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Journal articles on the topic 'Emissions planning'
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1
Jan Chocholac, Jaroslava Hyrslova, Tomas Kucera, Stanislav Machalik, and Roman Hruska. "Freight Transport Emissions Calculators as a Tool of Sustainable Logistic Planning." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.4.43-50.
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The freight transport performance is growing. The transport sector is also one of the largest producers of emissions. This must be reflected not only by production companies but also by other stakeholders. The issue of transport emissions is particularly important for city residents, so today the concept of sustainable city logistics is emphasized. Companies should deal with the amount of produced emissions. The use of emission calculators would support operational, tactical and strategic business decision-making. The aim of this article is to analyse the approaches used in available free calculators of emission arising from the freight transport. The focus was on the transport modes that calculators include, input data, output data and methodologies used to calculate emissions. The method of systematic review was used to search analysed freight transport emissions calculators. The method of content analysis was used to analyse inputs, outputs and freight transport emissions calculator’s methodologies. The method of qualitative comparative analysis was used to analyse and compare the freight transport emissions calculators.
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Lei, Sun, Zhong Fu Tan, Li Wei Ju, He Yin, and Zhi Hong Chen. "Generation Resource Planning Optimization Model under Emission Constraint." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.868.
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As a large energy consumption and pollutants emission department, power industry energy saving and emission reduction is of great significance for the community's overall energy consumption and pollutants emission control. As the main energy saving measures of the power industry, optimize the structure of power based on grid-connected renewable energy. Therefore, this article is based on energy distribution in China, considering load, electricity, resources, environmental pollution and the unit served, target is the total system power generation installed capacity and pollutant emissions at minimum costs, to construct generation resource planning optimization model under emission constraint, install generation capacity costs, running costs and the cost of pollutant emissions will be take into account, in order to make reasonable recommendations on power resource planning in China.
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Gan, Jing, Linheng Li, Qiaojun Xiang, and Bin Ran. "A Prediction Method of GHG Emissions for Urban Road Transportation Planning and Its Applications." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 10251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410251.
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The increasing vehicle usage has brought about a sharp increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of vehicles, which brings severe challenges to the sustainable development of road transportation in Chinese counties. Low-carbon transportation planning is an essential strategy for carbon control from the source of carbon emissions and is crucial to the full transition to a low-carbon future. For transportation planning designers, a quick and accurate estimation of carbon emissions under different transportation planning schemes is a prerequisite to determine the optimal low-carbon transportation development plan. To address this issue, a novel prediction method of hourly GHG emissions over the urban roads network was constructed in this paper. A case study was conducted in Changxing county, and the results indicate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Furthermore, we applied the same approach to 30 other counties in China to analyze the influencing factors of emissions from urban road networks in Chinese counties. The analysis results indicate that the urban road mileage and arterial road ratio are the two most important factors affecting road network GHG emissions in road traffic planning process. Moreover, the method was employed to derive peak hour emission coefficients that can be used to quickly estimate daily or annual GHG emissions. The peak hour emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O accounts for approximately 9–10%, 8.5–10.5%, 5.5–7.5% of daily emissions, respectively. It is expected that the findings from this study would be helpful for establishing effective carbon control strategies in the transportation planning stage to reduce road traffic GHG emissions in counties.
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Gomilšek, Rok, Lidija Čuček, Marko Homšak, Raymond R. Tan, and Zdravko Kravanja. "Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112753.
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The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.
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Zhou, Zhi Hua, Zi Chao Tan, Guo Qiang Yang, and She Ming Qiu. "The Study on Community Energy Planning and Emission Reduction in China." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1442.
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Climate change is becoming a highlight of the world. As the world's second largest CO2 emission country, China faces increasing pressure. Energy consumption and utilizing is the major source of CO2 emissions. Optimization of the regional energy configuration can not only reduce energy consumption, but also reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, it will achieve energy conservation and sustainable development. Based on the Eco-city constructed by China and Sino-Singapore, this paper calculates the regional energy-saving under the requirement of existing Energy Conservation Code, plans its energy saving quantity by taking some measurements and then predicts the carbon dioxide emission reductions. The result shows that using effective measures to save energy can reduce 227772t carbon dioxide emissions. Using renewable energy and energy saving measures will reduce 371414t CO2, which has a striking effect. So changing energy structure and using renew energy are main measures to reduce CO2 emission.
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Zhu, Xiaoqing, Tiancheng Zhang, Weijun Gao, and Danying Mei. "Analysis on Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors of Carbon Emission in Urban–Rural Fringe Mixed-Use Communities: Cases Study in East Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083101.
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Urban-intensive areas are responsible for an estimated 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. The urban–rural fringe areas emit more greenhouse gases than urban centers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern and driving factors of carbon emissions in urban–rural fringe mixed-use communities, and to develop planning methods to reduce carbon emissions in communities. This study identifies mixed-use communities in East Asian urban–rural fringe areas as industrial, commercial, tourism, and rental-apartment communities, subsequently using the emission factor method to calculate carbon emissions. The statistical information grid analysis and geographic information systems spatial analysis method are employed to analyze the spatial pattern of carbon emission and explore the relationship between established space, industrial economy, material consumption, social behavior, and carbon emission distribution characteristics by partial least squares regression, ultimately summing up the spatial pattern of carbon emission in the urban–rural fringe areas of East Asia. Results show that (1) mixed-use communities in the East Asian urban–rural fringe areas face tremendous pressure to reduce emissions. Mixed-use community carbon emissions in the late urbanization period are lower than those the early urbanization. (2) Mixed-use community carbon emission is featured by characteristics, such as planning structure decisiveness, road directionality, infrastructure directionality, and industrial linkage. (3) Industrial communities produce the highest carbon emissions, followed by rental-apartment communities, business communities, and tourism communities. (4) The driving factor that most affects the spatial distribution of carbon emissions is the material energy consumption. The fuel consumption per unit of land is the largest driver of carbon emissions. Using the obtained spatial pattern and its driving factors of carbon emissions, this study provides suggestions for planning and construction, industrial development, material consumption, and convenient life guidance.
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Ostria, Sergio J. "Assessing Emissions Contribution of Intercity Trucking." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1520, no. 1 (January 1996): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152000105.
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The contribution of intercity trucking to air pollution in a given region is readily recognized as significant by transportation and air quality planners. Other than emissions standards for newly sold trucks, neither the air quality nor the transportation planning communities has focused on implementing control strategies that directly mitigate emissions from intercity trucking. As nonattainment areas strive to comply with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the potential emission reduction benefits of truck-related control measures must be evaluated to ensure that all sources of emissions are considered in the planning processes. However, little is known about the contribution of intercity trucking to emissions inventories in regions across the country, particularly since the Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE emissions factor model is not well-suited for this purpose. The incorporation of intercity trucking in emission inventory estimates is reviewed, and a methodology by which intercity trucking emissions can be easily isolated using information documented in state implementation plans (SIPs) is developed. Using SIP data for a select number of metropolitan areas and the Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS), the emissions contributions of city-to-city truck transport and drayage operations are assessed. Furthermore, the contribution of intercity trucking to emission reductions in areas across the country is determined using information reported in 15 percent volatile organic compound reduction plans.
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Zhong, Jia Qing, Zhi Gang Lu, and Ke Ke Yan. "Multi-Objective Model Research with Clean Energy Technologies in Low Carbon Power Planning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1223.
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With the increasing development of clean energy technologies, the application of new energy and carbon capture technology would have a positive effect for CO2 emissions reduction. In this paper, planning of power system model including clean energy technology facing low carbon targets established, considering the carbon emission rights allocation and carbon trading. By studying coal-fired power plant planning model with wind power and carbon capture technology for the future planning period, establish the multi-objective model of minimum comprehensive cost and biggest carbon trading gains, considering constraint conditions of power generating capacity, wind power integrated capacity and carbon emissions reduction targets. Use the bacterial colony chemotaxis algorithm for optimization calculation of the power planning, to give a planning scheme that can meet the requirements of economic development trend and emission reducing requirements.
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Zhang, Hong Liang. "Urban Vehicle Emissions Management under Uncertainty - A Traffic Planning Model with Interval-Parameter Programming." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1586.
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In this study, an interval-parameter programming method has been used for urban vehicle emissions management under uncertainty. The model improves upon the existing optimization methods with advantages in uncertainty reflection, system costs and limitation of emission. Moreover, the model is applied to a case study of urban vehicle emissions management in a virtual city. The results indicate that the interval linear traffic planning model can effectively reduce the vehicles emission and provide strategies for authorities to deal with problems of transportation system.
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Ahmadi, Abdollah, Hani Mavalizadeh, Ali Esmaeel Nezhad, Pierluigi Siano, Heidar Ali Shayanfar, and Branislav Hredzak. "A robust model for generation and transmission expansion planning with emission constraints." SIMULATION 96, no. 7 (May 18, 2020): 605–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549720915773.
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This paper presents the application of information gap decision theory (IGDT) to deal with uncertainties associated with load forecasting in dynamic, environment constrained, coordinated generation and transmission expansion planning. Traditionally, the gaseous emissions are constrained over the whole system. Conventional methods cannot guarantee a practical expansion plan since huge emissions can still occur on some buses in the power system. This paper introduces a per-bus emission limit to avoid extreme emissions in highly populated areas. The effect of nodal emission limits is fully discussed and compared to a conventional method. The model is kept linear using the big M approach to decrease the model computational burden. Reliability is considered by limiting the estimated load not served in each year over the planning horizon. The cost of fuel transportation and fuel limits are considered in order to make the model more realistic and practical. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by implementation on Garver 6 bus, IEEE 30 bus, and 118 bus test systems.
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Wang, Yanhong, Hua Zhang, Zhiqing Zhang, and Jing Wang. "Development of an Evaluating Method for Carbon Emissions of Manufacturing Process Plans." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/784751.
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Carbon intensity reduction and energy utilization enhancement in manufacturing industry are becoming a timely topic. In a manufacturing system, the process planning is the combination of all production factors which influences the entail carbon emissions during manufacturing. In order to meet the current low carbon manufacturing requirements, a carbon emission evaluation method for the manufacturing process planning is highly desirable to be developed. This work presents a method to evaluate the carbon emissions of a process plan by aggregating the unit process to form a combined model for evaluating carbon emissions. The evaluating results can be used to decrease the resource and energy consumption and pinpoint detailed breakdown of the influences between manufacturing process plan and carbon emissions. Finally, the carbon emission analysis method is applied to a process plan of an axis to examine its feasibility and validity.
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Pezzagno, Michele, Anna Richiedei, and Maurizio Tira. "Spatial Planning Policy for Sustainability: Analysis Connecting Land Use and GHG Emission in Rural Areas." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030947.
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Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the highest they have ever been and the climate change they have triggered is having consequences on both human and natural systems. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that an integrated reading of urban and rural land uses in relation to GHG emissions is feasible and useful at the regional level in order to reach emissions reduction. The Po Valley in Italy is an emblematic case study because its features are unique in Europe for high population density, urban sprawl, intensive agriculture, livestock management and consequently high emission levels. The methodology examines the total GHG emissions in relation to urban and rural areas. Between 2000 and 2010, the trend of CO2-equivalent emissions for the macro-regions of Italy shows a national decrease in contrast to the area of our case study which has seen a steady increase and growth trend over time. The paper analyzes some possible reasons linked to this anomaly, and it presents an estimation of the CO2-equivalent emissions related to the use of agricultural land. The main output of the paper is a new overview for research that aims to propose integrated solutions and policies at the local level with a wider vision focused on GHG emission knowledge, supported by Strategic Environmental Assessment.
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Gong, Xiting, and Sean X. Zhou. "Optimal Production Planning with Emissions Trading." Operations Research 61, no. 4 (August 2013): 908–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2013.1189.
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ISTIANTO, ARDYTTO, and SARWOKO MANGKOEDIHARDJO. "Planning Greenspace for the Highlands Region of Surabaya." Current World Environment 13, Special issue 1 (November 25, 2018): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.special-issue1.01.
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This paper reports evaluation and planning of greenspace in the highlands region of Surabaya. Evaluation conducted by taking primary data related to the number of vehicles with traffic counting method and secondary data in the form of population, vegetation type, and pattern of greenspace vegetation planting. The calculation of the adequacy of greenspace is done by calculating the volume of carbon dioxide emissions by humans and vehicles. The calculation is then multiplied by the emission factor. In addition, it calculates absorption capacity of total carbon dioxide from the existing greenspace vegetation. The results showed that the existing vegetation could be preserved and enriched with the addition of vegetation species to absorb carbon dioxide gas emissions and in accordance with the laws and regulations.
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Irsyad, Muhammad Indra al, Anthony Halog, Rabindra Nepal, and Deddy P. Koesrindartoto. "The Impacts of Emission Reduction Targets in Indonesia Electricity Systems." Indonesian Journal of Energy 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.42.
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Climate change policy often contradicts the least-cost objective of electricity generation in developing countries. The objective of our study is to propose electricity generation mixes that can meet emission reduction targets in Indonesia. We estimate the optimal generation mix, costs, and emissions from three scenarios, namely existing power plant planning, and 11% and 14% emission reductions in Indonesia’s electricity sector. The estimations are based on linear programming, input-output analysis, and life-cycle analysis, integrated into an agent-based modeling (ABM) platform. The simulation results confirm the existing power plant planning, which is dominated by coal-based power plants, as the lowest-cost scenario in the short-term; however, this scenario also produces the highest emissions. Emission reduction scenarios have lower emissions due to a higher share of renewables and, therefore, the Indonesian electricity system is robust from fossil fuel price increases. In the long-term, costs incurred in the emission reduction scenarios will be lower than electricity generation costs under the existing power plant planning. Our findings should be a basis for re-evaluating energy policies, power plant planning, and the research agenda in Indonesia.
Keyword: linear programming, agent-based modelling (ABM), input-output analysis, life-cycle analysis
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Säynäjoki, Eeva-Sofia, Pia Korba, Elina Kalliala, and Aino-Kaisa Nuotio. "GHG Emissions Reduction through Urban Planners’ Improved Control over Earthworks: A Case Study in Finland." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2018): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082859.
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Most climate change mitigation schemes in urban planning concentrate on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the distant future by altering the urban form and encouraging more sustainable behaviour. However, to reach climate change mitigation targets, a more immediate reduction in GHG emissions is also needed as well as a reduction in GHG emissions in other fields. This article evaluates the important role of earthworks in the prompt and substantial reduction required for GHG emissions. The research includes a single case study and three focus group interviews. The results of the case study reveal the magnitude of possible emission reductions through urban planners’ control over earthworks, whereas the findings of the focus groups shed light on the relevance of the findings beyond the single case. Three urban planning solutions were implemented in the case area to reduce GHG emissions from earth construction, resulting in the saving of 2360 tonnes of CO2 emissions. Notable savings were also achieved in other emission categories. Such a successful management of rock and soil material flows requires a strong vision from the urban planner, cooperation among many different actors, and smart decisions in multiple planning phases. Furthermore, numerical data is needed to confirm the environmental benefits if the coordination of earthworks is to be widely included in regional climate change mitigation strategies.
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Marpaung, Charles O. P., and Ram M. Shresta. "Structural Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emission Reduction due to Energy Tax in Power Sector Planning." International Journal of Smart Grid and Sustainable Energy Technologies 1, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/ijsgset.v1i2.208.
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This study analyses the CO2 emission implications of considering energy tax in power sector planning for the case of Indonesia. There are four energy tax rates considered in this study i.e. US$0.5/MBtu, US$1.0/MBtu, US$2.0/MBtu and US$5/MBtu. Furthermore, this study also analyses the decomposition of the economy-wide CO2 emission changes due to the carbon tax rates by using an input-output model. The implications of energy tax on utility planning would bring the sytem more efficient because more energy efficient technology power plants, such as CCGT, would be selected, while in the case of environmental implications, CO2 emissions would be reduced. The results show that there is a significant change in the annual CO2 emissions if energy tax rate of US$5/MBtu is introduced. There are three major components that affect the total economy-wide change in CO2 emissions, i.e., fuel mix-, structural-, and final demand- effects. The results show that the fuel mix effect is found to be most influential in reducing the CO2 emission during the planning horizon under all of the energy tax rates considered and is followed by the final demand- and structural-effects.
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Jagarnath, Meryl, and Tirusha Thambiran. "Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817713471.
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Because current emissions accounting approaches focus on an entire city, cities are often considered to be large emitters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with no attention to the variation within them. This makes it more difficult to identify climate change mitigation strategies that can simultaneously reduce emissions and address place-specific development challenges. In response to this gap, a bottom-up emissions inventory study was undertaken to identify high emission zones and development goals for the Durban metropolitan area (eThekwini Municipality). The study is the first attempt at creating a spatially disaggregated emissions inventory for key sectors in Durban. The results indicate that particular groups and economic activities are responsible for more emissions, and socio-spatial development and emission inequalities are found both within the city and within the high emission zone. This is valuable information for the municipality in tailoring mitigation efforts to reduce emissions and address development gaps for low-carbon spatial planning whilst contributing to objectives for social justice.
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Özener, Okan Örsan. "Developing a Collaborative Planning Framework for Sustainable Transportation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/107102.
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Currently, as being the highest petroleum consuming sector in the world, transportation significantly contributes to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Road transportation not only is responsible for approximately 20% of the total emissions of carbon dioxide in the EU and in the US but also has a steadily increasing trend in contributing to global warming. Initiatives undertaken by authorities, such asEmission cap and trade in the EU,limit the emissions resulted from the actions of the companies and also give economic incentives to companies to reduce their emissions. However, in logistics systems with multiple entities, it is difficult to assess the responsibilities of the companies both in terms of costs and emissions. In this study, we consider a delivery network with multiple customers served by a single carrier, which executes a delivery plan with the minimum transportation cost, and allocate the resulting costs and the emissions among the customers in a fair manner. We develop allocation mechanisms for both costs and emissions. In order to develop a mechanism that provides further reduction of the emissions, we study a setting where the carrier takes the responsibility of the emissions and reflects the resulting inefficiencies while charging the customers.
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Untari, Edy H. P. Melmambessy, and David Oscar Simatupang. "Carbon Emissions And Mitigation Actions In Merauke." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302009.
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Merauke district is one of the areas developing still need clearing land required for the expansion of farming land, Plantations and land clearing to a new settlement.Using forward looking method, Clearing land for the benefit of development produce carbon emissions. Carbon emissions 2014 to 2025 of 40.4 million tons CO2-eq with a total emission clean 20.7 tons CO2-eq. While carbon emissions Merauke in 2030 decreased to 37.3 million tons CO2-eq with a total emission clean of 15.4 million tons CO2-eq. To reduce carbon emissions, Merauke do 6 action plan mitigation in unit agricultural planning wetlands and agriculture dry land, production forest, natural heritage land, an absorbing area, mangrove forests and plantation.The carbon emissions reduction in 2030 namely 15.41 % equivalent to 51.5 million tons CO2-eq decline emissions from 6 mitigation action.
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Xie, Yulei, Zhenghui Fu, Dehong Xia, Wentao Lu, Guohe Huang, and Han Wang. "Integrated Planning for Regional Electric Power System Management with Risk Measure and Carbon Emission Constraints: A Case Study of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040601.
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With the carbon reduction targets being set in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, China is facing great pressure to meet its emission reduction commitment. The electric power industry as the major source of carbon emissions needs to be a focus. However, the uncertainty of power systems, the risk of reducing emissions and the fuzziness of carbon capture technology popularization rate and carbon reduction targets makes previous planning methods unsatisfactory for current planning. This paper establishes an interval fuzzy programming with a risk measure model which takes carbon capture technology and carbon reduction targets into account, to ensure that the complex electric management system achieves the best developmental state. It was concluded that in order to reduce carbon emissions, wind power and hydropower would be the best choices, and coal-fired power would be the suboptimal choice, and solar power would play a complementary role. Besides, decision makers should put much more effort into promoting and improving carbon capture technology instead of simply setting emission reduction targets. The non-synchronism of the downward trend in carbon emissions per unit of electricity generation and electric power industry total carbon emissions need to be taken seriously.
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Chen, Longgao, Long Li, Xiaoyan Yang, Yu Zhang, Longqian Chen, and Xiaodong Ma. "Assessing the Impact of Land-Use Planning on the Atmospheric Environment through Predicting the Spatial Variability of Airborne Pollutants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020172.
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As an important contributor to pollutant emissions to the atmosphere, land use can degrade environmental quality. In order to assess the impact of land-use planning on the atmosphere, we propose a methodology combining the land-use-based emission inventories of airborne pollutants and the long-term air pollution multi-source dispersion (LAPMD) model in this study. Through a case study of the eastern Chinese city of Lianyungang, we conclude that (1) land-use-based emission inventorying is a more economical way to assess the overall pollutant emissions compared with the industry-based method, and the LAPMD model can map the spatial variability of airborne pollutant concentrations that directly reflects how the implementation of the land-use planning (LUP) scheme impacts on the atmosphere; (2) the environmental friendliness of the LUP scheme can be assessed by an overlay analysis based on the pollution concentration maps and land-use planning maps; (3) decreases in the emissions of SO2 and PM10 within Lianyungang indicate the overall positive impact of land-use planning implementation, while increases in these emissions from certain land-use types (i.e., urban residential and transportation lands) suggest the aggravation of airborne pollutants from these land parcels; and (4) the city center, where most urban population resides, and areas around key plots would be affected by high pollution concentrations. Our methodology is applicable to study areas for which meteorological data are accessible, and is, therefore, useful for decision making if land-use planning schemes specify the objects of airborne pollutant concentration.
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Norouzi, Nima, and Mohammad Ali Dehghani. "A Backward Scenario Planning Overview of the Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran by the End of the Sixth Progress Plan." Current Environmental Management 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212717806999200709124810.
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Taking Iran as the 7th Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission source of the world, the country contains a high potential for the emission management plans and studies. As the economy is a significant factor in the greenhouse gas emission, studying the economy and GHG emission integrated relations must be taken into account of every climate change and environmental management plan. This paper investigates the relationships among the economic, demographic, foreign policies, and many other domestic and foreign parameters, which are illustrated by sixth Iranian document over development and GHG emission in three progress scenarios made for this plan. In this paper, all the significant GHG emissions such as CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, hydrocarbons, and CO in the period of 2014-2020 are being studied. As the results show, the number of emissions is directly related to domestic and foreign parameters, which means a better economic status in Iran causes an increase in the number of emissions. The foreign policies are more effective in the Iranian economy and emissions than the domestic policies and parameters. The scenarios and the results show that the Iranian economy and energy systems have a significant potential for efficiency development plans. However, one thing is clear that Iranian emissions will be increased to 800 million tons by the end of the plan period (by 2021). This significant increase in the amount indicates the importance of optimization and efficiency development plans in Iran, which is predicted to control and fix this increment around 3-4%.
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Zhu, Hanxiong, Kexi Pan, Yong Liu, Zheng Chang, Ping Jiang, and Yongfu Li. "Analyzing Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Determinant Factors of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions of Shanghai in China Using High-Resolution Gridded Data." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2019): 4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174766.
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In this study, we create a high-resolution (1 km x 1 km) carbon emission spatially gridded dataset in Shanghai for 2010 to 2015 to help researchers understand the spatial pattern of urban CO2 emissions and facilitate exploration of their driving forces. First, we conclude that high spatial agglomeration, CO2 emissions centralized along the river and coastline, and a structure with three circular layers are the three notable temporal–spatial characteristics of Shanghai fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Second, we find that large point sources are the leading factors that shaped the temporal–spatial characteristics of Shanghai CO2 emission distributions. The changes of CO2 emissions in each grid during 2010–2015 indicate that the energy-controlling policies of large point emission sources have had positive effects on CO2 reduction since 2012. The changes suggest that targeted policies can have a disproportionate impact on urban emissions. Third, area sources bring more uncertainties to the forecasting of carbon emissions. We use the Geographical Detector method to identify these leading factors that influence CO2 emissions emitted from area sources. We find that Shanghai’s circular layer structure, population density, and population activity intensity are the leading factors. This result implied that urban planning has a large impact on the distribution of urban CO2 emissions. At last, we find that unbalanced development within the city will lead to different leading impact factors for each circular layer. Factors such as urban development intensity, traffic land, and industrial land have stronger power to determine CO2 emissions in the areas outside the Outer Ring, while factors such as population density and population activity intensity have stronger impacts in the other two inner areas. This research demonstrates the potential utility of high-resolution carbon emission data to advance the integration of urban planning for the reduction of urban CO2 emissions and provide information for policymakers to make targeted policies across different areas within the city.
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Morais, Antonio, Svetlana Morais, and A. V. Vasilyev. "International Approaches to Urban Environmental Planning Taking to Account Gas Emissions and Noise Impact." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-3-39-43.
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Presently in urban territories there is a number of ecological problems caused by negative impact of chemical and physical factors. Negative impact of chemical factors is mainly caused by gas emissions. CO2emissions are typically very significant in modern towns. A set of chemical equations to determine emission and absorption of CO2inside the municipality boundaries is developed. Based on these equations, authors have developed an accounting methodology for CO2 emissions and absorptions that is applicable to the municipal territory. It is expected this methodology to become a tool for planners and designers as well to be used in territorial emissions trading. The measures of noise reduction among of town planning solutions are described. In total, effective noise reduction in living areas may be achieved by provision of complex administrative-organizing, urban development and building-acoustic measures.
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Li, Yu, Chao Ci Li, and Jing Ya Wen. "Study on Power Generation Expansion Planning Model Based on CO2 Emission Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.856.
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In China, about 50% CO2 emissions from the power industry. Ways of energy conservation, reduction project and power structure adjustment can effectively reduce CO2 emissions, which is an important resort for power industry to implement low-carbon development strategy and have great influence on the power structure in China. In this paper, 0-1 integer linear generation expansion planning model based on CO2 emission reduction is first developed and applied to the power system in Heilongjiang province. The results show that the power structure dominated by thermal coal has been changed gradually to meet the requirement of operation and management of continuous development of power system. Meanwhile, measures of CO2 emission reduction taking in different periods are programmed. This study can provide reference for the decision support of CO2 emission reduction and generation expansion in power industry.
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Tian, Chuan, Guohui Feng, Shuai Li, and Fuqiang Xu. "Scenario Analysis on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Reduction Potential in Building Heating Sector at Community Level." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195392.
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Energy consumption and carbon emissions of building heating are increasing rapidly. Taking Liaobin coastal economic zone as an example, two scenarios are built to analyze the potential of energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction from the aspects of laws, regulations, policies and planning. The baseline scenario refers to the traditional way of energy planning and the community energy planning scenario seeks to apply community energy planning within the zone. Energy consumption and CO2 emission are forecast in two scenarios with the driving factors including GDP growth, changes in population size, energy structure adjustment, energy technology progress, and increase of energy efficiency. To improve accuracy of future GDP and population data prediction, an ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model) (1,1,1) model is introduced into GDP prediction and a logistics model is introduced into population prediction. Results show that compared with the baseline scenario, energy consumption levels in the community energy planning scenario are reduced by 140% and CO2 emission levels are reduced by 45%; the short-term and long-term driving factors are analyzed. Policy implications are given for energy conservation and environmental protection.
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Zhu, Mo, Michael Chen, and Murat Kristal. "MODELLING THE IMPACTS OF UNCERTAIN CARBON TAX POLICY ON MARITIME FLEET MIX STRATEGY AND CARBON MITIGATION." Transport 33, no. 3 (July 10, 2018): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.1579.
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The maritime transport industry continues to draw international attention on significant Greenhouse Gas emissions. The introduction of emissions taxes aims to control and reduce emissions. The uncertainty of carbon tax policy affects shipping companies’ fleet planning and increases costs. We formulate the fleet planning problem under carbon tax policy uncertainty a multi-stage stochastic integer-programming model for the liner shipping companies. We develop a scenario tree to represent the structure of the carbon tax stochastic dynamics, and seek the optimal planning, which is adaptive to the policy uncertainty. Non-anticipativity constraint is applied to ensure the feasibility of the decisions in the dynamic environment. For the sake of comparison, the Perfect Information (PI) model is introduced as well. Based on a liner shipping application of our model, we find that under the policy uncertainty, companies charter more ships when exposed to high carbon tax risk, and spend more on fleet operation; meanwhile the CO2 emission volume will be reduced.
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Lopes Toledo, André, and Emílio Lèbre La Rovere. "Urban Mobility and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Status, Public Policies, and Scenarios in a Developing Economy City, Natal, Brazil." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113995.
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This study aims to deepen the understanding of the role of the urban mobility sector in the current and future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a middle-sized city of Brazil, which is also a developing economy. With the cross-reference between road and rail mobility data, governmental mobility planning, the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission quantification methodology, and the creation of scenarios for up to 10 subsequent years, it is possible to verify that individual motorized transport accounts for 60% of the total emissions from the urban transportation sector, with the largest amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions per passenger among all of the forms of mobility. However, in the case of this study, government mobility planning, by not encouraging more energy-efficient transport and non-motorized modes, ends up aggravating GHG emissions in the scenarios considered for 2020 and 2025. In turn, the mitigation scenarios proposed herein integrate public transport and non-motorized transport solutions that would reduce the total of equivalent carbon dioxide (tCO2eq) by at least 45,000 tCO2eq per year by 2025. This cross-referencing of the environmental impact of government mobility policies can be replicated in other cities in developing countries that do not yet present municipal inventories or emission monitoring.
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Toşa, Cristian, Dago Antov, Gavril Köllő, Harri Rõuk, and Marek Rannala. "A METHODOLOGY FOR MODELLING TRAFFIC RELATED EMISSIONS IN SUBURBAN AREAS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 1 (October 16, 2013): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2013.819034.
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A methodology that integrates a computer program COPERT III for calculation of traffic emissions estimates, and a transportation modelling software CUBE VOYAGER was used to assess pollutant emissions for a suburban area, as a support for future transport planning strategies to be applied for any developing road network. COPERT III is used to obtain the carbon monoxide emission factors by accounting for the car fleet composition, characteristics and average speed. An aggregated emission parametric equation was determined and used further on for estimating network carbon monoxide emissions based upon the output of macroscopic traffic characteristics enabled by traffic simulation software, CUBE VOYAGER. The methodology and modelling results are applied here for Floreşti, a satellite town of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Ren, Z., V. Chrysostomou, and T. Price. "The measurement of carbon performance of construction activities." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20466091211260596.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research project is to reduce the carbon emissions of construction processes by Measuring, Mapping, Modelling and Managing (4Ms) the carbon performance of construction activities. This particular paper presents the research work and major findings in the first two stages: measuring the carbon footprint of construction activities in building projects; and mapping the carbon emissions from construction activities.Design/methodology/approachA hotel project in South Wales was selected as a case study where the carbon emissions from six categories of construction activities (i.e. management, operations, visitors, deliveries, plant and utilities) were monitored by using carefully designed data collection methods throughout the construction process. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were adopted to distil and map the emissions with construction activities.FindingsThis study provides a benchmark for the carbon emissions from construction processes. The results show that construction activities generate more carbon than expected. Of the CO2 emitted, materials delivery, operational activities and plant operation account for more than 90 per cent of the total emissions. Activities from management, visitors and utilities only contributed 10 per cent of the CO2 emissions. Carbon emissions from construction processes can be best managed through project planning/scheduling where carbon emissions should be considered as a new criterion for project planning along with time, cost and quality.Research limitations/implicationsThere are some limitations with the data collection methods adopted in this study. For example, the fuel/CO2 emission conversion rate for plant was obtained from online sources. This rate needs to be validated and adjusted on‐site with CO2 measurement gauges for different equipment. Similarly, the fuel efficiency adjusting rates for vehicles also need to be checked and verified constantly.Practical implicationsThe on‐site carbon emission methods, the mapping approaches between the emission and construction activities, and the online system developed in this study (www.constructco2.com/default.aspx) are all embraced by the industry. So far, 76 projects have already subscripted to the online system.Originality/valueThis study developed a set of systematic and feasible approaches to measuring and analysing carbon emissions from construction activities. Unlike the existing studies which mainly focus on recording the carbon emissions on‐site, this research measured the emissions, and mapped the emissions with construction activities. The online system developed could analyse the data collected and support the contractor to decide in which aspects they should make effort to control the carbon emissions.
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Wang, Ping, Zhiqiang Zhu, and Shuang Zhang. "The researches on energy sustainability in Northern China." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 04024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183804024.
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Energy, which accounts for two-thirds of today’s greenhouse gas emissions, is the key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing global warming. In this paper, the IPCC-recommended reference approach and scenario analysis were applied to evaluate dynamic change of the energy supply and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions within the period of 2000-2025 in Northern China (NC). The results show that energy importing reliance reached 85% in 2015 and the energy structure has become more diversified in NC. In addition, the per-capita CO2 emission is significantly higher while carbon intensity is lower than those of the national average. Under the LC scenario, CO2 emissions begin to fall for the first time in 2022. Hence, if Energy-Saving and Emission-Reduction strategy and regional planning for NC are implemented fully, NC will achieve the national emission reduction targets in 2025 and will have a large CO2 mitigation potential in the future.
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Maljanen, Marja Elisa, Zafar Gondal, and HemRaj Bhattarai. "Emissions of nitrous acid (HONO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from horse dung." Agricultural and Food Science 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.59314.
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Horse dung contains considerable amounts of nitrogen which is partly lost during the storage period. Leaching of nitrogen from the dung can be prevented with constructions but also gaseous N-emissions occur. However, the emission rates are not reported in the literature. We measured in laboratory conditions nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) emissions from fresh, one month old and one year old horse dung samples. NO and HONO emissions increased with the storage time of the dung. The mean emission rates of HONO and NO were from 36 to 280 ng N kg dw-1h-1 and from 15 to 3500 ng N kg dw-1h-1, respectively. N2O emissions were more variable showing also highest emissions (20.3 µg N kg dw-1 h-1) from the oldest samples. Thus, the longer storage of horse dung increases gaseous N losses which should be taken into account when planning the environmental friendly way to handle horse dung.
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Knežević, Vlatko, Radoslav Radonja, and Čedomir Dundović. "Emission Inventory of Marine Traffic for the Port of Zadar." Pomorstvo 32, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.2.9.
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This paper estimates the exhaust gases emissions from ships in the international marine traffic in the port of Zadar. The emission results refer to the pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2). The methodology that has been applied, so called “bottom-up” approach, uses detailed data on ship’s characteristics (engine power, the load factor, fuel type, the emission factor) and time spent cruising and hotelling. The estimated inventory for the port of Zadar includes overall marine traffic from the passenger and cargo terminals. The exhaust gases emissions have been divided into three ship’s activities: cruising in the reduce speed zone, hotelling (at berth) and manoeuvring. The results (tons/year) have shown that approximately 80% of total emissions come from passenger ships and 20% from cargo ships.
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Saedi, Ramin, Rajat Verma, Ali Zockaie, Mehrnaz Ghamami, and Timothy J. Gates. "Comparison of Support Vector and Non-Linear Regression Models for Estimating Large-Scale Vehicular Emissions, Incorporating Network-Wide Fundamental Diagram for Heterogeneous Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (April 16, 2020): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120914304.
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Estimation of vehicular emissions at network level is a prominent issue in transportation planning and management of urban areas. For large networks, macroscopic emission models are preferred because of their simplicity. However, these models do not consider traffic flow dynamics that significantly affect emissions production. This study proposes a network-level emission modeling framework based on the network-wide fundamental diagram (NFD), via integrating the NFD properties with an existing microscopic emission model. The NFD and microscopic emission models are estimated using microscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulation tools at different scales for various traffic compositions. The major contribution is to consider heterogeneous vehicle types with different emission generation rates in a network-level model. This framework is applied to the large-scale network of Chicago as well as its central business district. Non-linear and support vector regression models are developed using simulated trajectory data of 13 simulated scenarios. The results show a satisfactory calibration and successful validation with acceptable deviations from the underlying microscopic emissions model regardless of the simulation tool that is used to calibrate the network-level emissions model. The microscopic traffic simulation is appropriate for smaller networks, while mesoscopic traffic simulation is a proper means to calibrate models for larger networks. The proposed model is also used to demonstrate the relationship between macroscopic emissions and flow characteristics in the form of a network emissions diagram. The results of this study provide a tool for planners to analyze vehicular emissions in real time and find optimal policies to control the level of emissions in large cities.
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Cao, Mengqiu, Chia-Lin Chen, and Robin Hickman. "Transport emissions in Beijing: a scenario planning approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 170, no. 2 (April 2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jtran.15.00093.
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Yin, Ruixue, Huajun Cao, Hongcheng Li, and John W. Sutherland. "A process planning method for reduced carbon emissions." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 27, no. 12 (January 28, 2014): 1175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2013.874585.
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Rebennack, Steffen. "Generation expansion planning under uncertainty with emissions quotas." Electric Power Systems Research 114 (September 2014): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.04.010.
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Wang, Guofeng, Maolin Liao, and Jie Jiang. "Research on Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Regional Carbon Emissions Reduction Strategies in China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072627.
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Carbon emissions and strategies for reducing them have become hot topics in recent years. This study firstly measured the total amount and the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions (i.e., agricultural carbon emission per capital) in China. The results show that China’s total carbon emission in 2016 was 272.022 million tons, which is 26.67% more than that in 2000, with an average annual increase of 1.67%. It then compared the regional differences of agricultural carbon emissions in China using the method of coefficient of variation and the Theil index. Following this, this paper finally provides scientific and technological support for the reduction of agricultural carbon emissions in China based on a matrix of carbon emission reduction strategies.
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Alnahdi, Amani, Ali Elkamel, Munawar A. Shaik, Saad A. Al-Sobhi, and Fatih S. Erenay. "Optimal Production Planning and Pollution Control in Petroleum Refineries Using Mathematical Programming and Dispersion Models." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143771.
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Oil refineries, producing a large variety of products, are considered as one of the main sources of air contaminants such as sulfur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are primarily caused by fuel combustion. Gases emanated from the combustion of fuel in an oil refinery need to be reduced, as it poses an environmental hazard. Several strategies can be applied in order to mitigate emissions and meet environmental regulations. This study proposes a mathematical programming model to derive the optimal pollution control strategies for an oil refinery, considering various reduction options for multiple pollutants. The objective of this study is to help decision makers select the most economic pollution control strategy, while satisfying given emission reduction targets. The proposed model is tested on an industrial scale oil refinery sited in North Toronto, Ontario, Canada considering emissions of NOx, SOx, and CO2. In this analysis, the dispersion of these air pollutants is captured using a screening model (SCREEN3) and a non-steady state CALPUFF model based on topographical and meteorological conditions. This way, the impacts of geographic location on the concentration of pollutant emissions were examined in a realistic way. The numerical experiments showed that the optimal production and pollution control plans derived from the proposed optimization model can reduce NOx, SOx, and CO2 emission by up to 60% in exchange of up to 10.7% increase in cost. The results from the dispersion models verified that these optimal production and pollution control plans may achieve a significant reduction in pollutant emission in a large geographic area around the refinery site.
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El Mowafi, Samir A., and Ahmed Gamal Atalla. "Strategies for controlling mobile emissions in Cairo." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830510614385.
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PurposeThe objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential sustainable transportation strategies for Cairo in terms of their impact on emissions over the next ten years. The considered strategies include using cleaner fuel, implementing inspection and maintenance programs and adopting emission standards for new vehicles.Design/methodology/approachThe strategies were evaluated in terms of the expected reductions of particulate matter (PM) and ozone precursors due to the future implementation. Emissions were estimated utilizing a mix of the relevant national and international. Accordingly, a three‐phase integrated strategy is recommended, considering the local technical and institutional aspects.FindingsIn case of no actions taken, emissions of PM and ozone precursors could increase at the year 2013 by 95 and 50 percent, respectively. Implementing the proposed integrated strategy could result in reducing the emissions of PM and ozone precursors by about 53 and 49 percent, respectively.Practical implicationsThe proposed strategy is applicable because the targets are set considering the local aspects. However, the estimated emission reductions could almost compensate for the increase in the fleet size over the time. Therefore, achieving real reductions of emissions requires additional strategies to be considered.Originality/valueOwing to the lack of local emission factors and measurements, this original work highlights the expected impacts of the potential strategies for controlling vehicle emissions in Cairo. Also, the findings indicate the need to consider other additional strategies in the long term planning process.
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Ibarra-Espinosa, Sergio, Rita Ynoue, Shane O'Sullivan, Edzer Pebesma, María de Fátima Andrade, and Mauricio Osses. "VEIN v0.2.2: an R package for bottom–up vehicular emissions inventories." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 2209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2209-2018.
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Abstract. Emission inventories are the quantification of pollutants from different sources. They provide important information not only for climate and weather studies but also for urban planning and environmental health protection. We developed an open-source model (called Vehicular Emissions Inventory – VEIN v0.2.2) that provides high-resolution vehicular emissions inventories for different fields of studies. We focused on vehicular sources at street and hourly levels due to the current lack of information about these sources, mainly in developing countries.The type of emissions covered by VEIN are exhaust (hot and cold) and evaporative considering the deterioration of the factors. VEIN also performs speciation and incorporates functions to generate and spatially allocate emissions databases. It allows users to load their own emission factors, but it also provides emission factors from the road transport model (Copert), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Brazilian databases. The VEIN model reads, distributes by age of use and extrapolates hourly traffic data, and it estimates emissions hourly and spatially. Based on our knowledge, VEIN is the first bottom–up vehicle emissions software that allows input to the WRF-Chem model. Therefore, the VEIN model provides an important, easy and fast way of elaborating or analyzing vehicular emissions inventories under different scenarios. The VEIN results can be used as an input for atmospheric models, health studies, air quality standardizations and decision making.
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Tan, Xianchun, Tangqi Tu, Baihe Gu, Yuan Zeng, Tianhang Huang, and Qianqian Zhang. "Assessing CO2 Emissions from Passenger Transport with the Mixed-Use Development Model in Shenzhen International Low-Carbon City." Land 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020137.
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Assessing transport CO2 emissions is important in the development of low-carbon strategies, but studies based on mixed land use are rare. This study assessed CO2 emissions from passenger transport in traffic analysis zones (TAZs) at the community level, based on a combination of the mixed-use development model and the vehicle emission calculation model. Based on mixed land use and transport accessibility, the mixed-use development model was adopted to estimate travel demand, including travel modes and distances. As a leading low-carbon city project of international cooperation in China, Shenzhen International Low-Carbon City Core Area was chosen as a case study. The results clearly illustrate travel demand and CO2 emissions of different travel modes between communities and show that car trips account for the vast majority of emissions in all types of travel modes in each community. Spatial emission differences are prominently associated with inadequately mixed land use layouts and unbalanced transport accessibility. The findings demonstrate the significance of the mixed land use and associated job-housing balance in reducing passenger CO2 emissions from passenger transport, especially in per capita emissions. Policy implications are given based on the results to facilitate sophisticated transport emission control at a finer spatial scale. This new framework can be used for assessing the impacts of urban planning on transport emissions to promote sustainable urbanization in developing countries.
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Setyono, Prabang, Widhi Himawan, Cynthia Permata Sari, Totok Gunawan, and Sigit Heru Murti. "Greenhouse Gas Pollution Based on Energy use and its Mitigation Potential in the City of Surakarta, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.48802.
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Considered as a trigger of climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) is a global environmental issue. The City of Surakarta in Indonesia consists mainly of urban areas with high intensities of anthropogenic fossil energy consumption and, potentially, GHG emission. It is topographically a basin area and most likely prompts a Thermal Inversion, creating a risk of accumulation and entrapment of air pollutants or GHGs at low altitudes. Vegetation has been reported to mitigate the rate of increase in emissions because it acts as a natural carbon sink. This study aimed to mitigate the GHG emissions from energy consumption in Surakarta and formulate recommendations for control. It commenced with calculating the emission factors based on the IPCC formula and determining the key categories using the Level Assessment approach. It also involved computing the vegetation density according to the NDVI values of the interpretation of Sentinel 2A imagery. The estimation results showed that in 2018, the emission loads from the energy consumption in Surakarta reached 1,217,385.05 (tons of CO2e). The key categories of these emissions were electricity consumption, transportation on highways, and the domestic sector, with transportation on highways being the top priority. These loads have exceeded the local carrying capacity because they create an imbalance between emission and natural GHG sequestration by vegetations.
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Sun, Yu, Sheng Zheng, Yuzhe Wu, Uwe Schlink, and Ramesh P. Singh. "Spatiotemporal Variations of City-Level Carbon Emissions in China during 2000–2017 Using Nighttime Light Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182916.
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China is one of the largest carbon emitting countries in the world. Numerous strategies have been considered by the Chinese government to mitigate carbon emissions in recent years. Accurate and timely estimation of spatiotemporal variations of city-level carbon emissions is of vital importance for planning of low-carbon strategies. For an assessment of the spatiotemporal variations of city-level carbon emissions in China during the periods 2000–2017, we used nighttime light data as a proxy from two sources: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) data and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS). The results show that cities with low carbon emissions are located in the western and central parts of China. In contrast, cities with high carbon emissions are mainly located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Half of the cities of China have been making efforts to reduce carbon emissions since 2012, and regional disparities among cities are steadily decreasing. Two clusters of high-emission cities located in the BTH and YRD followed two different paths of carbon emissions owing to the diverse political status and pillar industries. We conclude that carbon emissions in China have undergone a transformation to decline, but a very slow balancing between the spatial pattern of high-emission versus low-emission regions in China can be presumed.
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Bao, Shuanghui, Osamu Nishiura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ken Oshiro, and Runsen Zhang. "Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187621.
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Asian countries are major contributors to global air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation demand and emissions expected to increase. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate policies that could reduce transport-related emissions in the region. This study explores transport-related CO2 and air pollutant emissions in major Asian nations along with the impacts of transport, climate, and emission control policies using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)/Transport model. Our results show that by 2050, CO2 emissions in developing countries will be 1.4–4.7-fold greater than the levels in 2005, while most air pollutant emissions will show large reductions (mean annual reduction rates of 0.2% to 6.1%). Notably, implementation of transport, emission control, and carbon pricing policies would reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% and other air pollutants by 43% to 72%, depending on the emission species. An emission control policy represents the strongest approach for short-term and mid-term reduction of air pollutants. A carbon pricing policy would lead to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions; more importantly, air pollutant emissions would also be effectively reduced. Shifting to public transportation in developing countries can also greatly influence emissions reductions. An increase in traffic speed shows relatively small effects, but can be meaningful in Japan.
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Kemfert, Claudia, and Friedrich Schneider. "Der Emissionshandel in Deutschland und Österreich – ein wirksames Instrument des Klimaschutzes?" Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 10, no. 1 (February 2009): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2008.00296.x.
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Abstract Europe has implemented in the year 2005 an emissions trading system in order to fulfill the Kyoto emissions reduction targets. In principle, the instrument should be a cost-efficient measure of climate protection. But within the first implementation phase because of a over-allocation of emissions permits the emissions price declined to almost zero. In order to improve the effectiveness of the emissions trading system, emission permits should be auctioned. In addition, more gases and sectors should ideally be covered.
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Peng, Yang, Jose Humberto Ablanedo-Rosas, and Peihua Fu. "A Multiperiod Supply Chain Network Design Considering Carbon Emissions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1581893.
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This paper introduces a mixed integer linear programming formulation for modeling and solving a multiperiod one-stage supply chain distribution network design problem. The model is aimed to minimize two objectives, the total supply chain cost and the greenhouse gas emissions generated mainly by transportation and warehousing operations. The demand forecast is known for the planning horizon and shortage of demand is allowed at a penalty cost. This scenario must satisfy a minimum service level. Two carbon emission regulatory policies are investigated, the tax or carbon credit and the carbon emission cap. Computational experiments are performed to analyze the trade-offs between the total cost of the supply chain, the carbon emission quantity, and both carbon emission regulatory policies. Results demonstrate that for a certain range the carbon credit price incentivizes the reduction of carbon emissions to the environment. On the other hand, modifying the carbon emission cap inside a certain range could lead to significant reductions of carbon emission while not significantly compromising the total cost of the supply chain.
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Lee, Jui-Yuan, and Han-Fu Lin. "Multi-Footprint Constrained Energy Sector Planning." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122329.
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Fossil fuels have been heavily exploited since the Industrial Revolution. The resulting carbon emissions are widely regarded as being the main cause of global warming and climate change. Key mitigation technologies for reducing carbon emissions include carbon capture and storage (CCS) and renewables. According to recent analysis of the International Energy Agency, renewables and CCS will contribute more than 50% of the cumulative emissions reductions by 2050. This paper presents a new mathematical programming model for multi-footprint energy sector planning with CCS and renewables deployment. The model is generic and considers a variety of carbon capture (CC) options for the retrofit of individual thermal power generation units. For comprehensive planning, the Integrated Environmental Control Model is employed in this work to assess the performance and costs of different types of power generation units before and after CC retrofits. A case study of Taiwan’s energy sector is presented to demonstrate the use of the proposed model for complex decision-making and cost trade-offs in the deployment of CC technologies and additional low-carbon energy sources. Different scenarios are analysed, and the results are compared to identify the optimal strategy for the energy mix to satisfy the electricity demand and the various planning constraints.
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Larsson, Nils K. "Planificación de urgencia para la reducción rápida de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero." Informes de la Construcción 62, no. 517 (March 8, 2010): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.09.022.
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