Academic literature on the topic 'Emission reduction efforts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Sawyer, William, Islam Genina, Rebecca Brenneis, Haosheng Feng, Yunpo Li, and Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo. "Methane emissions and global warming: Mitigation technologies, policy ambitions, and global efforts." MIT Science Policy Review 3 (August 29, 2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.8u4spgvc0e.
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Methane emissions are the second highest contributor to climate change. Despite having a much lower atmospheric concentration than carbon dioxide, anthropogenic methane emissions account for almost one-third of anthropogenic warming since the pre-industrial period. Recently, the reduction of methane emissions has been recognized as an effective lever for reducing the impact of climate change in the next decade with less drastic economic and industrial costs than equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation. However, the wide range of methane emission sources, many of which are intermittent and at low concentration, poses a challenge for current detection and mitigation tools. Promising technical progress has been made on both fronts over the past decade, especially within the oil and gas sector, yet widespread implementation of mitigation policies and technologies lags considerably. The 2021 Global Methane Pledge for a 30% reduction in emissions by 2030 signals an increase in political will and can be achieved with these existing tools. It is estimated that the majority of these reductions can be accomplished through revenue-neutral or positive actions. Yet, a faster rate of reductions and sustained reductions beyond what is already available will be needed to maintain a 1.5◦C pathway. In the long term, more comprehensive policies, coupled with significant innovations in methane emission monitoring and mitigation, could enable an effective climate change mitigation strategy.
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Sun, Rui, Dayi He, Jingjing Yan, and Li Tao. "Mechanism Analysis of Applying Blockchain Technology to Forestry Carbon Sink Projects Based on the Differential Game Model." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 11697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111697.
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As an important way to reduce emission, forestry carbon sink (FCS) has not been implemented effectively. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the effectiveness and mechanism of applying blockchain technology in FCS projects by utilizing the differential game model. A Stackelberg differential game model between forest farmers and emission-controlled enterprises (ECEs) is developed to analyze the optimal emission reduction efforts and the optimal trajectory of forest farmers and ECEs before and after introducing blockchain technology. It is found that: (1) At the initial stage of the utilization of blockchain technology, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stabilizing carbon prices, the ECEs prefer to purchase FCS instead of reducing emissions by their own technology. On the contrary, if blockchain technology takes a leading role in stimulating the vitality of the carbon trading market, ECEs tend to use emission abatement technology to meet the carbon quote requirements. (2) In the later stage, the incentive and stabilizing effects of blockchain technology on carbon prices tend to be balanced, and the emission reduction efforts of ECEs are lower than the efforts before applying blockchain technology. (3) The application of blockchain technology increases forest farmers’ willingness to reduce emissions because of its effection of cost reduction and efficiency improvement. Meanwhile, blockchain technology reduces abatement costs by influencing carbon prices. Therefore, blockchain technology improves forest farmers’ emission reduction efforts on the whole.
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Jajal, Priyanka, and Trupti Mishra. "Potential climate change mitigation of Indian Construction Industry through a shift in energy efficient technology by 2050." Advances in Geosciences 45 (August 21, 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-155-2018.
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Abstract. Climate change is a growing concern that is attracting international efforts. India, as a developing country, has committed to reducing its emission intensity of GDP up to 30 %–35 % by 2030. The emission intense sectors would be targeted to achieve climate commitment. One of the emission intense sector is construction raw material manufacturing that contributes 10 % share in the total emissions making it one of the potential mitigation sector. The study examines emissions from the construction raw materials namely, cement, steel, and brick manufacturing and presents two emission scenarios up to 2050. Energy efficient scenario (S2) is compared with a reference scenario (S1) developed based on a bottom-up approach. The results indicate that a moderate energy efficiency improvements and technological shifts lead to a decrease in emissions of 72 MT CO2 by 2030 and 137 MT CO2 by 2050. Further, the steel industry has the highest reduction potential, as the current technologies are energy inefficient. Similarly, the current dependency on fired bricks may be shifted to cement setting blocks leading to emission reductions. Cement manufacturing, on the other hand, shows limited scope for emission reduction that may be achieved through energy efficiency improvements. Efforts towards energy efficiency improvements in construction raw material manufacturing would result in reductions beyond the existing commitment of the Paris Agreement for India by 2030.
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Che, Cheng, Yi Chen, Xiaoguang Zhang, and Zhihong Zhang. "The Impact of Different Government Subsidy Methods on Low-Carbon Emission Reduction Strategies in Dual-Channel Supply Chain." Complexity 2021 (January 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668243.
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With the implementation of national carbon emission reduction policies and the development of online shopping, manufacturers are making low-carbon efforts and selling products through dual channels. This paper constructs a dual-channel supply chain decision-making model composed of low-carbon emission reduction manufacturers and retailers and studies the optimal decision-making problem of the supply chain under subsidies by the government based on emission reduction R&D and per unit product emission reduction. The research results show the following: (1) when the government subsidizes emission reduction R&D, the emission reduction will have an impact on retailers’ optimal prices, manufacturers’ optimal wholesale prices, and optimal direct sales channel sales prices. The profit of the manufacturer increases with the increase in carbon emissions, and the profit of the manufacturer increases to a certain level and then appears to decline. (2) When the government adopts a subsidy method based on the emission reduction per unit product, the manufacturer’s wholesale price and the selling price of direct sales channels, as well as the retailer’s own optimal price, will increase with the increase in emission reductions. Retailers’ profits will increase linearly with the increase in carbon emissions. Manufacturers’ profits will first increase in a straight line and then increase in a curve.
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Indartik, Indartik, Nunung Parlinah, and Mega Lugina. "UPAYA PEMBANGUNAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI UNTUK PENURUNAN EMISI KARBON." Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2011.8.2.139-147.
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Li, Zhipeng, Shuzhen Zhu, and Xinyu Cao. "Incentive Contract Design considering Fairness Preferences and Carbon Emission Reduction Multiobjective Tasks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6541682.
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Considering the multitargets of corporate carbon emission reduction and the fairness preference psychology of the company, a government incentive model for corporate carbon emission reduction was constructed. The impact of corporate fairness preferences on government carbon emission reduction incentive strategies is studied. In addition, numerical simulation is used to analyze the impact of changes in correlation coefficients, fairness preference coefficients, and discount rates on the optimal enterprise effort coefficient and the government optimal incentive coefficient. Research shows that the degree of fairness preference of a company has a direct impact on the degree of corporate effort, while the discount rate will only have an impact on the company’s long-term effort. In order to improve corporate carbon emission reduction efforts, the government must not only consider the impact of fairness preference on corporate efforts but also flexibly adjust the incentive coefficient of long-term and short-term tasks based on the discount rate.
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Zhang, Xiufan, and Decheng Fan. "The Spatial-Temporal Evolution of China’s Carbon Emission Intensity and the Analysis of Regional Emission Reduction Potential under the Carbon Emissions Trading Mechanism." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127442.
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It is of great significance to study the regional differences and temporal and spatial evolution of China’s carbon emission intensity under the carbon emissions trading mechanism, and to explore the potential for regional emission reduction. This paper uses the Theil index and Moran index to analyze the regional differences and temporal and spatial evolution trend of carbon emission intensity in China from 2010 to 2019, further constructs the emission reduction effect standard of carbon emissions trading mechanisms, discusses the emission reduction effect of the trading mechanisms, and measures the regional emission reduction potential according to the environmental learning curve. The results showed that: (1) China’s overall carbon emissions continued to increase, but the carbon emission intensity showed an overall decreasing trend. There are strong regional differences in China’s carbon emission intensity. The carbon emission intensity in the western region is higher, and the overall regional difference is decreasing year by year. (2) China’s carbon emissions trading mechanism has a significant reduction effect, but the total quota slack of the Tianjin, Beijing, and Chongqing carbon emissions trading pilot markets is loose. (3) Shanghai, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia, and Beijing are high-efficiency carbon emission reduction provinces (more than 35%), and Fujian and Xinjiang are low-efficiency carbon emission reduction provinces (less than 15%). It is necessary to further develop the demonstration effect of high emission reduction potential areas and increase the emission reduction efforts in low emission reduction potential areas.
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Indriyani, Lies, La Gandri, Jois Liling Padang, and Sahindomi Bana. "Carbon Footprint Analysis of Household Activities and CO2 Reduction Efforts in Pondambea Village, Kadia District, Kendari City." Journal of Soilscape and Agriculture 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsa.v1i1.124.
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The increase in population causes an effect on increasing CO2 production, especially from the household energy sector. The increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main trigger for climate change and the effects of greenhouse gases. Indications of the occurrence of this phenomenon can be seen from the increase in air temperature and the formation of an urban heat island in Kendari City in the last 10 years. This study aims to determine the amount of CO₂ emissions from household activities and the absorption of CO2 gas from tree species in Pondambea Village, Kadia District, Kendari City. The method used is a quantitative technique to calculate primary and secondary CO2 emissions. The results show that the total CO2 emission in Pondambea Village is 424.22 tons/month. Meanwhile, the carbon absorption capacity of tree species in Pondambea Village is 421.15 tons/month, so that the remaining carbon emissions are 3.07 tons/month. Therefore, to maintain emission absorption and create zero emission in Pondambea Village, this study recommends maintaining the number of existing trees and adding at least 6 glodokan pole trees or at least 5 king palm trees
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Dewi, R. G., A. Primananda, V. T. N. Harisetyawan, I. N. Ikhsan, K. E. Prasetya, S. E. F. Sitanggang, and G. N. Sevie. "Explore mitigation potential in indonesia’s power sub-sector toward 2060: AIM/End-Use approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012030.
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Abstract The power sector in Indonesia has a significant chance to contribute to the accomplishment of the national emission mitigation target towards NZE (Net Zero emissions) in 2060. In this study, a quantitative evaluation was used to explore and analyze the effectiveness of mitigation efforts toward energy saving potential and GHG emission reduction, as well as the cost-effectiveness of mitigation actions based on the AIM/end-use model. The RUPTL mitigation efforts (CM1 & CM2) contribute 40% (CM1) and 46% (CM2) of the energy sector’s First NDC GHG emission reduction target. Through CM3, the power sector will peak GHG emissions in 2035. This will lead to carbon neutrality by 2060. The considerable reduction in GHG emissions is affected by new and renewable development, low carbon technologies, coal phase-out, and the integration of CCS technology with an additional investment cost of 1810 billion USD or 48 million USD/year (2022-2060). Deep decarbonization in CM3 could enable the power sector avoid carbon taxes and gain revenue $2.2 billion in 2060 from carbon trading.
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Wang-Helmreich, Hanna, and Stefan Lochner. "The potential of natural gas as a bridging technology in low-emission road transportation in Germany." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120131125w.
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Greenhouse gas emission reductions are at the centre of national and international efforts to mitigate climate change. In road transportation, many politically incentivised measures focus on increasing the energy efficiency of established technologies, or promoting electric or hybrid vehicles. The abatement potential of the former approach is limited, electric mobility technologies are not yet market-ready. In a case study for Germany, this paper focuses on natural gas powered vehicles as a bridging technology in road transportation. Scenario analyses with a low level of aggregation show that natural gas-based road transportation in Germany can accumulate up to 464 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent emission reductions until 2030 depending on the speed of the diffusion process. If similar policies were adopted EU-wide, the emission reduction potential could reach a maximum of about 2.5 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent. Efforts to promote natural gas as a bridging technology may therefore contribute to significant emissions reductions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Duscha, Vicki [Verfasser], and K. M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ehrhart. "No-lose targets as an option to integrate non-Annex I countries in global emission reduction efforts - A game-theoretical analysis / Vicki Duscha. Betreuer: K.-M. Ehrhart." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024729699/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Price, Jarrett F., and Sheryl E. Mitchell. Diesel Emissions: Reduction Efforts. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2012.
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Arent, Douglas, Channing Arndt, Finn Tarp, and Owen Zinaman, eds. Moving Forward. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0029.
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With the passage of CoP21, the world is leaving a relatively inactive stage and entering a second stage characterized by broad-based efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A third stage of reductions will almost certainly be required. This should chart a feasible path to a stabilized climate and put in place the necessary policy architecture for following that path, marking a global tipping point where effective climate change mitigation is no longer a goal but an accepted fact, with broad implications for behaviour and decision-making, not least a massive reduction in the resources allocated to prospecting for new fossil fuel reserves. A clear proximate operational challenge for achieving this tipping point involves effective implementation of country Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) with attendant information needs. Looking further ahead, four key research frontiers are presented, focused on achieving this tipping point and entering the third stage of emissions reductions.
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Alix, Alexandre, Laurent Bellet, Corinne Trommsdorff, and Iris Audureau, eds. Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063172.
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The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
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Smith, Don C. Unconventional Gas Development 2.0. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0013.
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Unconventional development has revolutionized natural gas production, an advance that could play a major role in reducing dangerous greenhouse gas emissions implicated in global climate change. However, the ‘net carbon reduction benefits’ associated with natural gas (ie fuel switching from coal to natural gas for electricity generation) will dissipate if the environmental footprint of unconventional development is not addressed. New and developing technologies can help reduce the environmental footprint. For example, new technologies to identify methane leaks in natural gas systems can ensure that the carbon benefit is secured. And there are other challenges related to reducing the environmental footprint including improved water management and preventing earthquakes linked to unconventional gas development. One US state, Colorado, has proven that workable efforts can successfully be undertaken to require deployment of new technology to reduce methane emissions—the result of a first-in-the US collaboration involving political leaders, industry, environmental groups, and regulators.
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Jaramillo, Marcela, and Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.
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The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial support for countries in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) in their efforts to achieve the climate objectives under the Paris Agreement, seeking to transition to a net zero, resilient and sustainable development pathways that improve quality of life and prosperity in LAC. Through our research and experience supporting countries and piloting solutions we have developed a toolbox for support. This paper describes three NDC Invest products to support Governments to tackle challenges and scale up action towards a climate aligned and sustainable development path: i) the design of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) for net-zero emissions and resilience; ii) design of ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aligned to LTS; and iii) design of investment plans and finance strategies. Our three products are not a fix recipe, but rather a toolbox to provide flexible and relevant solutions tailored to country needs and context, and different stages of design and implementation of their climate targets.
Book chapters on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Hamamoto, Mitsutsugu. "Target-Setting Emissions Trading Program in Saitama Prefecture: Impact on CO2 Emissions in the First Compliance Period." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 117–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_7.
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Abstract This chapter investigates whether the Target-Setting Emissions Trading (TSET) Program launched in 2011 by Saitama Prefecture in Japan had an impact on CO2 emissions during the first compliance period. Facility-level data are used to estimate the causal relationship between implementation of the program and changes in CO2 emissions. The results indicate that the TSET Program spurred emission reduction efforts. In addition, this chapter shows that the TSET Program also functioned as an incentive for facilities that are not covered by the program to lower their energy consumption. These findings indicate that the TSET Program succeeded in encouraging emission reduction efforts by the facilities, even though the program includes no penalty for facilities that do not meet emission goals.
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Streimikiene, Dalia, and Remigijus Ciegis. "Lifestyle Changes: Significant Contribution to GHG Emission Reduction Efforts." In Climate Change Management, 167–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10751-1_14.
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von Storch, Hans. "Climate Change in the Attention Arena of the Middle Class." In Climate of the Middle, 63–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85322-8_7.
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AbstractGood intentions by the middle class are not always well guided and do not always lead to measurable or significant results. For example, efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions may hold broad appeal but can still have negligible impact. Therefore, it is suggested to embark on “Apollo projects”, which bundle the potential and willingness of the middle class. These projects should focus on the development of specific technologies, with economic advantages to support their spread throughout the world. Doing so will harness the middle class in support of greenhouse gas emission reductions in the gigaton-range. Such pan-national projects, for example, could address emission-free ship- or air-propulsion, the electrification of heating or of processes in the chemical industry.
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Pallonetto, Fabiano. "Towards a More Sustainable Mobility." In Handbook of Computational Social Science for Policy, 465–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16624-2_24.
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AbstractThe transport sector is the second most important source of emissions in the EU. It is paramount to act now towards the decarbonisation of our transport system to mitigate climate change effects. Waiting for future technological advancements to minimise the existing anthropogenic emissions and dramatically boost its sustainability is risky for human survival. The current chapter highlights how the path towards a sustainable transport system is a whole stakeholders’ effort involving the mass deployment of available technology, changing user behaviours, data-driven legislation, and researching and developing future disruptive technologies. The author analyses and classifies the available data on various transport modals and assesses the impact of the technologies and policy measures in terms of potential reduction of carbon emissions, challenges, and opportunities. It also exemplifies outstanding test settings across the world on how already available technologies have contributed to the development of a lower-carbon transport setting. The chapter considers developing countries’ economic and infrastructural challenges in upgrading to a low-carbon transport system and the lack of data-driven decisions and stakeholders’ engagement measures in addressing the sector sustainability challenges. It also emphasised how a sustainable transport system should lay the foundation on data harmonisation and interoperability to accelerate innovation and promote a fast route for deploying new and more effective policies.
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Yu, Poshan, Yuewen Weng, and Aashrika Ahuja. "Carbon Financing and the Sustainable Development Mechanism." In Handbook of Research on Energy and Environmental Finance 4.0, 301–32. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8210-7.ch012.
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China has been one of the largest global emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2). As a result, the country is committing itself to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The attention that is being paid to the serious problem of climate change has increased manifold. Corresponding policies are introduced in relation to the financing of carbon. In particular, in the wake of the announcement that China would be going carbon neutral before 2060, concrete efforts are being consistently made towards carbon emission reduction. Policies and measures related to carbon finance are being continuously promulgated, and a national carbon emission trading market too has been established on July 16, 2021. This chapter gives a brief overview of the carbon market, carbon finance, and its policies in the context of sustainable development. It also examines the approach towards the future development of the carbon finance market by discussing in detail the existing deficiencies and areas of improvement.
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Birpınar, Mehmet Emin, and Tuğba Dinçbaş. "National Technology Initiative in Line with the Net-Zero Emission Target." In National Technology Initiative: Social Reflections and Türkiye's Future, 427–42. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-17-7.ch21.
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Technology is considered to be one of the core building blocks in solving the problem of climate change. Current studies on climate change demonstrate the increasing importance of scientific and technological trends that will shape the future of the world. Energy system technologies, in particular, are of great importance as they lie at the very heart of the climate change problem. On the other hand, to achieve the net-zero emission targets announced by many countries, including our country, it is necessary to ensure the dissemination of existing clean technologies, develop and introduce new technologies to the market and provide technical and financial support to developing countries to reduce emissions. Delaying the dissemination of these technologies will cause economies to continue their carbon-intensive growth paths despite the climate crisis. This situation will make it difficult to achieve emission reduction targets over time. Accelerating R&D and investment activities in clean technology right after Türkiye became a party to the Paris Agreement and announced its net-zero emission target emerges as a economic and environmental priorities. Times of crisis are also times of opportunity. Climate change, which has been defined as a crisis recently, is critical not only for the development of clean technologies but also for a radical change in production and consumption processes. In this context, risks and opportunities related to the climate crisis should be addressed in a holistic way and the process should adopt a win-win approach with effective and inclusive policies. It is necessary to move beyond the existing policies on low-carbon technologies in order to minimize the impact of green transition in our country and use the process as an opportunity. Such technologies should be supported under all subheadings and throughout the entire technology cycle, and in order to do this, effective mechanisms including financial ones, should be created and activities with concrete indicators in line with designated targets should be carried. In this context, the very first step to take is to set a technology roadmap regarding the transition that will take place within the framework of the 2053 net-zero emission vision. In addition, it is essential to improve national and international cooperation on technology. The participation of the private sector in R&D efforts and improve the public-university-private sector cooperation in these areas should be increased. Lastly, it is of utmost importance that international financing is mobilised in a stronger way for the dissemination of technology efforts. Türkiye has made significant advances in technology in the green transition process, which is seen as a solution to the climate change problem. It is needed to identify the related strategies and policies required by these change with all institutions. The development and dissemination of these technologies will provide an opportunity not only for the fight against climate change but also green transition of our country.
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Dunphy, Niall P., and John E. Morrissey. "Optimization of Construction Supply Chains for Greenhouse Gas Reduction." In Architecture and Design, 627–57. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7314-2.ch023.
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There is an increasing number of regulatory and public policy initiatives aimed at improving building energy efficiency, recognizing the importance of the built environment to achieve lower energy-related emissions. However, these efforts have generally focused on the building scale. A comprehensive reduction of carbon emissions from construction requires a wider focus, considering the building as well as the lifecycle of materials and their supply chains. There is a need for robust analysis of the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) implications of construction supply chains and to optimize supply chains configurations so as to minimize GHG emissions across multiple organizations. This chapter provides a rigorous means of assessing the dynamic and complex supply chains of construction to obtain optimal and sustainable levels of GHG reductions in a whole-of-chain approach. Outcomes represent critical new knowledge, enabling deeper understanding as well as enhanced capacity to maximize energy savings from the built environment.
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Dunphy, Niall P., and John E. Morrissey. "Optimization of Construction Supply Chains for Greenhouse Gas Reduction." In Optimization of Supply Chain Management in Contemporary Organizations, 280–310. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8228-3.ch011.
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There is an increasing number of regulatory and public policy initiatives aimed at improving building energy efficiency, recognizing the importance of the built environment to achieve lower energy-related emissions. However, these efforts have generally focused on the building scale. A comprehensive reduction of carbon emissions from construction requires a wider focus, considering the building as well as the lifecycle of materials and their supply chains. There is a need for robust analysis of the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) implications of construction supply chains and to optimize supply chains configurations so as to minimize GHG emissions across multiple organizations. This chapter provides a rigorous means of assessing the dynamic and complex supply chains of construction to obtain optimal and sustainable levels of GHG reductions in a whole-of-chain approach. Outcomes represent critical new knowledge, enabling deeper understanding as well as enhanced capacity to maximize energy savings from the built environment.
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Hill, Alice C. "Marry Mitigation and Adaptation." In The Fight for Climate after COVID-19, 178–204. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197549704.003.0007.
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This chapter studies the consequences of the gnawing disconnect between policies focused on mitigation and those focused on adaptation. The division can cause a government's or business’ focus to scatter among experts who only specialize in one side or the other of the climate equation, thus erecting yet another barrier to effective policies and action. Even more worrisome, the division between adaptation and mitigation can result in climate choices that actually cause harm, because efforts in one area may undermine efforts in the other. The failure to consider vulnerability to climate-fueled extremes in emissions-cutting efforts can result in “malmitigation,” while the failure to consider emissions caused by adaptation projects can result in “maladaptation.” Going forward, decision makers should assess emissions reduction and preparedness choices in view of their overall contributions to addressing climate risk. An easy way to marry mitigation and adaptation is through nature-based solutions, which reduce planetary warming by absorbing carbon while simultaneously protecting against the accelerating impacts of new climate extremes. However, the question of who will pay for what needs to get done is harder. Fortunately, here too, promising answers have begun to emerge.
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Hughes, Sara. "Evaluating Urban Governance." In Repowering Cities, 46–78. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740411.003.0003.
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This chapter develops a framework for understanding and evaluating the tools available to, and deployed by, city governments for governing, foregrounding the “how” of urban climate change mitigation. The framework has three components. First, city governments make choices about the policies and governing modes they will use to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These choices represent each city's unique route to climate change mitigation and are shaped by the broader social, political, institutional, and physical context. Second, regardless of the specific route a city chooses, there are shared governing strategies city governments can and do use to mobilize participants and resources: institution building, coalition building, and capacity building. These strategies allow city governments to reduce key sources of uncertainty, mobilize the participants, and coordinate the resources needed for change. Third, evaluating urban climate change governance requires evaluating its impacts. These are both reductions in city-scale GHG emissions and broader changes in the city, and beyond, catalyzed by efforts to reduce urban GHG emissions.
Conference papers on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Reddy, Dhanireddy R., and Chi-Ming Lee. "An Overview of Low-Emission Combustion Research at NASA Glenn." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56100.
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An overview of research efforts at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) in low-emission combustion technology that have made a significant impact on the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission reduction in aircraft propulsion is presented. The technology advancements and their impact on aircraft emissions are discussed in the context of NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) high-level goals in fuel burn, noise and emission reductions. The highlights of the research presented here show how the past and current efforts laid the foundation for the engines that are flying today as well as how the continued technology advancements will significantly influence the next generation of aviation propulsion system designs.
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Shakariyants, Savad A., Jos P. van Buijtenen, and Wilfried P. J. Visser. "Aero-Gasturbine Emission Reduction and Simulation Technology: Philosophy and Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53521.
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Aircraft engine technology has gained major advances in the past 40–50 years, steadily bringing significant gains in the reduction of exhaust emissions at the source. However, with the projected increase in air traffic, the cumulative amount of aircraft emissions will still increase. This maintains the need for further progress in developing analytical methods to predict the amount and composition of exhaust gases from aircraft engines to better assess the alternatives for reducing emissions and better inform decision-makers, manufacturers and operators. The Research Project “Aero-Gasturbine Emission Reduction and Simulation Technology”, started at the Delft University of Technology in collaboration with the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) and the Netherlands Ministry of Traffic, is aimed to contribute to the efforts to solve the problem. With the limitations, complexity and costs of emission measurements at operational conditions, the ability to predict engine exhaust emissions by means of analytical tools becomes more urgent for minimizing aircraft engine exhaust gas emissions. This paper presents a philosophy and approach to develop such tools.
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Cai, Wenjia, Can Wang, and Jining Chen. "CO2 Emission Reduction Efforts Made by China's Electricity Sector and the International Comparison." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.472.
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Jafarzadeh, Sepideh, and Ingrid Schjølberg. "Emission Reduction in Shipping Using Hydrogen and Fuel Cells." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61401.
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Despite various technical and operational improvements, shipping remains a contributor to global emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur oxides, among others. As a part of its efforts to limit adverse health and environmental impacts of shipping, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has enforced regulations to control these emissions. In addition, some countries, such as Norway have imposed additional regulations to control emissions further. Environmental regulations and concerns call for an improved environmental profile within shipping, which motivates this study. Alternative fuels and power systems are required for a substantial reduction in emissions from shipping. Hydrogen and fuel cells are among the most promising solutions from an environmental perspective. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device, which produces electricity through the reaction of an oxidant with hydrogen or another hydrogen-rich fuel, such as a hydrocarbon fuel. Since the electricity production does not entail fuel combustion, emissions are reduced substantially. When hydrogen gas is used as the fuel, only water is formed as the byproduct. In addition to emitting ultralow or zero emissions, fuel cells offer high energy conversion efficiency, low noise level, and low vibration. The Norwegian energy system is based on electricity from renewable energy sources and mainly hydropower. Renewable energy output is strongly affected by the weather conditions, among other factors, and the supplies fluctuate accordingly. There is a need for a means to store and use the renewable energy surplus. In addition, from a technical point of view Norway still has potential to further develop hydro and wind power. Excess power can be used for production of hydrogen through water electrolysis, which in turn can fuel different means of transportation, such as shipping. This paper aims at contributing to the research body on the use of hydrogen and fuel cells in shipping. First, a short introduction to hydrogen fuel and fuel cells is given. Then, an elaboration on pros and cons of powering vessels with fuel cells is presented. After providing an overview of current marine applications of fuel cells, the paper discusses potential vessels, which can benefit from this technology. Finally, the environmental benefits of using fuel cells are shown through a preliminary case study. Data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) in the Norwegian waters is used for estimating operational profile of a vessel, its current emissions, and potential emission reduction by using hydrogen and fuel cells. The results of this study show the potential of hydrogen and fuel cells in reducing emissions of shipping and set forth the research gaps.
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Hedrick, John, Steven G. Fritz, and Ted Stewart. "Application of an Experimental EGR System to a Medium Speed EMD Marine Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2009-14023.
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This paper focuses on quantifying emission reductions associated with various on-engine technologies applied to Electro-Motive Diesel two-cycle diesel engines, which are very popular in marine and locomotive applications in North America. This paper investigates the benefits of using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), separate circuit aftercooler, and retarded injection timing on a EMD 12-645E7 marine engine. The EGR system alone provided up to a 32.9% reduction in brake specific Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions while demonstrating less than one percent increase in cycle brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The brake specific particulate matter emissions increased somewhat, but at a modest rate based on the amount of NOx emission reduction. When the enhanced aftercooler system was combined with the addition of EGR, there was a 31.9% reduction in NOx and essentially no change to the BSFC when compared to the baseline test. The minimum manifold air temperature (MAT) was limited due to the size of the standard EMD aftercooler heat exchanger that is fitted on the engine. No efforts to modify the turbocharger to improve the turbo match to take advantage of the lower manifold air temperatures and the corresponding lower exhaust energy. Once 4° static injection timing retard was introduced, along with the EGR and the minimum MAT, a maximum NOx reduction of 49% was realized with only a 1.1% increase over the baseline BSFC.
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Tsatiashvili, V. V., and V. G. Avgustinovich. "NOx Reduction in Gas Turbine Combustors With Compact Non-Premixed Flame Front." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25598.
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This paper represents results of R&D efforts towards reducing a bypass turbofan engine NOx emission by 45 % compared with CAEP/6 to meet the ICAO NOx emission goal of 2020. To achieve ICAO NOx technology goal, a new approach is used based on the NOx emission reduction in combustors with non-premixed combustion well proved in operation. The new approach is represented by structured system of low emission combustion principles — a concept of combustor featuring compact non-premixed flame (CNPF). The essence of CNPF concept is in suppression of volume and surface NOx formation sources by flame front blocking in liner primary zone and by increasing of fuel effective burning rate. The paper represents the development of concept up to and including the 4th technology maturity level. It demonstrates CNPF concept independence and interaction with other up-to-date gas turbine low emission concepts. The paper indicates comparison of rig test results between in-service combustor and CNPF adopted combustors carried out on a single liner. A CNPF adopted combustor shows NOx emission index reduction by 35 …47 % at take-off engine conditions. Preliminary estimation shows that it is possible to reach the ICAO goal for NOx emission level of 2020.
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Skorpa, Ragnhild, Lars Sørum, and Jan David Ytrehus. "Towards a Market and Industrially Driven Green Transition of the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81330.
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Abstract On a world basis, the Norwegian oil and gas industry accounted for 2.5% of the global production in 2020, and even though the CO2 equivalent per unit barrel produced is among the lowest in the world, over 25% of the domestic emissions (scope 1 emissions) in Norway are related to offshore oil and gas production. The oil and gas industry are now undergoing a green transition with high emission reduction ambitions. The aims are a 50% emission reduction by 2030, and towards zero for 2050. With this they are transitioning from exclusive traditional oil and gas to energy supply with a broader portfolio. This includes integrating renewables such as wind, solar and electrification, both research- and operational wise, and optimize production of oil and gas. Important aspects for acceleration of the green shift in general, will be the ability to develop, adopt and implement new and sustainable technology fast. Specifically, the emission reductions in oil and gas production will be achieved through integrating renewables, system integration, enhanced energy efficiency, novel technologies and general improvements through competence optimalization, digitalization etc. These initiatives are strengthened through earmarking of funding from remedies, to accelerate transition to a sustainable oil and gas industry. This paper describes and discusses how Norwegian R&D support and efforts represents important parts of the ongoing green transition of the oil and gas industry in Norway.
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Chan, Yen Pinng, Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij Muhammad Yasin, and Ir Suhana Muhamad. "Towards Realizing Net Zero Carbon Emissions for Sustainability of Existing and Aging Offshore Facilities." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22559-ms.
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Abstract Amidst global push towards sustainable energy, efforts to drive down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions towards net zero across all upstream assets and new developments are expected to intensify. This task has proven to be far more challenging for existing, aging offshore facilities both technically and commercially. This paper will share various fit-for-purpose options identified through rigorous front-end loading (FEL) processes which can be implemented on existing, aging facilities to accelerate and realize sustainable GHG emission reduction efforts across all business value chain. Essence of decarbonization is in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions. Apart from carbon tax inclusion in decision making, proactive directives in zero continuous hydrocarbon venting and flaring in upstream facilities while maximizing renewable energy applications has already set the momentum. Beyond that, lies the task of developing sustainable carbon abatement strategies for existing, aging facilities. Up to eight (8) concepts were explored through feasibility study at FEL assessing the extent of brownfield modification, emissions reduction, and associated costs. Concepts range from cost-efficient vent to flare conversions to CAPEX-intensive gas injection and sequestration solutions. Options with monetization potential such as floating compressed natural gas (FCNG), liquid or condensate recovery system (CRS) and gas liquefaction are within consideration as well. Value improvement beyond facilities design life is influenced by the sustainability of solutions introduced. There are 25 tons of CO2e in every part of methane (CH4) released in vent gas, which is a common design for offshore facilities aged more than 30 years. Efforts in emissions reduction is therefore deemed most suitably carried out in both a short- and long-term manner, which is replicable regardless of a facility's age. Short term, fit-for-purpose solution of converting existing vent stacks into flare stacks with cyclone separator-caisson system is projected to be able to significantly reduce GHG emissions up to 70% in the span of 3 years. Leading towards net zero, mid and long-term efforts through gas injection and sequestration including monetization strategies will be more sustainable as they demonstrate potential of up to 95% GHG emissions reduction within field life. Particularly for monetization opportunities such as pipeline export, CNG, CRS and gas liquefaction, area development strategy is recommended to establish economy of scale. Ability to synergize carbon abatement with capital projects innovatively to achieve positive economic returns while transitioning into a global environment of sustainability is crucial. Decarbonization efforts especially for existing, aging upstream facilities requires firstly, a strong managerial aspiration in the sustainability agenda; Secondly, expertise of operations to balance life cycle costs against carbon abatement investments. Strategies outlined in this paper share insights on how decarbonization efforts can be streamlined for effective execution towards net zero carbon emissions target.
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Chan, Yen Pinng, Muhammad Yazuwan Sallij Bin Muhammad Yasin, and Ir Suhana Binti Muhamad. "Towards Realising Net Zero Carbon Emissions for Sustainability of Existing and Aging Offshore Facilities." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31408-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Amidst global push towards sustainable energy, efforts to drive down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions towards net zero across all upstream assets and new developments are expected to intensify. This task has proven to be far more challenging for existing, aging offshore facilities both technically and commercially. This paper will share various fit-for-purpose options identified through rigorous front-end loading (FEL) processes which can be implemented on existing, aging facilities to accelerate and realize sustainable GHG emission reduction efforts across all business value chain. Now an indispensable part of social and environmental responsibility, essence of decarbonization is in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions. Apart from carbon tax inclusion in decision making, proactive directives in zero continuous hydrocarbon venting and flaring in upstream facilities while maximizing renewable energy applications has already set the momentum. Beyond that, lies the task of developing sustainable carbon abatement strategies for existing, aging facilities. Up to eight (8) concepts were explored through feasibility study assessing the extent of brownfield modification, emissions reduction, and associated costs. Concepts range from cost-efficient vent to flare conversions to CAPEX-intensive gas injection and sequestration solutions. Options with monetization potential such as floating compressed natural gas (FCNG), condensate recovery system (CRS) and gas liquefaction are within consideration as well. Value improvement beyond facilities design life is influenced by the sustainability of solutions introduced. There are 25 tons of CO2e in every part of methane (CH4) released in vent gas, which is a common design for offshore facilities aged more than 30 years. Efforts in emissions reduction is therefore deemed most suitably carried out in both a short- and long-term manner, which is replicable regardless of a facility's age. Short term, fit-for-purpose solution of converting existing vent stacks into flare stacks with cyclone separator-caisson system is projected to be able to significantly reduce GHG emissions up to 70% in the span of 3 years. Leading towards net zero, mid and long-term efforts through gas injection and sequestration including monetization strategies will be more sustainable as they demonstrate potential of up to 95% GHG emissions reduction within field life. For monetization opportunities such as pipeline export, FCNG, CRS and gas liquefaction, area development strategy is recommended to establish economy of scale. Ability to synergize carbon abatement with capital projects innovatively to achieve positive economic returns while transitioning into a global environment of sustainability is crucial. Decarbonization efforts especially for existing, aging upstream facilities requires firstly, a strong managerial aspiration in the sustainability agenda; Secondly, expertise of operations to balance life cycle costs against carbon abatement investments. Strategies outlined in this paper share insights on how decarbonization efforts can be streamlined for effective execution towards net zero carbon emissions target.
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Motamed, Mohammad A., and Lars O. Nord. "Development of a simulation tool for design and off-design performance assessment of offshore combined heat and power cycles." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192001.
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Ambitious targets for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are set by Norwegian authorities to address the concerns about global warming. Emission reductions in the offshore heat and power sector can play a role in reaching these targets. Parts of the efforts in industry and academia to reduce offshore emissions are concerned with introducing new design configurations or proposing novel operational strategies for the combined heat and power cycles. Therefore, there is a desire to have a fast and reliable design and assessment tool to be used in the early design stage. Here, a generalized design and performance simulation tool is developed presenting a design point and off-design simulation of the offshore heat and power cycles. It helps the designer provide a fast and accurate thermodynamic assessment of proposed design solutions. The tool has a graphical user interface to facilitate working with the tool with a minimum level of effort and background knowledge from the user. Five part-load control strategies are included in the tool. The tool is verified with available data in the open literature and the results are shown to be in good agreement with the reference data. A combined heat and power cycle is designed and simulated at part-loads as a case study. The cycle includes a gas turbine, a process heat extraction unit, and an organic Rankine bottoming cycle. The simulated performance of the design case in various control strategies is compared showing a 2.5% emission reduction relative to the baseline control strategy.
Reports on the topic "Emission reduction efforts"
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Alexander, Serena E., Ahoura Zandiatashbar, and Branka Tatarevic. Fragmented or Aligned Climate Action: Assessing Linkages Between Regional and Local Planning Efforts to Meet Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2146.
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Amid the rising climate change concerns, California enacted Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) to tackle transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. SB 375 requires Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS), a regional transportation and land use vision plan, to reduce GHG emissions. Meanwhile, a local government can develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP), a non-binding, voluntary plan to reduce GHG emissions that may align with the regional SCS. Recent progress reports indicate California is not making sufficient progress to meet SB 375 emissions reduction targets, which raises important questions: (1) Are the transportation and land use strategies and targets in SCS plans reflected in the local plans to build sustainable communities? (2) Does the alignment of regional and local transportation and land use strategies mitigate GHG emissions through vehicle trip reduction? (3) How different are the effects of independent local action and alignment of local and regional actions on vehicle trip reduction? Through an in-depth content analysis of plans and policies developed by five MPOs and 20 municipalities and a quantitative analysis of the impact of local and regional strategy alignment on vehicle trip reduction over time, this study shows that the patterns of local and regional climate policy are diverse across the state, but poor alignment is not necessarily a sign of limited climate action at the local level. Cities with a long climate-planning history and the capacity to act innovatively can lead regional efforts or adopt their own independent approach. Nonetheless, there are clear patterns of common strategies in local and regional plans, such as active transportation strategies and planning for densification and land use diversity. Well-aligned regional and local level climate-friendly infrastructure appear to have the most significant impact on vehicle-trip reduction, on average a 7% decrease in vehicle trips. Yet, many local-level strategies alone, such as for goods movement, urban forest strategies, parking requirements, and education and outreach programs, are effective in vehicle-trip reduction. A major takeaway from this research is that although local and regional climate policy alignment can be essential for reducing vehicle trips, local action is equally important.
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Baker, Justin S., Brent L. Sohngen, Sara Ohrel, and Allen A. Fawcett. Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in the US Forest Sector. RTI Press, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.pb.0011.1708.
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This study conducted an economic analysis of future US forest mitigation potential using a detailed economic model of the global forestry sector. The scenario design included a wide range of possible future carbon price incentives and climate policy structures (unilateral and global mitigation). Results across all scenarios show US forest sector mitigation potential ranging from 54 to 292 MtCO2e between 2015 and 2030 (5 to 47 percent of the additional mitigation needed to achieve the 26 to 28 percent emissions reduction target). The results from this study suggest that the US forest sector can play an important role in global greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, including efforts to meet any potential future US mitigation targets.
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Van Winkle, Christina, Justin S. Baker, Daniel Lapidus, Sara Ohrel, John Steller, Gregory Latta, and Dileep Birur. US Forest Sector Greenhouse Mitigation Potential and Implications for Nationally Determined Contributions. RTI Press, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705.
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Countries globally are committing to achieve future greenhouse gas emissions reductions to address our changing climate, as outlined in the Paris Agreement from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties. These commitments, called nationally determined contributions (NDCs), are based on projected anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels across all sectors of the economy, including land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities. Projecting LULUCF emissions is uniquely challenging, and the uncertainty of future LULUCF emissions could require additional mitigation efforts in the land use sectors to reduce the risk of NDC noncompliance. The objectives of this paper are to provide critical information on what forest sector mitigation activities are currently underway in the United States on private lands, review recent literature estimates of the mitigation potential from these activities (and associated economic costs), identify gaps in the literature where additional analytical work is needed, and provide recommendations for targeted mitigation strategies should US emissions approach or exceed targeted post-2020 NDC levels.
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Lucas, Brian. Impacts of Trade Facilitation on Carbon Emissions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.039.
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There is very little evidence that trade facilitation measures have a significant impact on carbon emissions, except in the case of trucks at land border crossings, where there is good evidence that trade facilitation can lead to significant reductions in emissions. There is good evidence that trade facilitation measures at land border crossings can reduce traffic congestion and waiting times for trucks, but only limited evidence of the impact of these improvements on carbon emissions. Computer models of inspection stations at the USA-Mexico border suggest that improving the efficiency of land border crossings through the driver, vehicle, and cargo pre-registration, automating inspection and administrative processes, and carrying out joint customs inspections could potentially reduce CO2 emissions from trucks by up to 86% in some cases. There appears to be no evidence available about whether trade facilitation efforts at seaports have an impact on carbon emissions; this issue appears to not have been studied by any ports, international agencies, or researchers. Some seaports have produced estimates of their carbon footprints, but none appear to have considered customs inspection or other activities related to trade facilitation as a distinct activity. Very few studies address the impacts of trade facilitation on carbon emissions across global value chains. Two studies that have done so suggest that trade facilitation measures could lead to small increases in CO2 emissions, ranging from less than 0.1% to 2.23%. Studies examining the more general relationship between increasing trade and carbon emissions, without specifically focusing on trade facilitation measures, have found mixed results including positive, negative, and inverse U-shaped relationships in different countries and groups of countries; several of these studies suggest that a country’s level of economic development and quality of political institutions influence the relationship between trade openness and carbon emissions.
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Keller, David P. Quantification of “constrained” potential of ocean NETs. OceanNets, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.1.
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This study uses an existing perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) of simulated ocean CO2 removal (CDR) to better determine sustainable pathways of ocean-based NET deployment and to provide information to constrain the design of subsequent modelling experiments. The results show that ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) can only help meet SDG13 (Climate Action) when other ambitious mitigation efforts are taken. This reinforces that OAE is not a substitute for emissions reduction, but could contribute to meeting our climate goals (if other factors suggest OAE is worth doing). For SDG14 (Life Below Water), the results suggest OEA can contribute to limiting or even reversing ocean acidification. Meeting many other SDG14 objectives is closely linked to also meeting SDG13. A key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations in OceanNETs should only use SDG13 compatible baseline scenarios, unless there is some specific need for process understanding at higher levels of climate change. The analysis has also determined that the idealized CDR in the PPE is not suitable for determining many socio-economic constraints and the implications that these have for meeting the SDGs. Another key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations within OceanNETs should use more realistic scenarios of CDR deployment.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.
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Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.