated with cookstove emissions, this dissertation examines emissions and optical properties from several cookstove and fuel combinations. We performed extensive laboratory measurements of the optical properties of fresh cookstove emissions using the newly developed firepower sweep protocol. Current model treatments of the optical properties of cookstove emissions assume: (1) complete internal mixture between BC and non-BC material and (2) absorption properties of organics based on parametrizations developed for biomass burning emissions. These assumptions do not accurately represent optical properties of fresh cookstove emissions. We developed new parametrizations of optical properties (BC-mass absorption cross section (MACBC), absorption angstrom exponent (AAE), and single scattering albedo (SSA)) of aerosol emissions from cookstoves as a function of the BC-to-PM mass ratio. These parametrizations are designed for use in climate models to more rigorously assess the global climate implications from adoption of improved stove technologies. Upon entering the atmosphere aerosol emissions undergo complex chemical transformations. Aerosol optical properties depend on their atmospheric processing which controls the amount of coating the particles accumulate and their lifetime. To assess the effects of coating on the optical properties, we performed targeted experiments using real world, size selected, BC particles emitted from a rocket improved cookstove, and coated with biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material. These experiments explicitly target to evaluate measurements and modeling using simple formulation like Mie theory. Measurements of MACBC and the mass scattering cross section (MSC) of coated BC particles were in good agreement with Mie predictions when the organic-to-BC mass ratio>5. Scattering (but not absorption) was sensitive to BC fractal-like morphology; Mie theory under-predicted measured scattering of fresh emissions. Our data suggest that Mie theory can be used in climate models to approximate the optical properties of coated BC particles emitted from cookstoves, if the mixing-state of BC particles is known. In this dissertation, we present initial evidence that particle growth rates depend on seed composition and gas-phase supersaturation. Current models do not account for seed-dependent growth rates. We conducted experiments to investigate the growth of diesel and biogenic SOA particles. Both seeds were exposed to the same gas-phase supersaturation, which allows us to accurately retrieve differences in growth rates and decouple the effects of surface activity and accommodation coefficients. We estimated that the accommodation coefficients of condensing material was 10% to 30% lower on the diesel particles compared to the SOA particles. Moreover, we measured larger surface activity of condensing material on the diesel particles, potentially due to less-miscible condensing vapors in the diesel particles compared to the SOA particles. Our data suggest that growth of BC (diesel) particles in the atmosphere is likely slower compared to SOA particles. Accurately representing these processes is important to estimate the lifetime and absorption enhancement from coated BC particles, as they compete with other particles for condensable vapors.
27
Brown, Erin M. "VOC emissions from decomposing leaf litter: Revising the conceptual framework for decay-related emissions." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456664.
Full text
28
Anderson, Linse N. "A greenhouse gas emissions inventory and emissions offset strategies for the University of Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116701&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 4, 2009). Interdisciplinary thesis in International Studies and Environment and Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).
29
Franco, García Vicente. "Evaluation and improvement of road vehicle pollutant emission factors based on instantaneous emissions data processing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146187.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction
Current instrumentation makes it possible to measure vehicle emissions with high temporal resolution. But the increased resolution of emissions signals does not equate with increased accuracy. A prerequisite for the derivation of accurate emission factors from instantaneous vehicle emissions data is a fine allocation of measured mass emissions to recorded engine or vehicle states. This poses a technical challenge, because vehicle emission test facilities are not designed to support instantaneous emissions modelling, and they introduce distorting effects that compromise the instantaneous accuracy of the measured signals.
Methodology
These distorting effects can be compensated through a combination of physical modelling and data post-processing. The main original contribution of this dissertation is a novel methodology for the compensation of instantaneous emission signals, which is fully described herein. Whereas previous methodologies relied on systems theory modelling, and on comprehensive testing to model the sub-systems of the measurement setup, the alternative approach uses CO2 as a tracer of the distortions brought about by the measurement setup, which is modelled as a 'lump' system.
Conclusions The main benefits of this methodology are its low burden of experimental work and its flexibility. Furthermore, it has been fully implemented in the 'esto' software tool, which can perform the compensation of emission signals with minimal user intervention and speed up the creation of engine emission maps.
30
Link, Christoph, Juliane Stark, Axel Sonntag, and Reinhard Hössinger. "Contribution of an emission trading scheme to reduce road traffic induced CO2 emissions in Austria." Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1170.
Full textAbstract:
The Emission Trading Scheme for green house gases is a key tool of European climate protection. Including the road transport sector might be a promising strategy to limit its CO2 emissions. This could be realized within a common market (trans-sectoral trading permitted) or separated markets (trans-sectoral trading not permitted). Starting from different assumptions on emission reduction objectives, the impact of both options is analyzed using a quantitative model. Although an emission trading scheme is ecologically effective regardless of the trading model, it turns out that CO2 emissions and emission allowance prices differ strongly between both design options due to sector specific price elasticities of allowance demand. (authors' abstract)
31
Jankord, Gregory J. "Control of Criteria Emissions and Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Consideration of Three-Way Catalyst Dynamics." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1590685712358423.
Full text
32
Nuszkowski, John. "Staten Island ferry emissions reduction." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4169.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-79).
33
Purcell, David Wesley. "Otoacoustic emissions and bone conduction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59016.pdf.
Full text
34
Webster, Mort David, Sergey Paltsev, and John M. Reilly. "The Value of Emissions Trading." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31206.
Full textAbstract:
This paper estimates the value of international emissions trading, focusing attention on a here-to-fore neglected component: its value as a hedge against uncertainty. Much analysis has been done of the Kyoto Protocol and other potential international greenhouse gas mitigation policies comparing the costs of achieving greenhouse gas emission targets with and without trading. These studies often show large cost reductions for all Parties under trading compared to a no trading case. We investigate the welfare gains of including emissions trading in the presence of uncertainty in economic growth rates, using both a partial equilibrium model based on marginal abatement cost curves and a computable general equilibrium model that allows consideration of the interaction of emissions trading with existing energy taxes and changes in terms of trade. We find that the hedge value of international trading is small relative to its value in reallocating emissions reductions when, as in the Kyoto Protocol, the burden-sharing scheme does not resemble a least-cost allocation. The Kyoto Protocol also allocated excess allowances to Russia, so-called “hot air,” and much of the value often attributed to emissions trading stems from other Parties having access to these extra allowances, which has the effect of lowering the aggregate emissions target. We also find that the effects of preexisting tax distortions and terms of trade dominate the hedge value of trading. We conclude that the primary value of emissions trading in international agreements is as a burden-sharing or wealth transfer mechanism and should be judged accordingly.Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
We gratefully acknowledge helpful comments from A.D. Ellerman. This research was supported by the US Department of Energy (DE-FG02-02ER63468, DE-FG04-04ER63929), US Environmental Protection Agency, US National Science Foundation, US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; and the Industry and Foundation Sponsors of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.
35
Brienesse, Patrick. "Otoacoustic emissions in preterm infants." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8540.
Full text
36
Calel, Raphael. "Emissions trading and technological change." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/658/.
Full textAbstract:
Emissions trading programmes have grown in number and scope over the last forty years, and in the last decade they have become a centrepiece of global climate change policy. Emissions trading can in principle offer policy makers a flexible mechanism to reduce harmful emissions - polluters can choose their own emissions abatement strategy, and the trading mechanism can reduce overall abatement cost by flexibly redistributing emissions permits to those polluters that find abatement costliest. In the context of climate policy, though, it is the potential to stimulate innovation and technological change that is most alluring. Without transforming production, the quantity of emissions abatement will be insufficient; without technological change, the cost will be prohibitive. Emissions trading programmes are clearly not the only policy that affect technological change, but the extent to which these programmes encourage low-carbon technological change is perhaps still the most important criterion on which to judge their success or failure. Advances in monitoring, greater data availability, and improvements in statistical and computational techniques have only recently made it possible to systematically study the impacts of emissions trading on a large scale. In recent years, researchers have studied the impact of emissions trading programmes on company profitability, on employment, and on capital investment. This thesis aims to advance this research programme by contributing a systematic analysis of how emissions trading affects technological change. This thesis comprises four essays. The first essay examines past emissions trading programmes and the extent to which these experiences provide guidance on the ability of emissions trading programmes to affect low-carbon technological change in the future. The second essay investigates the degree to which economic theory can help constrain the range of expected impacts in a world of at east moderate complexity. The third and fourth essays present the first comprehensive empirical assessment of how the world's largest emissions trading programme, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, has affected technological change, measured in terms of carbon dioxide intensity output, research and development, and patenting.
37
Sato, Misato. "Carbon emissions and bilateral trade." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/797/.
Full textAbstract:
International trade adds a thick layer of complexity to climate change mitigation efforts. Questions such as “Who is responsible for the emissions from China’s export sectors?” and “Will strengthening domestic climate policy measures lead to relocation of industry and emissions to countries with lax regulation?” are intensely discussed, both in policy and academic circles. Robust evidence on these issues remains limited, however. Many studies have quantified the volumes of embodied carbon in international trade using complex models, but the results appear very sensitive to the model specification, and conflicting results are reported across different studies. Similarly, the evidence on trade impacts from emissions reduction policies has so far relied largely on model simulations. This thesis combines two strands of work. The first part focuses on embodied carbon quantification. It critically reviews and compares the results and methods of existing work then goes on to conduct a first quantification exercise of global embodied carbon in bilateral trade at the product level. The second part measures the response of bilateral trade to industrial energy prices. It estimates the effect of energy price differences on bilateral trade flows, using a panel dataset covering over 80% of global merchandise trade over 16 years. These estimations are used to infer the effect of carbon price differences on trade. The first part reveals a complex mapping of global embodied carbon flows, contrary to the simplified picture portrayed by previous studies using aggregated models. Embodied carbon is found to be particularly concentrated in certain products and in regional trade. It suggests that rather viewing it as an Annex I vs non Annex I issue, grouping countries according to patterns of production and consumption may be more relevant in discussions surrounding climate policy and trade. The second part of the thesis finds evidence that trade tends to develop more between countries with different energy prices. However, this effect is small in magnitude and focused on a few sectors. The findings suggest that measures to ’prevent’ carbon leakage may have limited impact on most sectors, and should be targeted to those most likely to face adverse trade impacts.
38
Skarvelis-Kazakos, Spyros. "Emissions of aggregated micro-generators." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/12375/.
Full textAbstract:
The key question this thesis aims to address is to what extent can micro-generation sources contribute to the carbon emission reduction targets set by the UK government. The operational emissions of micro-CHP capable micro-generators were examined against the UK grid electricity and gas boiler heat. Fossil and biomass fuels were considered. The life-cycle emissions associated with the manufacturing, transport and disposal of micro-generators were calculated. Case studies were constructed, based on the literature. It was found that emissions associated with domestic electrical and thermal demand would be reduced significantly. A Virtual Power Plant (VPP) was defined for aggregating micro-generators, using micro-generation penetration projections for the year 2030 from the literature. An optimisation problem was described, where the goal was to minimise the VPP carbon emissions. The results show the amount of emissions that would potentially be reduced by managing an existing micro-generation portfolio in a VPP. An Environmental Virtual Power Plant (EVPP) was defined, for controlling micro-generator carbon emissions. A multi-agent system was designed. The principle of operation resembles an Emissions Trading Scheme. Emission allowances are traded by the micro-generators, in order to meet their emissions needs. Three EVPP control policies were identified. Fuzzy logic was utilised for the decision making processes. Simulations were performed to test the EVPP operation. The main benefit for the micro-generators is the ability to participate in markets from which they would normally be excluded due to their small size. The multi-agent system was verified experimentally using micro-generation sources installed in two laboratories, in Athens, Greece. Two days of experiments were performed. Results show that system emissions have been successfully controlled, since only small deviations between desired and actual emissions output were observed. It was found that Environmental Virtual Power Plant controllability increases significantly by increasing the number of participating micro-generators.
39
Khare, Mukesh K. "Dispersion of coke oven emissions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328143.
Full text
40
Hall, Amanda Jane. "Otoacoustic emissions and hearing threshold." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415231.
Full text
41
Dingwell, Adam. "Atmospheric Dispersion Modellingof Volcanic Emissions." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-263081.
Full textAbstract:
Gases and particles released by volcanoes pose a serious hazard to humans and society. Emis-sions can be transported over long distances before being reduced to harmless concentrations.Knowing which areas are, or will be, exposed to volcanic emissions is an important part inreducing the impact on human health or society. In this thesis, the dispersion of volcanic emis-sions is studied using a set of atmospheric models. Two case studies have been performed, onestudying potential ash emission from future eruptions on Iceland, and a second covering SO2 emissions from Mt. Nyiragongo in D.R. Congo The first study covers long range (∼1,000 km) dispersion of fine ash from explosive erup-tions. Three years of meteorological data are used to repeatedly simulate five eruption scenarios.The resulting concentrations of airborne ash at different times relative the onset of each eruptionis compared to current and previous threshold concentrations used by air traffic controllers. Theash hazard showed a seasonal variation, with a higher probability of efficient eastward transportin winter, compared to summer; summer eruptions pose a more persistent hazard. In the second study, emissions of SO2 from passive degassing at Mt. Nyiragongo is studiedover a one–year period. The meteorological impact on the dispersion is studied by assigninga fixed emission source. Furthermore, flux measurements from the remote sensing data areused to improve the description of the emission source. Gases are generally transported to thenorth-west in June–August and to the south-west in December–January. A diurnal variation dueto land breeze around lake Kivu contributes to high concentrations of SO2 along the northernshore during the night. Daily averaged concentrations in the city of Goma (∼15 km SW of thesource) exceeded the European Union’s air quality standard (125 μg/m 3 ) for 120-210 days overa one year period.Gas- och partikelutsl ̈app fr ̊an vulkaner utg ̈or en fara för människor och för vårt samhälle. Utsläppen kan transporteras över långa avstånd innan de reduceras till ofarliga halter. Att kännatill vilka områden som utsätts, eller kommer utsättas, för utsläppen är ett viktigt verktyg för att minska påverkan påv folkhälsa och samhället. I den här avhandlingen studeras spridningen av utsläpp från vulkaner med hjälp av en uppsättning atmosfärsmodeller. Två fallstudier har utförts,en fokuserar på vulkanaska från potentiella framtida utbrott på Island, den andra studerar SO2 -ustl äpp fr ̊an Nyiragongo i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo. Den f ̈orsta studien beskriver l ̊angv ̈aga (∼1,000 km) transport av aska från explosiva utbrott.Tre är av meteorologiska data används för att modellera spridningen från fem olika utbrotts-scenarier för varierande vädersituationer. Koncentrationen av luftburen aska studeras vid olikatidpunkter relativt utbrottens starttid och j ̈amf ̈ors med tidigare samt befintliga gränsvärden för flygtrafik. Sannolikheten för skadliga halter aska varierar med årstid, med en högre sannolikhetför effektiv transport österut under vintermånaderna, jämfört med sommarmånaderna; sommar-utbrott är istället mer benägna att orsaka långvariga problem över specifika områden. I den andra studien modelleras utsl ̈app av SO 2 från passiva utsläpp vid Nyiragongo över en ettårsperiod. Den meteorologiska effekten på spridningen studeras genom att använda en konatant utsläppskälla. Dessutom studeras spridningen mer i detalj genom att använda fjärranalysdata för att bättre uppskatta utsläppen. Gaserna transporteras i regel mot nordväst i juni–augusti ochmot sydväst i december–februari. En sjö-/landbriscirkulation runt Kivusjön orsakar höga halterav SO2 längs sjöns norra strand nattetid. Dygnsmedelkoncentrationer av SO2 i provinshuvud-staden Goma (∼15 km sydväst om Nyiragongo) överskred EU-riktlinjer (125 μg/m3 ) under 120-210 dagar under en ettårsperiod.
42
Dingwell, Adam. "Dispersion modelling of volcanic emissions." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303959.
Full textAbstract:
Gases and particles released by volcanoes pose a serious hazard to humans and society. Emissions can be transported over long distances before being reduced to harmless concentrations. Knowing which areas are, or will be, exposed to volcanic emissions is an important part inreducing the impact on human health and society. In this thesis, the dispersion of volcanic emissions is studied using a set of atmospheric models. The work includes contribution to the development of the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART-WRF. Three case studies have been performed, one studying potential ash emissions from potential future eruptions on Iceland, a second covering SO2 emissions from Mt. Nyiragongo in D.R. Congo, and a third studying the SO2 emission rate of the Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) in 2014–2015. The first study covers volcanic ash hazard for air traffic over Europe. Three years of meteorological data are used to repeatedly simulate dispersion from different eruption scenarios. The simulations are used to study the probability of hazardous concentrations in ash in European airspace. The ash hazard shows a seasonal variation with a higher probability of efficient eastward transport in winter, while summer eruptions pose a more persistent hazard. In the second study, regional gas exposure around Mt. Nyiragongo is modelled using flux measurements to improve the description of the emission source. Gases are generally transported to the north-west in June–August and to the south-west in December–January. A diurnal variation due to land breeze around lake Kivu contributes to high concentrations of SO2 along the northern shore during the night. Potentially hazardous concentrations are occasionally reached in populated areas in the region, but mainly during the nights. The third study uses inverse dispersion modelling to determine the height and emission rates based on traverse measurements of the plume at 80–240 km from the source. The calculated source term yields better agreement with satellite observations compared to commonly used column sources. The work in this thesis presents improvements in dispersion modelling of volcanic emissions through improved models, more accurate representation of the source terms, and through incorporating new types of measurements into the modelling systems.Gas- och partikelutsläpp från vulkaner utgör en fara för människor och för vårt samhälle. Utsläppen kan transporteras över långa avstånd innan de reduceras till oskadliga halter. Att känna till vilka områden som utsätts för, eller kommer utsättas för, utsläppen är ett viktigt verktyg föratt minska påverkan på folkhälsa och samhälle. I avhandlingen studeras spridningen av utsläpp från vulkanutbrott med hjälp av en uppsättning numeriska atmosfärsmodeller. Den Lagrangiska Partikelspridningsmodellen FLEXPART-WRF har förbättrats och applicerats för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott. Tre studier har utförts, en fokuserar på vulkanaska från potentiella framtida utbrott på Island, den andra studerar SO2-ustläpp från vulkanen Nyiragongo i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo, och den tredje studerar SO2-ustläpp från utbrottet i Holuhraun (Island) 2014–2015. Den första studien uppskattar sannolikheten för att vulkanaska från framtida vulkanutbrott på Island ska överskrida de gränsvärden som tillämpas för flygtrafik. Tre år av meteorologisk data används för att simulera spridningen från olika utbrottsscenarier. Sannolikheten för skadliga halter aska varierar med årstid, med en högre sannolikhet för effektiv transport österut under vintermånaderna, sommarutbrott är istället mer benägna att orsaka långvariga problem överspecifika områden. In den andra studien undersöks spridningen av SO2 från Nyiragongo över en ettårsperiod. Flödesmätningar av plymen används för att förbättra källtermen i modellen. Gaserna transporteras i regel mot nordväst i juni–augusti och mot sydväst i december–februari En dygnsvariation, kopplad till mesoskaliga processer runt Kivusjön, bidrar till förhöjda halter av SO2 nattetid längs Kivusjöns norra kust. Potentiellt skadliga halter av SO2 uppnås av och till i befolkade områden men huvudsakligen nattetid. Den tredje studien utnyttjar inversmodellering för att avgöra plymhöjd och gasutsläpp baserat på traversmätningar av plymen runt 80–240 km från utsläppskällan. Den beräknade källtermen resulterar i bättre överensstämmelse mellan modell- och satellitdata jämfört med enklare källtermer. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen presenterar flertalet förbättringar för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott genom bättre modeller, nogrannare beskrivning av källtermer, och genom nya metoder för tillämpning av olika typer av mätdata.
43
Dhavala, Kishore. "Essays on Emissions Trading Markets." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/733.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a collection of three economics essays on different aspects of carbon emission trading markets. The first essay analyzes the dynamic optimal emission control strategies of two nations. With a potential to become the largest buyer under the Kyoto Protocol, the US is assumed to be a monopsony, whereas with a large number of tradable permits on hand Russia is assumed to be a monopoly. Optimal costs of emission control programs are estimated for both the countries under four different market scenarios: non-cooperative no trade, US monopsony, Russia monopoly, and cooperative trading. The US monopsony scenario is found to be the most Pareto cost efficient. The Pareto efficient outcome, however, would require the US to make side payments to Russia, which will even out the differences in the cost savings from cooperative behavior.
The second essay analyzes the price dynamics of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), a voluntary emissions trading market. By examining the volatility in market returns using AR-GARCH and Markov switching models, the study associates the market price fluctuations with two different political regimes of the US government. Further, the study also identifies a high volatility in the returns few months before the market collapse. Three possible regulatory and market-based forces are identified as probable causes of market volatility and its ultimate collapse. Organizers of other voluntary markets in the US and worldwide may closely watch for these regime switching forces in order to overcome emission market crashes.
The third essay compares excess skewness and kurtosis in carbon prices between CCX and EU ETS (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) Phase I and II markets, by examining the tail behavior when market expectations exceed the threshold level. Dynamic extreme value theory is used to find out the mean price exceedence of the threshold levels and estimate the risk loss. The calculated risk measures suggest that CCX and EU ETS Phase I are extremely immature markets for a risk investor, whereas EU ETS Phase II is a more stable market that could develop as a mature carbon market in future years.
44
Rabbani, Michael, and Michael Rabbani. "Zero-Emissions Solar Power Plant." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625125.
Full textAbstract:
With energy demand continuously increasing in the United States, renewable energy development is critical to combatting the effects of global climate change. The objective of the project was to create a design for a zero-emissions solar plant. The project group designed a plant to provide electricity to all of residential Chandler, a city with about 100,000 homes. An estimated 543,880 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent is produced to power residential Chandler. In contrast, the proposed solar plant will produce zero emissions. Unfortunately, the proposed process is not currently economically feasible.
The proposed process is a concentrating solar power (CSP) tower plant. A central receiver on top of a 175 meter tower absorbs heat reflected off of a field of reflective heliostats. A chloride molten salt mixture flows to the receiver where it is heated to approximately 1000°C. The heated molten salt flows back into a tank where it can be stored for later use or pumped directly to a series of heat exchangers. The working fluid, supercritical carbon dioxide (s-CO2), gains heat from the heat exchanger and powers highly efficient turbines. Waste heat is recovered from the turbines using the closed-loop Brayton Cycle and the s- CO2 is recompressed.
45
Zizz, Carol Anne 1958. "SUPPRESSION OF SPONTANEOUS OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276339.
Full text
46
Smurzynski, Jacek. "Contralateral Suppression of Otoacoustic Emissions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2166.
Full text
47
Downard, Jared Matthew. "Particulate emissions of tire combustion." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4615.
Full textAbstract:
The disposal of used tires represents an environmental and health hazard, especially when large stockpiles of tires start on fire. This study focuses on ambient particulate matter samples collected during the Iowa City landfill tire fire and laboratory emissions of tire combustion. Levels of elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC), metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), azaarenes and oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH) were determined by thermo-optical analysis, high precision mass, inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results demonstrate that tire combustion emissions are enriched in elemental carbon and PAH. Levels of hazardous metals, such as lead and zinc, are not enhanced in particulate emissions 4.2 km from the fire. In addition, fresh tire combustion emissions have increased amounts of lower molecular weight PAH in the particle phase when compared to diluted real world emissions. This is due to gas phase partitioning of lower molecular weight PAH in plume transport. To build on the prior, qualitative understanding of organic compounds in tire emissions, 15 total azaarenes and oxy-PAH were identified, including four azaarenes and three oxy-PAH that were identified in tire combustion emission for the first time. The combustion of tires has significant health implications, particularly when open burning occurs near populations. This study serves to characterize the major chemical components of tire smoke and to quantify emissions of select chemicals with known carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic effects.
48
Van, der Westhuisen H., AB Taylor, AJ Bella, and MM Mbarawa. "Evaluation of evaporative emissions from gasoline powered motor vehicles under South African conditions." Elsevier, 2004. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001751.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
This paper reports the quantification of the evaporative emissions from gasoline-poweredmotor vehicles in South
Africa under various conditions including high temperatures. Three vehicles with and without evaporative emission
control systems have been tested to quantify gasoline evaporative emissions, including both diurnal and running loss
emissions. Measurements were made in a Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination over a range of ambient
temperatures. The standard diurnal test shows that evaporative emissions increase progressively with increasing fuel
temperature. South African gasoline poweredmotor vehicles exhibitedevaporative emissions 10 times higher than that
allowed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The extended-time diurnal test shows that the fuel
emittedfrom gasoline-poweredmotor vehicles in South Africa is about 97 million litres of gasoline every year.
49
Minnice, Paul. "Heterogeneous national allocation plans in the EU Emission Trading Scheme under imperfectly competitive markets." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3637.
Full text
50
Wang, Lina. "Quantification of particle emission characteristics and development of an emission model for use in transport microenvironments affected by traffic emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46912/1/Lina_Wang_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle emitted particles are of significant concern based on their potential to influence local air quality and human health. Transport microenvironments usually contain higher vehicle emission concentrations compared to other environments, and people spend a substantial amount of time in these microenvironments when commuting. Currently there is limited scientific knowledge on particle concentration, passenger exposure and the distribution of vehicle emissions in transport microenvironments, partially due to the fact that the instrumentation required to conduct such measurements is not available in many research centres. Information on passenger waiting time and location in such microenvironments has also not been investigated, which makes it difficult to evaluate a passenger’s spatial-temporal exposure to vehicle emissions. Furthermore, current emission models are incapable of rapidly predicting emission distribution, given the complexity of variations in emission rates that result from changes in driving conditions, as well as the time spent in driving condition within the transport microenvironment.
In order to address these scientific gaps in knowledge, this work conducted, for the first time, a comprehensive statistical analysis of experimental data, along with multi-parameter assessment, exposure evaluation and comparison, and emission model development and application, in relation to traffic interrupted transport microenvironments. The work aimed to quantify and characterise particle emissions and human exposure in the transport microenvironments, with bus stations and a pedestrian crossing identified as suitable research locations representing a typical transport microenvironment.
Firstly, two bus stations in Brisbane, Australia, with different designs, were selected to conduct measurements of particle number size distributions, particle number and PM2.5 concentrations during two different seasons. Simultaneous traffic and meteorological parameters were also monitored, aiming to quantify particle characteristics and investigate the impact of bus flow rate, station design and meteorological conditions on particle characteristics at stations. The results showed higher concentrations of PN20-30 at the station situated in an open area (open station), which is likely to be attributed to the lower average daily temperature compared to the station with a canyon structure (canyon station). During precipitation events, it was found that particle number concentration in the size range 25-250 nm decreased greatly, and that the average daily reduction in PM2.5 concentration on rainy days compared to fine days was 44.2 % and 22.6 % at the open and canyon station, respectively. The effect of ambient wind speeds on particle number concentrations was also examined, and no relationship was found between particle number concentration and wind speed for the entire measurement period. In addition, 33 pairs of average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations were calculated and identified at the two stations, during the same time of a day, and with the same ambient wind speeds and precipitation conditions. The results of a paired t-test showed that the average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations at the two stations were not significantly different at the 5% confidence level (t = 0.06, p = 0.96), which indicates that the different station designs were not a crucial factor for influencing PN7-3000 concentrations.
A further assessment of passenger exposure to bus emissions on a platform was evaluated at another bus station in Brisbane, Australia. The sampling was conducted over seven weekdays to investigate spatial-temporal variations in size-fractionated particle number and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as human exposure on the platform. For the whole day, the average PN13-800 concentration was 1.3 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 particle/cm3 at the centre and end of the platform, respectively, of which PN50-100 accounted for the largest proportion to the total count. Furthermore, the contribution of exposure at the bus station to the overall daily exposure was assessed using two assumed scenarios of a school student and an office worker. It was found that, although the daily time fraction (the percentage of time spend at a location in a whole day) at the station was only 0.8 %, the daily exposure fractions (the percentage of exposures at a location accounting for the daily exposure) at the station were 2.7% and 2.8 % for exposure to PN13-800 and 2.7% and 3.5% for exposure to PM2.5 for the school student and the office worker, respectively. A new parameter, “exposure intensity” (the ratio of daily exposure fraction and the daily time fraction) was also defined and calculated at the station, with values of 3.3 and 3.4 for exposure to PN13-880, and 3.3 and 4.2 for exposure to PM2.5, for the school student and the office worker, respectively.
In order to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations and define the emission distribution in further dispersion models for traffic interrupted transport microenvironments, a composite line source emission (CLSE) model was developed to specifically quantify exposure levels and describe the spatial variability of vehicle emissions in traffic interrupted microenvironments. This model took into account the complexity of vehicle movements in the queue, as well as different emission rates relevant to various driving conditions (cruise, decelerate, idle and accelerate), and it utilised multi-representative segments to capture the accurate emission distribution for real vehicle flow. This model does not only helped to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations, but it also helped to define the emission source distribution of the disrupted steady flow for further dispersion modelling. The model then was applied to estimate particle number emissions at a bidirectional bus station used by diesel and compressed natural gas fuelled buses. It was found that the acceleration distance was of critical importance when estimating particle number emission, since the highest emissions occurred in sections where most of the buses were accelerating and no significant increases were observed at locations where they idled. It was also shown that emissions at the front end of the platform were 43 times greater than at the rear of the platform.
The CLSE model was also applied at a signalled pedestrian crossing, in order to assess increased particle number emissions from motor vehicles when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. The CLSE model was used to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses including 1 car travelling in 1 direction (/1 direction), 14 cars / 1 direction, 1 bus / 1 direction, 28 cars / 2 directions, 24 cars and 2 buses / 2 directions, and 20 cars and 4 buses / 2 directions. It was found that the total emissions produced during stopping on a red signal were significantly higher than when the traffic moved at a steady speed. Overall, total emissions due to the interruption of the traffic increased by a factor of 13, 11, 45, 11, 41, and 43 for the above 6 cases, respectively.
In summary, this PhD thesis presents the results of a comprehensive study on particle number and mass concentration, together with particle size distribution, in a bus station transport microenvironment, influenced by bus flow rates, meteorological conditions and station design. Passenger spatial-temporal exposure to bus emitted particles was also assessed according to waiting time and location along the platform, as well as the contribution of exposure at the bus station to overall daily exposure. Due to the complexity of the interrupted traffic flow within the transport microenvironments, a unique CLSE model was also developed, which is capable of quantifying emission levels at critical locations within the transport microenvironment, for the purpose of evaluating passenger exposure and conducting simulations of vehicle emission dispersion. The application of the CLSE model at a pedestrian crossing also proved its applicability and simplicity for use in a real-world transport microenvironment.