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Irvin, Elizabeth J. (Elizabeth Joanna). "Driving down emissions : analyzing a plan for meeting Massachusetts' carbon emission reduction targets for passenger vehicles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99099.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-52).<br>Massachusetts is one of the US states at the forefront of carbon emission reduction policy, and has the potential to model success to the rest of the country. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) passed in 2008, two years before federal climate legislation floundered in the U.S. Senate. This legislation committed the state to reducing carbon emissions 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% by 2050. However, progress toward these targets has been uneven, particularly when it comes to transportation and land use. Despite aggressive goals, the number of vehicle trips, the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and the carbon emissions from passenger vehicle trips are all projected to increase over the next several decades. What will it take to put Massachusetts on track to meet its vehicle emission reductions targets? Many of the state's environmental advocates are uniting behind a potential new policy, a revenue-neutral carbon tax or carbon fee. This policy would levy an additional fee on fossil fuel consumption, but would distribute the revenue back to the state's residents instead of adding it to the state budget. This thesis explores the political, technical, and equity-based considerations that must be addressed to make this policy framework a success. Through spatial analysis of passenger vehicle driving patterns in the state of Massachusetts, a case study of British Columbia's successful revenue-neutral carbon tax, and analysis of the current political landscape in Massachusetts, I conclude that environmental advocates should reconsider their decision to advocate for a state level revenue-neutral carbon tax. At first glance, this policy seems elegantly workable -- economist-approved, politically savvy, and equity-conscious. A closer look, however, reveals some serious flaws that are likely to render it at best a huge expense of political capital for limited results. Worse, this policy might actually undermine the case for a nationwide carbon tax.<br>by Elizabeth J. Irvin.<br>M.C.P.
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Hartikka, Alice, and Simon Nordenhög. "Emission Calculation Model for Vehicle Routing Planning : Estimation of emissions from heavy transports and optimization with carbon dioxide equivalents for a route planning software." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178065.
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The transport sector is a major cause of emissions both in Sweden and globally. This master thesis aims to develop a model for estimating emissions from heavy transport on a specific route. The emissions can be used in a route planning software and help the driver choose a route that contributes to reduced emissions. The methodology was to investigate attributes, like vehicle-related attributes and topography, and their impact on transport emissions. The carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were converted into carbon dioxide equivalents, which were incorporated as one cost together with a precalculated driving time as a second cost in a multi objective function used for route planning. Different tests were conducted to investigate the accuracy and the usability of the model. First, a validation test was performed, where the optimized routes were analyzed. The test showed that the model was more likely to choose a shorter route in general. The fuel consumption values largely met expectations towards generic values and measurements, that were gathered from research. A second test of the model made use of the driving time combined with the emissions in a multi objective function. In this test, a weighting coefficient was varied and analyzed to understand the possibility to find a value of the coefficient for the best trade-off. The result showed that the model generates different solutions for different coefficients and that it is possible to find a suitable trade-off between the driving time and emissions. Therefore, this study shows that there is a possibility to combine emission with other objectives such as driving time for route optimization. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, where attribute factors and assumptions were varied to see how sensitive they were and, in turn, how much a change would impact the calculated emissions. The result from the sensitivity analysis showed that the changes in topography-attributes had less impact than changes on vehicle-related attributes. In conclusion, this thesis has built a foundation for route planning, based on the environmental aspect, for heavy transports.
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Kassinis, Georgios Ioannis. "Towards an improved procedure for estimating industrial-pollutant emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67413.
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Momen, Mustafa. "Long-term supply mix planning of power systems accounting for greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115996.
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Recent scientific findings have generated considerable concern about the adverse effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the world's climate in general and global warming in particular. In Canada and many other countries, this concern has led to the adoption of legal and political steps with the aim of curbing GHG emissions. The first part of this thesis describes the steps taken by Canada in this regard.<br>Such steps provide a strong incentive to Canadian power systems to incorporate reduction of GHG emissions in their planning process. Thus, in the second part of the thesis, a long-term supply mix planning model is developed. Since significant decrease in GHG emissions is unlikely to occur without removal of highly polluting power plants, this model allows for decommissioning these power plants.<br>Finally, the supply mix planning model is applied to evaluate the strategy of joint planning (as opposed to separate planning) of the power systems of Quebec and Ontario. Results obtained from the model leads to the conclusion that joint planning is preferable from the point of view of overall social and financial cost.
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Rickwood, Peter. "The impact of physical planning policy on household energy use and greenhouse emissions." Electronic version, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1085.
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This thesis investigates the impact of physical planning policy on combined transport and dwelling-related energy use by households. Separate analyses and reviews are conducted into dwelling-related and transport-related energy use by households, before a model is developed to investigate the city-wide implications of different land-use scenarios in Sydney, Australia. The analysis of household energy use in Chapter 3 suggests that medium density housing (i.e. lose-rise apartments, townhouses, and terraces) is likely to result in the lowest per-capita energy use, while also allowing for sufficient densities to make frequent public transport service viable. The analysis of transport energy in Chapter 4 confirms that increasing urban density is associated with decreased car ownership and use, independent of other factors. However, land use changes alone are likely to result in modest changes to travel behaviour. The results of the scenario modelling in Chapters 7-9 support the view that changes to land use alone can reduce household energy consumption, but the changes, even over a long time period (25 years) are small (~0-10%) for all but the most extreme land-use policies. Instead, a coordinated (land-use/transport and other policy levers) approach is much more effective. The results confirm that it is transport energy that is most sensitive to planning policy, but that a combined consideration of dwelling-related and transport-related energy use is still useful. The micro-simulation model developed to assess the impact of different land-use planning scenarios allows the establishment of a lower-bound estimate of the effect that housing policy has on household energy use, assuming ‘business as usual’ transport policy, household behaviour, and technology.
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Kreycik, Philip W. "Factors affecting the gas price elasticity of travel demand : implications for transportation emissions policy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103265.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 146-154).<br>This thesis explores the possibility of reducing transportation emissions by reducing the growth of demand for travel in the United States light-duty vehicle fleet. Many government agencies seek to reduce the environmental and social ills associated with excess travel demand (e.g. congestion, reduced safety during travel, local pollution and noise, energy consumption, and climate change). These agencies have many tools at their disposal to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita - including encouraging compact mixed-use development, providing alternatives to single occupancy vehicle travel such as transit and biking and walking infrastructure, and restricting/regulating driving alone for instance by providing less parking. But the fastest way to reduce travel demand is through higher pricing that accounts for the externalities that drivers impose upon each other and society more broadly. The degree to which higher pricing can reduce travel demand is a function of two interrelated factors: 1) how high of a price increase is politically feasible to implement, and 2) the degree to which the driving public responds to the higher cost of driving. Both these factors vary over time. Given that carbon pricing and/or higher gas taxes are likely to take years to gain broader political acceptability, the future price elasticities of travel demand are just as relevant as today's elasticities. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the variability of price elasticity, the factors that explain this variation, and how these factors might change in the future. Using a diverse set of methods including literature review, semi-structured interviews, and odometer data, I find evidence that the magnitude of price elasticity is lower for vehicles of higher fuel economy, for vehicles further from the urban center, and for vehicles in lower income zipcodes. This is the first analysis I am aware of that evaluates the variation of the price elasticity of travel demand within a metro area, an approach that is important to the understanding the political feasibility of pricing and as a lens to the future effectiveness of pricing. It suggests that gas price increases will affect certain households in very different ways, with the most inelastic households simply paying more to maintain their lifestyle and the most elastic households pushed to make significant changes to their daily travel patterns and opportunities. These two types of impact may lead to different types of resistance to the policy. As for the future, the findings regarding fuel economy and distance to the urban center are particularly relevant, as we foresee society continues to become more metropolitan and the vehicle fleet is increasingly comprised of high fuel economy vehicles. Finally, the magnitude of price response suggested by both my interviews and my odometer data analysis suggests that price is still a significant determining factor in distance driven; therefore, policy that increases the cost of driving remains an important emissions reduction strategy.<br>by Philip W. Kreycik.<br>M.C.P.
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Halm, Julia. "Assessing Barriers and Benefits to a Food Waste Composting Pilot Program in Oberlin, Ohio." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin162151075210671.
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Germeraad, Michael. "Quantifying the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Hazards: Incorporating Disaster Mitigation Strategies in Climate Action Plans." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1173.
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Reconstruction after natural disasters can represent large peaks in a community’s greenhouse gas emission inventory. Components of the built environment destroyed by natural hazards have their useful life shortened, requiring replacement before functionally necessary. Though the hazard itself does not release greenhouse gasses, the demolition and rebuilding process does, and these are the emissions we can quantify to better understand the climate impacts of disasters.
The proposed methodology draws data from existing emission and hazard resource literature and combines the information in a community scale life cycle assessment. Case studies of past disasters are used to refine the methodology and quantify the emissions of single events. The methodology is then annualized projecting the emissions of future hazards. The annualization of greenhouse gasses caused by hazard events provides a baseline from which reduction strategies can be measured against. Hazard mitigation strategies can then be quantified as greenhouse gas reduction strategies for use in Climate Action Plans.
The methodology combines the fields of climate action, hazard mitigation, and climate adaptation. Each field attempts to create sustainable and resilient communities, but most plans silo each discipline, missing opportunities that are mutually beneficial. Quantifying the greenhouse gasses associated with recovery following a disaster blends these fields to allow development of comprehensive resilience and sustainability strategies that lower greenhouse gases and decrease risk from existing or projected hazards.
An online supplement to this thesis is available online at disasterghg.wordpress.com
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Hoesly, Rachel. "Implications of Mobility, Population Shifts, and Growth for Metropolitan Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Planning." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/413.
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As the public and policy makers continue to become more concerned with climate change, researchers continue to seek to understand and explain energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends and their drivers. Living and existing in different areas is associated with different impacts, so growth in different areas, as well as the movement of people to and from those areas will affect energy use and emissions over US, individual states, and counties. First the emissions implications of state to state mobility on household energy and GHG emissions are explored. 3 million households move across state lines annually, and generally move from the North East to the South and West. Migrating households often move to states with different climates, and thus heating and cooling and needs, different fuel mixes, and different regional electricity grids which leads them to experience changes in household emissions as a result of their move. Under current migration trends, the emissions increases of households moving from the Northeast to the South and Southwest are balanced by the emissions decreases of households moving to California and the Pacific Northwest. The net sum of emissions changes for migrating households is slightly positive but near zero; however, that net zero sum represents the balance of many emission changes. Summing emissions changes over individual states and regions show the regional differences in household emissions. Next, a similar analysis is conducted for the 120,000 households that annually move between counties in Pennsylvania. From 2006–2010, the emissions changes experienced by those households balanced to near zero values, similar to the state analysis. The emissions increases from households moving to metropolitan fringe and suburban counties were countered by the emissions decreases from households moving to low emission urban centers, even though urban centers experienced net negative migration. While emission changes experienced by households were dominated by differences in emissions from residential energy use, emission changes for household moving within Pennsylvania were dominated by differences from transportation emissions. Finally, this thesis explores the long term effects of growth and decline at the metropolitan level by estimating fossil based CO2 emissions from1900−2000 for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. From 1970 to 2000, Allegheny County experienced a 30% decrease in total emissions and energy use from peak values, primarily because of a decline in industrial activity! (40% decrease in value added) and the loss of a quarter of its population. Allegheny County’s history suggests that the scale of change needed to achieve local emissions reductions may be significant; given years of major technological, economic, and demographic changes, per capita emissions in 1940 were nearly the same in 2000. Most local governments are planning emissions reductions rates that exceed 1% per year, which deviate significantly from historical trends. These results suggest additional resources and improved planning paradigms are likely necessary to achieve significant emissions reductions, especially for areas where emissions are still increasing. This work shows that overtime, growth and decline within a! region drives its evolving GHG footprint. Population decline within region may lead to emission reductions, as seen in the Allegheny County, but those reductions are more accurately described as displaced emissions due to population redistribution. From 2005-2010, the mobility of the US population between states, regions and counties was responsible for many household emissions changes that balance annually over the entire US. The near zero sum represents the v precarious emissions balance of two kinds of household moves. First, moves resulting in moderate emissions increases either as a result of households moving to higher carbon regions, like the South or South West, or as a result of households moving higher carbon suburban counties within states. Second, moves resulting in significant emissions decreases! As a result of households moving to low carbon regions or low carbon urban centers. Planning for continued low carbon growth in low carbon regions or cities experiencing high growth rates driven by migration, like California or Philadelphia, is essential in order to offset the moderate emissions increases experienced by households moving to high carbon regions or suburban areas.
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Nagpal, Shreshth. "Auto-calibrated urban building energy models as continuous planning tools for greenhouse gas emissions management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123574.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Architecture: Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-117).<br>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with their buildings' energy use, owners frequently rely on building energy models that are calibrated to existing conditions for evaluation of potential energy efficiency retrofits. Development of such calibrated models requires the estimation of a series of building characteristics, a process which is extremely effort-intensive even for a single building and, therefore, almost prohibitive for large campus projects which often include hundreds of diverse-use buildings. There is a need for a framework that combines established urban energy model generation techniques with data-driven methods to reduce the manual and computational cost of developing calibrated baseline campus energy models, allow for real time evaluation of future building upgrades, and display their consequences to decision makers on an ongoing basis. This dissertation addresses this need by proposing new workflows for different development stages of models designed to evaluate future energy scenarios for large institutional campuses. First, the strengths and limitations of different urban modeling methodologies are assessed (modeling approach). Next, a methodology to employ statistical surrogate models is proposed for rapid estimation of unknown building properties (auto-calibration). Finally, a continuous energy performance tracking framework is presented to enable university campuses to manage their building related greenhouse gas emissions over time (continuous planning). As a proof of concept, the complete method has been implemented and tested at the author's home institution. Auto-calibration and continuous planning can be implemented independently or combined, and the dissertation includes a discussion about their possible impact if applied across the building stock.<br>by Shreshth Nagpal.<br>Ph. D. in Architecture: Building Technology<br>Ph.D.inArchitecture:BuildingTechnology Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Consideration of life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for improved road infrastructure planning." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184163.
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Global warming is one of the biggest challenges of our society. The road transport sector is responsible for a big share of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, which are considered to be the dominant cause of global warming. Although most of those emissions are associated with traffic operation, road infrastructure should not be ignored, as it involves high consumption of energy and materials during a long lifetime. The aim of my research was to contribute to improved road infrastructure planning by developing methods and models to include a life cycle perspective. In order to reach the aim, GHG emissions and energy use at different life cycle stages of road infrastructure were assessed in three case studies using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These case studies were also used for development of methodology for LCA of road infrastructure. I have also investigated the coupling of LCA with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the possibility to integrate LCA into Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The results of the first case study indicated that operation of the tunnel (mainly, lighting and ventilation) has the largest contribution in terms of energy use and GHG emissions throughout its life cycle. The second case study identified the main hotspots and compared two methods for asphalt recycling and asphalt reuse. The results of the third case study indicated that due to the dominant contribution of traffic to the total impact of the road transport system, the difference in road length plays a major role in choice of road alternatives during early planning of road infrastructure. However, infrastructure should not be neglected, especially in the case of similar lengths of road alternatives, for roads with low volumes of traffic or when they include bridges or tunnels. This thesis contributed in terms of foreground and background data collection for further LCA studies of road infrastructure. Preliminary Bill of Quantities (BOQ) was identified and used as a source for site-specific data collection. A new approach was developed and tested for using geological data in a GIS environment as a data source on earthworks for LCA. Moreover, this thesis demonstrated three possible ways for integrating LCA in early stages of road infrastructure planning.<br><p>QC 20160329</p>
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Zhang, Jiyang M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Operational energy consumption and GHG emissions in residential sector in urban China : an empirical study in Jinan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60818.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-135).<br>Driven by rapid urbanization and increasing household incomes, residential energy consumption in urban China has been growing steadily in the past decade, posing critical energy and greenhouse gas emission challenges. Operations represent the most energy consuming phase in the lifecycle of a residential neighborhood, accounting for 80%-90% of neighborhood lifecycle energy consumption. Although a number of research efforts have focused on operational energy consumption at the household or building scale, few attempts have been made to understand the variation in energy consumption patterns across the neighborhood scale in the China context. This thesis presents research on the operational energy consumption and GHG emissions in the residential sector in Jinan, a medium-size city in eastern China. Specifically, based upon four different neighborhood typologies identified in Jinan - Superblock, Enclave, Grid, and Traditional - I examine the relationship between neighborhood form and two components of operational energy consumption: in-home and common-area. The research follows two pathways. For in-home energy consumption, I use household data collected from nine Jinan neighborhoods representing the four different typologies and apply multivariate regression techniques to examine effects on fuel choice, appliance ownership, and energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. For common area energy use, I develop a deterministic estimation framework to calculate the consumption level and share by different end uses. The research shows that from the operational energy consumption perspective, China is gradually catching up with the industrialized countries, with per household energy consumption levels in the surveyed neighborhoods reaching approximately 1/3 of the U.S. average. After accounting for electricity generation and transmission/distribution, more than 90% of neighborhood residential energy used in Jinan comes directly or indirectly from coal, resulting in considerable GHG emissions due to coal's carbon-intensity. In-home consumption accounts for 90% of total neighborhood operational energy use; the primary influencing factors include household income and size, presence of children, home ownership, living area, and households' awareness towards saving energy. Neighborhood form, on its own, has a moderate impact, mainly through apparent effects on household energy source choice and appliance ownership. The research suggests that the Enclave - featuring moderate compactness, high presence of mid-rise buildings, a relatively organized building layout, and diverse land uses and neighborhood functions - represents a relatively energy efficient neighborhood form in the context of urban China. The Enclave potentially limits on-site coal use, improves thermal efficiency, reduces the demand for space cooling, lowers the consumption by elevators and water pumps, and facilitates the use of solar energy. Additional options for energy conservation and GHG mitigation in urban China's residential sector include enabling flexible control of space heating and accelerating the transition from coal to cleaner energy sources.<br>by Jiyang Zhang.<br>M.C.P.
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陳卓然 and Cheuk-yin Shaun Chan. "A public health perspective on air pollution: planning for zero emissions public transport in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4167943X.
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Chan, Cheuk-yin Shaun. "A public health perspective on air pollution planning for zero emissions public transport in Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4167943X.
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Steusloff, Tyler W. "Nitrogen Management Strategies to Improve Corn Growth and Reduce Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Claypan Soils." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13850753.
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<p> Adoption of nitrogen (N) management strategies to minimize gaseous N loss from agriculture while maintaining high yield production is increasingly important for an exponentially growing population. Agricultural management on poorly-drained claypan soils in the Midwestern U.S. make corn (<i> Zea mays</i> L.) production even more challenging due to the subsoil’s low permeability, which may result in wetter soil conditions and relatively larger amounts of soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) on corn yield, N use efficiency (NUE), and cumulative soil N2O emissions on a Northeastern Missouri claypan soil. The fertilizer strategies utilized in this study consisted of deep-banded urea (DB) or urea plus nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] (DB+NI) at a depth of 20 cm compared to urea broadcast surface applied (SA) or incorporated to a depth of 8 cm (IA). The addition of a NI with deep-banded urea resulted in 27% greater apparent N recovery efficiency than all other N treatments. Additionally, DB+NI had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions than IA and SA treatments in the two combined growing seasons. These results suggest that deep placement of urea with or without nitrapyrin is an effective management strategy for increasing corn yield and reducing N loss on a claypan soil.</p><p>
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Alexander, Serena E. "From Planning to Action: An Evaluation of State Level Climate Action Plans." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1470908879.
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Matson, Jöran. "Towards Agenda 2030: Use of GIS in visualizing emissions from personal automobiles for evidence-based policy and planning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-398218.
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Many countries have committed to goals of emission reductions outlined by the Paris Agreement. The actions and results seen thus far from national governments have been lackluster notwithstanding their good faith pledges. City governments have taken it upon themselves to pick up where their national governments have failed. A large portion of emissions are due to transportation. Individuals’ daily travel patterns are typically limited to within a relatively local area. As mobility patterns differ between cities, municipalities have a unique role in transitioning to a sustainable society that blanket policies by national governments cannot achieve. This results in a bottom-up approach in achieving national commitments to the Paris Agreement. In order to make effective policies and plans, municipalities should make decisions based on known information. Before reducing emissions, it must be known where and by whom the emissions are being produced. This report uses Uppsala as a case study to explore how GIS can be used to communicate and create an understanding between data scientists and politicians so that mitigation efforts can be evidencebased. The report results in several methods for visualizing personal automobile emissions based on registration data. The report continues in discussing some potential actions that can be taken to addressing the emissions from neighborhoods indicated as large contributors by the visualizations.
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Ban, Bo. "The potential of incorporating travel habits and behaviour in modelling carbon emissions in the transport system to help build a low carbon future." Thesis, Kingston University, 2016. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/41046/.
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As more in-depth research is carried out in global warming, greenhouse gases and relevant fields, scholars are no longer satisfied with the achievements they have gained in investigating the operating mechanism of greenhouse gases; they want to develop more complex and challenging measures to reduce the impact of human behaviours on the environment and further achieve sustainable development based on the harmony bewteen man and nature. The transport sector, in most countries, has been identified as one of the major sources of the greenhouse gases, second to the industrial and energy sectors, giving rise to the assertion that a proper understanding of the CO[sub]2 emission mechanism in the transport sector, would be helpful to policy makers and urban designers with regard to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. However, the concept and related studies of CO[sub]2 emission reduction are not yet completed, leading to an absence of a systematic understanding on the CO[sub]2 emissions from small-scale transport system in towns and small regions. Typically when trying to analyse the preference of commuters over transport modes, the increasing number of variables substantially complicates the model; further, an insufficiently clear logic among variables makes the model more complex and existing models do not address the problem clearly. To make a significant contribution to current knowledge, this study has developed a model, covering small-scale regions with full consideration of human activities, which adopts the concept of the grey system. The grey system enables researchers to use historical data to repair data records in the case of constraints and faults in the records. In addition, the model also uses the artificial network algorithm, which functions as a self-improving algorithm, provided that sufficient preliminary data are available. With resort to the self-learning ability and the fuzzy calculating function of the algorithm, the model could simulate and predict the decision making of commuters in order to infer the CO[sub]2 emissions in a small-scale region. Kingston-upon-Thames in the UK is the basis in this model which collects and analyses related data from the transport network in the area. The predictive outcome of the model is found to be consistent with the outcome from a survey conducted by the local council, supported by the UK government. Compared with traditional models, this model can use sporadic data as the basis of the analysis to ensure the accuracy of prediction while substantially reducing costs. In addition, it can build a distinctive data blueprint for specific research questions, satisfy the demand of practitioners and strategists and policy makers, and describe local transport networks with specific travel goals (such as a tourist bus). Moreover, this model is highly adaptable and developed in line with different research needs (policy making, transport system planning, travel behaviour simulation, etc.) in different target groups and regions. This study also summarizes the limitations of the model in its final section while specifying the future direction required to achieve further reduction in CO[sub]2 emissions from transport networks.
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Best, Russell. "U.S. City Climate Action Plans: Planning to Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427982751.
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Byahut, Sweta. "Influence of land use characteristics on household travel related emissions: A case of Hamilton County, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342716550.
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Chan, Sin-ki Emily, and 陳倩姬. "Agenda-setting of air quality policy in Hong Kong: a study on vehicle emissions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779838.
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Ast, Eric. "The state of long-term climate action planning in megacities : Planning and demographic trends among 17 of the world’s leading cities aiming to reduce emissions by 80% by the year 2050." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-163154.
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This report reviews the current state of long-term climate action planning in 17 cities which have publicly communicated carbon reducttargets in line with the IPCC recommended 80% reduction by 2050 (80x50) for stabilizing the impacts of climate change at 2°C. The aim of this report is to provide a foundation of support for cities in achieving their deep carbon reduction goals through a comprehensive understanding of leading climate action plans and the context under which they were created, including current city emissions and demographic data, climate plan reduction strategies and targets, and feedback on plan creation and needs from city planning staff. By achieving this aim, cities are in a better position to understand where their plans fit in the global context and connect with other cities around common issues, research institutions have a new benchmark analysis of leading action plans to build further research upon, and city-level climate action organizations have a clearer idea of how to focus efforts in helping cities achieve carbon reduction goals. This aim is achieved through the application of a framework for comparing city plans and targets, an analysis of current city emissions and demographic data, and synthesis of key findings from city planning staff discussions. Key findings show no clear demographic and environmental biases exist within these 17 cities, indicating long-term climate action planning can be undertaken by cities across the full spectrum of size, climate, and current per capita emissions output, though regional geographic and development bias exists. Plans for carbon reduction are highly concentrated among a small number of actions, indicating the movement has coalesced around a standard set of strategies for achieving deep carbon reductions. Finally, the relative newness of plans, with the majority less than 5 years old, and the lack of commonality among cities in emissions methodology and communication of reduction strategies, shifts a short-term focus towards standardization methodologies which enable deeper comparison between cities and plans.
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Cochran, Cheryl Lynn. "POLICY AND PRACTICE AUDIT AND GHG REDUCTION STRATEGY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CITY OF ARROYO GRANDE." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/786.
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In preparation for a Climate Action Plan, this policy and practice audit provides an overview of current city policies and practices with the potential to impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals. The audit builds upon information previously collected in a GHG emissions inventory report to identify policies that are consistent or inconsistent with emissions reductions goals. Preliminary GHG emissions reductions recommendations address policy gaps and opportunity areas in suggesting strategies to achieve GHG emissions reductions.
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Rodriguez-Winter, Thelma. "The Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Cost Implications of Municipal Water Supply & Wastewater Treatment." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1395839509.
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Miliutenko, Sofiia. "Life Cycle Impacts of Road Infrastructure : Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89885.
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Road infrastructure is essential in the development of human society, but has both negative and positive impacts. Large amounts of money and natural resources are spent each year on its construction, operation and maintenance. Obviously, there is potentially significantenvironmental impact associated with these activities. Thus the need for integration of life cycle environmental impacts of road infrastructure into transport planning is currently being widely recognised on international and national level. However certain issues, such as energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction, maintenance and operation of road infrastructure, are rarely considered during the current transport planning process in Sweden and most other countries.This thesis examined energy use and GHG emissions for the whole life cycle (construction, operation, maintenance and end-of-life) of road infrastructure, with the aim of improving transport planning on both strategic and project level. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two selected case studies: LCA of a road tunnel and LCA of three methods for asphalt recycling and reuse: hot in-plant, hot in-place and reuse as unbound material. The impact categories selected for analysis were Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Other methods used in the research included interviews and a literature review.The results of the first case study indicated that the operational phase of the tunnel contributed the highest share of CED and GWP throughout the tunnel’s life cycle. Construction of concrete tunnels had much higher CED and GWP per lane-metre than construction of rocktunnels. The results of the second case study showed that hot in-place recycling of asphalt gave slightly more net savings of GWP and CED than hot in-plant recycling. Asphalt reuse was less environmentally beneficial than either of these alternatives, resulting in no net savings of GWP and minor net savings of CED. Main sources of data uncertainty identified in the two case-studies included prediction of future electricity mix and inventory data for asphalt concrete.This thesis contributes to methodological development which will be useful to future infrastructure LCAs in terms of inventory data collection. It presents estimated amounts of energy use and GHG emissions associated with road infrastructure, on the example of roadtunnel and asphalt recycling. Operation of road infrastructure and production of construction materials are identified as the main priorities for decreasing GHG emissions and energy use during the life cycle of road infrastructure. It was concluded that the potential exists for significant decreases in GHG emissions and energy use associated with the road transport system if the entire life cycle of road infrastructure is taken into consideration from the very start of the policy-making process.<br>QC 20120229
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Look, Wesley Allen. "The economics of US greenhouse gas emissions reduction policy : assessing distributional effects across households and the 50 United States using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79205.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).<br>The political economy of US climate policy has revolved around state- and district- level distributional economics, and to a lesser extent household-level distribution questions. Many politicians and analysts have suggested that state- and district-level climate policy costs (and their distribution) are a function of local carbon intensity and commensurate electricity price sensitivity. However, other studies have suggested that what is most important in determining costs is the means by which revenues from a price on carbon are allocated. This is one of the first studies to analyze these questions simultaneously across all 50 United States, household income classes and a timeframe that reflects most recent policy proposals (2015 - 2050). I use a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate the economic effects of a US "cap-and-dividend" policy, by simulating the implementation of the Carbon Limits and Energy for America's Renewal (CLEAR) Act, a bill proposed by Senators Cantwell (D-WA) and Collins (R-ME) in 2009. I find that while carbon intensity and electricity prices are indeed important in determining compliance costs in some states, they are only part of the story. My results suggest that revenue allocation mechanisms and new investment trends related to the switch to low-carbon infrastructure are more influential than incumbent carbon intensity or electricity price impacts in determining the distribution of state-level policy costs. These findings suggest that the current debate in the United States legislature over climate policy, and the constellation of both supporters and dissenters, is based upon an incomplete set of assumptions that must be revisited. Finally, please note that this study does not claim to comprehensively model the CLEAR Act,. nor does it incorporate a number of important data and assumptions, including: the latest data on natural gas resources and prices, the price effects on coal of EPA greenhouse gas and mercury regulations, the most recent trends in renewable energy pricing.<br>by Wesley Allen Look.<br>S.M.
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Chiapella, Geoffrey M. "City of San Luis Obispo: Community and Municipal Operations 2005 Baseline Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/252.
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The passage of AB 32 in 2006 initiated the need for city planners in California to consider the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions at the community level in order to develop policies and programs to reduce emissions in the future. Although local jurisdictions are not required to quantify and report emissions at this time, the AB 32 Climate Change Scoping Plan recommended a reduction goal for local governments of 15 percent below today’s levels by 2020 to ensure consistent reduction goals at the state and local levels.
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability initiated the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) campaign in 1993, which provides a framework for local governments to develop a baseline emissions inventory and identify reduction measures as part of a climate action plan. This inventory is developed under the framework of the CCP campaign.
A review of the current practice of local greenhouse gas emissions inventories in California identified significant consistencies across jurisdictions in the overall framework of community and municipal emissions inventories– due largely to the framework provided by the CCP campaign. However, data sources used and methods of measurement vary greatly among local inventories, which limit the ability to compare results. This highlights the need for a standard reporting protocol for community inventories.
This baseline emissions inventory document provides the technical information necessary for the city to set reduction goals and facilitates the development of the climate action plan outlining policies and programs that when implemented would reach those goals.
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Steele, Kristopher Stephen. "New York City local law 97 : an analysis of institutional response & decision making towards groundbreaking carbon emissions legislation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129002.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, September, 2020<br>Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, September, 2020<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 98-102).<br>In May 2019, New York City (under Mayor Bill De Blasio) enacted its own version of the Green New Deal called the Climate Mobilization Act, a local law to amend its charter and administrative code to achieve certain reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The Act comprises a series of ten bills passed by the New York City Council including a tax on paper bags, a green roof mandate, and a process to close oil and gas plants around the city, amongst others. One major portion of this Act is a bill to limit greenhouse gas emissions, caps, on tens of thousands of buildings in the City. This mandate, called Local Law 97 (LL97), is the first of its kind in any large city in the world. This thesis focuses specifically on LL97, which limits carbon emissions on buildings over 25,000 square feet on real estate product types such as, commercial office spaces, healthcare facilities, residential co-ops, condos, and rental apartment buildings. It examines the characteristics and impacts of the law on real estate owners, as well as the city. It diagnoses how owners are responding to the law and where improvements can be made as this model becomes replicated globally through industry surveys. Since its approval in the Spring of 2019, a number of cities have expressed interest in promulgating similar regulations, though little research analysis has been undertaken to fully evaluate the implications of LL97, whether or not the policy falls short of our goals, or if it's even achievable. It finds and later recommends, that amendments to the law, such as carbon credit portfolio trading, the incorporation of additional asset types, and green leases, amongst others, can help to achieve Local Law 97 goals with enhanced success and mitigated burdens on New York City real estate owners.<br>by Kristopher Stephen Steele.<br>M.C.P.<br>S.M. in Real Estate Development<br>M.C.P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning<br>S.M.inRealEstateDevelopment Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate
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Bull, Sletholt Kristine, and Henriksen Maria Berg. "Planning for Sustainable Urban Freight Transport : A Comparative Study of Measures to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Last Mile Transport in Oslo and Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254534.
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There is a need to reduce global carbon emissions in order to limit climate change, especially from the transport sector, as it contributes to a large share of these emissions. This thesis explores carbon emissions from urban freight transport in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden, and the measures and strategies that have been implemented in accordance with the municipalities’ targets. In addition, the involvement of relevant freight transport companies in these issues has been investigated, as well as the challenges and possibilities related to reducing carbon emissions from urban freight transport. Both municipalities have expressed ambitions to adhere to the European Union’s goals of emission reduction. However, based on the observations of this thesis, it is evident that the municipalities have yet to adequately implement impactful measures for urban freight transport, in order to reduce carbon emissions from this sector if they are to achieve their goals. The results show that that Oslo municipality has access to a substantial amount of data and statistics regarding urban freight transport, but is lacking a comprehensive freight plan. Stockholm municipality, on the other hand, has an urban freight transport plan, but is lacking comprehensive data and statistics about urban freight transport. The focus on - and inclusion of - urban freight transport in comprehensive urban planning could be argued to be increasing, but we contend that there is still a need to increase knowledge and understanding regarding emission reduction for urban freight transport across departments and cities, in order to reach a more sustainable future for urban freight transport.
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Knapp, Sandra V. "Does GRID Alternatives Impact Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets in Central Coast Climate Action Plans?" DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1613.
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As of March 2016, GRID Alternatives’ 179 solar electric system installations on low-income housing contributed 103 metric tons of carbon (MT CO2e) emissions reduction for the climate action plans’ Energy or Renewable Energy climate action measures that pertain to solar electric installations in the cities of: Arroyo Grande, Atascadero, Paso Robles, and San Luis Obispo and San Luis Obispo County.
In 2007, the San Luis Obispo County Air Pollution Control District (APCD) created a team of government agencies to design climate action plans (CAP) that met the emission reduction goals set out by AB 32 and the 2008 Climate Change Scoping Plan (Rincon Consultants, 2014, p. 1-2).
Each CAP outlines its greenhouse gas (GHG) baseline emissions and GHG emissions reduction targets in metric tons of carbon (MT CO2e) and identifies climate action measures to reach GHG emissions reduction targets. The climate action measure that pertains to Energy or Renewable Energy, specifically solar electric system installations, is examined in this study.
GRID Alternatives, a non-profit solar installer that implements its Solar Affordable Housing Program, was selected by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) in 2008, to serve as the statewide program manager for the California Solar Initiative’s $108 million incentive program called the Single-family Affordable Solar Homes (SASH) program, which is the country's first dedicated solar rebate program for low-income families (GRID, 2016a, p. 2). In 2010, GRID Alternatives opened its Central Coast office in Atascadero to serve five central coast counties and tracks CO2 emission reductions for each installation.
My objective is to determine the impact that GRID Alternatives’ solar electric installations in the cities of Arroyo Grande, Atascadero, Paso Robles, and San Luis Obispo and in San Luis Obispo County have on their respective CAPs’ GHG emissions reduction targets for the Energy or Renewable Energy climate action measure that pertains to solar electric installations.
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Garimella, Venkata Naga Ravikanth. "Exhaust Emissions Analysis for Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel and Biodiesel Garbage Trucks." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290203383.
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Robèrt, Markus. "Mobility Management and Climate Change Policies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Samhällsplanering och miljö, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4539.
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Globally, the transport system faces a paradigmatic shift where, in addition to increased local traffic problems, climate change and depletion of fossil oil reserves will foster a successive transition to renewable fuels and a need for more resource-efficient mobility management and communication alternatives. Foresighted countries, cities or companies taking the lead in adapting to these tougher conditions might well not only solve those problems, but also turn the problems into business advantages. This thesis is based on six studies that attempt to develop future strategies based on rigorous principled emission and energy efficiency targets and to modulate the impact of travel policies, technical components and behaviours in economically advantageous ways. The modelling frameworks developed throughout the thesis build on a target-orientated approach called backcasting, where the following general components are applied: (1) target description at a conceptual level i.e. the potential for sustainable energy systems, emissions, costs, behavioural patterns, preferences, etc.; (2) mapping of the current situation in relation to target description; and (3) modelling of alternative sets of policies, technologies, behaviours and economic prerequisites to arrive at target achievement. Sustainable travel strategies are analysed from two main viewpoints. The first four studies focus on company travel planning, where behavioural modelling proved to be an important tool for deriving targetorientated travel policies consistent with employee preferences. The latter two studies focus on strategies and preconditions to meet future emission targets and energy efficiency requirements at a macroscopic regional level by 2030. Backcasting’s role as a generic methodology for effective strategic planning is discussed.<br>QC 20100816
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Elahi, Behin. "Integrated Optimization Models and Strategies for Green Supply Chain Planning." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1467266039.
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Bonnier, Thérèce. "Building Low Carbon Lifestyles : A qualitative study of the built environment’s potential to encourage low carbon lifestyles." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212937.
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With over half of the world’s population living in urban settlements and an ongoing urbanization, cities today offer a unique opportunity to tackle climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases derive from all products and services used, and in Sweden the average inhabitant emit 7 tons of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents every year from privately acquired products and services, calculated from a consumption perspective. Long-term climate goals, and international climate agreements sets a limit of 1-2 tons. Lifestyle changes are important to achieve sustainable development, but planning practices today generally do not try to influence citizens’ consumption, and is presumed cannot affect inhabitants’ consumption of food, clothes, electronics, furniture, etc. This thesis investigates how planning and the built environment can practically encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, and which of these practices would be suitable to implement in the current sustainability project of Norra Kymlinge. The study concludes that sustainable consumption patterns could be encouraged in Norra Kymlinge through: collaborative living, sharing infrastructure, green leases, food production, personal measurement, and semi self-built apartments. For future research, more quantitative studies on the topic are suggested.
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Schmidt, Nicholas Andrew. "Climate change and transportation challenges and opportunities /." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24677.
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Sears, Jill. "Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen Oxides, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes in Hillsborough County, Florida: An Investigation of Impacts of Urban Forests on Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants Associated with Traffic." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4842.
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Urban air pollution is responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality in exposed populations due to its effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function. Transportation-related air pollutants account for the majority of harmful air pollution in urban areas. Forests are known to reduce air pollution through their ability to facilitate dry deposition and atmospheric gas exchange. This work characterizes the interactions between transportation air pollutants and urban forests in Hillsborough County, Florida. A highly spatially resolved passive air sampling campaign was conducted to characterize local concentrations of nitrogen oxides, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in Hillsborough County, Florida. Sampling locations included a proportion of densely forested urban areas in order to determine the effects of Hillsborough County's urban forest resources on localized concentrations of selected transportation pollutants. Recommended approaches for the use of urban forests as an effective air pollution mitigation technique in Hillsborough County were generated based on results from the sampling campaign. Results show mean concentrations of 2.1 parts per billion and 6.5 µg/m3 for nitrogen oxides and total BTEX, respectively. High spatial variability in pollutant concentrations across Hillsborough County was observed, with the coefficient of variation found to be 0.61 for nitrogen oxides and 0.79 for total BTEX. Higher concentrations were observed along interstate highways, in urban areas of the county, and near select point sources in rural areas. Differences in concentrations within forested areas were observed, but were not statistically significant at the 95%#37; confidence level. These results can be used to identify elements of urban design which contribute to differences in concentrations and exposures. This information can be used to create more sustainable urban designs which promote health and equity of the population.
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Castro, Carlos Fernando Carvalho de. "Avaliação de fatores intervenientes nas emissões veiculares em corredores de ônibus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-05112008-113346/.
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Esta dissertação investiga a influência de diversos fatores intervenientes nas emissões veiculares em corredores de ônibus de alta capacidade, conhecidos como BRT Bus Rapid Transit. Esses sistemas têm sido adotados em cidades de todo o mundo devido a possibilidade de atender demandas elevadas a custos relativamente baixos quando comparados com alternativas sobre trilhos, com nível de serviço adequado e possibilitando a redução de emissões. Três categorias de variáveis foram consideradas: (i) variáveis que são função do projeto do corredor de ônibus (infraestrutura, especificações tecnológicas e operacionais); (ii) variáveis que são afetadas pela implantação do corredor (impactos na velocidade média dos outros veículos, utilização de rotas alternativas e transferência modal); (iii) variáveis que dependem de políticas públicas (como mudanças do tipo de combustível ou programas de inspeção veicular). As emissões foram estimadas através de dois procedimentos. Preferencialmente utilizou-se o modelo IVE International Vehicle Emissions, que se baseia no ciclo de condução dos veículos (perfil de variação da velocidade segundo a segundo). Em alguns casos, as estimativas utilizaram resultados de medidas de emissões realizadas pelo IPT Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, para diferentes tecnologias de ônibus e ciclos de operação padronizados. Os dados necessários para a aplicação do modelo IVE haviam sido coletados anteriormente em São Paulo. Os dados operacionais dos corredores foram obtidos junto a SPTrans e a CET. As análises foram desenvolvidas em três etapas, incluindo progressivamente novas variáveis. Inicialmente foi considerado o efeito de diferentes ciclos de condução sobre as emissões dos ônibus em corredores existentes. Na segunda etapa foi feita uma análise das situações antes e depois da implantação de um corredor (Pirituba-Lapa-Centro), focalizando os impactos sobre as emissões dos ônibus e dos demais veículos, particularmente os autos, e a importância de considerar as emissões dos veículos que passam a percorrer rotas alternativas após a implantação do corredor. Finalmente, foram analisados diferentes cenários para um corredor hipotético, variando tecnologias de ônibus e avaliando os impactos de mudanças na divisão modal, condições de tráfego e outras políticas gerais. Os resultados indicaram a possibilidade de reduções significativas de emissões de poluentes quando utilizados ônibus padrão EURO 3 ou padrão EEV movidos a GNV, bem como evidenciaram a importância de infraestrutura e condições operacionais adequadas para permitir a melhoria dos ciclos de condução dos ônibus. Entretanto, ganhos adicionais são fortemente dependentes de possíveis mudanças que afetem as condições de tráfego dos autos e demais veículos, e de medidas para reduzir emissões, tais como programas de inspeção veicular e de renovação de frota.<br>The dissertation investigates the influence of several factors affecting vehicular emissions in high-flow bus corridors, also named BRT Bus Rapid Transit. BRT systems are being increasingly adopted in cities around the world due to the possibility to serve high demand levels at relatively low costs when compared to rail options, offering good quality of service and presenting a potential to reduce emissions. Three categories of factors are considered: (i) those directly related to the bus corridor (infrastructure design, technological and operational choices); (ii) those indirectly affected by the implementation of the corridor (such as impacts on average speed of other vehicles, particularly autos, rerouting and the potential for modal change); and (iii) factors related to general policies (such as changes in fuel type or the adoption of vehicle inspection programs). Emissions were estimated using two alternative procedures. The preferred alternative was to use the IVE International Vehicle Emission model, which bases emission estimates on the vehicle driving cycle (the time profile of speed, measured second by second). In other cases, estimates used the results of a series of emissions measurements conducted by IPT Institute of Technological Research of São Paulo for different bus technologies, operating on standard driving cycles. The developers of IVE have collected data about the technological characteristics and driving cycles of the fleet in São Paulo. Data about operations in bus corridors in São Paulo were obtained from SPTrans and CET, the local agencies responsible for bus and traffic operations. The analysis was performed in three stages, progressively extending the variables and factors included. First, the effect on bus emissions of possible changes in driving cycles in four important existing bus corridors in São Paulo was considered. A before and after analysis of a selected bus corridor (Pirituba Lapa Centro) was conducted in the second stage, looking at the impacts on emissions when other vehicles are considered, particularly autos, and highlighting the importance of taking into account vehicles that change to alternative routes after the implementation of the corridor. Finally, different scenarios were analyzed for a hypothetical corridor, varying bus technologies and considering possible impacts of changes in modal choice, traffic conditions, and other general policies. The results indicate the potential for significantly reducing pollutant emissions when Euro 3 bus technologies or enhanced GNV buses are used, as well as the important effect of appropriate infrastructure, operational and traffic engineering measures that allow improved driving cycles for buses. However, overall gains are heavily dependent on possible changes affecting autos and other vehicles, including the impact on traffic conditions and measures to reduce emissions, such as maintenance inspection or fleet renewal programs.
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CORDEIRO, Luiz Filipe Alves. "Planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro com foco nas emissões de CO2." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/15547.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-20<br>O presente estudo, objetiva analisar o atual planejamento do sistema elétrico brasileiro e apontar propostas que visam diversificar a matriz energética brasileira, trazendo como benefícios um sistema robusto que proporcione a redução gradual dos custos de geração, confiabilidade no fornecimento pela tecnologia adequada e por está mais próximo dos centros de carga e por fim, a redução dos impactos ambientais através da redução das emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE). Esse trabalho procura avaliar os potenciais do sistema elétrico e propor ações mitigadoras tanto no consumo de energia elétrica com o auxílio das redes neurais artificiais como na geração com a proposta de possibilitar ao Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS) a otimização do planejamento minimizando CO2.<br>The present study aims to analyze the current planning of the Brazilian electrical system and point proposals to diversify the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing benefits as a robust system that provides a gradual reduction of generation costs, reliability of supply by appropriate technology and is more near the load centers and finally the reduction of environmental impacts by reducing emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). This study evaluates the potential of the electric system and propose mitigating actions in power consumption based in artificial neural networks and help to the generation with the proposal to enable the ONS (National Electric System Operator) to optimize the planning minimizing CO2.
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Jakobsson, Max, and Oscar Marklund. "Bränsleförbrukning i ett åkeri : En studie av åkeriers verksamhet avseende bränsleförbrukning & CO2-utsläpp." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86030.
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Bakgrund & Problem: Transport och distribution utgör grundläggande aktiviteter i ett transportföretag, såsom en 3PL-aktörs, verksamhet. I denna verksamhet är tunga transporter vanligt förekommande vilket utgör en betydande del av världens totala koldioxidutsläpp. Samtidigt som bränsleförbrukning står för en stor del av ett åkeris totala kostnader driver det även CO2-utsläpp i en redan, sett ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv, ansträngd värld. Att på sikt reducera dem globala CO2-utsläppen kommer kräva en omställning av transportsektorn och en övergång från fossila bränslen till mer förnyelsebara. För det enskilda åkeriet kan minskad bränsleförbrukning sänka kostnaderna samtidigt som det är fördelaktigt för miljön då det leder till minskade CO2-utsläpp. Vad driver då bränsleförbrukningen i ett åkeri? I denna studie ligger fokus främst på sparsam körning, transportplanering och teknologi som de faktorer som påverkar bränsleförbrukningen. I sammanhanget är även val av bränsle relevant men denna faktor har analyserats separat då det snarare är en faktor som driver CO2-utsläpp än bränsleförbrukningen i sig. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att studera ett urval av transportföretaget GDL:s åkerier och dess verksamhet med primärt fokus på bränsleförbrukning och CO2-utsläpp. Ambitionen vid arbetets slut är att kunna betygsätta åkeriernas verksamhet med utgångspunkt i deras bränsleförbrukning och de faktorer som driver den. Studien syftar även till att klargöra maktförhållandet mellan uppdragsgivare, som GDL, och åkerier. Metod: Studien tillämpar ett positivistiskt vetenskapligt synsätt med abduktion som angreppssätt. Baserat på de frågeställningar som studeras i detta arbete har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod applicerats överlag med små inslag av kvantitativa aspekter. Slutsats: De faktorer som huvudsakligen driver bränsleförbrukning är sparsam körning, transportplanering och teknologi. Sparsam körning är den faktor som denna studie bedömer ha störst påverkan och en fullständig implementering kan resultera i en bränslereduktion på 10-30 5(95) procent. Förutom mängden bränsle som förbrukas har även val av bränsle möjligheten att påverka företag positivt, främst miljömässigt men även ekonomiskt, där alternativa bränslen är huvudsakligt fokus. I denna studie hanteras bränslen som är förekommande inom studiens åkerier och bland dessa har HVO klart lägst CO2-utsläpp. Inflytandet från större aktörer, som GDL, är i nuläget svårt att precisera och varierar mellan åkerier. GDL:s position på marknaden borde, om så önskas, möjliggöra att ett större inflytande utövas gentemot de mindre aktörer som till stor del kör åt GDL.<br>Background & Problem: Transportation and distribution, such as 3PL, pose an essential part of a logistics company’s scope of duties; especially heavy transports, which account for a big part of the worldwide CO2-emissions, are an essential part of the business. Whilst fuel consumption makes up the majority of a company’s total consecutive expenses, it also augments carbon dioxide emission in our already flawed world. Therefore, the aim in the long run is a readjustment in the transport sector which includes the transition from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources as well as the reduction of fuel consumption in general. This is also in the interest of the distribution companies, as they thereby can save expenses and reduce their ecological footprint at the same time. Yet, what determines the fuel consumption of a distribution company? To decry that, this study will primarily focus on eco-driving, route planning as well as technology as the main drivers of fuel consumption. It hereby is necessary to consider the chosen kind of fuel as an important factor regarding the CO2-emissions; this, however, will be analyzed separately. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study a selection distribution companies that primarily work on behalf of GDL, to examine which factors drive fuel consumption and CO2 emissions 6(95) within these companies. This papers ambition is to fairly evaluate the distribution companies and grade them accordingly, based on factors that drive fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Additionally, this paper also aims to clarify the power structure between outsourcers, such as GDL, and their distributors. Method: This paper applies a positivistic scientific view with abduction as an approach. Based on this papers research questions it was determined that a qualitative research method should be applied throughout the study, with minor quantitative elements. Conclusions: The main factors for fuel consumption are parsimonious driving, route planning as well as technology. Hereby, frugal driving was ranked as the most important one as it can lead to a saving of 10-30 percent. Furthermore, the amount of used fuel can be positively influenced through the choice of certain fuel types. This has economical as well as ecological effects; the study focusses on renewable fuels, such as HVO, which has by far the lowest CO2- emissions amongst the fuels that were drawn into consideration. Influence by bigger actors, such as GDL, makes it hard to determine between different companies’ standings, as GDL’s position directly influences their smaller distributers.
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Lachman, Michael A. "Benchmarking a Transit System on Time-Constrained Trip Chain Access: A Comparative GIS Analysis of Two University Towns." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1483613270824226.
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Hong, Zhaofu. "Optimization of production planning and emission-reduction policy-making." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978457.
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This research focuses on carbon emission-reduction issues in an area where the government imposes emission-reduction policies on local manufacturers. Policymaking problems for the government and production planning problems for the manufacturers are investigated with Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) approaches. Two types of emission-reduction policies, including emission-cap regulation policy and emission cap-and-trade scheme, are addressed. We first discuss manufacturers' long-term strategic decision problem under the government-imposed emission-cap regulation policy. With the objective of maximizing the manufacturers' profits, Stackelberg game model is formulated to optimize their decisions on carbon footprint, wholesale price and retailer selection. The problem is proven to be NP hard and a hybrid algorithm is developed to solve the model. We then investigate manufacturers' medium-term production planning to minimize the total production and inventory holding cost, by considering emission-reduction constraints through technology selection, some of the technologies being green. The problems are shown to be polynomially solvable. Based on these results, we study the government's policymaking problems to maximize the social welfare of the area. Stackelberg game models are formulated to optimize the emission-reduction policies by anticipating manufacturers' operational decisions in response to the governmental policies. Hybrid algorithms are developed to solve the problems. For each studied problem, numerical analyses are conducted to evaluate the algorithms. The computation results show that the algorithms developed in this research are effective. Some interesting and valuable managerial insights are drawn from computational results and sensitivity analyses.
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Wittmann, Douglas. "A indústria de energia elétrica no Brasil e o desenvolvimento sustentável: uma proposta para o horizonte 2050 à luz da teoria de sistemas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-19052015-082550/.
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Há um cenário de agrave na indústria de energia elétrica no Brasil, por escassez de energia afluente na produção hídrica, exigindo maior acionamento térmico. Para o futuro, usinas predominantemente a fio dágua, que estão sendo inseridas, estarão pronunciando ainda mais essa necessidade. Por força da estruturação térmica, sobrarão mais emissões de gases de efeito estufa - GEEs e consumo de recursos fósseis por unidade de energia elétrica produzida. Este estudo visa testar a possibilidade de construção de um cenário futuro, eleito 2050, de fornecimento de energia elétrica no país, balizado na aceleração do uso das fontes renováveis, premissa postulada como alinhamento à busca de desenvolvimento sustentável para o país. É utilizada a pesquisa, análise e síntese, com abordagem sistêmica, e aplicação de indicadores eleitos fundamentais para alcance do objetivo. São sistematizados dados e informações existentes em diferentes tipos de documentos elaborados por autores e organizações nacionais e internacionais, e nos planos governamentais de expansão da produção de energia elétrica. A partir do referencial teórico metodológico adotado, os resultados obtidos demonstram que é possível estabelecer um planejamento de longo prazo baseado no uso renovável dos recursos de que o país dispõe, com menores pressões socioambientais, consumos de fósseis, e emissões de gases de efeito estufa, por unidade de energia produzida. São obtidas maiores participações de fontes renováveis com menor participação da fonte hídrica, e menores participações de emissões de gases de efeito estufa e de consumo de óleo combustível. Sem incorrer em aumento nos custos de produção. Resulta um sistema descentralizado, híbrido, com maior expansão das fontes térmicas renováveis, eólica e solar, maior participação de produção independente cogeração, autoprodução, e geração distribuída e menor carga na rede de transmissão, comparativamente ao cenário atual.<br>There is an aggravated prospect in the Brazilian electric energy industry, due to a shortage of affluent energy in the hydric production, requiring a greater thermal use. For the future, the insertion of hydroelectric power plants predominantly without reservoirs will make this need even more evident. Due to the thermal structuring, there will be more emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and consumption of fossil resources per unit of electric energy produced. This study aims to test the possibility of building a future setting, elected 2050, of electric energy supply in the country, beaconed on the acceleration of the use of renewable sources, premise postulated in alignment with the pursuit of sustainable development for the country. The research, analysis and synthesis is adopted, with a systemic approach, and applying the indicators elected as paramount to reach the goal. Data and information from different types of documents produced by international and national authors and organizations as well as governmental plans of expansion of electric energy production were systematized. From the theoretical and methodological framework adopted, the results obtained have shown that it is possible to establish a long term plan, based on the use of the available resources, with decreased social and environmental pressure, fossil consumption, and emission of GHGs per unity of energy produced. A greater participation of renewable sources is achieved, while the participation of hydric sources, the emissions of GHGs and consumption of oil-fuels are reduced. There is no increase in the production costs. The result is a decentralized, hybrid system with larger expansion of renewable thermal, wind and solar sources, larger participation of independent production co-generation, auto-generation and distributed generation and a diminished load on the transmission network, compared to the current scenario.
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Avenas, Arthur. "Qualitative analysis of a regional public policy for air quality : A case study of Normandie, France." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292693.
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Today, outdoor air quality occupies an important place into civic dialogue because of the many impacts of atmospheric pollution on health. Different legislations and strategies have thus been implemented across the world to improve outdoor air quality. Analysing and comparing the different strategies can help adopting the best practices in favour of air quality. In France, in particular, the national air quality policy is reflected at a regional scale through legislative documents called Atmosphere Protection Plans (PPAs). The analysis of such a document thus represents a powerful way to assess a regional air quality policy. Here, Normandie’s PPA has been analysed through a literature review, working meetings as well as qualitative interviews. The study highlighted that Normandie’s air quality policy had to answer a complex legislative ecosystem of international, national and local documents. The analysis also underlined that the questions of the perimeter of action of the policy and the targeted pollutants were as central as the measures implemented to improve air quality. The working meetings and the qualitative interviews led to consensus that Normandie’s air quality policy should target 3 atmospheric pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter 10 and particulate matter 2.5. If road traffic has been identified as the major emitting source of the first, particulate matter emitting sources were pointed as varied and multi-sectoral. Finally, some measures of Normandie’s air quality policy appeared to be particularly efficient and advanced, such as agricultural measures. Yet, many difficulties were encountered when implementing several measures of the policy. The main difficulties were the lack of financial resources, the lack of project leader and the lack of technical expertise. More than a basic analysis of an air quality public policy, these results can also be perceived as a sharing of experience on how a region addresses air quality issues. Because a work of collection of best practices and best strategies to improve air quality is more than ever needed, further research can build on this study to elaborate a relevant air quality policy.<br>Luftkvaliteten visar den antropogena nedbrytningen av det naturliga tillståndet för luft. Detta ämne har spelat en allt viktigare roll i den offentliga debatten under de senaste decennierna, på grund av de olika effekterna som luftföroreningar har på hälsan. I denna masteruppsats har Normandies politik för luftkvalitet analyserats. I Frankrike regleras nationell luftkvalitetspolitik i regional skala genom lagstiftningsdokument som kallas Atmosphere Protection Plan (PPA). Analysen av detta dokument gör det möjligt att bedöma den regionala luftkvalitetspolitiken. Således har hela studien baserats på analysen av Normandies PPA. Här har Normandies PPA analyserats genom litteraturöversikt, arbetsmöten och kvalitativa intervjuer. Först och främst belyste litteraturöversikten att Normandies PPA måste ta hänsyn till ett komplext lagstiftningsekosystem, allt från internationell till lokal skala. I synnerhet är Normandies PPA-huvudmål att uppnå de tröskelvärden som definieras av de europeiska direktiven. I ett andra steg tillät en granskning av PPA från sex franska regioner att jämföra Normandies luftkvalitetspolitik med andra regioners politik. Under denna fas har såväl strukturer dokumenterats som de presenterade åtgärderna utvärderats med avseende på strukturerna och åtgärderna för de andra PPA. I synnerhet har återkommande kategorier och underavsnitt identifierats i de sex PPA. Dessutom tycktes motiveringen av applikationomkrets vara central, liksom de riktade atmosfäriska föroreningarna. På samma sätt tillät jämförelsen av åtgärderna för de sex PPA att identifiera de relevanta och banbrytande åtgärderna i Normandies PPA, som tillhör hamnsektorn och de sektorsövergripande åtgärderna. Omvänt verkade åtgärderna av Normandies PPA vara otillfredsställande inom industri- och transportsektorn. En mer fördjupad analys genomfördes genom arbetsmöten och kvalitativa intervjuer. Flera frågor har bedömts, till exempel applikationomkrets och PPAs struktur. I synnerhet har man dragit slutsatsen att minskningen av applikationomkretsen som Normandie avsåg var relevant och förhindrade PPAs komplikationer. Dessutom påpekade deltagarna att om Normandies PPA-struktur var ganska tydlig, saknades fortfarande viktiga underavsnitt i Normandies PPA och de bör läggas till. Arbetsmötena liksom de kvalitativa intervjuerna gjorde det också möjligt att ta upp frågan om de riktade föroreningarna och deras källor. Alla deltagare och intervjuade gick med på att rikta in NO2, PM10 och PM2.5 i Normandies PPA. Integrationen av SO2 och O3 har dock diskuterats mer, den första har endast släppts ut i skadlig mängd under industriella olyckor, och den andra var för svår att hantera eftersom den är en sekundär förorening. När det gäller utsläppskällorna visade studien att en hög atmosfärisk koncentration av NO2 främst berodde på vägtrafik. Utsläppskällorna PM10 och PM2.5 identifierades som mer varierade och flersektoriella. Slutligen tillät de kvalitativa intervjuerna att avgöra vilka åtgärder av Normandies PPA som har slutförts eller inte, och att identifiera varför. Åtgärder inom jordbrukssektorn nämndes som de mest avancerade åtgärderna i Normandies PPA. Omvänt har två åtgärder övergivits helt, en inom hamnsektorn, den andra inom transportsektorn. Några skäl som förklarade varför alla åtgärder inte har genomförts var bristen på ekonomiska resurser, bristen på projektledare och bristen på teknisk expertis. Mer allmänt verkar det vara avgörande att involvera de olika intressenterna från varje utsläppssektor och sätta dem runt ett bord för att skapa effektiva åtgärder till förmån för luftkvaliteten.
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Kazungu, Conny Sidi. "Assessing the Energy Efficiency of Small Transit Systems; A Case Study of the Miami Metro Bus Service." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1335299192.
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Aly, Moamen. "The application of positron emission tomography in radiotherapy treatment planning." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-application-of-positron-emission-tomography-in-radiotherapy-treatment-planning(23a8d56c-c6da-4e3f-a27e-6ecbc979c86e).html.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that provides a direct and accurate evaluation of tissue function in vivo. PET of the glucose analogue 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose, is increasingly in use to aid in gross target volume delineation in radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) where it shows reduced inter-observer variability. The aim of this thesis was to develop and investigate a new technique for delineating PET-GTV with sufficient accuracy for RTP. A new technique, volume and contrast adjusted thresholding (VCAT), has been developed to automatically determine the optimum threshold value that measures the true volume on PET images. The accuracy was investigated in spherical and irregular lesions in phantoms using both iterative and filtered back-projection reconstructions and different image noise levels. The accuracy of delineation for the irregular lesions was assessed by comparison with CT using the Dice Similarity Coefficient and Euclidean Distance Transformation. A preliminarily investigation of implementing the newly developed technique in patients was carried out. VCAT proved to determine volumes and delineate tumour boundaries on PET/CT well within the acceptable errors for radiotherapy treatment planning irrespective of lesion contrast, image noise level and reconstruction technique.
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Yuan, Chenchen. "Optimal generation expansion planning for a low carbon future." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604882.
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Due to energy scarcity coupled with environment issues, it is likely to see the biggest shift in generation portfolio in the UK and world wide, stimulated by various governmental incentives policies for promoting renewable generation and reducing emission. The generation expansion in the future will be driven by not only peak demand growth but also emission reduction target. Thus, the traditional generation expansion planning (GEP) model has to be improved to reflect this change against the new environment. The policy makers need a better assessment tool to facilitate the new environment, so they can make appropriate policies for promoting renewable generation and emission reduction, and guide the generation mix to evolve appropriately over time. Since the expansion of new generation capacities is highly capital intensive, it makes the improvement of GEP quite urgent and important. The thesis proposes the GEP modelling improvement works from the following aspects: • Integrating short-term emission cost, unit commitment constraints in an emission target constrained GEP model. • Including the network transmission constraints and generation location optimization in an emission constrained GEP. • Investigating the impacts of multi-stage emission targets setting on an emission constrained GEP problem and its overall expansion cost. • Incorporating the uncertain renewable generation expansion and short-term DSR into the GEP problem and find out its potential contributions to the GEP problem. A real case study is made to determine the optimal generation mix of the Great Britain in 2020 in order to meet the 2020 emission reduction target. Different optimal generation mixes of the UK in 2020 are identified under a series of scenarios. The scenarios are constructed according to different GB network transmission capacity hypotheses and demand side response (DSR) level scenarios.
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Castro, Amulfo de. "A technique for multi-attribute utility expansion planning under uncertainty : with focus on incorporating environmental factors into the planning process /." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-162223/.
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Sonam, Sahu. "Spatial Planning Approach for supporting Climate Commitments at a local level : the case of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, india." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/244584.
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LI, YU. "PLANNING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITH GIS AND VIRTUAL REALITY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin997811721.
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Rahman, Akim M. "Greenhouse gases emission in the Midwest : system approach to policy and planning under liability rules /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488203857248923.
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