Academic literature on the topic 'Émissions urbaines'
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Journal articles on the topic "Émissions urbaines"
Steindorf, Sally. "« Aujourd’hui, les villageois ne sont plus en retard sur leur temps. Aujourd’hui, on vend du Pepsi dans les villages »." Anthropologie et Sociétés 36, no. 1-2 (August 10, 2012): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011716ar.
Full textBRESSY, A., C. PAIJENS, D. TEDOLDI, B. FRERE, R. MAILLER, V. ROCHER, and R. MOILLERON. "Transfert de biocides de la ville vers le milieu aquatique : exemple de l’agglomération parisienne." 12, no. 12 (January 20, 2022): 47–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202112047.
Full textPAIJENS, C., A. BRESSY, B. FRÈRE, and R. MOILLERON. "Priorisation des biocides émis par les matériaux de construction en vue de leur surveillance dans le milieu aquatique." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/201912197.
Full textCiais, Philippe, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, François-Marie Bréon, Jinghui Lian, Olivier Laurent, Delphine Combaz, et al. "Suivi atmosphérique des émissions de CO2 de la région parisienne." La Météorologie, no. 114 (2021): 030. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0070.
Full textFaudon, Valérie. "Quel role pour le nucléaire dans la décarbonation des villes ?" Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 6 (November 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20196032.
Full textLa Branche, Stéphane. "La gouvernance climatique face à la mobilité quotidienne. Le cas des Lyonnais." Environnement urbain 5 (September 21, 2011): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005874ar.
Full textFLANAGAN, K., P. BRANCHU, L. BOUDAHMANE, E. CAUPOS, D. DEMARE, S. DESHAYES, P. DUBOIS, et al. "Vers une maîtrise à la source de la contamination des eaux pluviales urbaines : rétention et devenir de micropolluants dans deux ouvrages de filtration végétalisés." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/201912065.
Full textBESSON, M., L. TIRUTA-BARNA, E. PAUL, and M. SPERANDIO. "La séparation à la source pour une récupération des ressources : outil d’évaluation environnementale." 5 5, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202205041.
Full textThomas-Maret, Isabelle, Paul Lewis, Anick Laforest, and David L. Métivier. "Localisation des activités métropolitaines : quels impacts sur le navettage à Montréal?" Environnement urbain 5 (September 21, 2011): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005876ar.
Full textExposito, Alexis, and Pierre-Yves Cordier. "Small Modular Reactors en Finlande : l’avenir du chauffage urbain décarboné ?" Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 2 (March 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20192034.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Émissions urbaines"
Danjou, Alexandre. "Émissions de CO2 estimées par données satellitaires sur les villes à forte croissance démographique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ029.
Full textCities are responsible for more than half of all greenhouse gas emissions. While many cities have committed to emission reduction trajectories, many lack the infrastructure to develop their emissions budgets. The measurement of CO2 plumes from cities by satellite imagery, coupled with atmospheric inversion methods, could allow quantifying direct CO2 emissions from cities, or at least detecting trends in their evolution.OCO-3, with its Snapshot Area Maps (SAMs) mode, is the first instrument to provide 2D (≈80km*80km) images of the total CO2 column at high resolution (≈2km*2km). In particular, these SAMs target atmospheric plumes of CO2 from cities and powerplants, with the goal of quantifying their emissions. Methods to estimate these emissions must be reliable and fast to process all available images (several thousands for OCO-3), whose number will increase with the CO2M and GeoCarb missions. The inversion methods by direct flux calculation (Integrated Mass Enhancement, Cross-Sectional and Source Pixel) or with a Gaussian plume model require little computation time. This thesis aims to evaluate the accuracy of these CO2 plume inversion methods and to study the favorable cases in terms of target and observation condition. This is done in a theoretical framework (atmospheric transport simulations) and by applying the methods to acquired SAMs.We quantify and analyze the different sources of error of these methods in detail using satellite pseudo-images of plumes, first over Paris and then over 31 cities in the world. The error of these methods is mainly due to errors in the estimation of the background concentration (XCO2 concentration that does not come from the city emissions) and in the estimation of the effective wind that carried the plume. We show, with a decision tree learning method, the sensitivity of the error on the emission estimate to the variability of the wind direction in the PBL and to the city's emission budget. The set of pseudo-images for which the emissions are large (>2.1ktCO2/h) and the wind direction variability low (<11°) gives a bias and a theoretical IQR lower than 10% and 60% of the emissions, when these are estimated with the optimal inversion configuration with a Gaussian plume.We finally apply our methods to the OCO-3 SAMs and show that the sensitivities of the theoretical error to the two selection parameters are reflected in the difference of the emission estimates from our methods and from a spatialized inventory (here ODIAC). More than half of the SAMs are not usable with our methods (too few points, low sampling downwind of the city,..). Our emission estimates are lower than those of the ODIAC inventory (≈-25% with the inversion using the Gaussian plume). One source of this underestimation is the error in the wind reanalysis product used. The IQR of the difference between the emissions estimated by our methods and by the inventory is also larger (150%) than the theoretical error. Two important reasons for this are the uncertainties in the inventory emissions and in the wind field reanalyses used. This work suggests that the estimation of urban CO2 emissions requires further methodological development to reduce, amongst other, the error in the estimation of background plume concentrations. However, the error in the wind fields remains a problem, regardless of the inversion method used. Suggestions are made to add a selection layer to the pseudo-images. In addition, more frequent images will be needed to hope to detect trends in city emissions on a multi-year scale
Vanco, Florian. "Formes urbaines et durabilité du système de transports. Une application par les coûts de la mobilité urbaine des ménages au sein de l'agglomération Lyonnaise." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588787.
Full textVanco, Florian. "Formes urbaines et durabilité du système de transports. : Une application par les coûts de la mobilité urbaine des ménages sur l’agglomération Lyonnaise." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22003/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to highlight and analyze the factors related to the spatial organization of the population and the economic activities which may produce a more sustainable mobility. By considering that the transport system is not sustainable, we measure mobility costs thanks to three indicators which represent the sustainability of household mobility: the annual costs of household urban mobility, the annual effort rate devoted by households to their transportation expenditures and the annual CO2 emissions. The link between urban form and mobility is not straightforward. Actually, it is a complex reciprocal link to be defined. The literature shows that three dimensions of local environment finally influence household mobility: density, diversity and accessibility. The method consists on confronting the factors alleged to explain the indicators of the sustainability of household mobility and on determining which part is explained by urban form. On the enlarged perimeter of the household travel survey of Lyon (2006), our approach based on household mobility costs enables, moreover, an approach to financial inequalities and introducing the notion of household vulnerability facing their transportation costs. In order to determine the share of mobility costs explained by urban form, we build some explanatory models, at the household level, by integrating urban form and socio-economic household variables. Especially the analysis focuses on the influence of secondary urban poles on the household vulnerability and mobility costs. Some explanatory models by household types show also that the effects of urban form are differentiated according to household categories. It is also interesting to measure the savings generated by marginal changes of urban form. To do that, we build some econometric models in a more aggregated level which allows computing elasticity coefficients. Thus, we can estimate, in economic terms, the expected savings that are triggered by urban form changes
Decoupigny, Christophe. "Modélisation fine des émissions de polluants issues du trafic urbain." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR1804.
Full textIn a context of evaluation of the impacts of the urban developments a fine approach of the emissions processes and cnditions of circulation must be carried together with the reflexion initiate by the "Plans de Déplacements Urbains". One perceives well the need for a multi scales analysis for to answer at the adaptation of displacements within an urban framework in evolution. The classical theory of the graphs used to describe the networks considers the nodes in a homogeneous way. However the heterogeneity of space implies a variability of the conditions of circulation ans thus of the emissions. The association of the cellular graphs and the SMA is relevant to describe the network and the vehicle dynamic for to precise the localisation of the emissions on the network
Martinez, Alvaro. "Contribution des composés organiques volatils (COVs) provenant des émissions des véhicules aux aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) et à la pollution urbaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1041.
Full textThe transport sector is fundamental to the economic development of a country and to ensure communication and a good quality of life. However, road transport contributes significantly to global warming and leads to serious degradation of the air quality. Among all pollutants, fine and ultrafine particles, emitted by vehicles but also formed in the atmosphere are considered as potentially toxic. Many studies show that chronic exposure to fine particles promotes the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The main gaseous precursors, the atmospheric chemical pathways as well as the chemical composition and the physical transformations that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) undergo in the atmosphere, remain poorly understood. The main aim of this work was on one side to improve the knowledge about primary pollutants emitted from Euro 5 and Euro 6 diesel and gasoline passenger cars and on the other side to investigate the photochemical transformations of the VOCs/IVOCs emitted from these cars. Passenger car emissions have been evaluated on a chassis dynamometer test bench at the IFSTTAR laboratory. Particle number measurements were carried out directly at the tailpipe. For GDI vehicles PN0.23 (< 23 nm) represented on average 20 -30 % of total particle number emitted, while for diesel cars, this fraction was considerably lower (≈10-15%). During high speed regimes (Artemis motorway) of diesel passenger cars Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) passive regeneration was observed. These periods were characterized by a high particle number concentration; their composition was mainly soot, bisulfate and some organic material. PM emitted from gasoline DI passenger cars was mainly composed by BC and some organic droplets containing traces of other elements. During cold start GDI cars do emit important concentrations of BC and organic material. Emission of hydrocarbons has also been investigated. Gasoline DI emitted important concentration of THCs during cold start. Among the aliphatic compounds, families until C15 have been identified, confirming emission of heavier HCs from diesel cars. The second aim of this work was the study of atmospheric degradation of selected VOCs (toluene, naphthalene, cyclohexane, nonane) emitted from Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles and to determine the SOA formation potential of these compounds under different environmental conditions. The chosen compounds have been photoxidized (alone and in mixture) in an Aerosol Flow Tube (AFT) reactor in order to simulate VOCs atmospheric aging. The results suggest: (1) aromatic and PAHs compounds, own highest potential to form SOA; (2) the temperature has an important impact on SOA formation and yield; (3) the presence of pre-existing seed particles has, in general, a positive effect on SOA formation and (4) NOx has been found to negatively affect SOA formation; (5) SOA potential formation of VOC mixtures is highly influenced by the fraction of aromatics. Some of the products identified in the particle phase have never been previously reported. Degradation of aromatic compounds under medium NOx regime produced nitro-aromatic compounds identified both in the gas and particle phase. This PhD contributes to enrich vehicle emissions database, still limited for Euro 5 and Euro 6 cars. Speciation of non-regulated compound will help to better understand atmospheric SOA budget and car emissions air quality impacts. By last, the photoxidation study of primary VOCs (alone, mixture and full emissions) will lead to a better comprehension of SOA formation from vehicles
Tremblay-Racicot, Fanny. "Instruments de politique publique en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre: Transports urbains durables à Montréal et à Boston." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27785/27785.pdf.
Full textTremblay-Racicot, Fanny Rose. "Instruments de politique publique en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre : transports urbains durables à Montréal et à Boston." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22241.
Full textNote : La présente étude fait partie d'un projet de recherche plus large, intitulé "Choix et efficacité des instruments de politique publique pour réduire les gaz à effet de serre: les interventions de quatre juridictions de l'Amérique du Nord-Est", qui est le fruit d'une collaboration entre le Département de science politique et l'École supérieure d'ATDR, Aménagement, architecture et arts visuels de l'Université Laval, ainsi qu'avec Y Institute for environmental studies de l'Université de Toronto, et financé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH). Ce mémoire fait état des résultats de la section de l'étude dédiée aux transports urbains, alors que deux autres secteurs sont étudiés par le projet de recherche plus large, soit le secteur des grandes industries émettrices de GES et celui des PME développant des technologies de réduction d'émissions.
Alexandre, Louis. "La mobilité des abonnés au service d'autopartage de Québec (Communauto) et leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27930/27930.pdf.
Full textCar sharing is a concept developed in Europe during the 1990’s. This type of service is used by people and enterprises using car sporadically or that do not own a car, by choice or due to constraints. Car use is share among subscribers who must make a reservation to use it on an hourly or daily basis. This phenomenon is emerging and rapidly growing in Europe and North America. In 2006, car sharing was implemented in 600 cities around the World, meaning more than 348 000 subscribers sharing usage of 11 700 cars. In 1994, Auto-Com was launching in Quebec City, the first still existing car sharing service in North America. This company, now called Communauto, is now well implemented in four urban regions in the Province of Québec (Montréal and its inner ring of neighbourhoods, Québec-Lévis, Gatineau and Sherbrooke), having more than 20 000 subscribers in 2010, among which 3 000 are living in Québec City. The yearly growth rate was close to 20 % during the last few years. At the beginning, this service was mostly available downtown, but it is now well implemented in the first and second ring suburbs. The impact of this phenomenon on mobility deserves research. Is the mobility behaviour of car sharing users similar to that of other car drivers? Conversely, are the subscribers using this type of access to car as a complement to public and active transportation modes? Car sharing users must make a reservation, walk or move to access the vehicle and should pay in consideration of usage (fixed costs included). In comparison, an owned car is always available and only variable costs are immediately perceived (gas and parking). In theory, time constraints, distance and costs of using a shared car, should advantage other transportation modes (walking, biking, public transportation and taxi). Therefore, we anticipate that car sharing users are consuming less energy and generate less greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions than car owners, for their travelling needs. However, some car sharing subscribers did not have car access prior to their membership; their overall mobility could have increased or be higher than that on non-motorised people living in the same neighbourhood. The main purpose of this research aim at testing if the GHG emission balance of car sharing users is higher or lower than in the general population. A survey was realised between April and June of 2009 in order to collect all trips made by a sample of Communauto’s subscribers for an entire week. In order to minimize costs of such a weekly survey, a novel approach based on the Web was developed, thanks to a NCE GEOIDE Network initiative, receiving complementary funding from SSHRC and FQRSC. Respondents were asked to locate their activity places on an electronic map using a custom application based on Google Maps. Afterwards, places geo-referenced by respondents were used to fill seven daily trip logbooks using drop down menus. This survey was highly challenging because there are very few existing trip surveys using the Web. Moreover, the survey had to retain interest of respondent during an entire week. Finally, 57 Communauto’s subscribers living in Québec City filled an entire week logbook using the Web interface. Results of these car sharing users were compared to those of a control group (122 respondents) previously surveyed using pen-and-paper methods, in 2002 and 2003, also in Québec City (PROCESSUS Network funded by SSHRC and GEOIDE). When making comparison of both methods, one can understand the excellent potential of the Web-based survey. The experiment was very informative and the results are of great interest for those who want to develop a Web survey on mobility. Significant differences were observed for the selection of location tools between genders and among education levels. Findings are convincing with strong differences in mobility behaviours between car sharing users and others. Modal shares of car sharing users are very similar to those of non-motorized people in the control group and the average GHG emissions balance of car sharing subscribers is significantly lower than that of the control group for all considered neighbourhoods in Quebec City (downtown, older suburbs, new suburbs). Differences can also be established based on motorization, residential location and the nature of urban fabric.
Boudet, Céline. "Exposition du citadin aux particules fines en suspension : estimation de la part attribuable aux émissions automobiles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18003.
Full textMorelli, Xavier. "Pollution de l'air, santé et défaveur sociale en zone urbaine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS015/document.
Full textIn urban areas, atmospheric pollution represents a major threat to human health. The accurate characterization of this threat relies centrally on the quality of exposure assessment. It also requires assessment of other factors sharing the same sources and also possibly impacting health, such as noise. Fine-scale exposure assessment of air pollution levels may allow identifying spatial contrasts. Such spatial variations may lead to social differences in the distribution of the health impact of these pollutants.The general aims of the PhD were: 1. To study the possibility to model ultrafine particles distribution in urban areas and assess the correlation of ultrafine particles levels with road traffic noise; 2. To assess the risk incurred by air pollution exposure with a fine-scale modelling approach and investigate the potential socio-economic disparities in health burden induced by particulate matter; 3. To investigate the health benefits expected from hypothetical scenarios of reduction of air pollution levels at the urban scale.The first aim relies on Tri-tabs project, conducted in three European cities (Basel, Girona, Grenoble). Measurements during 20 minutes of outdoor noise and traffic, but not of UFP, were strongly reproducible over durations of a couple of days or months. In these areas, on the short-term, noise levels and UFP concentrations exhibited relatively moderate correlations, which may allow adjustment for mutual confounding in epidemiological studies, thus allowing to disentangle their possible short-term health effects.The second aim introduces health effects, and focuses on the longer term. Risk assessment studies often ignore within-city spatial variations of air pollutants. In Grenoble and Lyon areas (0.4 and 1.2 million inhabitants, respectively) in 2012, PM2.5 exposure was estimated on a 10×10 m grid by coupling a dispersion model to fine-scale data on population density. Outcomes were mortality, lung cancer and term low birth weight incidences. The numbers of cases attributable to air pollution were estimated overall and stratifying areas according to the European Deprivation Index, a measure of social deprivation. Estimations were repeated assuming spatial homogeneity of air pollutants within city. The proportion of cases attributable to air pollution was in the 3-8% range for mortality and 9–43% range for term low birth weight. In Grenoble, 6.8% (95% CI: 3.1–10.1%) of incident lung cancer cases were attributable to air pollution. The impact was underestimated by 8 to 20% when background monitoring stations were used to assess exposure, compared to fine-scale dispersion modeling. Health impact was highest in neighborhoods with intermediate to higher social deprivation.Several countries across Europe have implemented air pollution regulation policies, or low emission zones, France being an exception. We estimated the health impact of air pollution under different scenarios of reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations. Scenarios targeting a reduction in the PM2.5 annual averages by 5% led to a 10% decrease of the health burden, while actions aiming at only reducing the exposure of the population exposed above the 90th percentile did not yield a significant reduction of the health burden (around 1%).In conclusion, we have shown that short-term measurements cannot be used to model ultrafine particles levels in urban areas; we were among the first to rely on a fine-scale exposure model for estimating the health impact of air pollution, and quantify its impact on term low birth weight. Our estimations showed that background air quality monitoring stations used classically in France for health impact assessment studies tend to underestimate exposure, compared to a spatially-resolved dispersion model. We have provided an estimate of the air pollution decrease required to obtain a significant reduction of the health impact of air pollutants in urban areas
Books on the topic "Émissions urbaines"
Duplessis, Bruno, and Charles Raux. Économie et développement urbain durable: Émissions urbaines, inventaires et politiques publiques & transport et usage du sol. Paris: Mines ParisTech, 2011.
Find full textLes émissions de gaz à effet de serre provenant des transports urbains: Rapport de synthèse. Ottawa, Ont: Table ronde nationale sur l'environnement et l'économie, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Émissions urbaines"
Avner, Paolo, and Philippe Menanteau. "Quelle contribution du progrès technique à la réduction des émissions du secteur automobile ? L’exemple du petit véhicule urbain." In Économie et développement urbain durable, 33–50. Presses des Mines, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pressesmines.1541.
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