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Journal articles on the topic 'Emissions of retail margins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

den Hertog, René G. J., and A. Roy Thurik. "Expectations and retail profit margins." International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2, no. 3 (July 1992): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593969200000024.

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2

Yu, Chao, Chuanxu Wang, and Suyong Zhang. "Advertising cooperation of dual-channel low-carbon supply chain based on cost-sharing." Kybernetes 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 1169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2018-0205.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the impact of the cost coefficient of product emission reduction, coefficient of low-carbon product advertising effort cost, and sharing ratio of low-carbon product advertising effort cost on the profit of a dual-channel supply chain. After determining the best model and relevant influencing factors, the paper puts forward corresponding management inspirations and suggestions. Design/methodology/approach The paper opts for an exploratory study using Stackelberg game theory to construct a centralized decision-making (MC mode), a low carbon product advertising effort cost free sharing decentralized decision-making (SD model) and a low carbon product advertising effort cost sharing decentralized decision-making (JD model) game model. Through using optimization methods to get the equilibrium solution, the relevant management suggestions are obtained by comparison analysis. Findings The paper shows that the JD model is better than the SD model in terms of the profits of the manufacturer, retailer and supply chain, and the improvement of Pareto is realized. The proportion of cost sharing of low carbon product advertising effort is positively related to the wholesale price and direct influence coefficient of low carbon product advertising effort on channel, while negatively related to the retail price and the cross influence coefficient of low carbon product advertising effort on alternative channels. Under the JD model, the manufacturer can reduce advertising costs through improving the efficiency and pertinence of direct channel advertising and urging the retailer to do a better job in sales management to improve gross margin and require the retailer to increase advertising efficiency and pertinence of retail channel to reduce advertising costs of retail channel and other ways to increase their profits. The retailer can make use of its advantages closer with consumers to improve the efficiency and pertinence of advertising in the retail channel to raise the influence coefficient of advertising and reduce the advertising cost in the retail channel. Originality/value The innovations of this paper are listed as follows: First, it has considered advertising investment from both the manufacturer and the retailer simultaneously. Second, it has considered a low-carbon background to investigate cooperative advertising decision for low-carbon products. Third, it has considered the decision on the level of product emission reduction and the level of low-carbon product advertising effort investment simultaneously.

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3

Nooteboom, B., and A. R. Thurik. "Retail margins during recession and growth." Economics Letters 17, no. 3 (January 1985): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90218-6.

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4

Thompson, Alexi, and Chris Jeffords. "Retail margins in illegal drug markets." Economic Analysis and Policy 62 (June 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.03.001.

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5

Nooteboom, B. "A mark-up model of retail margins." Applied Economics 17, no. 4 (August 1985): 647–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758534696.

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6

den Hertog, René G. J., Jeroen C. A. Potjes, and A. Roy Thurik. "Retail profit margins in Japan and Germany." Review of World Economics 130, no. 2 (June 1994): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707715.

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7

Capps, Oral, Patrick J. Byrne, and Gary W. Williams. "Analysis of Marketing Margins in the U.S. Lamb Industry." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 24, no. 2 (October 1995): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000887x.

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Factors affecting marketing margins were identified and assessed using a relative price spread technique. Margins were disaggregated into slaughter-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail for a more complete understanding. Marketing costs, concentration, demand, and price were used to explain variations within these margins. Results showed that packer concentration had a significant effect on margins. Forces of supply and demand (as represented by production and market price) and changes in marketing costs also explained the variation in margins. A higher degree of price transmission from slaughter-to-wholesale level was observed in comparison to the wholesale-to-retail level.

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8

Choe, Chongwoo. "Retail and Wholesale Margins in Successive Cournot Oligopolies." Australian Economic Papers 38, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00037.

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9

Richards, Timothy J., Albert Kagan, Pamela Mischen, and Richard Adu-Asamoah. "Marketing Order Suspensions and Fresh Lemon Retail-FOB Margins." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 28, no. 2 (December 1996): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000729x.

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AbstractIn August 1994, the Secretary of Agriculture announced the termination of the marketing order and the associated flow-to-market, or prorate, controls for fresh California and Arizona (CA/AZ) lemons. Lemon growers and handlers have expressed concern over the impact of this decision on retail-FOB margins. This study presents an econometric model of fresh lemon marketing margins that tests for the presence of buyer and seller market power during previous periods of marketing order suspension. The results show that buyer and, to a lesser extent, seller market power cause retail-FOB margins to widen during periods of prorate suspension.

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10

Lukić, Radojko, Srđan Lalić, Azra Sućeska, Aida Hanić, and Milica Bugarčić. "Carbon dioxide emissions in retail food." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 65, no. 2 (2018): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj1802859l.

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11

Kopp, Steven W., and Mary Jane Sheffet. "The Effect of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs on Retail Gross Margins: Empirical Evidence and Public Policy Implications." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 16, no. 2 (July 1997): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569701600207.

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In the past decade, manufacturers of prescription drug products have begun advertising their products directly to consumers. Among the controversies surrounding this practice is its effect on prescription drug prices. The authors examine the effects of manufacturers’ direct-to-consumer advertising on retail gross margins to determine what the effect of such advertising has been on retailers’ margins. The authors test a hypothesis that is based on the “dual-stage ” theory, which describes a relationship between manufacturers’ advertising and the retail gross margins of advertised brands, and, on the basis of the results, discuss public policy implications.

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12

Chevalier, Judith A., Anil K. Kashyap, and Peter E. Rossi. "Why Don't Prices Rise During Periods of Peak Demand? Evidence from Scanner Data." American Economic Review 93, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455142.

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We examine retail and wholesale prices for a large supermarket chain over seven and one-half years. We find that prices fall on average during seasonal demand peaks for a product, largely due to changes in retail margins. Retail margins for specific goods fall during peak demand periods for that good, even if these periods do not coincide with aggregate demand peaks for the retailer. This is consistent with “loss-leader” models of retailer competition. Models stressing cyclical demand elasticities or cyclical firm conduct are less consistent with our findings. Manufacturer behavior plays a limited role in the countercyclicality of prices.

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13

Murari, Thiago B., Aloisio S. Nascimento Filho, Eder J. A. L. Pereira, Paulo Ferreira, Sergio Pitombo, Hernane B. B. Pereira, Alex A. B. Santos, and Marcelo A. Moret. "Comparative Analysis between Hydrous Ethanol and Gasoline C Pricing in Brazilian Retail Market." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174719.

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The global energy landscape is rapidly changing, including the transition to a low carbon economy and the use of liquid biofuel. The production of liquid biofuel has emerged as an alternative to the use of fossil fuels for purposes of energy conservation, carbon emission mitigation and agricultural development. In this article we study the co-movements between hydrous ethanol and gasoline C in the Brazilian retail market. A multi-scale cross correlation analysis was applied to the Average Retail Margin time series of hydrous ethanol for fifteen relevant retail markets in Brazil to analyze the competitiveness of hydrous ethanol towards gasoline C. The empirical results showed a remarkable different behavior between hydrous ethanol and gasoline C, for any time scale, regardless of geographical distance or regional differences.

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14

Borenstein, Severin. "Selling Costs and Switching Costs: Explaining Retail Gasoline Margins." RAND Journal of Economics 22, no. 3 (1991): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2601052.

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15

Porcher, Simon, and Thomas Porcher. "The determinants of margins in French retail gasoline markets." Applied Economics Letters 21, no. 15 (April 15, 2014): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.907472.

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16

González, Sara. "Contested marketplaces: Retail spaces at the global urban margins." Progress in Human Geography 44, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 877–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132519859444.

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This paper argues that retail spaces, such as marketplaces, are increasingly becoming sites of urban contestation. The globalisation of retail, online shopping and the redevelopment of cities has pushed marketplaces to the margins, but they still serve millions of people, particularly the urban poor. Concurrently, marketplaces are branded as authentic consumption experiences for tourists and residents. Building on these contradictions, I propose a novel framework with three analytical lenses to reposition marketplaces as marginal city spaces that serve as productive sites for studying urban transformation processes across the Global North and South.

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17

Sääskilahti, Jaakko. "Retail Bank Interest Margins in Low Interest Rate Environments." Journal of Financial Services Research 53, no. 1 (August 19, 2016): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10693-016-0262-1.

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18

Back, Robin M., Xinyang Liu, Britta Niklas, Karl Storchmann, and Nick Vink. "Margins of Fair Trade Wine along the Supply Chain: Evidence from South African Wine in the U.S. Market." Journal of Wine Economics 14, no. 3 (August 2019): 274–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2019.32.

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AbstractIn this paper, we analyze profit margins and markups of Fair Trade (FT) wines sold in the United States. We are particularly interested in whether and to what extent the FT cost impulse in production is passed along to the supply chain. We draw on a limited sample of about 470 South African wines sold in Connecticut and New Jersey in the fall of 2016; about 90 of them are certified FT. For these wines we have free on board export prices, wholesale prices, and retail prices, which allows us to compute wholesale and retail margins and analyze the FT treatment effect. We run OLS, 2SLS, and propensity score matching models and find evidence of asymmetrical pricing behavior. While wholesalers seem to fully pass-through the FT cost effect, retailers appear to amplify the cost effect. As a result, at the retail level, FT wines yield significantly higher margins than their non-FT counterparts. (JEL Classifications: L11, L31, L43, L81, Q17)

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19

Smoluk-Sikorska, Joanna. "Distribution of Organic Food in Poland." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.105.

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Distribution of organic food in Poland has a number of weaknesses resulting from low and irregular supply as well as dispersion of producers and intermediaries. The paper presents the outcomes of research carried out in 2012 in three types of retail outlets offering organic food, i.e. specialist shops, groceries and retail networks. The investigation was conducted in the form of in-depth interviews using a standardised questionnaire. As the research shows, only in specialist stores does the product range satisfy consumer needs, whereas in the other outlets it is limited generally to processed products. Wholesalers, organic farms and brokers are the main providers of the surveyed retail outlets; nevertheless, specialist shops use the services of more providers than the other types of outlets. Low supply of organic food results in high retail prices. Specialist shops and groceries apply margins up to 40% on average, while retail networks have margins up to 20%.

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20

Ben Kaabia, Monia, and José María Gil Roig. "Asimetrías en la transmisión de precios en el sector del tomate en España." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 8, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2008.01.04.

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This paper aims to investigate the non-linear adjustments between farm and retail prices in the tomato sector in Spain. The methodology used is based on the multivariate approach to specify and estimate a Threshold Autoregressive Model. The results indicate that, in the long run, price transmission is perfect. In the short-run, price adjustments between the farm and the retail levels are asymmetric. Retailers always benefit (in terms of increasing marketing margins) from positive and negative shocks affecting supply or demand conditions. Moreover, marketing margins have been found to be main determinants of inflation in the Spanish tomato sector.

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21

Luco, Fernando. "Who Benefits from Information Disclosure? The Case of Retail Gasoline." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 11, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170110.

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How does online price disclosure affect competition when both consumers and firms can use the disclosed information? This paper addresses this question exploiting the sequential implementation of an online price-disclosure policy in the Chilean retail gasoline industry. The results show that disclosure increased margins by 9 percent on average, though the effects varied across the country depending on the intensity of local search behavior. Because margins increased the least, and even decreased, in high-search areas, where income is also higher, the results also show that price disclosure policies may have important distributional effects. (JEL D83, L11, L71, L81, O13, Q35, Q41)

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22

Yilmazkuday, Hakan. "Spatial dispersion of retail margins: evidence from Turkish agricultural prices." Agricultural Economics 49, no. 4 (June 5, 2018): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12428.

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23

Betancourt, Roger R., and David A. Gautschi. "An international comparison of the determinants of retail gross margins." Empirica 23, no. 2 (1996): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00925338.

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24

Lee, Wen Chiat. "Marketing margins of aquaculture shrimp production in Kedah." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v4i1.1992.

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Shrimp aquaculture has great potential for providing income and employment opportunities to farmers. Shrimp production can also contribute to economic growth given its high value and demand in Malaysia. However, it is often said that players in the marketing channel extract high margins for themselves. This study intends to verify this claim by examining a case study based on white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture in Kedah. The data for this study was obtained from a detailed study involving a shrimp retailer in Kedah. The marketing margins were calculated from the interviews of the farmer and the retailer. The results showed that the marketing channel was quite efficient because there was no large gap in the prices between the marketing channels. The difference between retail price and farm price is only RM7 per kilogram for the white shrimp which accounts for 43.75 percent of total farm price and represents the cost of bringing shrimps from the farm to the retail market.

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25

Brester, Gary W., and Douglas C. Mustek. "The Effect of Market Concentration on Lamb Marketing Margins." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 1 (July 1995): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019714.

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AbstractThe national four-firm concentration ratio in the lamb slaughtering and processing industry increased from 55 percent in 1980 to 70 percent in 1992. The effect of increasing lamb packer concentration on lamb marketing margins is examined. A relative price spread (RPS) model for farm-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail marketing margins was estimated using three-stage least squares (3SLS). The 3SLS results indicate that increased lamb packer concentration has had relatively small, positive effects on lamb marketing margins.

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26

Tyagi, Rajeev K. "Do Strategic Conclusions Depend on how Price is Defined in Models of Distribution Channels?" Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 2 (May 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.2.228.62290.

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Models of distribution channels have defined retailer and manufacturer pricing decision variables in different ways, such as absolute retail price or absolute retail margin and absolute manufacturer price or absolute manufacturer margin. This article examines whether this choice of definition affects the equilibrium outcomes from such models. It shows that the equilibrium outcomes do not change with these definitions if manufacturers are modeled as Stackelberg pricing leaders to their retailer. However, if manufacturers are modeled as Bertrand-Nash competitors to their retailer or as Stackelberg pricing followers to their retailer, the equilibrium outcomes change depending on how the retailer's pricing decision variables are defined. Moreover, if in these two cases manufacturers and retailer are allowed to define their own pricing decision variables, then (1) manufacturers are indifferent about choosing among absolute prices, absolute margins, and percentage margins, but (2) the retailer chooses percentage margins. These results have implications for both theoretical and empirical models of price competition in distribution channels.

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27

Kharel, Meena, Yuga Nath Ghimire, Krishna Prasad Timsina, Surya Prasad Adhikari, Sanjiv Subedi, and Hema Kumari Poudel. "Economics of production and marketing of wheat in Rupandehi district of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33844.

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Wheat is the third most important cereal crop of Nepal after rice and maize in terms of area. The study on profitability and marketing of wheat was conducted in the Rupandehi district in 2019. The household survey, focus group discussion, interview with the individual market actors such as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, millers, and retailers in selected clusters was carried out. The study showed that the Benefit-Cost Ratio of wheat production (BCR) was 1.87. The marketing margins at three different levels of marketing farm-wholesale, wholesale-retail, and farm-retail were also analyzed. The farm-retail marketing margin was found highest (31.42%) and the farm-wholesale marketing margins were less (15.78%). The producers’ share in consumer price was 68.5% and the total gross margin was 56.36%. This showed if value-added activities are absent in the chain, the shorter chain can provide a higher margin to farmers by bypassing the intermediaries.

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28

Nowakowski, Marcin, and Grzegorz Karasiewicz. "Market Structure and Price-Cost Margins in European Retail Gasoline Industry." Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 24, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.178.

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29

Hall, Suzanne M. "High Street Adaptations: Ethnicity, Independent Retail Practices, and Localism in London's Urban Margins." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 11 (November 2011): 2571–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a4494.

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Two key forces are likely to impact on the retail profile of London's high streets. First is the increasing expansion of London's retail sector across both affiliated and independent sectors, paralleled with economic volatility associated in part with the global crisis in 2008. The second is the political shift, at both national and city scales, towards the recognition of small independent shops and local high streets, as signalled in The Mayor's Draft Replacement London Plan, 2010. This brings us to a third consideration: the growth of ethnic retail, evidenced particularly in London where national levels of immigration and ethnic diversity are at their highest. The 2010 High Street London report commissioned by the Mayor's Office emphasises ‘the local’ role of London's high streets for a local’ populous, reflecting a larger national policy emphasis on Localism as outlined in The Localism Bill in 2010. This paper explores what forms of planning are best suited to recognise a rapidly evolving retail landscape together with the crucial differentiations inherent in the local landscape. The focus is explicitly contextual: it is London centric in its scope, and relies on detailed survey and ethnographic data of a south London high street located within an area with high Indices of Deprivation. The context sits in contrast to the notions of the village high street and the upmarket high street, which encapsulate cultural notations of vitality and viability which frame much of the literature and policy around the value of high streets. By analysing the adaptive practices of the ethnically diverse, independent retailers on the Walworth Road, socioeconomic measures of high street values are explored. Further, the paper conceptualises adaptation as the strategic adjustments made by independent proprietors in recognition of large-scale economic forces, national regulatory frameworks, and local cultural nuances. The paper reframes ‘the local’ as ‘the particular’ and emphasises the need for disaggregated, fine-grained research on retail practices in high streets which reflect crucial contextual differentiations. Finally it explores what a planning framework and stewardship mechanism for high streets in London's urban margins might comprise.

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30

Zhang, Zhichao, Bengang Gong, Juan Tang, Zhi Liu, and Xiaoxue Zheng. "The joint dynamic green innovation and pricing strategies for a hybrid system of manufacturing and remanufacturing with carbon emission constraints." Kybernetes 48, no. 8 (September 2, 2019): 1699–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-06-2018-0339.

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Purpose Under the carbon regulation mechanism, managing operational strategies is a challenging task. Green innovation is introduced into a hybrid system of manufacturing and remanufacturing to handle the carbon emission constraints in a dynamic market environment. This paper aims to investigate the joint dynamic green innovation policy and pricing strategies in a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system. Design/methodology/approach This paper first considers a monopolistic manufacturer who offers brand-new products and remanufactured items at the same price to consumers. Subsequently, the authors extend their analyses to distinct pricing strategies for both newly manufactured products and refurnished ones in such a hybrid system. Two different cases are considered: a loose carbon emission constraint and a binding carbon emission constraint. By solving the dynamic optimization problem, the differential game and Pontryagin’s maximum principle are used to obtain the joint green innovation and pricing strategies. Findings The retail price first increases then declines over a single period. The green innovation diminishes in the same pricing decision model, while it first increases then declines in a distinct pricing decision model over a single planning horizon. The green innovation investment as well as the retail price are discouraged by an emission cap and recycling fraction. The distinct retail price fluctuates violently, and they are, in descending order of the highest peak price as follows: the newly manufactured product, the same pricing product and the repaired product. Carbon emission caps that are either too high or too low decrease the revenue of the manufacturer. A small emission constraint margin benefits the manufacturer. The recycling policy, as well as other parameters, affects whether the hybrid system attains the carbon emission constraint or not, which suggests that the recycling policy is complementary to the carbon emission constraint mechanism in the hybrid system. Practical implications These results offer managerial implications to the hybrid system in terms of green innovation, pricing strategies and recycling policy. Originality/value This paper is among the first papers to research the joint dynamic green innovation policy and pricing strategies with/without a carbon emission constraint in a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system with a differential game. Moreover, this paper presents a potential way of investigating other common resource constraints by a differential game in a manufacturing/remanufacturing system or closed loop supply chain.

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31

Bauer, Janis, Holger Fink, and Eva Stoller. "Are Issuer Margins Fairly Stated? Evidence from the Issuer Estimated Value for Retail Structured Products." Forecasting 2, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 387–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast2040021.

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From 2014 to 2018, issuers of retail structured products in Germany established and calculated the Issuer Estimated Value (IEV), a fair value designed to offer more transparency for retail investors. By reporting the IEV in the product information sheet, banks implicitly make a statement on their expected gross margin and, as one of the first papers, we provide an empirical study of the fairness of these disclosed figures. On a sample of discount and capped bonus certificates, we find that reported issuer margins can be verified using standard option pricing models and we illustrate that hedging costs take on an important role for structured product valuation. Consequently, the answer to the raised question in the title seems to be an (initial) ‘yes’ for our chosen product sample. Even though in 2018 the IEV calculations have been replaced by similar margin and cost statements due to the newly introduced Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products Regulation, this finding might still be a good guide for future research.

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32

PAUL, ANTHONY, KAREN PALMER, and MATTHEW WOERMAN. "INCENTIVES, MARGINS, AND COST EFFECTIVENESS IN COMPREHENSIVE CLIMATE POLICY FOR THE POWER SECTOR." Climate Change Economics 06, no. 04 (November 2015): 1550016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007815500165.

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Substantially reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from electricity production will require a transformation of the resources used to produce power. Several different incentive-based policies have been proposed ranging from setting minimums for clean generation sources to maximum emission rate standards and caps on CO2 emissions, all of which are allowed under the EPA’s Clean Power Plan. This paper analyzes the economic consequences of a suite of different flexible and comprehensive policies to reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector, including a carbon tax, a tradable emissions rate performance standard, and two versions of a clean energy standard (CES). Modeling results suggest that policies that encourage emissions reductions along multiple margins can be substantially more cost-effective than less flexible policies. The margins are intra and inter fuel, and technology substitution, electricity demand, and generator fuel efficiency. Despite cost differences, all of the policies result in substantial increases in social welfare.

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33

Acquah, Henry de-Graft. "Threshold Effects and Asymmetric Price Adjustments in the Ghanaian Plantain Market." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 4, no. 10 (October 15, 2012): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v4i10.356.

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This study investigates if there is an asymmetric relationship between Ghanaian retail and wholesale plantain prices. Using the Consistent Threshold Autoregressive Model(C-TAR), this study finds that the retail and wholesale plantain prices are threshold co integrated. The study also finds that the retail and wholesale plantain prices adjust asymmetrically for deviation from the long run equilibrium. The findings of this study further indicate that 63.2% of the positive deviations and 24.9% of the negative deviations persist to the next period. These results suggest that any price movement that squeezes the margins is transmitted more rapidly than an equivalent that stretches the margin.

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34

Hanisch, Sarah. "At the Margins of the Economy? Chinese Migrants in Lesotho's Wholesale and Retail Sector." Africa Spectrum 48, no. 3 (December 2013): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971304800304.

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This article examines the relationship between the economic activities of Chinese migrants in the wholesale and retail sector in Lesotho, and the larger structural framework. More specifically, it investigates this relationship with reference to the general debate on Chinese migrants in Africa. These themes locate Chinese migrants at the margins of the economy, assume some Chinese exceptionalism, and imply a kind of neocolonialism. The article demonstrates that Chinese migrants are, in fact, not operating at the margins of the economy, but have become a vital element of Lesotho's wholesale and retail sector. The analysis of the structural framework indicates that the economic activities of Chinese migrants are a reflection of existing structural constraints and opportunities rather than Chinese exceptionalism or neocolonialism. This in turn implies that future research would benefit from placing the interplay of Chinese migrants and the larger structural framework in respective African countries at the centre of analysis.

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35

Ellis, Brien, and Roger Calantone. "Understanding Competitive Advantage Through A Strategic Retail Typology." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 10, no. 2 (September 23, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v10i2.5935.

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<span>The authors present a retail typology of strategies and performance outcomes based on a combination of Porters (1985) concept of competitive advantage and Miles and Snows (1978) classification of strategic groups. Application of the above theoretical concept is accomplished through an empirical examination of 159 retail drugstores. The tactics used in product, promotion, and service differentiation are examined along with location and pricing. The costs of goods, advertising expense, and rent expense of each retailer are also examined. Various combinations of these tactics result in classification into one of four strategic categories with differing sales and profit margins.</span>

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36

Byrne, David P., and Nicolas de Roos. "Learning to Coordinate: A Study in Retail Gasoline." American Economic Review 109, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 591–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170116.

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This paper studies equilibrium selection in the retail gasoline industry. We exploit a unique dataset that contains the universe of station-level prices for an urban market for 15 years, and that encompasses a coordinated equilibrium transition mid-sample. We uncover a gradual, three-year equilibrium transition, whereby dominant firms use price leadership and price experiments to create focal points that coordinate market prices, soften price competition, and enhance retail margins. Our results inform the theory of collusion, with particular relevance to the initiation of collusion and equilibrium selection. We also highlight new insights into merger policy and collusion detection strategies. (JEL G34, L12, L13, L71, L81, Q35)

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Cachon, Gérard P. "Retail Store Density and the Cost of Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Management Science 60, no. 8 (August 2014): 1907–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1819.

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Griffiths, Benjamin Whitney. "Reducing emissions from consumer energy storage using retail rate design." Energy Policy 129 (June 2019): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.039.

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McKinnon, Alan C., and Allan Woodburn. "The consolidation of retail deliveries: its effect on CO2 emissions." Transport Policy 1, no. 2 (March 1994): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-070x(94)90021-3.

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Selvaraj, Aravazhi, S. Nedumaran, Disha Bose, Jyosthnaa Padmanabhan, Yesudas Pangiraj, and Kiran Sharma. "Outlook on organized retailing of perishable produce in India: cross-city comparison." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-05-2018-0066.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the market demand and compare the average market margins for six broad categories of fresh produce in different retail formats across five select cities of the country. It also tries to qualitatively understand the supply chain management practices of these retailers across cities. Design/methodology/approach Registered retail outlets were selected randomly from online sources. Market potential was estimated as the average sales of each category of fresh produce. Personal interviews were conducted with the market players in order to collect qualitative data about their supply chain management practices. Findings Potatoes, onions and tomatoes are the largest consumed category of fresh produce across cities. Consumers in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities exhibit different buying behavior and preferences. Large retailers and small retailers coexist in the cities. Marketing margins of retail formats are not uniform across cities. Research limitations/implications The study did not capture the reasons for the differences observed in consumer preferences and buying behavior across cities. The study has taken into consideration only registered neighborhood stores in the study locations. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper is first of its kind which has attempted to estimate the categorywise market potential of fresh produce across study cities.

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Wei, Guangxing, Yanling Yao, and Yanhong Qin. "Optimal Decision-Making of Low-Carbon Supply Chain Incorporating Fairness Concerns." Journal of Systems Science and Information 7, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2019-283-12.

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Abstract The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer’s and retailer’s fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically to nearly the same extent. Thirdly, the effect of the manufacturer’s fairness concern on the retail price is so tiny that it can almost be ignored, while the retailer’s fairness concern changes the retail price remarkably.

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Mesa, Juan Carlos Pérez, and Emilio Galdeano Gómez. "Asymmetric Margins in Prices and Retail Supply Chain Integration: The Spanish Vegetable Case." Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 23, no. 3 (July 2011): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2011.586911.

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Burt, Steve, and Leigh Sparks. "Performance in Food Retailing: A Cross-national Consideration and Comparison of Retail Margins." British Journal of Management 8, no. 2 (June 1997): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.0046.

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Cotterill, Ronald W. "Pricing and Policy Problems in the Northeast Fluid Milk Industry." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 2 (October 2006): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006699.

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This article documents the need for reform of milk pricing in the Northeast. The New York price gouging law can be recast as a fair share law. This new milk policy “kills two birds with one stone.” It corrects regional inequities in raw milk pricing by reforming the pricing of milk at retail by limiting and redistributing excessive retail margins to farmers and consumers. The fair share policy relieves allocative price inefficiency, improves the performance of the federal milk market order pool, and improves the general performance of the Northeast dairy farming and fluid milk industries.

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Harrison, Matthew T., Brendan R. Cullen, Nigel W. Tomkins, Chris McSweeney, Philip Cohn, and Richard J. Eckard. "The concordance between greenhouse gas emissions, livestock production and profitability of extensive beef farming systems." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15515.

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Here we examine the concordance among emissions, production and gross margins of extensive beef farming systems by modelling a range of scenarios for herd management, animal genotype and pasture nutritive quality. We based our simulations on a case-study farm in central Queensland, Australia, and studied the influence of interventions designed for emissions mitigation, increasing productivity, or increasing gross margin. Interventions included replacing urea supplementation with nitrate, finishing cattle on the perennial forage leucaena (L), herd structure optimisation (HO), higher female fecundity (HF), and a leucaena finishing enterprise that had net farm emissions equal to the baseline (leucaena equal emissions; LEE). The HO intervention reduced the ratio of breeding cows relative to steers and unmated heifers, and lowered the ratio of costs to net cattle sales. Gross margin of the baseline, nitrate, L, LEE, HO and HF scenarios were AU$146 000, AU$91 000, AU$153 000, AU$170 000, AU$204 000 and AU$216 000, respectively. Enterprises with early joining of maiden heifers as well as HO and HF further increased gross margin (AU$323 000), while systems incorporating all compatible interventions (HO, HF, early joining, LEE) had a gross margin of AU$315 000. We showed that interventions that increase liveweight turnoff while maintaining net farm emissions resulted in higher gross margins than did interventions that maintained liveweight production and reduced net emissions. A key insight of this work was that the relationship between emissions intensity (emissions per unit liveweight production) or liveweight turnoff with gross margin were negative and positive, respectively, but only when combinations of (compatible) interventions were included in the dataset. For example, herd optimisation by reducing the number of breeding cows and increasing the number of sale animals increased gross margin by 40%, but this intervention had little effect on liveweight turnoff and emissions intensity. However, when herd optimisation was combined with other interventions that increased production, gross margins increased and emissions intensity declined. This is a fortuitous outcome, since it implies that imposing more interventions with the potential to profitably enhance liveweight turnoff allows a greater reduction in emissions intensity, but only when each intervention works synergistically with those already in place.

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Sharma, Amalesh, V. Kumar, and Koray Cosguner. "Modeling Emerging-Market Firms’ Competitive Retail Distribution Strategies." Journal of Marketing Research 56, no. 3 (April 22, 2019): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243718823711.

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In emerging markets, the effective implementation of distribution strategies is challenged by underdeveloped road infrastructure and a low penetration of retail stores that are insufficient in meeting customer needs. In addition, products are typically distributed in multiple forms through multiple retail channels. Given the competitive landscape, manufacturers’ distribution strategies should be based on anticipation of competitor reactions. Accordingly, the authors develop a manufacturer-level competition model to study the distribution and price decisions of insecticide manufacturers competing across multiple product forms and retail channels. Their study shows that both consumer preferences and estimated production and distribution costs vary across brands, product forms, and retail channels; that ignoring distribution and solely focusing on price competition results in up to a 55% overestimation of manufacturer profit margins; and that observed pricing and distribution patterns support competition rather than collusion among manufacturers. Through counterfactual studies, the authors find that manufacturers respond to decreases in distribution costs and to the exclusive distribution of more preferred manufacturers by asymmetrically changing their price and distribution decisions across different retail channels.

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Xia, Liangjie, and Longfei He. "Game Theoretic Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction and Sales Promotion in Dyadic Supply Chain in Presence of Consumers’ Low-Carbon Awareness." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837376.

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The paper studies how the combination of the manufacturer’s carbon emission reduction and the retailer’s emission reduction relevant promotion impacts the performances of a dyadic supply chain in low-carbon environment. We consider three typical scenarios, that is, centralized and decentralized without or with side-payment. We compare measures of supply chain performances, such as profitabilities, emission reduction efficiencies, and effectiveness, in these scenarios. To improve chain-wide performances, a new side-payment contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain and numerical experiments are also conducted. We find the following. (1) In decentralized setting, the retailer will provide emission cutting allowance to the manufacturer only if their unit product profit margin is higher enough than the manufacturer’s, and the emission reduction level of per unit product is a monotonically increasing function with respect to the cost pooling proportion provided by the retailer; (2) the new side-payment contract can coordinate the dyadic supply chain successfully due to its integrating sales promotion effort and emission reduction input, which results in system pareto optimality under decentralized individual rationality but achieves a collective rationality effect in the centralized setting; (3) when without external force’s regulation, consumers’ low-carbon awareness is to enhance consumers’ utility and decrease profits of supply chain firms.

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Vashakmadze, Teimuraz, Emil Martirosyan, and Anastasia Sergeeva. "Creating Value in a Retail Business. Evidence From the Russian Food Retail Market." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 9, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.9.1.2015.48-58.

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Teimuraz Teimurazovich Vashakmadze - Director of the Master's program, assistant professor of business and management strategy, IBDA RASHiGS under the President of the Russian Federation.Emil G. MartirosyanAnastasia Alexandrovna Sergeeva In the post crisis years, the Russian food retail market has skyrocketed and run ahead of the market in general. Our research reveals major value drivers and explores the value creation of companies by comparison based on a P/B ratio. The analysis of performance indicators of the three biggest Russian food retailers provides evidence suggests that ROE can explain the difference and positive relationship of a P/B ratio. Our findings suggest that retail companies are increasing ROE through net profit margin improvement. In addition, we found out that a higher Store/DC ratio has a strong correlation to the ROE of a company. The key question of the paper is identifying a combination of factors that drive performance and value creation in post-crisis period in non-consolidated Russian food retail market. Thus, our research is aimed at providing a broader picture of factors that influence value creation in a retail market, such as cross-docking, franchising, recognition of product matrix, management decision decentralization, focusing on core activity and commercial conditions with suppliers. In this article we have explained the business factors that mostly influenced the corporate ROE and the price-per-book value of the company of the Russian food retail industry. After the analysis of three Russian retail chains we have come to the conclusion that the retail business development in Russia (apart from the consumer market factors) mostly depends on efficient management in operations and on having good commercial conditions with suppliers. At the same time there is a direct impact on the retailers’ gross margins from the specific operational solutions like crossdocking implementations.

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Khushk, Ali Muhammed, and Laurence E. D. Smith. "A Preliminary Analysis of the Marketing of Mango in Sindh Province, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i3pp.241-255.

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Fruits are an important sub-sector in the agricultural sector of Pakistan. This paper describes the structure and operation of the marketing channels, and quantifies marketing margins of producers and other market agencies. Survey results show that more than 90 percent of producers sold harvesting rights to their orchards to contractors. The producers’ share of the retail price was calculated to be 25 percent. The other shares were 43 percent for contractors, 6 percent for commission agents, 5 percent for wholesalers, and 21 percent for retailers. Other indicators reported here are net profit margins, duration and type of contract, method of contract price determination, mode of payment, and conduct of auctions.

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Rizet, Christophe, Eric Cornélis, Michael Browne, and Jacques Léonardi. "GHG emissions of supply chains from different retail systems in Europe." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 6154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.04.027.

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