Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emissions of retail margins

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Emissions of retail margins'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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den Hertog, René G. J., and A. Roy Thurik. "Expectations and retail profit margins." International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2, no. 3 (July 1992): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593969200000024.

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Yu, Chao, Chuanxu Wang, and Suyong Zhang. "Advertising cooperation of dual-channel low-carbon supply chain based on cost-sharing." Kybernetes 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 1169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2018-0205.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the impact of the cost coefficient of product emission reduction, coefficient of low-carbon product advertising effort cost, and sharing ratio of low-carbon product advertising effort cost on the profit of a dual-channel supply chain. After determining the best model and relevant influencing factors, the paper puts forward corresponding management inspirations and suggestions. Design/methodology/approach The paper opts for an exploratory study using Stackelberg game theory to construct a centralized decision-making (MC mode), a low carbon product advertising effort cost free sharing decentralized decision-making (SD model) and a low carbon product advertising effort cost sharing decentralized decision-making (JD model) game model. Through using optimization methods to get the equilibrium solution, the relevant management suggestions are obtained by comparison analysis. Findings The paper shows that the JD model is better than the SD model in terms of the profits of the manufacturer, retailer and supply chain, and the improvement of Pareto is realized. The proportion of cost sharing of low carbon product advertising effort is positively related to the wholesale price and direct influence coefficient of low carbon product advertising effort on channel, while negatively related to the retail price and the cross influence coefficient of low carbon product advertising effort on alternative channels. Under the JD model, the manufacturer can reduce advertising costs through improving the efficiency and pertinence of direct channel advertising and urging the retailer to do a better job in sales management to improve gross margin and require the retailer to increase advertising efficiency and pertinence of retail channel to reduce advertising costs of retail channel and other ways to increase their profits. The retailer can make use of its advantages closer with consumers to improve the efficiency and pertinence of advertising in the retail channel to raise the influence coefficient of advertising and reduce the advertising cost in the retail channel. Originality/value The innovations of this paper are listed as follows: First, it has considered advertising investment from both the manufacturer and the retailer simultaneously. Second, it has considered a low-carbon background to investigate cooperative advertising decision for low-carbon products. Third, it has considered the decision on the level of product emission reduction and the level of low-carbon product advertising effort investment simultaneously.
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Nooteboom, B., and A. R. Thurik. "Retail margins during recession and growth." Economics Letters 17, no. 3 (January 1985): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90218-6.

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Thompson, Alexi, and Chris Jeffords. "Retail margins in illegal drug markets." Economic Analysis and Policy 62 (June 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.03.001.

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Nooteboom, B. "A mark-up model of retail margins." Applied Economics 17, no. 4 (August 1985): 647–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758534696.

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den Hertog, René G. J., Jeroen C. A. Potjes, and A. Roy Thurik. "Retail profit margins in Japan and Germany." Review of World Economics 130, no. 2 (June 1994): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707715.

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Capps, Oral, Patrick J. Byrne, and Gary W. Williams. "Analysis of Marketing Margins in the U.S. Lamb Industry." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 24, no. 2 (October 1995): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000887x.

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Factors affecting marketing margins were identified and assessed using a relative price spread technique. Margins were disaggregated into slaughter-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail for a more complete understanding. Marketing costs, concentration, demand, and price were used to explain variations within these margins. Results showed that packer concentration had a significant effect on margins. Forces of supply and demand (as represented by production and market price) and changes in marketing costs also explained the variation in margins. A higher degree of price transmission from slaughter-to-wholesale level was observed in comparison to the wholesale-to-retail level.
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Choe, Chongwoo. "Retail and Wholesale Margins in Successive Cournot Oligopolies." Australian Economic Papers 38, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00037.

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Richards, Timothy J., Albert Kagan, Pamela Mischen, and Richard Adu-Asamoah. "Marketing Order Suspensions and Fresh Lemon Retail-FOB Margins." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 28, no. 2 (December 1996): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000729x.

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AbstractIn August 1994, the Secretary of Agriculture announced the termination of the marketing order and the associated flow-to-market, or prorate, controls for fresh California and Arizona (CA/AZ) lemons. Lemon growers and handlers have expressed concern over the impact of this decision on retail-FOB margins. This study presents an econometric model of fresh lemon marketing margins that tests for the presence of buyer and seller market power during previous periods of marketing order suspension. The results show that buyer and, to a lesser extent, seller market power cause retail-FOB margins to widen during periods of prorate suspension.
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Lukić, Radojko, Srđan Lalić, Azra Sućeska, Aida Hanić, and Milica Bugarčić. "Carbon dioxide emissions in retail food." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 65, no. 2 (2018): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj1802859l.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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Törnqvist, Dan, and Daniel Milione. "Drivers of gross margins in UK retail electricity." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9097.

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This thesis aims at explaining why the UK residential electricity (retail) market enjoys high gross margins in comparison to Vattenfall’s markets in for example Sweden. Gross margin is the difference between selling price and purchase costs, in this case the wholesale electricity price. The wholesale market essentially affects all retailers in the same way and can be analysed separately, therefore it is of great interest to analyse how there can be such a wide gap between the end-user electricity price and the wholesale price. Since the UK electricity market is seen as a forerunner to other markets, being an early adopter of liberalisation of a previously state-controlled industry and seen as the most competitive market in the world, it seems a bit odd that retail electricity prices are not pushed down to a margin cost level as is expected on a perfectly competitive market.

The report concludes that there are substantially higher gross margins on the UK market and then goes on to determine which the underlying drivers to this situation are. There are two underlying socio-cultural factors that have driven the development of the market. First it is the history of deregulation that brought lower end-user prices but also bad service experiences. Secondly, the UK public has a market-friendly mentality and acceptance to how the industry works. The result is that focus has moved away from price and there is little public worry about the market being too concentrated. Two more underlying drivers are related to the properties of the market: the linkage between gas and electricity that has lessened the impact of the electricity price and the UK trading system that makes it hard for new retailers to enter the market and put a pressure downwards on prices and gross margins.

These four underlying drivers have created a market situation where price has not been perceived as the only value component of electricity and where the focus on price and gross margins has been overshadowed by other issues in the public debate. The troublesome history have produced a ‘demand for brand’ that signals safety, which has helped building substantial barriers of entry and survival for non-incumbents retailers. Together with a highly consolidated market structure, a handful of large retailers are enabled to dominate the market and push up prices with little fear of retribution from competitors or society.


The attachment F is data corrections of figures 1.7 and 1.8.
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Funke, Thomas Bernhard. "From farm to retail : costs and margins of selected food industries in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09162008-172432.

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Funke, Thomas Bernhard. "From farm to retail : costs and margins of selected food industries in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27973.

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This dissertation highlights the need for a formal methodology to be developed in order to unpack complicated supply chains and to publish information that explains how the farm value or farm to retail price spread of certain products can be calculated and how these results are to be analysed. It is for this reason that the study reviews and applies the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm values. It applies the methodology to five food supply chains of maize, fresh milk, beef, poultry and sugar. The analysis of farm values and spread has already been developed in an international context but it has not of yet been applied in the South African context. It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to illustrate how this methodology can be applied here and how this can be done on a continuous basis. The main objectives of the study are:
  • To review and apply the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm value, as well as to analyse trends of five agricultural commodities in the food sector.
  • To understand not so much on what is behind the previous rise in food prices, but rather on why; when the farm or producer prices fall, do retail prices on certain goods not fall by the same margin? The question that needs to be asked is who or what is responsible for this? A detailed analysis of the supply chain of various products could prove invaluable in the process of understanding price movements.
  • To investigate the degree of transparency of information in the South African food sector is investigated by looking at the market share that the various supermarket chains hold. Since competition and concentration of role players within this sector of the economy plays such a vital role in the determination of the market’s fairness, it is important that the size and the percentage of market share that the retailers hold in the market is researched and understood. A special section focuses on the market share that some retailers hold as a percentage share of the entire supermarket retail sector.
  • To discuss the estimation of the specific cost incurred, at various levels,within the maize-to-maize meal and beef-to-beef products supply chains, in detail. This involves designing a framework for the continuous analysis of food prices and costs contained within these two supply chains and understanding the costs incurred by the different role players.
In applying the methodology to estimate farm value and farm to retail price spread it is determined some of the commodities such as beef, milk and sugar experienced a slight widening of the farm to retail price spread, while the opposite occurred with the price spread of maize meal and broiler meat. A widening farm to retail price spread shows that farmers’ share in terms of the retail price is declining and as a result their share of the final product has become less. Farmers in the beef, milk and sugar sectors experienced this while maize and chicken farmers experienced the opposite, in other words a narrowing spread and as a result they are earning more of the final product. In applying the various econometric tests in order to test for asymmetric price behaviour in the various supply chains it was found that in four of the five supply chains the transmission of increases in producer prices where not smoothly and timely transmitted to the retail price. The models that fared worst in the analyses were those of the sugar, beef, fresh milk and a part of the maize supply chain. The inabilities of the models to show any form of significance, even when tested economic theory is applied indicate that something is amiss within the supply chains. Asymmetric price transmissions, a lack of accurate data or unjust market behaviour by role players within the supply are some of the factors that could be responsible for this. The analysis in chapter 5 is based on these findings. A proposed framework for an in depth analysis of such a supply chain is documented there. The detailed analysis of costs and margins in the maize to maize meal and beef supply chains, have shown that there are many stages along the supply chain, where various costs and profits can have severe influences. In chapter 5 a detailed analysis has been done on this with the objective of developing a framework that can be applied to an industry. This chapter lends specific detail as to where the influences of such costs can be the greatest. The results point out that, of the five supply chains, only two of them, namely chicken and maize (from farm gate to miller), adhered to some form of economic theory, whereas the other three either suffered from insignificant/unrepresentative data or actual price transmission asymmetry. On the basis of this, the supply chains of both super maize meal and the five selected beef cuts were unpacked with the profit margin and the role player’s cost of formation at the different levels within the value chains. A conclusion can be made that parts of the maize supply chain (milldoor to retailer), the beef supply chain, the sugar supply chain and the dairy supply chain all suffer from asymmetric price transmissions or alternatively, a data discrepancy. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that the Error Correction Models ECMs for these specific industries failed most of the diagnostic tests and contained some insignificant variables. The diagnostic tests did not only test for misspecification but included a standard procedure, using the Jarque Bera test for normality, the ARCH LM test for heteroscedasticity, the White test for heteroscedasticity as well as the Breusch Godfrey test for serial correlation. The fact that the ECMs of these supply chains had these problems does give rise to a concern as to the transmission of prices within some of the supply chains within the South African food industry. The applied methodology used in unpacking of the supply chains, was applied with the aim of developing a framework that can be adapted and used for similar analyses in future. The aim of this methodology was solely on developing and applying a methodology to two of the five supply chains, partly based on the results in chapter 4 but also on the importance of the commodities in the South African food industry, and to illustrate, by using real data, how this framework can benefit future research.
Dissertation (MCom(Agric Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
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Hunt, Nona Kay. "Current practices utilized by independent garden centers to extend the profitable season by returning customers, raising profit margins and implementing new practices." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5630.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 184 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-156).
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Purbopuspito, Joko. "Trace gas emissions from forest and land-use systems at the tropical forest margins in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013522791&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Seebauer, Sebastian, Veronika Kulmer, Martin Bruckner, and Eva Winkler. "Carbon emissions of retail channels: the limits of available policy instruments to achieve absolute reductions." Elsevier, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6683/1/Carbon.pdf.

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Buying the same product at the neighborhood store or at a shopping mall implies different carbon emissions. This paper quantifies carbon impacts of consumer choices of retail channel and shop location (where to buy), extending footprint assessments of product choices (what to buy). Carbon emissions of shopping situations are shown in the current situation, in a business-as-usual projection in 2020, and in policy scenarios with changed market shares of shopping situations. The analysis covers the product categories: groceries, clothing, and electronics & computers, from the shopping situations: neighborhood store, town center, discount store, shopping mall, and mail order/online selling. Stages of the product life cycle which differ between shopping situations are examined: freight transport, warehousing, store operation, and the last mile of the consumers' trip to the store. Carbon emissions of shopping situations amount to 2.7% of overall Austrian emissions in the base year. Dominant car use on the last mile substantially contributes to the overall footprint. In the business-as-usual scenario, carbon emissions from shopping situations increase by +33% until 2020, corresponding to 4.2% of the overall Austrian emissions target for 2020. Restricting shopping malls or supporting neighborhood stores could limit this increase to +25% and +20%, respectively. Facilitating online selling achieves no notable effects. The study underlines that an absolute reduction in private demand for household goods is necessary, as available policy instruments aiming at shopping situations fail to compensate the steady growth in private consumption.
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Römer, Miriam [Verfasser], Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Bohrmann, and Heinrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Villinger. "Gas bubble emissions at continental margins: Detection, mapping, and quantification / Miriam Römer. Gutachter: Gerhard Bohrmann ; Heinrich Villinger. Betreuer: Gerhard Bohrmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1071898590/34.

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Mach, Radomír. "Dopad spotřeby domácností na životní prostředí." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446401.

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The main goal of this dissertation thesis is to quantify the environmental burden associated with household consumption in the Czech Republic. Emissions of three groups of gases were selected to express the burden on the environment, namely emissions causing climate change, acidification and the formation of photosmog. These emissions arise from the consumption of fuels in households, and they are usually referred to as direct household emissions. Or they arise in the production and distribution of goods and services, and they are usually referred to as indirect household emissions. Although indirect emissions come from combustion in energy production and other industrial processes and agricultural activities, not from households, they are a consequence of household demand for final products. Therefore, such emissions are considered to be a consequence of household consumption. The resulting emission values are given for the average household and households divided into expenditure deciles. Emissions increase with expenditure per household member in total consumption and in individual consumption groups across all deciles. In the case of climate change-related emissions, more than half come from heating (41%) and electricity (21%). For acidification, heating (31%) and food (24%) are the dominant...
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Zulu, Olipa N. "Analysis of farm to retail maize marketing margins in Zambia." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50837.

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The Zambian government like most African governments continue to intervene in food markets. One such intervention mechanism used in Zambia is the Food Reserve Agency which provides marketing opportunities to farmers but at the same time protects farmers against the exploitative behaviour of private traders. These private traders are believed to extract monopoly rents from their position between scattered and ill-informed producers, on one hand, and captive consumers, on the other hand. Marketing margin analysis has usually been used to examine the behaviour and competitiveness of markets and the share of a retail commodity price accruing to farmers. Most studies that have used marketing margins analysis have typically considered margins to vary either spatially or temporally. There has been little attempt to understand how or why marketing margins may vary across households holding both space and time constant, even though inter-household variability has been observed in most rural maize marketing areas. This study, therefore, determines the relative importance of spatial factors, temporal factors, and household-specific factors in the maize prices received by farmers in Zambia and in the associated farm-to-retail marketing margin under the assembly trader channel. Understanding where most of the variation in marketing margins and farm prices comes from is an important question that has great policy implications. The study findings reveal that the mean farm-to-retail marketing margin was ZMK195.70 per kg of maize, compared to a mean retail price of ZMK1018.44 per kg. On average, the farm-gate price was 80 percent of the price obtaining at the retail centres. However, there are wide variations in the prices received by farmers even within the same localized areas and time of sales. Spatial factors were found to account for the largest source of explained variation (72%) in the maize marketing margin and farm-gate prices obtained by farmers. There is wide inter-district variability in marketing margins. Temporal factors account for the second largest explained variation (16.7%) in the marketing margin and the price obtained by farmers. Household-specific factors account for the smallest source of explained variation (11.3%) in the marketing margin; factors that were found to significantly affect the size of the marketing margin were marital status, kinship ties to either the chief or village elders and access to price information. The wide inter-household variation in farm-gate prices within the same locality and month suggest the importance of unobserved household-specific factors. These results indicate that the prices that maize farmers in Zambia obtain are not exogenous to farmer characteristics and attributes. In order to raise maize prices that farmers obtain, policies should be aimed at providing timely price information to farmers. Given the importance of spatial factors in explaining variations in farm-gate prices and marketing margins, the results suggest that improved road infrastructure in areas where marketing margins are high could significantly improve farm-gate prices. Lastly, the study reveals that roughly 75% of the farmers did not travel to sell their produce, because the assembly traders travelled to their homesteads to buy maize. For those farmers who did travel off their farms to market their grain, the average distance travelled from the farm to the point of maize sale was 4.5km. These findings suggest that private traders are relieving most Zambian maize farmers of the need to organize transport for them to sell their grain. Nevertheless, the study’s findings indicate great potential for specific public sector investments to narrow the wedge between maize prices received by farmers, and those paid by consumers.
Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MScAgric
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Vigder, Samantha. "The relationship between retail type and transportation emissions." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7842.

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This study investigates the relationship between three types of retail, Big Box, traditional and online retail, and their transportation related emissions. The study takes a comprehensive approach by examining both the consumer and freight emissions associated with each retail type. The retail environment has been evolving dramatically over the past 60 years, and this has many effects on an urban environment that are important for urban planners to understand. Although retail can influence the city in many different ways, this study isolates transportation. Using case studies in the Greater Toronto Area and the Transportation Tomorrow Survey, a scenario model is applied to compare the retail types. The key influences examined in the scenarios that alter consumer related emissions are return rate, the number of items bought, trips where no items are bought, trip chaining and browsing before buying online. The key influences on freight transportation are the not at home delivery scenario and the number of items delivered. The results show that as a base case, Big Box retail has the largest emissions, traditional retail the second largest and online retail the smallest emissions. Consumer transportation has a larger impact on the total emissions than freight transportation, which is the main reason Big Box retail has the largest emissions. However, the various scenarios examined demonstrate that the key influence can have a very large impact on the results, making it difficult to conclusively say Big Box retail has the largest emissions associated with it. Conclusions that can be drawn from this study for urban planners are that for physical retail, traditional style retail tends to have smaller emissions. As well, the key influences, in particular those associated with consumer behavior, have the potential to greatly reduce emissions. Therefore, strategies to influence consumer behavior should be explored.
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Books on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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Gautschi, David A. What determines US retail margins? Fontainebleau, France: INSEAD, 1990.

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Gautschi, David. "What determines U.S. retail margins?". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.

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Beeman, Ezra. Tightening margins in Europe's flagship retail market? Cambridge, Mass: CERA, 2002.

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Reed, A. J. Retail-farm price margins and consumer product diversity. Washington, D.C.?]: USDA, ERS, 2002.

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Knittel, Christopher R. Carbon prices and automobile greenhouse gas emissions: The extensive and intensive margins. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Knittel, Christopher R. Carbon prices and automobile greenhouse gas emissions: The extensive and intensive margins. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Ailawadi, Kusum L. The effect of store brand share on retail margins: An empirical analysis. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute, 2002.

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Branch, California Air Resources Board Toxic Pollutants. Proposed airborne toxic control measure for emissions of benzene from retail service stations. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Air Resources Board, 1987.

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Hempling, Scott. Disclosure of fuel mix and emissions by retail electric service providers: Issues of confidentiality vs. public right to know. [Washington, D.C.]: National Council on Competition and the Electric Industry, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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Oubiña, Javier, Jaime Romero, and María Jesús Yagüe. "Formation of the Commercial Margins for Fresh Foods in Spain, 2001–2008." In European Retail Research, 107–26. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6344-4_6.

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Koç, Çağrı, Mehmet Erbaş, and Eren Özceylan. "The Impact of Routing on CO2 Emissions at a Retail Grocery Store Chain: A GIS-Based Solution Approach." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 143–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97511-5_5.

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"Road Occupancy Issues and CO2 Emissions of Urban Goods Deliveries Under Contrasted Scenarios of Retail Development." In Logistics and Transport Modeling in Urban Goods Movement, 240–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch010.

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This chapter presents four contrasted and near-caricatured scenarios of retail location and distribution, and compares them on the bases of both road occupancy rates and greenhouse gas emissions. Two main families of scenarios are defined: retailing land-use scenarios, based on the location of the different retailing activities of a city; and end-consumer delivery organizational scenarios, based on the definition of new services to deliver end-consumers, at home or to reception points. Those scenarios are simulated using an integrated approach combining inter-establishment goods transport flows, shopping trips, and end-consumer deliveries. The assessment approach is able to show the relation between several aspects of retailing deployment (mainly store location, catchment area's supply, and urban retailing planning policies) and both upstream distribution of goods to retailers and downstream usage of private vehicles for shopping. Although scenarios are extreme and contrasted, they are able to identify the limits and forces of the different retailing strategies in urban zones.
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Karjanen, David J. "Do-It-Yourself Safety Nets." In The Servant Class City. University of Minnesota Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816694624.003.0007.

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The sixth chapter examines the ways that people provide for themselves within low-income communities in the absence of market-based or public sector solutions for everything from childcare to banking. Recalling previous chapters, the hospitality and retail industries are, on average, inadequate in terms of job quality. A lack of skills upgrading or experience, stagnant or falling wages, and limited career ladders make these industries less than appealing to many inner-city residents. As some move to the further margins of the economy, working informally to supplement their low wages or to drop out of the labor force entirely, they run into additional problems, like a lack of benefits and labor market attachment. This often makes it harder to return to a formal employment.
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Jagger, Gregory, and Gökcay Balci. "Critical Success Factors for Effective Backhauling in Distribution Channels of British Supermarkets." In Handbook of Research on Recent Perspectives on Management, International Trade, and Logistics, 265–81. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5886-7.ch014.

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An effective backhaul in distribution may help organizations reduce their costs and increase operational efficiency. Effective backhauling can also help companies in their societal marketing facilities by reducing carbon emissions. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank critical success factors in effective backhauling. Analytical hierarchical process method is conducted on managers working in the distribution of supermarket retail chains in the UK. A total of six factors are identified based on the literature review and qualitative interviews with managers. According to overall results, the most important critical success factor is found to be effective delivery planning followed by effective communication with suppliers and demand forecasting. However, different groups in the sample have different rankings. According to third party logistics managers, the most important critical success factor is collaborative logistics.
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Changchun, Liu. "Research on Coordination Mechanism and Low-Carbon Technology Strategy for Agricultural Product Supply Chain." In Supply Chain and Logistics Management, 1631–54. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0945-6.ch079.

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As the future orientation of economic and agricultural development, low-carbon agriculture is devoted to reducing the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions during the agriculture production. So, it's urgent to take some actions to transit from the current high carbon economy to a low-carbon and high resource efficient economy. This paper examines a two-echelon agricultural product supply chain with a producer and a processor and the market demand is influenced by the retail price and the level of low-carbon technology. The optimal solutions in the decentralized and centralized agricultural product supply chain with or without low-carbon technology are studied. To make the decentralized agricultural product supply chain perform as well as the centralized agricultural product supply chain, the coordination mechanism of the low-carbon supply chain that few of papers focused explicitly on is designed. Finally, extensive numerical experiments are conducted to study the behaviors of supply chain members.
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Egbuta, Iheanyi Chuku, Brychan Thomas, and Said Al-Hasan. "The Contribution of Teleworking towards a Green Computing Environment." In Green Technology Applications for Enterprise and Academic Innovation, 218–32. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5166-1.ch014.

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The aims of the chapter are to consider the strategic green issues of teleworking in terms of the environment, transport, location, office space, and resource use for modern organisations and business sectors and to formulate a conceptual model of the processes involved. In fact, teleworking technologies are variously implemented for green computing initiatives, and the many advantages include lower greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, greater worker satisfaction, and as a result of lower overhead office costs, increased profit margins. The chapter initially investigates the appropriateness of a working definition of teleworking with regard to green computing, and following this, explores the benefits and barriers of teleworking in a green computing environment. The theoretical frameworks and models of teleworking are then considered, and a conceptual model of the contribution of teleworking to green computing is formulated. It is the intention of the chapter to identify and articulate those teleworking concepts that will be useful to academicians, scientists, business entrepreneurs, practitioners, managers, and policy makers, and to indicate future research directions for research scholars and students with similar interests.
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Egbuta, Iheanyi Chuku, Brychan Thomas, and Said Al-Hasan. "Teleworking and a Green Computing Environment." In Research Anthology on Digital Transformation, Organizational Change, and the Impact of Remote Work, 332–52. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7297-9.ch018.

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This paper considers strategic green issues of teleworking in terms of the environment, transport, location, office space and resource use for modern organisations and business sectors and formulates a conceptual model of the processes involved. Teleworking technologies are variously implemented for green computing initiatives and many advantages include lower greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, greater worker satisfaction and, as a result of lower overhead office costs, increased profit margins. The paper initially investigates the appropriateness of a working definition of teleworking with regard to green computing and explores the benefits, and barriers, of teleworking in a green computing environment. Theoretical frameworks and models of teleworking are considered and a conceptual model of the contribution of teleworking to green computing is formulated. The application of the model is considered in terms of teleworking concepts, the organisational environment and driving forces. It is the intention of the paper to identify, and articulate, those teleworking concepts that will be useful to academicians, scientists, business entrepreneurs, practitioners, managers and policy makers, and to indicate future directions for research scholars and students with similar interests.
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McCarthy, Richard. "Marketing the Fertile Crescent, The reinvention of the public market tradition in New Orleans." In Food and Drink: the cultural context. Goodfellow Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-908999-03-0-2340.

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Under Spanish rule in the late 18 th Century, New Orleans began to enjoy the beginnings of what came to be among the more highly developed public market systems in the North America. The system served many purposes: to link regional farmers, fishers and hunters to urban consumers, to serve as gateway for global goods from the Port of New Orleans, like Central American bananas, to enable those on the economic margins to gain a foothold in the economy as business owners and to build social cohesion among a culturally complex colony. By the time post-World War II America promised air-conditioning, new housing, supermarkets and automobiles with the escape from the smelly, messy inner core of the city, the 32-strong public markets were already in decline. Despite this decline, the collective memory of markets remained important footnotes for a city that, even to this day, maintains an uncomfortable relationship with the forces of American homogenization. Many wholesalers, bakers, grocery stores, and restaurants cut their retail teeth at one of the city’s public markets. Throughout New Orleans, discussions at family gatherings often reflect upon the days when the French Market sold live crabs instead of sunglasses and T-shirts that read ‘I got crabs in the French Quarter.’
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"Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics 7.6 (a) Location map of former republics, Russian regions and large 156 cities in the western half of the former USSR (b) Main economic features of the western two-thirds of the 157 former USSR 7.7 The population of the USSR on the eve of its break-up (a) Distribution of total population, 1990 162 (b) Distribution of Russians living outside the Russian 162 Republic, 1989 (c) Ratio of Russians and Ukrainians to total population 163 (Russia, Ukraine) or titular nationality in each oblast-level unit, 1989 7.8 Industrial output per capita in the former USSR in roubles per 164 head of total population in 1989 7.9 (a) Retail sales per inhabitant in Russia, 1991 166 (b) Doctors per thousand total population in Russia 167 7.10 Increases in radioactivity dose rates in Europe between 28 April 175 and 3 May 1986 consequent upon the Chernobyl reactor accident 7.11 Main concentration of emissions of pollutants in the Russian 176 Federation in 1989 7.12 Zhirinovsky’s aspirations in the West 177 7.13 The shrinking Aral Sea 179 8.1 Location of Japan in relation to the mainland of Asia 187 8.2 The Pacific Rim in relation to the Pacific Ocean 188." In Geography of the World's Major Regions, 659. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-169.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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Thangaraja, J., K. Anand, and Pramod S. Mehta. "Experimental Investigations on Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Neat Jatropha Biodiesel and its Methanol Blend in a Diesel Engine." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92041.

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While engines fueled with neat or blended biodiesel have favorable combustion-emission profile in terms of carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons emissions, they are reported to have higher NOx emissions as compared to petro-diesel. On the other hand, use of alcohols especially methanol, though limited in diesel engines, is found to decrease engine exhaust emissions including smoke and NOx emissions. The present experimental investigation evaluates the use of biodiesel-methanol blend in mitigating higher NOx emissions in biodiesel fuelled engines along with its effect on other engine performance conditions. The experimental results obtained for a blend of 90% Jatropha methyl ester and 10% methanol (J90M10) and neat Jatropha methyl ester (J100) by varying engine output load at maximum torque speed of 1400 rpm are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The experimental results at full load operation for J90M10 blend compared with neat J100 indicate a reduction in exhaust nitric oxide and smoke concentrations by 28% and 50% respectively along with a reduction of 2% in peak pressure and 0.5% in brake thermal efficiency. Also, a marginal retard in injection timing and a higher ignition delay period is observed with Jatropha methyl ester -methanol blend operation.
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Weber, Christopher L., H. Scott Matthews, James J. Corbett, and Eric D. Williams. "Carbon Emissions Embodied in Importation, Transport and Retail of Electronics in the U.S.: A Growing Global Issue." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isee.2007.369389.

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Bongard, Stefan. "Online Grocery Shopping: a Boom, Hype, or Black Ice?" In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.019.

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Buying groceries online is no longer a novel phenomenon: recent studies (2016) show that in Germany, approximately 30 percent of potential buyers have already purchased groceries online. Together with the latest grocery shopping services from the online giant Amazon (e.g. Amazon Fresh and Amazon go), this growing sector of online food and drink retail comprises an attractive field for economic research. General research objectives in this field investigate sustainable business models, planning of logistics structures, and changes in buyer behaviour. The purpose of this present study was to analyze buyer behavior in the field of online food retail based on a process design derived from principles of Quality Management. A convenience sample of 822 valid data records was collected from November– December 2016 using a sophisticated online survey tool. The data set contains responses from 256 individuals who had already bought groceries online, while the rest of the respondents had not previously purchased groceries online. The study strongly underscores the great potential of online retail grocery industry, while also detailing the potential risks associated with this business model, such as low profit margins and packaging issues.
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Bronson, Thomas, Rudy Dudebout, and Nagaraja Rudrapatna. "Low-Emissions Technology Development for Auxiliary Power Unit Combustion Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60228.

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Abstract The aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) is required to provide power to start the main engines, conditioned air and power when there are no facilities available and, most importantly, emergency power during flight operation. Given the primary purpose of providing backup power, APUs have historically been designed to be extremely reliable while minimizing weight and fabrication cost. Since APUs are operated at airports especially during taxi operations, the emissions from the APUs contribute to local air quality. There is clearly significant regulatory and public interest in reducing emissions from all sources at airports, including from APUs. As such, there is a need to develop technologies that reduce criteria pollutants, namely oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke (SN) from aircraft APUs. Honeywell has developed a Low-Emissions (Low-E) combustion system technology for the 131-9 and HGT750 family of APUs to provide significant reduction in pollutants for narrow-body aircraft application. This article focuses on the combustor technology and processes that have been successfully utilized in this endeavor, with an emphasis on abating NOx. This paper describes the 131-9/HGT750 APU, the requirements and challenges for small gas turbine engines, and the selected strategy of Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) combustion. Analytical and experimental results are presented for the current generation of APU combustion systems as well as the Low-E system. The implementation of RQL aerodynamics is well understood within the aero-gas turbine engine industry, but the application of RQL technology in a configuration with tangential liquid fuel injection which is also required to meet altitude ignition at 41,000 ft is the novelty of this development. The Low-E combustion system has demonstrated more than 25% reduction in NOx (dependent on the cycle of operation) vs. the conventional 131-9 combustion system while meeting significant margins in other criteria pollutants. In addition, the Low-E combustion system achieved these successes as a “drop-in” configuration within the existing envelope, and without significantly impacting combustor/turbine durability, combustor pressure drop, or lean stability.
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Allan, W. D., D. Gardiner, L. Bennett, M. LaViolette, G. Pucher, and M. Turingia. "Emissions Testing From the Use of Various Biodiesel Blends in Representative Canadian Army Equipment." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43511.

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A comprehensive series of emissions measurements were taken from two pieces of equipment used by the Canadian Forces. A field kitchen burner unit and the engine from the Light Armoured Vehicle III (LAVIII) were operated using two base fuels: low and ultra low sulphur diesel fuel blended with three different biofuels. Methylesters from canola, tallow and yellow grease were mixed in a range of volumetric proportions from 0 to 20%. Additionally, both very low sulphur diesel and aviation turbine fuel (JP-8) were tested against neat low sulphur diesel fuel. The complete chemical analysis conducted on all test fuels will not be presented here. A full range of gaseous emission measurements were obtained including oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide and limited sulphur dioxide measurements. Two means of monitoring particulate matter were used with one proving to be more effective than the other. Novel techniques were used to obtain the burner unit emissions results and the AVL 8-mode test sequence was applied to the Caterpillar engine from the LAVIII. Although emission trends were detected, levels were often on the margins of perceptibility of the gas analysis system, and atmospheric conditions were challenging. Nevertheless, a methodology was developed and refined. Some correlations were made between the chemical analysis and emissions results. The testing will allow the Canadian Army to estimate its emissions footprint.
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LeClair, Kristen, Thomas Schmitt, and Garth Frederick. "Gas Turbine Part Load Exhaust Gas Emissions Turndown Envelope Testing Methodology." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81099.

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Economic and regulatory requirements have transformed today’s power plant operations. High reserve margins and increased fuel costs have driven combined cycle plants that were once dispatched primarily at base-load to be cycled off during off-peak hours. For many plants, the increased cycling has contributed to shorter maintenance intervals and higher overall operating costs. Technology advancements in combustion system design and in gas turbine control systems has led to extensions in the emissions-compliant operating window of gas turbines, also known as turndown. With extended turndown capability, customers are now able to significantly reduce fuel consumption during minimum load operation at off-peak hours, while simultaneously minimizing the number of shutdowns. Extended turndown reduces operational costs by offsetting the fuel consumption costs against the costs associated with starting up and the maintenance costs associated with such starts. Along with the increased emphasis on turndown capability, there has been a rising need to develop and standardize methods by which turndown capability can be accurately measured and reported. By definition, the limiting factor for turndown is the exhaust gas emissions, primarily CO and NOx. A concurrent and accurate measurement of performance and emissions is an essential ingredient to the determination of turndown capability. Of particular challenge is the method by which turndown results that were measured at one set of ambient conditions can be accurately projected to a specific guarantee condition, or to a range of ambient conditions, for which turndown capabilities have been guaranteed. The turndown projection methodology needs to consider combustion physics, control system algorithms, and basic cycle thermodynamics. Recent advances in the integration of empirically tuned physics-based combustion models with control system models and the gas turbine thermodynamic simulation, has resulted in test procedures for use in the contractual demonstration of turndown capability. A discussion of these methods is presented, along with data showing the extent to which the methods have provided accurate and repeatable test results.
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Bhargava, Anuj, Donald W. Kendrick, Meredith B. Colket, William A. Sowa, Kent H. Casleton, and Daniel J. Maloney. "Pressure Effect on NOx and CO Emissions in Industrial Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0097.

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In order to determine the effect of pressure on emissions and stability limit, an experimental and modeling study has been performed jointly by UTRC and DOE-FETC. Experiments have been performed at lean conditions in 100–400 psi range with two different nozzles. Measured NOx and CO concentrations have been modeled with a PSR Network using detailed chemistry. Good agreement between the data and model predictions over a wide range of conditions indicate the consistency and reliability of the measured data and validity of the modeling approach. Experiments were conducted at the DOE-FETC facility in Morgantown. A simple refractory combustor liner with a fuel-air-premixing nozzle was used to map stability margins, emission levels of NOx, CO and combustion efficiency. Each experimental nozzle had a centerbody and wall pilot for flame stabilization. Data was collected at four different pressures of 100, 200, 300 and 400 psi, and at different diffusion pilot and moisture levels. The premixing nozzle hardware could be easily lit and operated over a broad range of flame temperatures with minimal combustion generated noise. Two different nozzles designed at UTRC were used to determine pressure and nozzle effects. Computations were made for comparison with the experiments. GRI Mech 2.11 kinetics and thermodynamic database was used for modeling the flame chemistry. A Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) network code developed internally at UTRC was used to create a network of PSRs to simulate the flame and combustor. A total of 10 to 15 reactors were used in the network. Residence time varied with the flow rates (air was fixed while fuel flow rate was varied in order to obtain the required equivalence ratio, ϕ). Good agreement between the measured and modeled NOx (5–10%) was obtained, but the agreement for CO (model predictions are higher by 30–50%) was not as good as for NOx. The experimental data and the modeling predictions indicate that the NOx emission functionality with pressure is dependent on both equivalence ratio and absolute pressure. The CO levels tend to go down with increase in pressure as P−0.5, at different equivalence ratios, consistent with an equilibrium analysis.
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Fiaschi, Daniele, and Federico Scatragli. "Off-Design Analysis of the Semi Closed Gas Turbine Cycle (SCGT) With Low CO2 Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91056.

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The Semi Closed Gas Turbine Cycle (SCGT) was introduced as a short to medium term solution for applying existing CO2 removal techniques to current production gas turbine powerplants. Thus, one of the main goals is the adaptability to existing turmomachinery, with only minor changes to the equipment. In this manuscript, the off–design analysis of two previously proposed and thermodynamically assessed configurations was carried out: the first one is the combined cycle (SCGT/CC), related to an heavy duty gas turbine, whereas the second one is the recuperative–evaporative cycle (SCGT/RE). Both of them may be equipped with intercooled or, either, aftercooled compression, which is done with spray water injection. The analysis was carried out with special reference to the off design conditions of the compressor and to its coupling with turbine when the partial exhausts recirculation is applied to originally open cycle GTs. In the SCGT/CC configurations, the steam pressure levels are increased due to the increased GT exhausts temperature with respect to the open cycle. When no water injection is applied, the working point of the compressor due to the different gas composition and temperature are largely within the operating margins, thus the semi closed configuration may be applied even to compressors with reduced stall bounds and no large decays in compressor efficiency were found compared to the design operation. On the contrary, when water injection is applied, heavy variations of the compressor working point were found, which make the effects of exhausts recirculation comparatively marginal and leads to unavoidable compressor efficiency drop. It suggests that the application of water injection may be suitable only for the short peakload times, whereas current technology allows the shifting to SCGT.
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Zucca, Alessandro, Annalisa Forte, Nicola Giannini, Christian Romano, and Roberto Modi. "Enlarging Fuel Flexibility for Frame 5 DLN: Combustor Operability and Emissions With High C2+ Content." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43258.

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Fuel flexibility is a key feature for Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustors, which shall be capable of accepting a wider range of fuel compositions to meet more and more challenging requests from the Oil and Gas market segment (upstream and downstream applications). Non-methane hydrocarbons (C2+) are one of the main targets of GE Oil & Gas efforts to enlarge the fuel flexibility of DLN combustors, as they are often present in high concentration in fuel gas streams that customers would like their gas turbine to be fed with. The main concerns with such fuel gases in DLN combustor are: the risks of flashback, hardware overheating, increased combustion dynamics and NOx emission, ignition in unexpected locations (with potential damage of the combustor, operability issues and impact on durability). In order to assess the capability of the current Frame 5 DLN1 hardware design with high C2+ fuels, a single can full pressure test campaign was conducted on a full size DLN1 combustor at Sesta Combustion Lab (Italy). The combustion chamber was successfully tested in premix mode up to 50%v. of ethane content, observing safe and reliable operation with regard to the above mentioned risks. Special tests were carried out in both Premix and Lean-Lean operating modes, in order to verify the ability of the combustor to maintain a stable and harmless flame and assess the operability margins in the different operating conditions of the combustor. Tests demonstrated a good margin already with the current design. After optimizing the air flow path, the expected performances also in terms of NOx and CO emissions and combustion dynamics were achieved in the investigated ethane content range. These tests outcomes allowed a paramount enlargement of the Frame 5 DLN1 capability in terms of acceptable C2+ concentration in fuel gas.
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Turevskiy, Arkadiy, Richard Meisner, Robert H. Luppold, Ronald A. Kern, and James W. Fuller. "A Model-Based Controller for Commercial Aero Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30041.

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This article describes the design and development of a model-based control system for a large commercial aero gas turbine engine. The control system, referred to as the Integrated Margin Management (IMM) control, exploits a real-time engine model (RTEM) to estimate control loop feedback signals, enabling the implementation of nontraditional control modes. These nontraditional control modes include algorithms for controlling, optimizing, and/or trading off margins to key operational limits such as thrust, compressor stability, combustor stability, turbine life, redline limits, and emissions. An overview of the results produced with the IMM controller design illustrates the feasibility of this approach for commercial aero gas turbine applications.
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Reports on the topic "Emissions of retail margins"

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Knittel, Christopher, and Ryan Sandler. Carbon Prices and Automobile Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Extensive and Intensive Margins. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16482.

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Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.

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The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.
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