Journal articles on the topic 'Emission reduction efforts'
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Sawyer, William, Islam Genina, Rebecca Brenneis, Haosheng Feng, Yunpo Li, and Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo. "Methane emissions and global warming: Mitigation technologies, policy ambitions, and global efforts." MIT Science Policy Review 3 (August 29, 2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.8u4spgvc0e.
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Methane emissions are the second highest contributor to climate change. Despite having a much lower atmospheric concentration than carbon dioxide, anthropogenic methane emissions account for almost one-third of anthropogenic warming since the pre-industrial period. Recently, the reduction of methane emissions has been recognized as an effective lever for reducing the impact of climate change in the next decade with less drastic economic and industrial costs than equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation. However, the wide range of methane emission sources, many of which are intermittent and at low concentration, poses a challenge for current detection and mitigation tools. Promising technical progress has been made on both fronts over the past decade, especially within the oil and gas sector, yet widespread implementation of mitigation policies and technologies lags considerably. The 2021 Global Methane Pledge for a 30% reduction in emissions by 2030 signals an increase in political will and can be achieved with these existing tools. It is estimated that the majority of these reductions can be accomplished through revenue-neutral or positive actions. Yet, a faster rate of reductions and sustained reductions beyond what is already available will be needed to maintain a 1.5◦C pathway. In the long term, more comprehensive policies, coupled with significant innovations in methane emission monitoring and mitigation, could enable an effective climate change mitigation strategy.
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Sun, Rui, Dayi He, Jingjing Yan, and Li Tao. "Mechanism Analysis of Applying Blockchain Technology to Forestry Carbon Sink Projects Based on the Differential Game Model." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111697.
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As an important way to reduce emission, forestry carbon sink (FCS) has not been implemented effectively. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the effectiveness and mechanism of applying blockchain technology in FCS projects by utilizing the differential game model. A Stackelberg differential game model between forest farmers and emission-controlled enterprises (ECEs) is developed to analyze the optimal emission reduction efforts and the optimal trajectory of forest farmers and ECEs before and after introducing blockchain technology. It is found that: (1) At the initial stage of the utilization of blockchain technology, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stabilizing carbon prices, the ECEs prefer to purchase FCS instead of reducing emissions by their own technology. On the contrary, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stimulating the vitality of the carbon trading market, ECEs tend to use emission abatement technology to meet the carbon quote requirements. (2) In the later stage, the incentive and stabilizing effects of blockchain technology on carbon prices tend to be balanced, and the emission reduction efforts of ECEs are lower than the efforts before applying blockchain technology. (3) The application of blockchain technology increases forest farmers’ willingness to reduce emissions because of its effection of cost reduction and efficiency improvement. Meanwhile, blockchain technology reduces abatement costs by influencing carbon prices. Therefore, blockchain technology improves forest farmers’ emission reduction efforts on the whole.
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Jajal, Priyanka, and Trupti Mishra. "Potential climate change mitigation of Indian Construction Industry through a shift in energy efficient technology by 2050." Advances in Geosciences 45 (August 21, 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-155-2018.
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Abstract. Climate change is a growing concern that is attracting international efforts. India, as a developing country, has committed to reducing its emission intensity of GDP up to 30 %–35 % by 2030. The emission intense sectors would be targeted to achieve climate commitment. One of the emission intense sector is construction raw material manufacturing that contributes 10 % share in the total emissions making it one of the potential mitigation sector. The study examines emissions from the construction raw materials namely, cement, steel, and brick manufacturing and presents two emission scenarios up to 2050. Energy efficient scenario (S2) is compared with a reference scenario (S1) developed based on a bottom-up approach. The results indicate that a moderate energy efficiency improvements and technological shifts lead to a decrease in emissions of 72 MT CO2 by 2030 and 137 MT CO2 by 2050. Further, the steel industry has the highest reduction potential, as the current technologies are energy inefficient. Similarly, the current dependency on fired bricks may be shifted to cement setting blocks leading to emission reductions. Cement manufacturing, on the other hand, shows limited scope for emission reduction that may be achieved through energy efficiency improvements. Efforts towards energy efficiency improvements in construction raw material manufacturing would result in reductions beyond the existing commitment of the Paris Agreement for India by 2030.
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Che, Cheng, Yi Chen, Xiaoguang Zhang, and Zhihong Zhang. "The Impact of Different Government Subsidy Methods on Low-Carbon Emission Reduction Strategies in Dual-Channel Supply Chain." Complexity 2021 (January 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668243.
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With the implementation of national carbon emission reduction policies and the development of online shopping, manufacturers are making low-carbon efforts and selling products through dual channels. This paper constructs a dual-channel supply chain decision-making model composed of low-carbon emission reduction manufacturers and retailers and studies the optimal decision-making problem of the supply chain under subsidies by the government based on emission reduction R&D and per unit product emission reduction. The research results show the following: (1) when the government subsidizes emission reduction R&D, the emission reduction will have an impact on retailers’ optimal prices, manufacturers’ optimal wholesale prices, and optimal direct sales channel sales prices. The profit of the manufacturer increases with the increase in carbon emissions, and the profit of the manufacturer increases to a certain level and then appears to decline. (2) When the government adopts a subsidy method based on the emission reduction per unit product, the manufacturer’s wholesale price and the selling price of direct sales channels, as well as the retailer’s own optimal price, will increase with the increase in emission reductions. Retailers’ profits will increase linearly with the increase in carbon emissions. Manufacturers’ profits will first increase in a straight line and then increase in a curve.
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Indartik, Indartik, Nunung Parlinah, and Mega Lugina. "UPAYA PEMBANGUNAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI UNTUK PENURUNAN EMISI KARBON." Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2011.8.2.139-147.
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Li, Zhipeng, Shuzhen Zhu, and Xinyu Cao. "Incentive Contract Design considering Fairness Preferences and Carbon Emission Reduction Multiobjective Tasks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6541682.
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Considering the multitargets of corporate carbon emission reduction and the fairness preference psychology of the company, a government incentive model for corporate carbon emission reduction was constructed. The impact of corporate fairness preferences on government carbon emission reduction incentive strategies is studied. In addition, numerical simulation is used to analyze the impact of changes in correlation coefficients, fairness preference coefficients, and discount rates on the optimal enterprise effort coefficient and the government optimal incentive coefficient. Research shows that the degree of fairness preference of a company has a direct impact on the degree of corporate effort, while the discount rate will only have an impact on the company’s long-term effort. In order to improve corporate carbon emission reduction efforts, the government must not only consider the impact of fairness preference on corporate efforts but also flexibly adjust the incentive coefficient of long-term and short-term tasks based on the discount rate.
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Zhang, Xiufan, and Decheng Fan. "The Spatial-Temporal Evolution of China’s Carbon Emission Intensity and the Analysis of Regional Emission Reduction Potential under the Carbon Emissions Trading Mechanism." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127442.
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It is of great significance to study the regional differences and temporal and spatial evolution of China’s carbon emission intensity under the carbon emissions trading mechanism, and to explore the potential for regional emission reduction. This paper uses the Theil index and Moran index to analyze the regional differences and temporal and spatial evolution trend of carbon emission intensity in China from 2010 to 2019, further constructs the emission reduction effect standard of carbon emissions trading mechanisms, discusses the emission reduction effect of the trading mechanisms, and measures the regional emission reduction potential according to the environmental learning curve. The results showed that: (1) China’s overall carbon emissions continued to increase, but the carbon emission intensity showed an overall decreasing trend. There are strong regional differences in China’s carbon emission intensity. The carbon emission intensity in the western region is higher, and the overall regional difference is decreasing year by year. (2) China’s carbon emissions trading mechanism has a significant reduction effect, but the total quota slack of the Tianjin, Beijing, and Chongqing carbon emissions trading pilot markets is loose. (3) Shanghai, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia, and Beijing are high-efficiency carbon emission reduction provinces (more than 35%), and Fujian and Xinjiang are low-efficiency carbon emission reduction provinces (less than 15%). It is necessary to further develop the demonstration effect of high emission reduction potential areas and increase the emission reduction efforts in low emission reduction potential areas.
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Indriyani, Lies, La Gandri, Jois Liling Padang, and Sahindomi Bana. "Carbon Footprint Analysis of Household Activities and CO2 Reduction Efforts in Pondambea Village, Kadia District, Kendari City." Journal of Soilscape and Agriculture 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsa.v1i1.124.
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The increase in population causes an effect on increasing CO2 production, especially from the household energy sector. The increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main trigger for climate change and the effects of greenhouse gases. Indications of the occurrence of this phenomenon can be seen from the increase in air temperature and the formation of an urban heat island in Kendari City in the last 10 years. This study aims to determine the amount of CO₂ emissions from household activities and the absorption of CO2 gas from tree species in Pondambea Village, Kadia District, Kendari City. The method used is a quantitative technique to calculate primary and secondary CO2 emissions. The results show that the total CO2 emission in Pondambea Village is 424.22 tons/month. Meanwhile, the carbon absorption capacity of tree species in Pondambea Village is 421.15 tons/month, so that the remaining carbon emissions are 3.07 tons/month. Therefore, to maintain emission absorption and create zero emission in Pondambea Village, this study recommends maintaining the number of existing trees and adding at least 6 glodokan pole trees or at least 5 king palm trees
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Dewi, R. G., A. Primananda, V. T. N. Harisetyawan, I. N. Ikhsan, K. E. Prasetya, S. E. F. Sitanggang, and G. N. Sevie. "Explore mitigation potential in indonesia’s power sub-sector toward 2060: AIM/End-Use approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012030.
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Abstract The power sector in Indonesia has a significant chance to contribute to the accomplishment of the national emission mitigation target towards NZE (Net Zero emissions) in 2060. In this study, a quantitative evaluation was used to explore and analyze the effectiveness of mitigation efforts toward energy saving potential and GHG emission reduction, as well as the cost-effectiveness of mitigation actions based on the AIM/end-use model. The RUPTL mitigation efforts (CM1 & CM2) contribute 40% (CM1) and 46% (CM2) of the energy sector’s First NDC GHG emission reduction target. Through CM3, the power sector will peak GHG emissions in 2035. This will lead to carbon neutrality by 2060. The considerable reduction in GHG emissions is affected by new and renewable development, low carbon technologies, coal phase-out, and the integration of CCS technology with an additional investment cost of 1810 billion USD or 48 million USD/year (2022-2060). Deep decarbonization in CM3 could enable the power sector avoid carbon taxes and gain revenue $2.2 billion in 2060 from carbon trading.
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Wang-Helmreich, Hanna, and Stefan Lochner. "The potential of natural gas as a bridging technology in low-emission road transportation in Germany." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120131125w.
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Greenhouse gas emission reductions are at the centre of national and international efforts to mitigate climate change. In road transportation, many politically incentivised measures focus on increasing the energy efficiency of established technologies, or promoting electric or hybrid vehicles. The abatement potential of the former approach is limited, electric mobility technologies are not yet market-ready. In a case study for Germany, this paper focuses on natural gas powered vehicles as a bridging technology in road transportation. Scenario analyses with a low level of aggregation show that natural gas-based road transportation in Germany can accumulate up to 464 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent emission reductions until 2030 depending on the speed of the diffusion process. If similar policies were adopted EU-wide, the emission reduction potential could reach a maximum of about 2.5 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent. Efforts to promote natural gas as a bridging technology may therefore contribute to significant emissions reductions.
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Hasudungan, Jaspar, and Jangkung Raharjo. "Determination of Emission Reduction Costs Through Optimization of Generator Scheduling in Indonesia." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 3 (May 18, 2022): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12929.
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The energy crisis, the impact of emissions, the greenhouse effect, and climate change are global issues. The operation of power plants using fossil fuels impacts emissions that are harmful to the environment. This paper discusses the determination of the cost of reducing plant emissions, which is preceded by solving the problem of scheduling generators involving emissions (often known as Economic Emission Dispatch) for various conditions of variation in cost and emission weights using candidate area reduction techniques. This method was tested using the Java-Bali, Indonesia, 500 kV electrical system, 25 buses, with various loads. The ratio between the cost difference and the emission difference is determined in various conditions from the combination of costs and emissions. The simulation results are compared with other methods such as the firefly algorithm, Cuckoo algorithm, and particle swarm optimization. The results of these various methods show that it costs USD 167.3 to USD 218.1 to reduce emissions by 1 ton per 4 hours. This paper provides input to the government in making policies related to flexible power plant emission control. Considering that emission is a national issue in Indonesia, one of the efforts to reduce emissions from power plants is the implementation of policies related to the operation of plants by considering emissions. However, to avoid counter-productivity from the operation of electricity, the government can prepare funding to assist the electricity operator in implementing the policy for limiting the emission of the power plant.
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Nag, Amit Kumar, and Rahul Joshi. "COP 26: Accelerating Efforts Towards Emission Reduction And Net Zero Pledge." Management Accountant Journal 57, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33516/maj.v57i3.68-70p.
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Xu, Tiantian, Chenyi Kang, and Hua Zhang. "China's efforts towards carbon neutrality: Does energy-saving and emission-reduction policy mitigate carbon emissions?" Journal of Environmental Management 316 (August 2022): 115286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115286.
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Mikalauskiene, Asta, Justas Štreimikis, Ignas Mikalauskas, Gintarė Stankūnienė, and Rimantas Dapkus. "Comparative Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Policies in Fuel Combustion Sector of Lithuania and Bulgaria." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030529.
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The paper performed comparative assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends and climate change mitigation policies in the fuel combustion sector of selected EU member states with similar economic development levels and historical pasts, and implementing main EU energy and climate change mitigation policies, having achieved different success in GHG emission reduction. The impact of climate change mitigation policies on GHG emission reduction was assessed based on analysis of countries’ reports to UNFCCC by identifying the key areas of GHG emission reduction, their GHG emission reduction potential, and the driving forces behind them. The study revealed that climate change mitigation policies that have been implemented so far in Bulgaria are less efficient than in Lithuania, as Bulgaria places priorities not on energy efficiency improvement and penetration of renewable energy sources, but on switching from coal to natural gas. The policy implications for strengthening GHG emissions reduction efforts are provided based on analysis conducted.
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Bashmakov, I., and A. Myshak. "Costs and Benefits of the Transition to Low-carbon Economyin Russia: Perspectives up to 2050." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2014): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-8-70-91.
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This paper investigates costs and benefits associated with low-carbon economic development pathways realization to the mid XXI century. 30 scenarios covering practically all “visions of the future” were developed by several research groups based on scenario assumptions agreed upon in advance. It is shown that with a very high probability Russian energy-related GHG emissions will reach the peak before 2050, which will be at least 11% below the 1990 emission level. The height of the peak depends on portfolio of GHG emissions mitigation measures. Efforts to keep 2050 GHG emissions 25-30% below the 1990 level bring no GDP losses. GDP impact of deep GHG emission reduction - by 50% of the 1990 level - varies from plus 4% to minus 9%. Finally, very deep GHG emission reduction - by 80% - may bring GDP losses of over 10%.
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Yuan, Shengjun, Jie Li, and Xin Su. "Impact of Government Subsidy Strategies on Supply Chains Considering Carbon Emission Reduction and Marketing Efforts." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053111.
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This study analyzes the impact of different government subsidies on supply chain members under the low-carbon policy. Using the theory and the Stackelberg game method, we derive the equilibrium decision of diverse government subsidy models on the carbon emission reduction efforts and marketing efforts of supply chain members when manufacturers are dominant. We found that government subsidies positively influenced the carbon emission reduction efforts and marketing efforts of supply chain members and could increase the overall profit of the supply chain and the overall welfare of society. Meanwhile, social welfare increased first and then decreased with the subsidy, and there was a maximum value. Within a certain threshold, when the market demand was sensitive to carbon emission reduction efforts, it was more beneficial to subsidize manufacturers, and when it was sensitive to marketing efforts, subsidizing retailers was more beneficial. Regardless of the subsidy situation, an optimal subsidy rate exists among supply chain members. Meanwhile, adjusting government subsidy measures can decrease the profit gap between supply chain members, and it provides potential possibilities for cooperation among supply chain members.
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Adeyemi, Ade, and Victoria J. Wise. "Modelling the complex factors driving CO2 emission reduction efforts." Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 13, no. 1 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ier.2012.046101.
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Miller, Scot M., and Anna M. Michalak. "Constraining sector-specific CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in the US." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 6 (March 24, 2017): 3963–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3963-2017.
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Abstract. This review paper explores recent efforts to estimate state- and national-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from individual anthropogenic source sectors in the US. Nearly all state and national climate change regulations in the US target specific source sectors, and detailed monitoring of individual sectors presents a greater challenge than monitoring total emissions. We particularly focus on opportunities to synthesize disparate types of information on emissions, including emission inventory data and atmospheric greenhouse gas data.We find that inventory estimates of sector-specific CO2 emissions are sufficiently accurate for policy evaluation at the national scale but that uncertainties increase at state and local levels. CH4 emission inventories are highly uncertain for all source sectors at all spatial scales, in part because of the complex, spatially variable relationships between economic activity and CH4 emissions. In contrast to inventory estimates, top-down estimates use measurements of atmospheric mixing ratios to infer emissions at the surface; thus far, these efforts have had some success identifying urban CO2 emissions and have successfully identified sector-specific CH4 emissions in several opportunistic cases. We also describe a number of forward-looking opportunities that would aid efforts to estimate sector-specific emissions: fully combine existing top-down datasets, expand intensive aircraft measurement campaigns and measurements of secondary tracers, and improve the economic and demographic data (e.g., activity data) that drive emission inventories. These steps would better synthesize inventory and top-down data to support sector-specific emission reduction policies.
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Wang, Guoyu, and Jinsheng Zhou. "Multiobjective Optimization of Carbon Emission Reduction Responsibility Allocation in the Open-Pit Mine Production Process against the Background of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 9514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159514.
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In the context of the “carbon peaking” policy for mining companies, this study was conducted to clarify the amount of carbon emission reduction required for each production process to achieve the carbon peaking target for mining companies. In this paper, after determining the fair interval of the carbon emission distribution, the fair deviation index was constructed, and a multiobjective carbon emission distribution model of the mine production process was established by combining the objectives of maximum stability and maximum efficiency with the constraint of output growth. The study found: (1) More carbon emission quotas should be allocated to the beneficiation link, while fewer carbon emission quotas should be allocated to the crushing link; (2) beneficiation, mining and transportation are all responsible for emission reduction, but crushing and blasting produced a carbon emission surplus and (3) after optimization, the carbon emission intensity in the beneficiation, mining and transportation processes was reduced. This paper argues that mining companies should increase their efforts to reduce emissions in beneficiation, mining and transportation. The study’s findings have important implications for achieving carbon emission reduction targets and refining carbon emission management in open pit mines in the context of carbon peaking.
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Zeng, Lin Hui, Guang Ming Li, Ju Wen Huang, Hao Chen Zhu, and Jing Cheng Xu. "Shanghai's CO2 Emissions and Policy Implication for Low Carbon Construction." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.893.
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Cities are the main contributors of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Comprehensive countermeasures are needed in cities to mitigate GHGs emissions. The aim of this paper is to study the results that Shanghai achieved in carbon mitigation by comprehensive green measures. It demonstrated that Shanghai has made significant progress in carbon emission reduction through technological innovation, industrial structure adjustment, and energy efficiency improvement in recent years. The results showed that Shanghais energy related CO2 intensity reduced to 1.14 t/104 yuan in 2010, owing to adjustments in energy structure and industry structure. It also showed that Shanghai had made abundant reduction in carbon emissions in the past few years. 9.2 million tons of CO2 reductions were obtained in industry, transportation, and building in the city level. Among them, reductions in industrial sector and transportation were the major contributors. Further efforts should be taken to realize a low carbon future.
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Sun, Xiumei, Haotian Zhang, Xueyang Wang, Zhongkui Qiao, and Jinsong Li. "Towards Sustainable Development: A Study of Cross-Regional Collaborative Carbon Emission Reduction in China." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 9624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159624.
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Exploring a scientific and reasonable cross-regional carbon emission reduction path in China is essential to achieving sustainable development and the carbon neutrality target. This study constructs a simulation model of China’s cross-regional carbon emission reduction (CER) system and adopts a multi-agent approach to simulate cross-regional CER scenarios to predict the pathway. The conclusions are as follows: (1) under the national unified CER policy scenarios, carbon emissions are on a continuous growth trend with fast economic growth not matching emission reduction efforts in Scenario I. Scenario II has a lower economic scale, and carbon emissions peak in 2029. Scenario III has smooth economy and reaches the carbon emission peak in 2026. The economy of Scenario IV grows fast, carbon emissions grow slowly, and the peak does not appear in 2030. (2) In three scenarios with provinces as the main agent for CER, if provinces sacrifice the economy to strengthen CER, the peak of carbon emissions will appear in 2020. While the economy of non-synergistic and synergistic CER scenarios in each province is growing steadily, the peak in two modes is reached in 2026 and 2032. The peak is reached four years earlier in 2026 in the synergistic model and 2032 in the non-synergistic model, and the economic growth of some energy-intensive provinces slows down. (3) The synergistic low-carbon model is best for balancing economic development and carbon emission control. Policy recommendations are presented based on the above findings for China’s CER and sustainable development.
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Lin, John C., Logan Mitchell, Erik Crosman, Daniel L. Mendoza, Martin Buchert, Ryan Bares, Ben Fasoli, et al. "CO2 and Carbon Emissions from Cities: Linkages to Air Quality, Socioeconomic Activity, and Stakeholders in the Salt Lake City Urban Area." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 11 (November 2018): 2325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0037.1.
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AbstractUrban areas are responsible for a substantial proportion of anthropogenic carbon emissions around the world. As global populations increasingly reside in cities, the role of urban emissions in determining the future trajectory of carbon emissions is magnified. Consequently, a number of research efforts have been started in the United States and beyond, focusing on observing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and relating its variations to carbon emissions in cities. Because carbon emissions are intimately tied to socioeconomic activity through the combustion of fossil fuels, and many cities are actively adopting emission reduction plans, such urban carbon research efforts give rise to opportunities for stakeholder engagement and guidance on other environmental issues, such as air quality.This paper describes a research effort centered in the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan region, which is the locus for one of the longest-running urban CO2 networks in the world. The Salt Lake City area provides a rich environment for studying anthropogenic emissions and for understanding the relationship between emissions and socioeconomic activity when the CO2 observations are enhanced with a) air quality observations, b) novel mobile observations from platforms on light-rail public transit trains and a news helicopter, c) dense meteorological observations, and d) modeling efforts that include atmospheric simulations and high-resolution emission inventories.Carbon dioxide and other atmospheric observations are presented, along with associated modeling work. Examples in which the work benefited from and contributed to the interests of multiple stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, air quality managers, municipal government, urban planners, industry, and the general public) are discussed.
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Li, Ji Gang, and Yu Miao. "Building a Financial Support System for Environmental Protection about Low-Carbon Energy - Example of Xinjiang Province." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.941.
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The paper gives an analysis of the characteristics of carbon emissions through estimating Xinjiangs carbon emission amount and then provides a suggestion that we should do more efforts to support carbon reduction in both production and consumption fields. Finally, the paper proposes a financial support path for energy low-carbonizing in Xinjiang.
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Alviya, Iis, Tapan Sarker, Harsha Sarvaiya, and Md Sayed Iftekhar. "Role of the Land-Based Private Sector in Low-Emission Development: An Indonesian Case." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413811.
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The land-based private sector is a critical player in reducing emissions in Indonesia. While the Indonesian Government has undertaken various national efforts to reduce the rate of deforestation and land degradation, the involvement of land-based private sectors are still minimal. Using content and thematic analysis, this study explores why land-based private sector is not leading to low carbon development in Indonesia. More specifically, this study aims to: (1) analyse two key policies critically shaping the land-based private sector’s involvement in low emission development in Indonesia; (2) identify the land-based sector’s practices to engage in the development of low carbon policies in the East Kalimantan Province in Indonesia; and (3) conduct a participants’ perceptions analysis to identify the critical factors influencing their involvement in low emissions development. The results show that even though the Government has adopted several mandatory regulations to support the land-based private sector’s participation in emission reduction activities, to date, only a handful of businesses are actively involved in emission reduction efforts. The key barrier identified is the lack of incentives for the businesses to implement low emission programs/activities. This study offers four specific policy recommendations that could support land-based private sector involvement in low emission development in Indonesia. These include (1) establishment of an independent monitoring agency; (2) incentives for ecologically sustainable companies that meet predetermined standard criteria; (3) strict and fair sanctions as disincentives for companies that ignore regulations, and (4) building capacity of the land-based private sector to adopt and develop innovative low emission practices.
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Ye, Anning, Yuguo Ji, and Min Zhang. "Research on Carbon Emissions of Industrial Clusters in China." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i2.2094.
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At present, the global warming problem is becoming more and more serious, and effective carbon emission reduction is urgent, and the cooperation between industries within a specific supply chain can provide a new method to reduce emissions. Whith 2017 year as the research period, 30 industrial sectors in China as the research object, using the new method proposed by Kanemoto et al. to identify high carbon emission industrial clusters. Combined with modified normalized cut function, we find out high carbon emission industrial clusters among 30 industrial sectors from the supply chain perspective with multiple clustering methods, and based on this, the relative position of each industrial sector in the industrial chain is studied through minimum spanning tree to find the key industrial chain. The results show that the clustering effect performs best at k=7, where cluster 1 accounts for 89% of the total carbon emissions of all clusters, indicating that this industrial cluster has more potential for emission reduction compared with other industrial clusters and is the focus of future emission reduction efforts, while the upstream and downstream industrial chains with the construction industry as the core are the key industrial chains of this cluster as shown by the minimum spanning tree.
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PAN, Jiahua, and Ying ZHANG. "China's Low Carbon Transformation." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500012.
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Along with industrialization and urbanization processes, China's emission of greenhouse gases has been increasing rapidly and substantially over the past 40 years, as measured in aggregate and in per capita terms. While there are reasons to drive up the emissions, the Chinese government has made efforts to lower the rate of increase in emissions, as emission reduction is consistent with China's pursuit for energy security and sustainable development. Ambitious targets and aggressive actions have been made in China to accelerate the process of low carbon transformation. However, challenges remain and additional policies will be required to accomplish the process of low carbon transformation.
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Nurfajrin, Z. D., and B. Satiyawira. "Abatement cost for selectivity negative emissions technology in power plant Indonesia with aim/end-use model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012011.
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Abstract The Indonesian government has followed up the Paris Agreement with Law No. 16 of 2016 by setting an ambitious emission reduction target of 29% by 2030, and this figure could even increase to 41% if supported by international assistance. In line with this, mitigation efforts are carried out in the energy sector. Especially in the energy sector, it can have a significant impact when compared to other sectors due to an increase in energy demand, rapid economic growth, and an increase in living standards that will push the rate of emission growth in the energy sector up to 6. 7% per year. The bottom-up AIM/end-use energy model can select the technologies in the energy sector that are optimal in reducing emissions and costs as a long-term strategy in developing national low-carbon technology. This model can use the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) approach to evaluate the potential for GHG emission reductions by adding a certain amount of costs for each selected technology in the target year compared to the reference technology in the baseline scenario. In this study, three scenarios were used as mitigation actions, namely CM1, CM2, CM3. The Abatement Cost Curve tools with an assumed optimum tax value of 100 USD/ton CO2eq, in the highest GHG emission reduction potential, are in the CM3 scenario, which has the most significant reduction potential, and the mitigation costs are not much different from other scenarios. For example, PLTU – supercritical, which can reduce a significant GHG of 37.39 Mtoe CO2eq with an emission reduction cost of -23.66 $/Mtoe CO2eq.
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Liu, Yiming, and Tao Wang. "Worsening urban ozone pollution in China from 2013 to 2017 – Part 2: The effects of emission changes and implications for multi-pollutant control." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 6323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6323-2020.
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Abstract. The Chinese government launched the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in 2013, and various stringent measures have since been implemented, which have resulted in significant decreases in emissions and ambient concentrations of primary pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). However, surface ozone (O3) concentrations have still been increasing in urban areas across the country. In a previous analysis, we examined in detail the roles of meteorological variation during 2013–2017 in the summertime surface O3 trend in various regions of China. In this study, we evaluated the effect of changes in multi-pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities on O3 levels during the same period by using an up-to-date regional chemical transport model (WRF-CMAQ) driven by an interannual anthropogenic emission inventory. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was improved with regard to heterogeneous reactions of reactive gases on aerosol surfaces, which led to better model performance in reproducing the ambient concentrations of those gases. The model simulations showed that the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio in urban areas increased by 0.46 ppbv per year (ppbv a−1) (p=0.001) from 2013 to 2017. In contrast, a slight decrease in MDA8 O3 by 0.17 ppbv a−1 (p=0.005) in rural areas was predicted, mainly attributable to the NOx emission reduction. The effects of changes in individual pollutant emissions on O3 were also simulated. The reduction of NOx emission increased the O3 levels in urban areas due to the nonlinear NOx and volatile organic compound (VOC) chemistry and decreasing aerosol effects; the slight increase in VOC emissions enhanced the O3 levels; the reduction of PM emissions increased the O3 levels by enhancing the photolysis rates and reducing the loss of reactive gases on aerosol surfaces; and the reduction of SO2 emissions resulted in a drastic decrease in sulfate concentrations, which increased O3 through aerosol effects. In contrast to the unfavorable effect of the above changes in pollutant emissions on efforts to reduce surface O3, the reduction of CO emissions did help to decrease the O3 level in recent years. The dominant cause of increasing O3 due to changes in anthropogenic emissions varied geographically. In Beijing, NOx and PM emission reductions were the two largest causes of the O3 increase; in Shanghai, the reduction of NOx and increase in VOC emissions were the two major causes; in Guangzhou, NOx reduction was the primary cause; in Chengdu, the PM and SO2 emission decreases contributed most to the O3 increase. Regarding the effects of decreasing concentrations of aerosols, the drop in heterogeneous uptake of reactive gases – mainly HO2 and O3 – was found to be more important than the increase in photolysis rates. The adverse effect of the reductions of NOx, SO2, and PM emissions on O3 abatement in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu would have been avoided if the anthropogenic VOCs emission had been reduced by 24 %, 23 %, 20 %, and 16 %, respectively, from 2013 to 2017. Our analysis revealed that the NOx reduction in recent years has helped to contain the total O3 production in China. However, to reduce O3 levels in major urban and industrial areas, VOC emission controls should be added to the current NOx-SO2-PM policy.
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Tyas, Lintang Sumunaring, and Havidz Ageng Prakoso. "Fighting Against Climate Change: Denmark’s Effort in Reducing Global Carbon Emissions." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 9, no. 2 (December 2, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2022.9.2.6920.
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The problem of climate change is a global threat, which is driven by the production of global carbon emissions that continue to increase every year, reaching 36.4 billion metric tons in 2020. If this continues, climate change will cause various negative impacts on the lives of the global community in the field of environmental, economic, social, and health. Therefore, countries must commit and make real efforts to reduce global carbon emissions each year. Denmark is one of the countries that has big ambitions to reduce global carbon emissions, so it makes various efforts at the national, regional, and international levels, and becomes a role model for other countries. The purpose of this research is to find out Denmark's efforts to reduce global carbon emissions. The research used a qualitative descriptive method by using Green Diplomacy Concept in describing Denmark’seffort. The results obtained are that Denmark has succeeded in becoming a country that has significantly reduced national carbon emission production, which was then continued by carrying out The Green Frontline Mission program in various countries, encouraging carbon emission reduction policies in the European Union, becoming chairman of COP26, and establishing the Beyond organization. Oil & Gas Alliance (BOGA). Denmark's various efforts in suppressing the production of global carbon emissions are part of green diplomacy which not only achieves the national interest but also the public interest, namely solving the problem of climate change.
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Zhang, Chong, and Mingchuan You. "Omni-Channel Retailing With Consumer Preference and Carbon Emission Efforts." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 13, no. 4 (October 2020): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2020100103.
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With the popularity of omni-channel retailing, many retailers have begun to offer customers choices to decide whether to shop online or in a physical store, considering customers preference for different channels. This paper has studied omni-channel retailing in which the retailers sell low-carbon products through online and physical channels. The research has been conducted under three different decision circumstances (i.e., physical store-leader Stackelberg model and online store-leader Stackelberg model under the decentralized decision and centralized decision). The results show that both the retailers' profit in a single channel and the total profit in two channels will decrease with the customers' preference and the effort level of emission reduction. In addition, under decentralized decision, online store-leader Stackelberg model is more beneficial to the retailers.
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Blanco Silva, Fernando Blanco, Gabriel Pereiro López, Eduardo Fernández Fontaiña, and Alfonso López Díaz. "Energy Savings and Carbon Emission Reduction of Smart Lighting Installation in a Multipurpose and Residential Building in Santiago de Compostela, Spain." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2013_2/07.
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The excessive emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has increased the global average temperature resulting to a phenomenon known as global warming. One of the major greenhouse gasses is CO2 and the various efforts are focused on curbing its emissions. Using the case of a multipurpose and residential building at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Northwestern Spain, this study assessed the environmental impact of installing smart lighting. This study quantifies the CO2 emission reduction, and economic cost associated to the technical improvement. Such action resulted to saving 126 MWh and a reduction of carbon emissions of 25 T annually, with a return period of six years.
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Li, Zhen, Shaocai Yu, Mengying Li, Xue Chen, Yibo Zhang, Zhe Song, Jiali Li, et al. "The Modeling Study about Impacts of Emission Control Policies for Chinese 14th Five-Year Plan on PM2.5 and O3 in Yangtze River Delta, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010026.
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The Chinese government has made great efforts to combat air pollution through the reductions in SO2, NOx and VOCs emissions, as part of its socioeconomic Five-Year Plans (FYPs). China aims to further reduce the emissions of VOCs and NOx by 10% in its upcoming 14th FYP (2021–2025). Here, we used a regional chemical transport model (e.g., WRF/CMAQ) to examine the responses of PM2.5 and O3 to emission control policies of the 14th FYP in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The simulation results under the 4 emission control scenarios in the 2 winter months in 2025 indicate that the average concentrations of city mean PM2.5 in 41 cities in the YRD were predicted to only decrease by 10% under both S1 and S1_E scenarios, whereas the enhanced emission control scenarios (i.e., S2_E and S3_E) could reduce PM2.5 in each city by more than 20%. The model simulation results for O3 in the 3 summer months in 2025 show that the O3 responses to the emission controls under the S1 and S1_E scenarios show different control effects on O3 concentrations in the YRD with the increase and decrease effects, respectively. The study found that both enhanced emission control scenarios (S2_E and S3_E) could decrease O3 in each city by more than 20% with more reductions in O3 under the S3_E emission control scenario because of its higher control strengths for both NOx and VOCs emissions. It was found that emission reduction policies for controlling high emission sectors of NOx and VOCs such as S2_E and S3_E were more effective for decreasing both PM2.5 and O3 in the YRD. This study shows that O3 controls will benefit from well-designed air pollution control strategies for reasonable control ratios of NOx and VOCs emissions.
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Wang, Na, and Yongrok Choi. "Comparative Analysis of the Energy and CO2 Emissions Performance and Technology Gaps in the Agglomerated Cities of China and South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020475.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the technology gap, energy efficiency, and CO2 emission performance of the agglomerated cities in Eastern and Central China and South Korea under economic heterogeneity. The potential reductions of energy and CO2 emission are estimated from agglomerated city perspectives. The global meta-frontier non-radial direction distance function is used to conduct an empirical analysis of agglomerated cities among Eastern, Central China and South Korea. The results show the potential reduction of 7.58 billion tons of CO2 emissions in Korea and another potential reduction of 1930.62 toe energy for the research period in China, if Korea and China proactively collaborate with each other. The empirical results conclude several unique findings and their implications. First, there are significant differences between the Chinese and Korean cities, in energy efficiency, CO2 emission performance, and meta-technology gaps. Korean cities play a leading role at benchmarking efficiency level with meta-frontier technology. Second, there is no significant difference between total-factor and single-factor performance indexes in the Korean cities, because South Korea requires large capital stocks to replace energy in the production process. However, the opposite is true for Eastern and Central China cities. Finally, there is huge potential for the Chinese cities to reduce energy and CO2 emissions by “catching up” internally as well as by the collaborative efforts with Korean cities.
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Demuynck, Joachim, Roland Dauphin, Marta Yugo, Pablo Mendoza Villafuerte, and Dirk Bosteels. "Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 12711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212711.
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Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel.
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Qiao, Bing, Yi Chao Liu, Wei Jian He, Yu Jun Tian, Yue Li, and Ou Chen Cai. "The Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emission Reduction Effect of Port Handling and Distributing Facilities." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2719.
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Based on methods of the fuel consumption, statistical and analogy analysis, the throughput amount method was established to calculate the emissions from port handling, and the minimum mileage method was established to estimate emissions from port cargo highway distributing. In the methods, some coefficients were used obtained by investigations: the current container handling emission factors of NOx, VOCs, CO, PM2.5 and SOx are 1.64, 0.21, 0.42, 0.01 and 0.29 t/TEU; the energy consumption of the unit throughput is 4.12 tons of standard coal per 104tons; the ratios of the unit non container cargoe handling energy consumption for coastal and inland river ports to those of container cargo are 0.631 and 0.405; the ratio of the unit non container cargoe highway distributing energy consumption to those of container cargo is 0.365. The calculation results show that the total emissions from the cargo handling and highway distributing of 2013 in China for NOx, VOCs, CO, PM2.5 and SOx are 54.365, 14.821, 24.631, 5.599 and 16.802 104tons, and the emissions from highway distributing are 4.21, 10.02, 8.24, 8.22 and 8.19 times of the emissions from port handling facilities. According to energy saving and emission reduction measures, formulas were established to calculate air pollutant emissions after the new added measures. Analyzing the real performance of the measures implemented since 2001 and predicting its trend of development, a scenario was designed, in which the Chinese port throughput continuously rises while the energy saving and emission reduction efforts gradually increase by 2020: the popularities of the energy saving measure of "oil changing to electricity" and the clean fuel measure of "oil changing to gas" reach 100% and 83%; the proportion of power plants with 95% desulfurization and denitrification reaches 100%; the energy saving and emission reduction efficiency of port cargo distributing optimization measures reaches 40%. Under this scenario, the prediction shows that during the port throughput increasing approximately 4.2 times from 2005 to 2020, the air pollutant emissions will be reduced significantly, returning to a lower level compared with 2005. The above methods and results can be used to support the decision-making and the implementation of emission reduction measures for the national, regional and port enterprises.
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Han, Chao-qun, Hua-ying Gu, Li-hui Sui, and Chang-peng Shao. "Carbon Emission Reduction Decision and Revenue-Sharing Contract with Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference and CER Cost under Carbon Tax." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3458607.
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Since the tax of carbon emission is popular and consumers are exhibiting low-carbon preference, the green manufactures have to spend more extra cost on investing carbon emission reduction (CER) technology to decrease the carbon emission. To encourage the manufacture’s CER investment efforts, this paper explores the impact of carbon tax, CER cost, and consumers’ low-carbon preference on low-carbon decision-making and designs a revenue-sharing contract (RS) by constructing Stackelberg models. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis, this paper finds that the supply chain would benefit from the increment of consumer’s environmental awareness but be depressed by the increase of the CER investment cost factor. Additionally, there exists a unique optimal carbon tax to make CER degree the maximum. Furthermore, RS can effectively promote manufacturers to reduce carbon emissions and also improve the supply chain efficiency.
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WANG, Mou. "A Granger Causality Analysis between the GDP and CO2 Emissions of Major Emitters and Implications for International Climate Governance." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 06, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748118500045.
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This paper empirically examines the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth by applying the co-integration analysis and Granger causality test to the time series data of carbon emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) of the world’s top 20 emitters from 1990 to 2015. Co-integration analysis shows that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in most countries; Granger causality test verifies a one-way causal link between carbon emissions and economic growth in most major emitters. In developed countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of carbon emissions, while the opposite is true in developing countries. The results reflect different characteristics regarding carbon emission reduction in developed and developing countries as they are at different developing stages. Carbon emission reduction exerts much greater adverse effects on the economic growth of developing countries than it does on that of developed countries. Based on the results of the Granger causal analysis, it is found that the requirements for developing countries to substantially reduce emissions are not in line with the characteristics in their current developing stage and therefore may pose obstructions. Developed countries should take the lead in carrying out emission reductions due to their accountability for historical emissions as well as their development stages and capabilities. In addition, they should aid developing countries in their efforts for transforming and upgrading development and reducing dependence of economic growth on carbon emissions. International climate governance should take into account the needs and characteristics of different countries for future development, and build a mechanism for international cooperation to achieve synergy between social economic development and global climate governance.
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Doru, Coșofreț. "Reducing GHG Emissions at Military Vessels." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIII, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-20-i2-012.
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The shipping industry is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emissions mainly resulting from the combustion of fuels in naval energy aggregates. The current requirements for a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 represent a challenge for maritime transport, as there is no effective solution to reduce this emissions from ships. Thus, the current problem is represented by insufficient methods to reduce CO2 emissions on board ships, in particular for ships which are in service for more than 10 years, which are the most affected by these environmental requirements, since their design did not take into account the reduction of ecological parameters. In this context, even if military vessels are not subject to IMO GHG emission reduction requirements, they must be aligned with global emissions reduction efforts. This article presents actually operational and technological solutions to reduce CO2 emissions that can be deployed on board military vessels, until other technical solutions or power supply solutions for non-polluting renewable energy aggregates are identified.
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Chen, Ping, Jiawei Gao, Zheng Ji, Han Liang, and Yu Peng. "Do Artificial Intelligence Applications Affect Carbon Emission Performance?—Evidence from Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Cities." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 5730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155730.
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A growing number of countries worldwide have committed to achieving net zero emissions targets by around mid-century since the Paris Agreement. As the world’s greatest carbon emitter and the largest developing economy, China has also set clear targets for carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Carbon-reduction AI applications promote the green economy. However, there is no comprehensive explanation of how AI affects carbon emissions. Based on panel data for 270 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2017, this study uses the Bartik method to quantify data on manufacturing firms and robots in China and demonstrates the effect of AI on carbon emissions. The results of the study indicate that (1) artificial intelligence has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emission intensity; (2) the carbon emission reduction effect of AI is more significant in super- and megacities, large cities, and cities with better infrastructure and advanced technology, whereas it is not significant in small and medium cities, and cities with poor infrastructure and low technology level; (3) artificial intelligence reduces carbon emissions through optimizing industrial structure, enhancing information infrastructure, and improving green technology innovation. In order to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as quickly as possible during economic development, China should make greater efforts to apply AI in production and life, infrastructure construction, energy conservation, and emission reduction, particularly in developed cities.
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Pan, Xianxian, Hong Liu, Jiajia Huan, Yu Sui, and Haifeng Hong. "Allocation Model of Carbon Emission Permits for the Electric Power Industry with a Combination Subjective and Objective Weighting Approach." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030706.
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The electric power industry plays a vital role in carbon emissions reduction efforts. The initial allocation of carbon emission permits to the electric power industry is the key to ensuring the effective operation of the carbon trading market. In this study, the multiple correlated factors that affect the carbon emission permit allocation system were extracted. Then, based on the experts’ knowledge and experience, the subjective weight of each index was determined using an improved analytic hierarchy process. Subsequently, the indices were mapped using an improved entropy weight method, and the objective weight of each index was adaptively determined. Finally, the comprehensive weight of each index was determined by optimizing the combination of its subjective and objective weights, and an allocation model of carbon emission permits for the electric power industry was established. A case study of a province by comparative simulation was performed. The simulation results showed that compared with conventional allocation schemes that consider single factors, the theoretical estimates obtained using the proposed model more objectively reflected the actual situation of carbon emissions reduction permits and responsibilities in the region.
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VAN SLUISVELD, MARIËSSE A. E., DAVID E. H. J. GERNAAT, SHUICHI ASHINA, KATHERINE V. CALVIN, AMIT GARG, MORNA ISAAC, PAUL L. LUCAS, et al. "A MULTI-MODEL ANALYSIS OF POST-2020 MITIGATION EFFORTS OF FIVE MAJOR ECONOMIES." Climate Change Economics 04, no. 04 (November 2013): 1340012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813400125.
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This paper looks into the regional mitigation strategies of five major economies (China, EU, India, Japan, and USA) in the context of the 2°C target, using a multi-model comparison. In order to stay in line with the 2°C target, a tripling or quadrupling of mitigation ambitions is required in all regions by 2050, employing vigorous decarbonization of the energy supply system and achieving negative emissions during the second half of the century. In all regions looked at, decarbonization of energy supply (and in particular power generation) is more important than reducing energy demand. Some differences in abatement strategies across the regions are projected: In India and the USA the emphasis is on prolonging fossil fuel use by coupling conventional technologies with carbon storage, whereas the other main strategy depicts a shift to carbon-neutral technologies with mostly renewables (China, EU) or nuclear power (Japan). Regions with access to large amounts of biomass, such as the USA, China, and the EU, can make a trade-off between energy related emissions and land related emissions, as the use of bioenergy can lead to a net increase in land use emissions. After supply-side changes, the most important abatement strategy focuses on end-use efficiency improvements, leading to considerable emission reductions in both the industry and transport sectors across all regions. Abatement strategies for non- CO 2 emissions and land use emissions are found to have a smaller potential. Inherent model, as well as collective, biases have been observed affecting the regional response strategy or the available reduction potential in specific (end-use) sectors.
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Wang, Qinpeng, Longfei He, Daozhi Zhao, and Michele Lundy. "Diverse Schemes of Cost Pooling for Carbon- Reduction Outsourcing in Low-Carbon Supply Chains." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113013.
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Among responses to governmental regulations for curbing carbon emissions, outsourcing carbon reduction to a specialized third-party is an important means to satisfy a variety of carbon-emission restraints. In this situation, however, designing efficient contracts for emission reducing while retaining appropriate supply-chain profit is a substantial but challenging problem. We therefore refine this from practice and consider a low-carbon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer to analyze in which conditions the system should outsource its carbon reduction efforts to an external expert firm under the assumption that consumers with a sense of social responsibility prefer low carbon products. In the decarbonization expert firm embedded supply chain, we examine the respective impacts of three cost-pooling schemes for emission reduction on supply chain performances. We find that the manufacturer-undertaking contract is the worst in terms of profit and carbon reduction level among the contracts being studied, while the retailer-undertaking contract yields the best outcome in terms of the profit and performs well in carbon reduction when the contractor has cost efficiency in carbon reduction, which is even better than the joint-undertaking contract in carbon reduction when the contractor is inefficient. The study shows the diversity of contracts on outsourcing carbon reduction significantly impacts the supply chain profitability, carbon reduction efficiency and sustainability of operations.
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Vazquez Santiago, Jairo, Kazuya Inoue, and Kenichi Tonokura. "Modeling Ground Ozone Concentration Changes after Variations in Precursor Emissions and Assessing Their Benefits in the Kanto Region of Japan." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081187.
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Ozone (O3) is a pollutant of concern in urban areas because of its effects on health, crops, ecosystems, and materials. Despite efforts to meet the Japanese air quality standard for O3 in the Kanto region, the attainment percentage is close to zero. Considering that O3 formation is sensitive to emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), this study evaluated a range of reductions in the emissions of both precursors using a regional air quality model (ADMER-PRO) and estimated their benefits measured as the economic change due to O3 concentration differences between scenarios. The simulation period was set during the 2016 O3 season. The results showed that O3 concentrations could be reduced using two approaches: significant reduction in VOC levels combined with minor NOx level changes or significant NOx emission reduction. Significant reduction in NOx levels was the most effective strategy for a generalized decrease in the O3 levels in the Kanto region, and the benefit analysis revealed that the most significant economic impacts could be achieved by adopting the latter approach.
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Qi, Yuan, and Yuxin Xia. "Research on Accounting and Transfer Pathways of Embodied Carbon Emissions from Construction Industry in China." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215165.
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In recent years, China has taken the issue of excessive CO2 emissions very seriously, and the construction industry is a key sector in its efforts to reduce carbon emissions. This research constructed a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to estimate the carbon emissions from the construction industry, and analyze the spatial and industrial transfer pathways of the carbon emissions from the inter-regional construction industry. The following findings were obtained in this study: (1) Based on the consumption-side accounting, the amount of embodied carbon emissions that were switched to China’s construction industry massively exceeded that of embodied carbon emissions that were transferred from it. (2) A large amount of embodied carbon emissions was transferred from the energy industry, heavy industry, and manufacturing in the resource-rich region to the construction industry in the economically developed coastal region and the southwest region with a defective industrial structure. The above findings provided a theoretical basis for the allocation of construction industry’s carbon emission reduction responsibilities. Accordingly, this paper put forward policy suggestions that could optimize the carbon emission reduction plans in the construction industry.
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Chen, Kunyang, Guobin Zhang, Huanyu Wu, Ruichang Mao, and Xiangsheng Chen. "Uncovering the Carbon Emission Intensity and Reduction Potentials of the Metro Operation Phase: A Case Study in Shenzhen Megacity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010206.
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The huge energy consumption of metro operations has become a significant challenge faced by the urban public transportation sector to achieve low-carbon development. Using Shenzhen as an example, this study has made efforts to quantify the metro’s energy consumption and carbon emission intensity during the operation phase by using the Life Cycle Assessment approach. Furthermore, this study evaluates the actions that can be taken to reduce energy consumption and emissions. A comparative analysis between metros and other public transportation modes has also been conducted. The results show that the annual carbon emissions from the metro’s operation phase in Shenzhen city increased from 63,000 t CO2e in 2005 to 1.3 Mt CO2e in 2021, and the historically accumulated carbon emissions are 9.5 Mt CO2e. The unit operating mileage, the unit station area, and the per capita carbon emission intensity were 2.1 kg CO2e/km, 132.5 kg CO2e/m2, and 0.6 kg CO2e per capita (13th Five-Year Plan Period), respectively. By continually promoting the low-carbon operation of the subway, the cumulative carbon savings could reach 0.1 Mt CO2e (2022–2035).
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Golden, Denise, M. A. Smith, and Stephen Colombo. "Forest carbon management and carbon trading: A review of Canadian forest options for climate change mitigation." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 05 (October 2011): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-069.
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Forests have significant potential to mitigate climate change. Canada has 30% of the world's boreal forests. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol commoditized carbon (C) on an international scale. To achieve Canada's emission reduction targets and mitigate climate change, the potential of forest C offset projects and forest C trading is being evaluated. Carbon trading and forest C management have economic and policy implications and potential trade-offs in other forest management objectives. We discuss how forest C management and trading can contribute to global efforts for atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions reduction through either utilization and/or conservation strategies.
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Ma, Dalai, Yaping Xiao, and Na Zhao. "Optimization and Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Carbon Emission Rights Allocation in the Power Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095201.
Full textAbstract:
Reasonable allocation of carbon emission rights aids in the realization of the goal of carbon emission reduction. The purpose of this paper is to examine how carbon emission rights in the power sector in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (the YREB) are distributed. The YREB spans China’s eastern, central, and western areas. The levels of development and resource endowment differ significantly across regions, resulting in great heterogeneity in the YREB provinces’ carbon emission rights distribution in the power sector. The ZSG–DEA model is used in this paper to re-adjust the power sector’s carbon emission quotas in each province to achieve optimal efficiency under the country’s overall carbon emission reduction target. The results show that: (1) In most provinces, the power sector’s initial distribution efficiency is inefficient. Only Zhejiang and Yunnan have reached the production frontier, with Jiangxi and Chongqing having the lowest distribution efficiency. In the future, we should concentrate our efforts on them for conserving energy and lowering emissions; (2) The initial distribution efficiency of the power sector in the YREB’s upstream, midstream, and downstream regions is considerably different. Most upstream and downstream provinces have higher carbon emission quotas, while most midstream provinces have less, implying that the power sector in the midstream provinces faces greater emission reduction challenges; (3) The carbon emission quotas of the power industry varies greatly between provinces and shows different spatial features over time. In the early stage (2021–2027), the carbon emission quota varies substantially, while for the later stage (2027–2030), it is rather balanced. Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Yunnan are more likely to turn into sellers in the market for carbon emission trading with larger carbon emission quotas. While Jiangxi and Chongqing are more likely to turn into buyers in the market for carbon emission trading with fewer carbon emission quotas. Other provinces’ carbon emission quotas are more evenly distributed. To successfully achieve China’s emission reduction target by 2030, the YREB should promote regional collaboration, optimize industrial structure, accelerate technical innovation, establish emission reduction regulations, and provide financial support based on local conditions.
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Ma, Dalai, Yaping Xiao, and Na Zhao. "Optimization and Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Carbon Emission Rights Allocation in the Power Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095201.
Full textAbstract:
Reasonable allocation of carbon emission rights aids in the realization of the goal of carbon emission reduction. The purpose of this paper is to examine how carbon emission rights in the power sector in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (the YREB) are distributed. The YREB spans China’s eastern, central, and western areas. The levels of development and resource endowment differ significantly across regions, resulting in great heterogeneity in the YREB provinces’ carbon emission rights distribution in the power sector. The ZSG–DEA model is used in this paper to re-adjust the power sector’s carbon emission quotas in each province to achieve optimal efficiency under the country’s overall carbon emission reduction target. The results show that: (1) In most provinces, the power sector’s initial distribution efficiency is inefficient. Only Zhejiang and Yunnan have reached the production frontier, with Jiangxi and Chongqing having the lowest distribution efficiency. In the future, we should concentrate our efforts on them for conserving energy and lowering emissions; (2) The initial distribution efficiency of the power sector in the YREB’s upstream, midstream, and downstream regions is considerably different. Most upstream and downstream provinces have higher carbon emission quotas, while most midstream provinces have less, implying that the power sector in the midstream provinces faces greater emission reduction challenges; (3) The carbon emission quotas of the power industry varies greatly between provinces and shows different spatial features over time. In the early stage (2021–2027), the carbon emission quota varies substantially, while for the later stage (2027–2030), it is rather balanced. Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Yunnan are more likely to turn into sellers in the market for carbon emission trading with larger carbon emission quotas. While Jiangxi and Chongqing are more likely to turn into buyers in the market for carbon emission trading with fewer carbon emission quotas. Other provinces’ carbon emission quotas are more evenly distributed. To successfully achieve China’s emission reduction target by 2030, the YREB should promote regional collaboration, optimize industrial structure, accelerate technical innovation, establish emission reduction regulations, and provide financial support based on local conditions.
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Jiang, Dong, Mengmeng Hao, Jingying Fu, Qiao Wang, Yaohuan Huang, and Xinyu Fu. "Assessment of the GHG Reduction Potential from Energy Crops Using a Combined LCA and Biogeochemical Process Models: A Review." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/537826.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose for developing biofuel is to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, but the comprehensive environmental impact of such fuels is not clear. Life cycle analysis (LCA), as a complete comprehensive analysis method, has been widely used in bioenergy assessment studies. Great efforts have been directed toward establishing an efficient method for comprehensively estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential from the large-scale cultivation of energy plants by combining LCA with ecosystem/biogeochemical process models. LCA presents a general framework for evaluating the energy consumption and GHG emission from energy crop planting, yield acquisition, production, product use, and postprocessing. Meanwhile, ecosystem/biogeochemical process models are adopted to simulate the fluxes and storage of energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen in the soil-plant (energy crops) soil continuum. Although clear progress has been made in recent years, some problems still exist in current studies and should be addressed. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art method for estimating GHG emission reduction through developing energy crops and introduces in detail a new approach for assessing GHG emission reduction by combining LCA with biogeochemical process models. The main achievements of this study along with the problems in current studies are described and discussed.
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Kim, Haein, Minsang Kim, Hyunggeun Kim, and Sangkyu Park. "Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emission from Electricity Generation: Comparison of OECD Countries before and after the Financial Crisis." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143522.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect CO2 emissions in the electricity generation sector in 36 OECD countries during the periods 1995–2008 and 2008–2017. This paper utilized Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method for decomposing CO2 emission into economic activity, electricity intensity that represents demand policy effort, the share of thermal generation, the mix of thermal generation, thermal efficiency that represent supply policy efforts, and carbon emission coefficient. The results showed that EU nations achieved a higher level of CO2 reduction compared to that of non-EU nations. Regarding the policy factors, the decrease in the share of thermal generation served as the key driver, followed by the decrease in electricity intensity via improvements in energy consumption efficiency. Most non-EU countries such as South Korea, Chile, Mexico, Turkey, and Japan demonstrated an increasing trend of carbon emission during this period, which could be attributed to the changes in the generation mix on the supply side or the electricity intensity on the demand side. Increase in electricity price was confirmed to cause lower electricity intensity. South Korea had the largest amount of carbon emission among OECD countries and maintained one of the lowest electricity retail prices among OECD countries.