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1
Purwanto, Christine Prita. "INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p01.
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The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.
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Xue, Yifeng, Xizi Cao, Yi Ai, Kangli Xu, and Yichen Zhang. "Primary Air Pollutants Emissions Variation Characteristics and Future Control Strategies for Transportation Sector in Beijing, China." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104111.
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Air pollutant emissions from vehicles, railways, and aircraft for freight and passenger transportation are major sources of air pollution, and strongly impact the air quality of Beijing, China. To better understand the variation characteristics of these emissions, we used the emission factor method to quantitatively determine the air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. The emission intensity of different modes of transportation was estimated, and measures are proposed to prevent and control air pollutants emitted from the transportation sector. The results showed that air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector have been decreasing year by year as a result of the reduction in emissions from motor vehicles, benefiting from the structural adjustment of motor vehicles. A comparison of the emission intensity of primary air pollutants from different modes of transportation showed that the emission level of railway transportation was much lower than that of road transportation. However, Beijing relies heavily on road transportation, with road freight transportation accounting for 96% of freight transportation, whereas the proportion of railway transportation was low. Primary air pollutants from the transportation sector contributed significantly to the total emissions in Beijing. The proportion of NOX emissions increased from 54% in 2013 to 58% in 2018. To reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, further adjustments and optimization of the structure of transportation in Beijing are needed. As for the control of motor vehicle pollutant emissions, vehicle composition must be adjusted and the development of clean energy must be promoted, as well as the replacement of diesel vehicles with electric vehicles for passenger and freight transportation.
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Račić, Nikola, Branko Lalić, Ivan Komar, Frane Vidović, and Ladislav Stazić. "Air Pollutant Emission Measurement." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 6s (August 31, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-6s.11air.
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One of the main methods for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships is the method developed by Carlo Trozzi, which was later accepted and recommended by the European Environment Agency in its air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks. Consequently, it has become the most commonly used methods for making inventories of air emissions in the shipping industry and for predicting future trends. The method and its equations use emission factors to calculate the emission of air pollutants from ships. Emission factors are calculated depending on fuel consumption or main engine power; results are given for different year of manufacture and engine speed. This paper presents the measurement of air pollutant emissions and some other parameters on marine engines operating in different conditions. The measured values are calculated to obtain values which will enable the next step, the comparison with the emission factors in the latest guide of the European Environment Agency on the inventory of pollutant emissions.
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BEBKIEWICZ, Katarzyna, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jakub LASOCKI, Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI, and Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA. "Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-229.
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Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.
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Liu, Weijiang, and Mingze Du. "Is Technological Progress Selective for Multiple Pollutant Emissions?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179286.
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Current research on technological progress does not focus on whether there is a biased selection of technological progress based on the resulting pollutant emissions and the emission reduction effect. This paper measures green total factor productivity for 30 provinces in China from 2004–2018 and tests whether technological progress is selectively biased towards the pollutants emitted. The results find a selective bias of technological progress on pollutant emissions, and there is also heterogeneity in the selective bias across regions. The current level of technological progress is on the right side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for SO2 and PM2.5 and the left side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for CO2. The improvement of technological progress can reduce the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5. Still, the results indicate that the reduction effect of these two pollutants originates from the treatment process rather than reducing the source of the production side. The inability of technological advancement to reduce CO2 emissions suggests some carbon lock-in in China’s technological advancement. The Chinese government should increase the proportion of new energy applications and reduce the production methods of polluting industries to reduce pollutants effectively.
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Bao, Shuanghui, Osamu Nishiura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ken Oshiro, and Runsen Zhang. "Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187621.
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Asian countries are major contributors to global air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation demand and emissions expected to increase. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate policies that could reduce transport-related emissions in the region. This study explores transport-related CO2 and air pollutant emissions in major Asian nations along with the impacts of transport, climate, and emission control policies using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)/Transport model. Our results show that by 2050, CO2 emissions in developing countries will be 1.4–4.7-fold greater than the levels in 2005, while most air pollutant emissions will show large reductions (mean annual reduction rates of 0.2% to 6.1%). Notably, implementation of transport, emission control, and carbon pricing policies would reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% and other air pollutants by 43% to 72%, depending on the emission species. An emission control policy represents the strongest approach for short-term and mid-term reduction of air pollutants. A carbon pricing policy would lead to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions; more importantly, air pollutant emissions would also be effectively reduced. Shifting to public transportation in developing countries can also greatly influence emissions reductions. An increase in traffic speed shows relatively small effects, but can be meaningful in Japan.
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Wang, Bing, Yifan Wang, and Yuqing Zhao. "Collaborative Governance Mechanism of Climate Change and Air Pollution: Evidence from China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126785.
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Since entering the industrialized era, China’s greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions have increased rapidly. China is the country with the most greenhouse gas emissions, and it is also facing serious local air pollution problems. China’s industrial sector is the largest contributor to CO2 and air pollutants. The resulting climate change and air pollution issues have caused China to face double pressures. This article uses the CO2 and comprehensive air pollutant emission data of China’s industrial sector as a starting point and uses econometric research methods to explore the synergy between China’s industrial carbon emission reduction and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emission reduction. The synergistic effect between industrial carbon emissions and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emissions has been quantified, and the transmission path of the synergistic effect has been explored. The empirical results show that there are benefits of synergistic governance between climate change and air pollution in China’s industrial sector. Every 1000 tons of carbon reduction in the industrial sector will result in 1 ton of comprehensive air pollutant reduction. The increase in R&D expenditure in the energy and power sector can significantly promote the reduction of air pollutants in the industrial sector. Increasing the intensity of environmental regulations is the main expansion path for synergy. However, in eastern, central, and western China, the synergy is not the same. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regionally differentiated emission reduction policies. The research conclusions of this article can provide policy references for the coordinated governance of climate change and air pollution in China.
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Cheng, Qianwen, Manchun Li, Feixue Li, and Haoqing Tang. "Response of Global Air Pollutant Emissions to Climate Change and Its Potential Effects on Human Life Expectancy Loss." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133670.
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Geographical environment and climate change are basic factors for spatial fluctuations in the global distribution of air pollutants. Against the background of global climate change, further investigation is needed on how meteorological characteristics and complex geographical environment variations can drive spatial air pollution variations. This study analyzed the response of air pollutant emissions to climate change and the potential effects of air pollutant emissions on human health by integrating the air pollutant emission simulation model (GAINS) with 3 versions and CMIP5. The mechanism by which meteorological characteristics and geographical matrices can drive air pollution based on monitoring data at the site-scale was also examined. We found the total global emission of major air pollutants increased 1.32 times during 1970–2010. Air pollutant emissions will increase 2.89% and 4.11% in China and developed countries when the scenario of only maximum technically feasible reductions is performed (V4a) during 2020–2050. However, it will decrease 19.33% and 6.78% respectively by taking the V5a climate scenario into consideration, and precipitation variation will contribute more to such change, especially in China. Locally, the air circulation mode that is dominated by local geographical matrices and meteorological characteristics jointly affect the dilution and diffusion of air pollutants. Therefore, natural conditions, such as climate changes, meteorological characteristics and topography, play an important role in spatial air pollutant emissions and fluctuations, and must be given more attention in the processes of air pollution control policy making.
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Chen, Yuyi, Yunong Li, and Jie Yan. "Tracing Air Pollutant Emissions in China: Structural Decomposition and GVC Accounting." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092551.
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The depth and breadth of China’s participation in global value chains have an important impact on the emissions of air pollutants from the production side, consumption side, and trade implications in China’s industries. Based on the global value chain accounting framework, this paper examines the path of China’s major air pollutant emissions in production and consumption during 1995–2009 and structurally decomposes the factors affecting air pollutant emissions. The results show that, firstly, both the air pollutant emissions on the production side and the air pollution emissions on the consumption side have increased significantly, and the production-side emissions have been higher than the consumption-side emissions. Secondly, the export of intermediate products shows a trend of “high pollution”, and this trend was more obvious after China’s accession to the world trade organization (WTO). Thirdly, the expansion of economic growth was the most important factor in the rapid emission of air pollutants in China and the reduction of pollution efficiency in Chinese industries depends on the increase in service inputs.
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Wu, Jian, Shaofei Kong, Fangqi Wu, Yi Cheng, Shurui Zheng, Qin Yan, Huang Zheng, et al. "Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in central and eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (August 16, 2018): 11623–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11623-2018.
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Abstract. Open biomass burning (OBB) has significant impacts on air pollution, climate change and potential human health. OBB has gathered wide attention but with little focus on the annual variation of pollutant emission. Central and eastern China (CEC) is one of the most polluted regions in China. This study aims to provide a state-of-the-art estimation of the pollutant emissions from OBB in CEC from 2003 to 2015, by adopting the satellite observation dataset – the burned area product (MCD64Al) and the active fire product (MCD14 ML) – along with local biomass data (updated biomass loading data and high-resolution vegetation data) and local emission factors. The successful adoption of the double satellite dataset for long-term estimation of pollutants from OBB with a high spatial resolution can support the assessing of OBB on regional air quality, especially for harvest periods or dry seasons. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of annual OBB management policies in different regions. Here, monthly emissions of pollutants were estimated and allocated into a 1×1 km spatial grid for four types of OBB including grassland, shrubland, forest and cropland. From 2003 to 2015, the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning had an annual fluctuation, whereas the emissions from crop straw burning steadily increased. The cumulative emissions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), methane (CH4), nitric oxide (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and fine particles (PM2.5) were 3.64×103, 2.87×102, 3.05×103, 1.82×103, 6.4×103, 2.12×102, 4.67×102, 4.59×104, 9.39×105 and 4.13×103 Gg in these years, respectively. Crop straw burning was the largest contributor for all pollutant emissions, by 84 %–96 %. For the forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning, forest fire burning emissions contributed the most, and emissions from grassland fire were negligible due to little grass coverage in this region. High pollutant emissions concentrated in the connection area of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, with emission intensity higher than 100 tons per square kilometer, which was related to the frequent agricultural activities in these regions. Peak emission of pollutants occurred during summer and autumn harvest periods including May, June, September and October, during which ∼50 % of the total pollutant emissions were emitted in these months. This study highlights the importance of controlling the crop straw burning emissions. From December to March, the crop residue burning emissions decreased, while the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland exhibited their highest values, leading to another small peak in emissions of pollutants. Obvious regional differences in seasonal variations of OBB were observed due to different local biomass types and environmental conditions. Rural population, agricultural output, economic levels, local burning habits, social customs and management policies were all influencing factors for OBB emissions.
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Roeva, N. N., S. S. Voronich, D. A. Zaitsev, N. S. Voronich, and A. G. Chernobrovina. "On a New Method for the Rapid Determination of the Strength of Industrial Emissions of a Pollutant." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-12-34-37.
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A method has been developed for the operational determination of the strength of industrial emissions of a pollutant by an APS without direct measurements of concentrations and parameters in it, which relates to industrial ecology and can be used in the state environmental control or monitoring system to increase its effectiveness and responsiveness. The essence of the method is to use the information provided by public authorities. An information base is being created for all organized APS located in the observed urbanized area, which contains information about the sources of pollutant emissions and their characteristics; establishes the fact of unauthorized pollutant release by detecting elevated concentrations of various pollutants in the observed area according to the results of quantitative chemical analysis of atmospheric air samples and determines their ratio; the inverse dispersion problem is solved and the area of the location of sources of unauthorized pollutant emissions is identified, the source of unauthorized pollutant emissions is determined, and then the strength of this pollutant emission is estimated (Mi, g/s).
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Lei, Sun, Zhong Fu Tan, Li Wei Ju, He Yin, and Zhi Hong Chen. "Generation Resource Planning Optimization Model under Emission Constraint." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.868.
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As a large energy consumption and pollutants emission department, power industry energy saving and emission reduction is of great significance for the community's overall energy consumption and pollutants emission control. As the main energy saving measures of the power industry, optimize the structure of power based on grid-connected renewable energy. Therefore, this article is based on energy distribution in China, considering load, electricity, resources, environmental pollution and the unit served, target is the total system power generation installed capacity and pollutant emissions at minimum costs, to construct generation resource planning optimization model under emission constraint, install generation capacity costs, running costs and the cost of pollutant emissions will be take into account, in order to make reasonable recommendations on power resource planning in China.
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Cao, Liping, Xinyu Liu, Shuai Zhang, and Mingjie Lyu. "Comparison of Regional Urban Water Pollutants Emission Standards and Determination of Factors Influencing Their Integration—A Case Study of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084741.
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Urban pharmaceutical industries are responsible for high intensity emissions of water pollutants. The regional water pollutant emission standards vary greatly throughout the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) in China, which, to some extent, results in increased risks and hidden dangers to regional water environment safety, especially water quality. Under the national strategy of Yangtze River Delta ecological and green integration development, a unified standard of water pollutant emissions should be integrated into the integration development process, but differences between characteristic items, concentration limits, and conditions among four local standards of water pollutant emission have become a key influencing factor in their integration in industry and in green transformation. When comparing the water pollutant emission standards of the biopharmaceutical industry in three provinces and one municipality of the YRDUA, the factors influencing integration were determined and caused by the main differences in local water pollutant emission standards, namely, the race to the bottom of the biopharmaceutical industry, the inconsistency of environmental protection regulation law, and transboundary water pollution risks. From the perspective of urban water quality safety, we propose the following strategies for promoting the integration of water pollutant emission standards in the YRDUA: (1) increasing government funding for local water pollution governance and encouraging industries to adopt the third-party governance model for pollution control in the YRDUA; (2) unifying water pollutant emission standards and environmental law enforcement standards in the YRDUA with a mechanism involving shared economic responsibility; and (3) establishing a platform for sharing data and governance performance for the emission of water pollutants in the YRDUA.
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Zhukorskyi, O., O. Nykyforuk, and N. Boltik. "Emission assessment of endogenous pollutants of the air from milk production farms." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2015.271430.
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The hazardous influence of the dairy farm activities on the air has been analyzed. There have been calculated the odor pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from the dairy farms based on various technologies of the cows maintenance, their number and productivity. The approximate mass of these pollutant emissions and maintenance wastes have been defined by the calculating method. For these calculations there has been used the index of the quantity of the specific pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from 1 CWT of live weight with balanced feeding. The quantities of the specific emissions include the absorbtion of carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and amines, mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans transformation in dimethyl sulfide by the intestine microflora. The causes of odor pollutant creation have been analyzed. The largest contribution to the emission of pollutants from both animals and from their metabolic products is given by ammonia – 83%, the lowest by metantyol – 0.01%. It has been determined in the experiment that the pollutant emissions increase with the growth of the cows’ live weight, and they decrease with the growth of milk productivity per 1 kg of the produced milk.
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Ai, Yi, Yunshan Ge, Zheng Ran, Xueyao Li, Zhibing Xu, Yangfan Chen, Xifeng Miao, et al. "Quantifying Air Pollutant Emission from Agricultural Machinery Using Surveys—A Case Study in Anhui, China." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040440.
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Diesel-powered agricultural machinery (AM) is a significant contributor to air pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from AM remain poorly quantified in many countries due to a lack of accurate activity data and emissions factors. In this study, the fuel consumption and air pollutant emission from AM were estimated using a survey and emission factors from the literature. A case study was conducted using data collected in Anhui, one of the agricultural provinces of China. The annual active hours of AM in Anhui ranged 130 to 175 h. The estimated diesel fuel consumption by AM was 1.45 Tg in 2013, approximately 25% of the total diesel consumption in the province. The air pollutants emitted by AM were 57 Gg of carbon monoxide, 14 Gg of hydrocarbon, 74 Gg of NOx and 5.7 Gg of PM in 2013. The NOx and PM emissions from AM were equivalent to 17% and 22% of total on-road traffic emissions in Anhui. Among nine types of AM considered, rural vehicles are the largest contributors to fuel consumption (31%) and air emissions (33–45%).
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Wang, Minghao. "A Review of Engine Emissions Testing Methods for Environmental Sustainability." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 2 (2022): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.2.00141.
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With the increase of vehicle ownership, vehicle emission pollution has become a major source of air pollution. The control of automobile pollutant emissions is one of the effective methods to reduce air pollution. Domestic and foreign exhaust pollutant testing methods for in-use vehicles have been gradually developed from the original idling method to the double-idling method and the simple working condition method. There are many methods to test the exhaust pollutants of in-use vehicles, but the test operation cycle, gas analysis principle, cost, application occasions and the accuracy level of various testing methods are different. This paper introduces the idling method, the working condition method and the on-board emission testing method for detecting vehicle emission pollutants. Two optimized methods for detecting automotive emission pollutants (namely the double-idle method and the simple transient working condition method) are also introduced.
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Lv, Zongyan, Lei Yang, Lin Wu, Jianfei Peng, Qijun Zhang, Meng Sun, Hongjun Mao, and Jie Min. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020622.
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Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON.
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Wang, J. M., C. H. Jeong, N. Zimmerman, R. M. Healy, D. K. Wang, F. Ke, and G. J. Evans. "Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions and the contribution from high emitters." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (August 13, 2015): 3263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3263-2015.
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Abstract. An automated identification and integration method has been developed for in-use vehicle emissions under real-world conditions. This technique was applied to high-time-resolution air pollutant measurements of in-use vehicle emissions performed under real-world conditions at a near-road monitoring station in Toronto, Canada, during four seasons, through month-long campaigns in 2013–2014. Based on carbon dioxide measurements, over 100 000 vehicle-related plumes were automatically identified and fuel-based emission factors for nitrogen oxides; carbon monoxide; particle number; black carbon; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and methanol were determined for each plume. Thus the automated identification enabled the measurement of an unprecedented number of plumes and pollutants over an extended duration. Emission factors for volatile organic compounds were also measured roadside for the first time using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer; this instrument provided the time resolution required for the plume capture technique. Mean emission factors were characteristic of the light-duty gasoline-dominated vehicle fleet present at the measurement site, with mean black carbon and particle number emission factors of 35 mg kg fuel−1 and 7.5 × 1014 # kg fuel−1, respectively. The use of the plume-by-plume analysis enabled isolation of vehicle emissions, and the elucidation of co-emitted pollutants from similar vehicle types, variability of emissions across the fleet, and the relative contribution from heavy emitters. It was found that a small proportion of the fleet (< 25 %) contributed significantly to total fleet emissions: 100, 100, 81, and 77 % for black carbon, carbon monoxide, BTEX, and particle number, respectively. Emission factors of a single pollutant may help classify a vehicle as a high emitter; however, regulatory strategies to more efficiently target multi-pollutant mixtures may be better developed by considering the co-emitted pollutants as well.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Assessment of impact of vehicle traffic conditions: urban, rural and highway, on the results of pollutant emissions inventory." Archives of Transport 60, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5477.
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The use of motor vehicles varies considerably under distinct traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities as well as on motorways and expressways. The impact of road traffic on the natural environment has been studied for many years, including in terms of the nature of the operation of motor vehicles. This problem is particularly important in highly urbanized areas, where traffic congestion is the source of increased emissions of harmful compounds contained in exhaust gases. For this reason, many cities have traffic restrictions, especially for those cars that do not meet the most stringent emission standards. Environmental protection is the driving force behind the development of modern combustion engine supply systems, which allow for proper control of the combustion of petroleum-derived fuels. The exhaust gas cleaning systems in the form of catalytic converters or particulate matter filters are also playing a very important role. Considerable differences in internal combustion engine operating states, both static and dynamic, result in important differences in pollutant emissions. Likewise, the national annual pollutant emission is affected by the share of distances travelled by vehicles under various traffic conditions. At the same time, it is very difficult to estimate exhaust emissions from road transport sources. Very interesting method of emission estimation is the application of the data included in the emission inventory which are a valuable source of information on exhaust emissions under various operating conditions. In the present study, the annual pollutant emissions were analyzed: at a national level (total pollutant emission) and in distinct traffic conditions. There were found large differences between individual pollutants’ shares in the emissions from vehicles under the tested traffic conditions. This is particularly evident for nitrogen oxides with the highest emission share outside cities, as opposed to other substances with the highest emission shares in cities, where traffic congestion is taking place.
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Hu, Rong, Jialin Zhu, Junfeng Zhang, Lijun Zheng, and Bowen Liu. "Characteristics and Mitigation Measures of Aircraft Pollutant Emissions at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NKG), China." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 4 (July 9, 2020): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i4.3280.
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The assessment of local air pollution due to aircraft emissions at/near the airport is an important issue from the standpoint of environment and human health, but has not received due attention in China. In this paper, the pollutant emissions (i.e. HC, CO, NOx, SOx and PM) from aircraft during landing and take-off (LTO) cycles at Nanjing Lukou Airport (NKG) in 2016 were investigated using an improved method, which considered the taxi-in and –out time calculated based on the real data from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), instead of using the referenced time recommended by ICAO. First, the pollutant emissions and their characteristics were studied from different perspectives. Second, two various mitigation measures of emissions were proposed, and the performance of emission reduction was analysed. Our analysis shows that: (1) A320 and B738 emitted the largest emissions at NKG; (2) pollutants were mainly emitted during the taxi mode, followed by climb mode; (3) B738 had the lowest emissions per (seat•LTO) among all aircraft, while CRJ had the lowest emissions per unit LTO; (4) shortening the taxiing time and upgrading aircraft engines are both effective measures to mitigate pollutant emissions.
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Han, Gyu-Gang, Jun-Hyuk Jeon, Yong-Jin Cho, Myoung-Ho Kim, and Seong-Min Kim. "Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121208.
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In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and it is mainly cultivated using various types of agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, the emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by the European Environment Agency’s Tier 1 method for rice cultivation were analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for about 17% of the total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters emit 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions decreased by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation accounts for 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8%, and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of the total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8448 tons in Korea.
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Tsai, Jiun-Horng, Shih-Hsien Chen, Shen-Fong Chen, and Hung-Lung Chiang. "Air Pollutant Emission Abatement of the Fossil-Fuel Power Plants by Multiple Control Strategies in Taiwan." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185716.
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This study is an investigation of air pollutant emission abatement in the electricity generation sector from fossil-fuel power plants in Taiwan in 2014 and 2018. PM concentrations are determined by the results of regular tests, while SOx and NOx are determined by continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) of flue gas from power plants. The results indicate that electricity generation from fossil-fuel power plants increased by 13.8% from 2014 to 2018. However, emissions of air pollutants from fossil-fuel power plants declined during this period. The results indicate that the annual emissions of SOx, NOx, and PM were 40,826, 59,196, and 5363 tons per year (TPY), respectively, in 2014. The emissions decreased to 30,097 TPY (28% reduction) for SOx, 48,530 TPY (18% reduction) for NOx, and 4496 TPY (16% reduction) for PM in 2018. The ensemble mean values of each air pollutant emission factor also decreased significantly. SOx emissions decreased from 0.2443 to 0.1583 mg/kWh (35% reduction). NOx emissions decreased from 0.3542 to 0.2552 g/kWh (28% reduction). PM emissions decreased from 0.0321 to 0.0236 mg/kWh (26.5% reduction). The results indicated that phasing out of high-pollutant generating units and switching the fuel from coal to natural gas could abate the emissions of SOx and PM, and NOx emissions could be abated by introducing control devices. In addition, new power generation sectors will be constructed and equipped with ultra-low emission control systems to reduce air pollution and create a cleaner and healthier electricity generation system in Taiwan.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Jakub Lasocki, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135387.
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The paper provides the results of the inventory of pollutants hazardous to the health of living organisms, emitted by road transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017. For estimating pollutant emissions from road transport, a standardized methodology was applied, consistent with the guidance of EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019 and the COPERT 5 software. The following substances were analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter size fractions (total suspended particles—TSP, PM10, PM2.5). For the pollutants, emission values averaged over the distance travelled by the road fleet (average specific distance emission) were determined. The results obtained indicated that between 1990 and 2017 the annual pollutant emissions from road vehicles in Poland had an increasing trend concerning TSP (74%), PM10 (64%), PM2.5 (52%) and NOx (25%), while the corresponding emissions had a decreasing trend for CO (−117%) and NMVOC (−85%). However, a clear downward trend was found for the average specific distance emissions of all substances throughout the subsequent inventory years: TSP (−28%), PM10 (−100%), PM2.5 (−91%), NOx (−84%), CO (−208%) and NMVOC (−173%), which is due to the dynamic progress in the technological advancement of road vehicles.
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Surakasi, Raviteja, Mohd Yunus Khan, Arif Senol Sener, Tushar Choudhary, Sumantha Bhattacharya, Piyush Singhal, Bharat Singh, and Velivela Lakshmikanth Chowdary. "Analysis of Environmental Emission Neat Diesel-Biodiesel–Algae Oil-Nanometal Additives in Compression Ignition Engines." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (February 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3660233.
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The production of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its use as a mixture and other additives are presented. In the present research work, additive blends with diesel biodiesel from algae oil are physically characterised and an analysis of pollutant emissions is carried out when used in an ignition engine by compression. The measurement of pollutant emissions is carried out through a combined emission analyzer adapted to a system of valves attached to the experimental facility. The properties of each mixture with the polluting emissions are compared with that of the reference diesel. It was found that each of the properties improves compared to that of diesel, reducing most emissions in the use of mixtures with biodiesel.
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Gusnita, Dessy, and Dita Fatria. "Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions in Eastern Indonesia from Non-Oil and Gas Sources (Case Study in Sulawesi and Papua)." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v3i3.24754.
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<p>Estimation of air pollutant emissions from non-oil and gas sources in eastern Indonesia, namely Sulawesi and Papua provinces during the period 2014 – 2016 was conducted. This paper intended to estimate the emission of three air pollutants namely NOx, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>. The aim was to find out the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas (<em>GHG</em>) emissions in the Sulawesi and Papua regions. The method used was the emission estimation method based on statistical data of Gross Regional Domestic Income (GRDP) in the Papua and Sulawesi regions. The results from estimation of pollutant emissions was then carried out for pollutant emissions mapping. The pollutant emission estimation showed the emission of air pollutants in Sulawesi region was higher than Papua. The mapping of emissions in Sulawesi were consisted of four provinces, namely north, central, south and southeast Sulawesi. The Papua region were consisted of Papua and west Papua provinces. The highest emission in Sulawesi region was south Sulawesi. The CO<sub>2</sub> emission in Sulawesi was increase about 23% with the detail value; 84.4 tons in 2014; 94.3 tons in 2015; and 103.7 tons in 2016. The emission of NOx during 2014 until 2016 are 0.53, 0.58 and 0.64 tons, there was an increasing in the emission of NOx around 21%. In addition, SO<sub>2</sub> emission of south Sulawesi are 0.42 tons in 2014, 0.47 tons in 2015 and 0.51 tons in 2016, increased about 21 % during the year 2014 - 2016. In the Papua region, the emission in Papua was higher than Papua Barat province. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Papua during 2014 -2016 were 112, 124.8 and 144.99 tons, it means the CO<sub>2</sub> was increased 29%. The emission of NOx during 2014-2016 were 0.70, 0.77 and 0.89 tons, increased around 27%. In addition, SO<sub>2</sub> emission was increase 26% with the detail value; 0.56 tons in 2014; 0.61 tons in 2015 and 0.71 tons in 2016.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em></em></strong><strong><em><br /></em></strong><em></em></p>
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Tong, Liang, Chunyu Zhang, Zhongbo Peng, and Lumeng Wang. "Spatial–Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Correlation Analysis of Air Pollutants from Ships in Inland Ports." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 14214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114214.
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The ship air pollution problem has become a global issue and poses a threat to the environment as well as the health of residents in the port area. This study used Automatic Identification System (AIS) data combined with a list of air pollutant emissions from ships. The total amount of air pollutant emissions was obtained. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of air pollutants on ships were analyzed, and the correlation of pollutant concentrations was studied on the three major ports. The three main intensive ports are Cuntan Port, Guoyuan Port, and Luoqi Port, and the Pearson correlation analysis is conducted based on the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results showed that: (1) The air pollutant emissions from ships in China Chongqing port region during September to December 2021 were mainly dominated by CO2 and NOX. (2) The air pollutant emissions from ships in the Yangtze River Basin were highest in October 2021 and lowest in December. (3) The correlation between PM2.5 and CO2 showed the largest in Cuntan Port and Luoqi Port, and the correlation between CO and CO2 is the largest in Guoyuan Port. It is suggested to establish deceleration zones and emission control zones in Cuntan Port and Guoyuan Port, and to use shore power for berthing in Luoqi Port. We also suggest improving fuel quality and combustion quality, post-treating ship exhaust emissions, increasing port shore power facilities to reduce ship air pollutant emissions, and providing a reference for environmental protection in inland ports.
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Chen, Longgao, Long Li, Xiaoyan Yang, Yu Zhang, Longqian Chen, and Xiaodong Ma. "Assessing the Impact of Land-Use Planning on the Atmospheric Environment through Predicting the Spatial Variability of Airborne Pollutants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020172.
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As an important contributor to pollutant emissions to the atmosphere, land use can degrade environmental quality. In order to assess the impact of land-use planning on the atmosphere, we propose a methodology combining the land-use-based emission inventories of airborne pollutants and the long-term air pollution multi-source dispersion (LAPMD) model in this study. Through a case study of the eastern Chinese city of Lianyungang, we conclude that (1) land-use-based emission inventorying is a more economical way to assess the overall pollutant emissions compared with the industry-based method, and the LAPMD model can map the spatial variability of airborne pollutant concentrations that directly reflects how the implementation of the land-use planning (LUP) scheme impacts on the atmosphere; (2) the environmental friendliness of the LUP scheme can be assessed by an overlay analysis based on the pollution concentration maps and land-use planning maps; (3) decreases in the emissions of SO2 and PM10 within Lianyungang indicate the overall positive impact of land-use planning implementation, while increases in these emissions from certain land-use types (i.e., urban residential and transportation lands) suggest the aggravation of airborne pollutants from these land parcels; and (4) the city center, where most urban population resides, and areas around key plots would be affected by high pollution concentrations. Our methodology is applicable to study areas for which meteorological data are accessible, and is, therefore, useful for decision making if land-use planning schemes specify the objects of airborne pollutant concentration.
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Zhao, H. Y., Q. Zhang, D. B. Guan, S. J. Davis, Z. Liu, H. Huo, J. T. Lin, W. D. Liu, and K. B. He. "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2015): 5443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5443-2015.
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Abstract. Substantial anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and this has generated considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated; however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutant was transferred through economic and trade activities remains a challenge. For the first time, we quantified and tracked China's air pollutant emission flows embodied in interprovincial trade, using a multiregional input–output model framework. Trade relative emissions for four key air pollutants (primary fine particle matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds) were assessed for 2007 in each Chinese province. We found that emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces owing to interprovincial trade. Large amounts of emissions were embodied in the imports of eastern regions from northern and central regions, and these were determined by differences in regional economic status and environmental policy. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers within national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimize consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutant emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to various economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.
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Liu, Jun, Dan Tong, Yixuan Zheng, Jing Cheng, Xinying Qin, Qinren Shi, Liu Yan, Yu Lei, and Qiang Zhang. "Carbon and air pollutant emissions from China's cement industry 1990–2015: trends, evolution of technologies, and drivers." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 1627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1627-2021.
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Abstract. China is the largest cement producer and consumer in the world. Cement manufacturing is highly energy-intensive and is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emissions, which threatens climate mitigation and air quality improvement. In this study, we investigated the decadal changes in carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions for the period of 1990–2015 based on intensive unit-based information on activity rates, production capacity, operation status, and control technologies which improved the accuracy of the cement emissions in China. We found that, from 1990 to 2015, accompanied by a 10.3-fold increase in cement production, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions from China's cement industry increased by 627 %, 56 %, and 659 %, whereas CO, PM2.5, and PM10 emissions decreased by 9 %, 63 %, and 59 %, respectively. In the 1990s, driven by the rapid growth of cement production, CO2 and air pollutant emissions increased constantly. Then, the technological innovation in production of replacing traditional shaft kilns with the new precalciner kilns equipped with high-efficiency control facilities in the 2000s markedly reduced SO2, CO, and PM emissions in the cement industry. In 2010, nationwide, 39 % and 31 % of the nationwide PM2.5 and NOx emission were produced by 3 % and 15 % of the total capacity of the production lines, indicating the disproportionately high emissions from a small number of the super-polluting units. Since 2010, the growing trend of emissions has been further curbed by a combination of measures, including promoting large-scale precalciner production lines and phasing out small ones, upgrading emission standards, installing low NOx burners (LNB), and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) to reduce NOx emissions, as well as adopting more advanced particulate matter control technologies. Our study highlights the effectiveness of advanced technologies on air pollutant emission control; however, CO2 emissions from China's cement industry kept growing throughout the period, posing challenges to future carbon emission mitigation in China.
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Kuzmin, V. R., M. S. Zarodnyuk, and L. V. Massel. "Impact assessment of emissions from energy facilities on the Baikal natural area." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-1-70-80.
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This work aims to establish a technology for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the impact of energy facilities on the environment. The proposed strategy combines regulatory methods for calculating pollutant emissions and dispersion, as well as the laboratory findings on pollutant content in snow samples. To assist the technology, a scientific prototype of an intelligent decision-making support system known as WIAIS (Web-oriented Impact Assessment Information System) was developed. The proposed technology includes three principal stages: calculating the quantitative indicators of pollutant emissions, calculating the pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere, examining snow samples for the pollutant content and comparing them with the obtained results. For practical evaluation of the proposed technology, a computational experiment was performed, which assessed the impact of emissions from the boiler plants located in the Baikal natural area and powered by different types of coal. The testing was performed using the data on 48 boiler plants of various installed capacities having different equipment and located all over the Baikal nature area. Data on the main pollutants emitted by energy facilities (sulfates, nitrogen oxides, solids) were obtained. Quantitative indicators of pollutant emissions were established; thus, the total volume of pollutants amounts to 18.33 thousand tons/year. Furthermore, the largest sources of pollutants were identified, including boiler plants in Slyudyanka, Elantsy settlement, Severobaikalsk, and Nizhneangarsk settlement. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used for environmental assessments of the existing power plants, as well as for designing new power facilities and developing recommendations for reducing pollutant emissions.
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Gentner, Drew R., and Fulizi Xiong. "Tracking pollutant emissions." Nature Geoscience 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0027-y.
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Wang, J. M., C. H. Jeong, N. Zimmerman, R. M. Healy, D. K. Wang, F. Ke, and G. J. Evans. "Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions and the contribution from high emitters." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2015): 2881–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-2881-2015.
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Abstract. An automated identification and integration method has been developed to investigate in-use vehicle emissions under real-world conditions. This technique was applied to high time resolution air pollutant measurements of in-use vehicle emissions performed under real-world conditions at a near-road monitoring station in Toronto, Canada during four seasons, through month-long campaigns in 2013–2014. Based on carbon dioxide measurements, over 100 000 vehicle-related plumes were automatically identified and fuel-based emission factors for nitrogen oxides; carbon monoxide; particle number, black carbon; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and methanol were determined for each plume. Thus the automated identification enabled the measurement of an unprecedented number of plumes and pollutants over an extended duration. Emission factors for volatile organic compounds were also measured roadside for the first time using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer; this instrument provided the time resolution required for the plume capture technique. Mean emission factors were characteristic of the light-duty gasoline dominated vehicle fleet present at the measurement site, with mean black carbon and particle number emission factors of 35 mg kg−1 and 7.7 × 1014 kg−1, respectively. The use of the plume-by-plume analysis enabled isolation of vehicle emissions, and the elucidation of co-emitted pollutants from similar vehicle types, variability of emissions across the fleet, and the relative contribution from heavy emitters. It was found that a small proportion of the fleet (< 25%) contributed significantly to total fleet emissions; 95, 93, 76, and 75% for black carbon, carbon monoxide, BTEX, and particle number, respectively. Emission factors of a single pollutant may help classify a vehicle as a high emitter. However, regulatory strategies to more efficiently target multi-pollutants mixtures may be better developed by considering the co-emitted pollutants as well.
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Tian, Ya, Chao He, Lu Yang, Jiahui Yi, Biqin Ke, Hang Mu, Peiyue Tu, Zhixiang Ye, and Song Hong. "Spatiotemporal Dynamic Correlation Characteristics and Driving Factors of Major Air Pollutant Emissions in China." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010130.
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Air pollution is closely associated with human health and the economy. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in the spatiotemporal and sectoral emission distributions of major air pollutants and their drivers. The policies (APAPPC) promulgated by China in 2013 have also achieved remarkable results. Rate of change, trend analysis, and a geographically and temporally weighted regression model were used to study the effects of socioeconomic factors on NOx, SO2, and dust emissions in China during 2011—2017. During the study period, annual average emissions of NOx, SO2, and dust decreased by 11.45, 13.42, and 4.82 Mt (−47.64, −60.53, and −39.05%), respectively. Pollutant emissions were concentrated in North China, with Shandong and Hebei provinces exhibiting the highest NOx and SO2 and dust emissions, respectively. Pollutant emissions from the power and industrial sectors were mainly distributed in East (27.08 and 28.00%, respectively) and North China (23.57 and 20.04%, respectively), whereas emissions from the residential sector were mainly concentrated in North (22.48%) and Southwest China (20.07%). Pollutant emissions were positively correlated with electricity generation, urban population density, urban green spaces, private car ownership, the secondary industry as a share of regional GDP, and steel production and negatively correlated with disposable income and gross construction output. Per capita disposable income was the dominant driving factor.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Influence of the Thermal State of Vehicle Combustion Engines on the Results of the National Inventory of Pollutant Emissions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199084.
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The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the thermal state of vehicle combustion engines on pollutant emissions. This influence was analyzed based on data from Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions for the years 1990–2017. The results show that during engine warm-up, carbon monoxide emission constitutes the largest share (up to 50%) in the national annual total emission. Volatile organic compounds are next in the ranking, whereas the share of nitrogen oxides is the lowest (less than 5%). Under the model traffic conditions, close to those in Poland’s cities in winter, simulation tests regarding additional pollutant emissions from passenger cars during engine warm-up were also carried out. As a result of the cold-start emissive behavior of internal combustion engines, emissions of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds showed a considerably greater impact on national pollutant emission, as compared to carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. This is particularly evident for the results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from road transport.
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Dragomir Balanica, Carmelia Mariana, Ciprian Cuzmin, Cecilia Serban, and Cristian Muntenita. "The impact of road transport emissions on air quality in Brăila, Romania." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 15, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2021152001.
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Road transport, including accessibility and individual mobility is considered unanimously as a fundamental element of contemporary living. The study area is considering Braila County with a total population of around over 305,000. The area it is well served by 6 national roads, 27 county roads and 42 communal roads and contains some of the most heavily trafficked stretches of road in the Romania. The emissions analysed in this study CH4, CO, CO2, N2O, NH3, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10, were collected by the Agency for Environmental Protection Braila during 2015-2019 based on questionnaires according to EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. The highest level of pollutant emissions was recorded in 2017, more exactly 191714,5 Megatons. In this article we analysed five categories of pollution sources: Passenger car, Light commercial trucks, Heavy-duty vehicles, Motorcycles and Non - Road vehicles and other mobile equipment. With the exception of CO2, N2O and NH3, pollutant emissions decreased for the eight pollutants analysed.
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Ramani, Tara, Rohit Jaikumar, Haneen Khreis, Mathieu Rouleau, and Nick Charman. "Air Quality and Health Impacts of Freight Modal Shifts: Review and Assessment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (March 2019): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119834008.
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Freight movement is a significant and growing contributor to transportation emissions globally. Modal shifts in freight, that is, moving freight from a higher emission mode to one associated with lower emissions, are discussed as a strategy to reduce emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, there is limited knowledge of the magnitude of potential benefits and their impacts on human health. The overall goal of this study is to identify and characterize the potential of modal shifts in freight transport for mitigating air pollutant emissions, air pollutant concentrations, population exposure to air pollutants, and health impacts. The analysis was conducted in the Canadian context, with a focus on land-based freight such as trucks, trains, and pipelines, as well as marine shipping for inland and coastal waters. A structured review of the existing literature database, and a critical assessment of the findings was conducted, using a weight-of-evidence approach. The assessment took into consideration potential local and regional variables for Canada. The results indicated that there is limited evidence that road-to-rail, road-to-marine, and rail-to-marine modal shifts could reduce pollutant and GHG emissions. There was insufficient evidence on modal shifts involving the pipeline mode, and on the air quality, population exposure, and health impacts related to any modal shift. Several research gaps remain, which must be addressed establish the emissions, air quality, and health impacts of freight modal shifts.
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Yang, Na, Zilong Zhang, Bing Xue, Junxia Ma, Xingpeng Chen, and Chenyu Lu. "Economic Growth and Pollution Emission in China: Structural Path Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072569.
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The relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution has long been a controversial topic. However, simply the detection of the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is not enough to understand how economic growth induced environmental pollution. This study investigated the path and mechanism of the effect of economic growth on the emission of two types of environmental pollutants, that is, industrial smoke and dust and sulfur dioxide, by using a structural equation model and a sample of 283 prefecture-level cities in China in 2005 and 2015. The research results show that economic growth exerted both direct and indirect effects on the emission of the two environmental pollutants. In addition to a direct impact through the economic scale effect, economic growth also indirectly impacted the two environmental pollutants emissions through three mediators, that is, industrial structure, technological innovations and environmental regulations. For different pollutants, the effect paths of economic growth on their emission showed both similarities and differences. First, with regards to industrial smoke and dust emissions and sulfur dioxide emissions, the effects of economic growth on the amount of these two emissions through environmental regulations and the industrial structure were negative inhibitory effects and positive promoting effects, respectively. This means that in prefectural-level cities in China, environmental regulation factors have produced some effects in reducing the emissions of these two pollutants while the industrial structure (level of industrialization) can increase the emissions of these two pollutants. However, the effect strength of these two paths shows a gradual weakening. Second, these two paths differ in effect strength and its changes. The positive promoting effects of the industrial structure on pollutant emission are significantly higher than the inhibitory effects of environmental regulation. In addition, our study also found that the direct impact path of economic growth on environmental pollution also passed significance testing, particularly in 2015. This shows that other reasons affect pollutant emission, such as system factors, spatial migration of industries and so forth.
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Yatsenko, Y. "THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY ACTIONS ON ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 82-83 (2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2022.82.12.
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During the research of the assessment of the consequences of military actions on atmospheric air quality, general scientific research methods were used: methods of analysis and synthesis, which involve the collection, analysis and generalization of information. Information on the assessment of the consequences of military actions on atmospheric air quality in Ukraine and the world was collected, analyzed, structured and summarized. The main sources of emissions of pollutants during military operations were analyzed and identified. It was established that they can be divided into three groups: 1) emissions of pollutants as a result of explosions and shelling of industrial facilities; 2) emissions of pollutants due to fires in ecosystems; 3) emissions due to the burning of fuel by military transport. A number of pollutants entering the atmospheric air from the specified sources have been identified. All pollutants are divided into three groups. The first group is the main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, SO2, CO, NOx, heavy metals, etc.). The second group is specific pollutants (a huge variety of them is introduced). The third group is greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O). It has been determined that pollutant emissions based on the required input information on fuel mass or burning area can be estimated using emission factors used in EPA, EMEP, etc. reports. In the absence of emission factors, pollutant emissions can be specified taking into account the technical requirements of atmospheric transfer models. As a result of constant bombings, artillery fire, fires and accidents that occur, the movement of heavy military transport, there is a significant emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. It has a very negative effect on its quality. Knowing the causes and sources of pollution, as well as pollutants entering the air as a result of military actions, is extremely important and relevant. After all, this will directly help to assess the consequences of such an impact on the life and health of the population and can become indisputable evidence for the state when deciding the issue of reparations.
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Gusnita, Dessy. "Impact of Forest Fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan to Atmospheric Pollution During Period Of 2010-2015." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v6i1.35027.
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<p>contribute significantly. Pollutant emissions caused by forest fires comprising CO, SO<sub>2</sub> and dust (PM10). This paper will be analyzed estimates of pollutant emissions in both Kalimantan and Sumatra using the estimation method based on the amount of material burned. Estimates of the emissions and dispersion of pollutants such as particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide were investigated. Distribution and concentration of pollutants used time series of monthly data and spatial map based on satellite data. Extensive data from the 2010-2014 forest fires data from the ministry of the environment and forestry (KLHK) and forest fire data period 2015 from LAPAN. Pollutant concentration data used AIRS on satellite data, OMI satellite and MERRA during 2010-2011 and in 2014-2015, adjusted to the data in situ vast wildfires for both regions. The results of estimation of pollutant emissions in Sumatra shows emissions from forest fires for the period of 2010 greater than in 2011, reaching 9 tons of CO per year, while emissions from fires and plantations during 2011 were higher than in 2010 with a very high value of 150 Tons/year for pollutants CO. In Kalimantan, emissions from forest fires during 2010-2011 CO emissions highest in West Kalimantan 11.13 tons/year and South Kalimantan 12.14 tons of CO per year. Emissions from fires and plantations in South Kalimantan reached 32.11 tons/year. <span style="text-decoration: line-through;"> </span><strong></strong></p>
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González Rivera, Ana Isabel, Violeta Mugica-Álvarez, Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría, Pablo Sánchez Álvarez, Víctor Magaña Rueda, Gustavo Vázquez Cruz, and Armando Retama. "Air Quality and Atmospheric Emissions from the Operation of the Main Mexican Port in the Gulf of Mexico from 2019 to 2020." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020265.
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Pollutant emissions into the atmosphere derived from port activities can be transported to surrounding regions and cities depending on wind speed and direction, having an impact on air quality. In this research, emissions of atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, NMHCs, CO2, SO2, TSP, PM2.5 and PM10) were estimated for: tanks, container, roll-on/roll-off (RO-RO), bulk carriers and general cargo ships, using emission factors in the hoteling and maneuvering stage in the port area of Veracruz, Mexico, during 2019 and 2020 despite the suspension period of activities due to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. Among the total estimated emissions, CO2 presented the highest values for 2019 (31,177 kg/year) and 2020 (29,003 kg/year), whereas CH4 presented the lowest values with 0.294 kg/year for 2019 and 0.273 kg/year for 2020. The highest estimated emissions for CO2, NOx and SO2 occurred in the maneuvering stage in 2019 for bulk carriers, tanks and container ships. Likewise, the highest estimated emissions were during the hoteling stage of the container ships in 2020. This study will provide an updated ship emissions inventory for the Gulf of Mexico region where the Port of Veracruz is located. In addition, SO2 and PM2.5 measurements were performed from October 2019 to December 2020. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the Mexican Ambient Air Quality Standard (MAAQS) value of 45 µg m−3 for the 24-h average concentration several times, on the opposite, SO2 exhibited concentrations up to 20 times lower than the 24-h MAAQS value of 40 ppb. Results showed that pollutant emissions in the port of Veracruz exhibited a seasonal variability, modifying their dispersion and the possible effects. Our main conclusion is that current port area is the major source of pollutant emissions (SO2 and PM2.5) throughout the year, whereas the expansion area of the port of Veracruz does not represent still a significant rise of pollutant emissions, but it is expected that the growth of port activity will directly increase the concentrations of pollutants emitted.
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Kong, Wei Zheng, Bi Bin Huang, Qiong Hui Li, and Xiao Lu Wang. "Study on Development Path of Electric Vehicle in China from a View of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.355.
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In this paper, the change of fossil energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions are calculated when petroleum based vehicles (PBVs) are taken place by EVs based upon the full-cycle energy efficiency theory with the energy efficiency measured from well to wheel.. Calculation results show that the fossil energy consumption, CO2, monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can be reduced with the substitution of EVs for vehicles that burn gasoline (GVs), but nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions increase. When vehicles that burn diesel (DVs) are replaced by EVs, the emissions of pollutants except SO2 will be reduced, but the emissions of CO2 and SO2 will increase. Considering the proportion of coal-fired power generation to the total power generation in China, the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction cannot be perfectly achieved by the substitution of PBVs by EVs. Therefore, the proportion of clean energy generation should be increased in China and technological updating of coal-fired power plants for reducing CO2 and pollutant emissions are necessary as well. Besides, GVs, other than DVs, should be replaced by EVs from the perspective of energy conservation and CO2 emission.
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Ren, Qilong, and Hui Li. "Spatiotemporal Effects and Driving Factors of Water Pollutants Discharge in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region." Water 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091174.
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The problem of water pollution is a social issue in China requiring immediate and urgent solutions. In the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the contradiction between preserving the ecological environment and facilitating sustainable economic development is particularly acute. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of water pollutants and their factors of influence using statistics on the discharge of two water pollutants, namely chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen), in 154 counties in both 2012 and 2016 as research units in the region. The study employed Exploratory Spatial-Time Data Analysis (ESTDA), Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE), and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models, as well as ArcGIS and GeoDa software, obtaining the following conclusions: (1) From 2012 to 2016, pollutant discharge dropped significantly, with COD and NH3-N emissions decreasing 65.9% and 47.2%, respectively; the pollutant emissions possessed the spatial feature of gradual gradient descent from the central districts to the periphery. (2) The water pollutants discharge displayed significant and positive spatial correlations. The spatiotemporal cohesion of the spatiotemporal evolution of the pollutants was higher than their spatiotemporal fluidity, representing strong spatial locking. (3) The level of economic development, the level of urbanization, and the intensity of agricultural production input significantly and positively drove pollutant discharge; the environmental regulations had a significant effect on reducing the emission of pollutants. In particular, the effect for NH3-N emissions reduction was stronger; the driving effect of the industrial structure and the distance decay was not significant.
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Büke, T., and A. Ç. Köne. "External cost of pollutant emissions in Turkey." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012066.
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Abstract External costs that occur in the use of energy resources are one of the most important criteria in determining energy and environmental policies. For this purpose, it is important to know the external costs of any energy sources. The purpose of this study is to calculate external costs due to air pollutants in Turkey for the years 2000 and 2019. The air pollutants namely ammonia, nonmethane volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulphur dioxide have been taken into consideration in the evaluation for the impact categories-human health damage, loss of biodiversity, crop losses, and buildings damaged. These pollutant emissions data were obtained from the European Environmental Agency database. Then, these pollutant emissions data were used in the monetization calculations for the years 2000 and 2019. According to the evaluation, air pollutant emissions’ total external costs in Turkey were 25135,72 Million Euros and 24654,42 Million Euros for the years 2000 and 2019 respectively.
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Zhao, Y., J. Zhang, and C. P. Nielsen. "The effects of energy paths and emission controls and standards on future trends in China's emissions of primary air pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 6 (March 24, 2014): 7917–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-7917-2014.
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Abstract. To examine the efficacy of China's actions to control atmospheric pollution, three levels of growth of energy consumption and three levels of implementation of emission controls are estimated, generating a total of nine combined activity-emission control scenarios that are then used to estimate trends of national emissions of primary air pollutants through 2030. The emission control strategies are expected to have more effects than the energy paths on the future emission trends for all the concerned pollutants. As recently promulgated national action plans of air pollution prevention and control (NAPAPPC) are implemented, China's anthropogenic pollutant emissions should decline. For example, the emissions of SO2, NOx, total primary particulate matter (PM), PM10, and PM2.5 are estimated to decline 7%, 20%, 41%, 34%, and 31% from 2010 to 2030, respectively, in the "best guess" scenario that includes national commitment of energy saving policy and partial implementation of NAPAPPC. Should the issued/proposed emission standards be fully achieved, a less likely scenario, annual emissions would be further reduced, ranging from 17% (for primary PM2.5) to 29% (for NOx) declines in 2015, and the analogue numbers would be 12% and 24% in 2030. The uncertainties of emission projections result mainly from the uncertain operational conditions of swiftly proliferating air pollutant control devices and lack of detailed information about emission control plans by region. The predicted emission trends by sector and chemical species raise concerns about current pollution control strategies: the potential for emissions abatement in key sectors may be declining due to the near saturation of emission control devices use; risks of ecosystem acidification could rise because emissions of alkaline base cations may be declining faster than those of SO2; and radiative forcing could rise because emissions of positive-forcing carbonaceous aerosols may decline more slowly than those of SO2 emissions and thereby concentrations of negative-forcing sulfate particles. Expanded control of emissions of fine particles and carbonaceous aerosols from small industrial and residential sources is recommended, and a more comprehensive emission control strategy targeting a wider range of pollutants and taking account of more diverse environmental impacts is also urgently needed.
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Zhao, Y., J. Zhang, and C. P. Nielsen. "The effects of energy paths and emission controls and standards on future trends in China's emissions of primary air pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2014): 8849–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8849-2014.
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Abstract. To examine the efficacy of China's actions to control atmospheric pollution, three levels of growth of energy consumption and three levels of implementation of emission controls are estimated, generating a total of nine combined activity-emission control scenarios that are then used to estimate trends of national emissions of primary air pollutants through 2030. The emission control strategies are expected to have more effects than the energy paths on the future emission trends for all the concerned pollutants. As recently promulgated national action plans of air pollution prevention and control (NAPAPPC) are implemented, China's anthropogenic pollutant emissions should decline. For example, the emissions of SO2, NOx, total suspended particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 are estimated to decline 7, 20, 41, 34, and 31% from 2010 to 2030, respectively, in the "best guess" scenario that includes national commitment of energy saving policy and implementation of NAPAPPC. Should the issued/proposed emission standards be fully achieved, a less likely scenario, annual emissions would be further reduced, ranging from 17 (for primary PM2.5) to 29% (for NOx) declines in 2015, and the analogue numbers would be 12 and 24% in 2030. The uncertainties of emission projections result mainly from the uncertain operational conditions of swiftly proliferating air pollutant control devices and lack of detailed information about emission control plans by region. The predicted emission trends by sector and chemical species raise concerns about current pollution control strategies: the potential for emissions abatement in key sectors may be declining due to the near saturation of emission control devices use; risks of ecosystem acidification could rise because emissions of alkaline base cations may be declining faster than those of SO2; and radiative forcing could rise because emissions of positive-forcing carbonaceous aerosols may decline more slowly than those of SO2 emissions and thereby concentrations of negative-forcing sulfate particles. Expanded control of emissions of fine particles and carbonaceous aerosols from small industrial and residential sources is recommended, and a more comprehensive emission control strategy targeting a wider range of pollutants (volatile organic compounds, NH3 and CO, etc.) and taking account of more diverse environmental impacts is also urgently needed.
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A.A. Artemyeva, A. A. x., and I. A. Maksimova. "ON THE ISSUE OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR QUALITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF MORBIDITY OF THE POPULATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN UDMURTIA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 32, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2022-32-2-130-139.
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As part of the study, the analysis of quantitative data in terms of emissions of pollutants in the context of administrative units of Udmurtia was carried out. The ranking of the territory of Udmurtia by the level of total emissions of solid and gaseous pollutants per year from all stationary emission sources was carried out. The component-by-component structure of pollutant emissions has been determined both for the republic as a whole and for rural settlements, with the identification of "risk" territories by the level of emissions of some pollutants. An assessment of the possible adverse impact of atmospheric air quality on the health of the population was carried out by identifying the specific structure of morbidity of various age categories of the population of Udmurtia.
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Stanković, Stamenka, Vladimir Đorić, and Jelena Kajalić. "Estimation of pollutant emissions from traffic using microsimulation models." Tehnika 76, no. 6 (2021): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2106801s.
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Traditional traffic management methods are mainly focused on travel time optimization, ie minimizing control delay. The modern approach is increasingly emphasizing the minimization of negative impacts of traffic on the environment. Therefore, it is important to enable the evaluation of different traffic management strategies from the aspect of pollutant emissions. Microscopic simulation models enable detailed (second-by-second) representation of traffic flow, which creates a precondition for integration with emission models to enable this aspect of evaluating different management strategies. The paper presents the possibility of integrating the microscopic simulation model VISSIM and the emission model MOVES. It was concluded that this integration enables the comparison of different management strategies from the aspect of emissions of various pollutants.
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Kurokawa, Junichi, and Toshimasa Ohara. "Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 12761–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020.
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Abstract. A long-term historical emission inventory of air and climate pollutants in East, Southeast, and South Asia during 1950–2015 was developed as the Regional Emission inventory in ASia version 3 (REASv3). REASv3 provides details of emissions from major anthropogenic sources for each country and its sub-regions and also provides monthly gridded data with 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution. The average total emissions in Asia during 1950–1955 and during 2010–2015 (growth rates in these 60 years estimated from the two averages) are as follows: SO2: 3.2 Tg, 42.4 Tg (13.1); NOx: 1.6 Tg, 47.3 Tg (29.1); CO: 56.1 Tg, 303 Tg (5.4); non-methane volatile organic compounds: 7.0 Tg, 57.8 Tg (8.3); NH3: 8.0 Tg, 31.3 Tg (3.9); CO2: 1.1 Pg, 18.6 Pg (16.5) (CO2 excluding biofuel combustion 0.3 Pg, 16.8 Pg (48.6)); PM10: 5.9 Tg, 30.2 Tg (5.1); PM2.5: 4.6 Tg, 21.3 Tg (4.6); black carbon: 0.69 Tg, 3.2 Tg (4.7); and organic carbon: 2.5 Tg, 6.6 Tg (2.7). Clearly, all the air pollutant emissions in Asia increased significantly during these 6 decades, but situations were different among countries and regions. Due to China's rapid economic growth in recent years, its relative contribution to emissions in Asia has been the largest. However, most pollutant species reached their peaks by 2015, and the growth rates of other species were found to be reduced or almost zero. On the other hand, air pollutant emissions from India showed an almost continuous increasing trend. As a result, the relative ratio of emissions of India to that of Asia has increased recently. The trend observed in Japan was different from the rest of Asia. In Japan, emissions increased rapidly during the 1950s–1970s, which reflected the economic situation of the period; however, most emissions decreased from their peak values, which were approximately 40 years ago, due to the introduction of control measures for air pollution. Similar features were found in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In the case of other Asian countries, air pollutant emissions generally showed an increase along with economic growth and motorization. Trends and spatial distribution of air pollutants in Asia are becoming complicated. Data sets of REASv3, including table of emissions by countries and sub-regions for major sectors and fuel types, and monthly gridded data with 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution for major source categories are available through the following URL: https://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/index.html (last access: 31 October 2020).
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Zhao, H. Y., Q. Zhang, S. J. Davis, D. Guan, Z. Liu, H. Huo, J. T. Lin, W. D. Liu, and K. B. He. "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by a consumption-based emission inventory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 18 (October 9, 2014): 25617–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-25617-2014.
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Abstract. High anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and it has attracted considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated, however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutants were transferred through economic and trade activities remains challenge. In this work, we assessed China's virtual air pollutant transport embodied in trade, by using consumption-based accounting approach. We first constructed a consumption-based emission inventory for China's four key air pollutants (primary PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC)) in 2007, based on the bottom-up sectoral emission inventory concerning their production activities – a production-based inventory. We used a multiregional input-output (MRIO) model to integrate the sectoral production-based emissions and the associated economic and trade activities, and finally obtained consumption-based inventory. Unlike the production-based inventory, the consumption-based inventory tracked emissions throughout the supply chain related to the consumption of goods and services and hereby identified the emission flows followed the supply chains. From consumption-based perspective, emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces due to interprovincial trade. Large amount of emissions were embodied in the net imports of east regions from northern and central regions; these were determined by differences in the regional economic status and environmental policies. We also calculated the emissions embodied in exported and imported goods and services. It is found that 15–23% of China's pollutant emissions were related to exports for foreign consumption; that proportion was much higher for central and export-oriented coastal regions. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers in national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimizing consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutants emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to different economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.
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Voznyak, Orest, Yuriy Yurkevych, Oleksandr Dovbush, Olena Savchenko, and Mariana Kasynets. "MONITORING THE STATE OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THE LVIV REGION." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.01.049.
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The article presents the results of monitoring the state of the air environment of Lviv region in 2020. The main sources of pollution are identified and statistical data on emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are given. The aim of the work is to analyze the state of the environment, natural resources of Lviv region, trends in their changes and environmental measures. Volumes of pollutant emissions from stationary sources of air pollution from enterprises, institutions and organizations of Lviv region were determined by conducting an inventory of stationary sources of pollutant emissions into the air, types and volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by stationary sources, equipment facilities of the region.