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1
Che, Junwen, Shenghe Zhou, Rui Shan, Hui Jia, and Zheng Liu. "Optimal Pricing Model of Environmental Quality Index Futures from the Perspective of Green Finance." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (August 28, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6951040.
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In order to establish the optimal price of low-carbon products and set the optimal target carbon emissions in the production cycle so as to maximize profits, this paper proposes the optimal pricing model of environmental quality index futures from the perspective of green finance. This paper mainly studies the optimal pricing and carbon emission strategy of low-carbon products of a single enterprise under the carbon trading system based on the quota system. When enterprises join the carbon trading system, how to optimally determine their target carbon emissions in the production cycle and the optimal price of their low-carbon products in order to maximize their own profits, based on the carbon emission quotas freely allocated by the government in the face of exogenous carbon trading prices and different consumer preferences for low-carbon products in the market, is discussed in detail. The experimental results show that the low marginal cost of emission reduction will urge enterprises to implement low-emission strategies as much as possible, and the marginal cost of a specific size will enable enterprises to implement low-carbon policies with low emissions, and the optimal emissions will decline with the increase of carbon prices. However, from the perspective of 50–300 carbon trading prices, the profits generated are less than those of the minimum emission strategy, and the difference between the two is generally one order of magnitude. Therefore, if the internal conditions permit and the external carbon trading price is reasonable, enterprises should reduce carbon emissions as much as possible. The properties obtained from the model analysis and the numerical conclusions given in the example part reflect the relationship between the enterprise product pricing, the marginal cost of emission reduction, and the target emission decision-making and draw some valuable information for the enterprise and the government decision-making.
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Izah, Sylvester Chibueze. "Outdoor Air Quality Index of Biomass Combustion in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: A Health Impact Perspective." Journal of Advanced Research in Medical Science & Technology 08, no. 01 (February 22, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202108.
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Background: Pollutant gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) are released during certain anthropogenic activities including cooking with biomass. This study evaluated the air quality index of CO, NO2 and SO2 emissions during outdoor biomass combustion in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Triplicate sampling was carried out at 3 distances in 4 different states for one Calendar year across the two distinct seasons viz: dry (November, January and March) and wet (May, July and September) in the Niger Delta. A portable multiprobe AEROQUAL meter with head-probe of varying detection range of 0 - 100 ppm for CO and NO2, and 0 - 10ppm for SO2 was used. Result: The results showed that CO, NO2 and SO2 ranged from 0.00 - 1.58 ppm, 0.00 - 0.08 ppm and 0.00 - 0.06 ppm, respectively. There was statistical variation p<0.05 across the different months for CO and SO2, locations for NO2 and distances for all the gases, and most of their interactions. The concentrations of the pollutant gases decreased as distances away from the emission source increased. The concentration of CO, NO2 and SO2 were ≤ Nigerian Ambient air quality guidelines. The air quality index showed slight to severe contamination at 10ft distances in both seasons of study. Conclusion: The air quality index indicates deleterious health impacts at 10ft emission source. Hence there is need for routine monitoring of these gases in the ambient air to obtain indices that are relevant in preventing risks related to human exposure.
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Sriwardani, Nyenyep, Yuya Okamoto, Takehiko Seo, and Masato Mikami. "The Influence of Hydrogen Addition to Diesel Fuel Spray Combustion for Different Atomization Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.33.
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The negative effects of hydrocarbon fuels are widely highlighted by increasing global warming and declining quality of human health. Therefore, it is important to reduce the level of emissions from liquid hydrocarbon combustion. Hydrogen addition to the combustion chamber is one of the proven methods to improve emssions level. In this research, an experiment was conducted on diesel fuel spray combustion with hydrogen addition. The effect of additional hydrogen was observed on CO, CO2, NO and THC exhaust gas emissions. A small hydrogen fraction (0~3 vol %) was added to the rich premixed spray combustion. The results show that increasing the hydrogen fraction reduced the emission indexes of CO and THC, and increased the emission index of CO2. Increasing the hydrogen fraction caused an increase in the emission index of NO, but the actual physical amount was insignificant. Increasing the atomizing air flow rate reduced the CO and THC emission indexes, but increased the CO2 and NO emission indexes.
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Kristyawan, I. P. A., Wiharja, A. Shoiful, P. A. Hendrayanto, A. D. Santoso, and N. Suwedi. "The air quality index based on measurements of mobile air quality monitoring station at the waste-to-energy incineration plant PLTSa Bantargebang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 926, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012015.
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Abstract Ambient air quality monitoring at waste-to-energy incineration pilot plant PLTSa Bantargebang is performed using a mobile monitoring station. The mobile monitoring station is equipped with meteorological and emission (CO, O3, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) measurement. The monitoring was performed for 24 hour with 1 minute intervals. The emission measurement data was analyzed using Indonesian Air pollution standard index regulation (PermenLHK P.14/2020). The CO, O3, NO2, PM10, and SO2 index were in good category (1-50), while the PM2.5 index was classified as moderate (65.992). The results show that the air quality at PLTSa Bantargebang is still acceptable for human health.
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Assanov, Daulet, Valeryi Zapasnyi, and Aiymgul Kerimray. "Air Quality and Industrial Emissions in the Cities of Kazakhstan." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030314.
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Industrial emissions are of major concern, especially in developing countries. Hence, there is a need for studies that investigate the trends in industrial emissions in these countries. The purpose of this study is to discuss trends in industrial emissions in Kazakhstan and the air pollution level in its industrial cities. Data on emission limit values from the permitting documents of twenty-one power plants and nine metallurgical enterprises of Kazakhstan were analyzed. Eight cities (out of fourteen) had a “high” level of atmospheric air pollution according to the Air Pollution Index in 2019. Most of the considered enterprises increased their emission limit values compared to the previous permitting period. In some cities there is a lack of monitoring stations, indicating the need for improving the spatial coverage of the air quality monitoring network in the industrial cities of Kazakhstan. The location of industrial plants far outside the cities could reduce the exposure of the urban population to air pollution. Kazakhstan urgently needs to adopt stringent emissions standards for coal-fired power plants and heavy industrial plants. The national air quality standards and definitions of air pollutants need to be updated based on the latest scientific knowledge.
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Yang, Y., J. Wang, S. Gong, X. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang, D. Li, and J. Guo. "PLAM – a meteorological pollution index for air quality and its applications in fog-haze forecasts in north China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 6 (March 25, 2015): 9077–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9077-2015.
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Abstract. Using surface meteorological observation and high resolution emission data, this paper discusses the application of PLAM/h Index (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions/haze) in the prediction of large-scale low visibility and fog-haze events. Based on the two-dimensional probability density function diagnosis model for emissions, the study extends the diagnosis and prediction of the meteorological pollution index PLAM to the regional visibility fog-haze intensity. The results show that combining the influence of regular meteorological conditions and emission factors together in the PLAM/h parameterization scheme is very effective in improving the diagnostic identification ability of the fog-haze weather in North China. The correlation coefficients for four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) between PLAM/h and visibility observation are 0.76, 0.80, 0.96 and 0.86 respectively and all their significance levels exceed 0.001, showing the ability of PLAM/h to predict the seasonal changes and differences of fog-haze weather in the North China region. The high-value correlation zones are respectively located in Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei), Bohai Bay rim and the southern Hebei-northern Henan, indicating that the PLAM/h index has relations with the distribution of frequent heavy fog-haze weather in North China and the distribution of emission high-value zone. Comparatively analyzing the heavy fog-haze events and large-scale fine weather processes in winter and summer, it is found that PLAM/h index 24 h forecast is highly correlated to the visibility observation. Therefore, PLAM/h index has better capability of doing identification, analysis and forecasting.
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Yang, Y. Q., J. Z. Wang, S. L. Gong, X. Y. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Q. Wang, J. Wang, D. Li, and J. P. Guo. "PLAM – a meteorological pollution index for air quality and its applications in fog-haze forecasts in North China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 3 (February 8, 2016): 1353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1353-2016.
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Abstract. Using surface meteorological observation and high-resolution emission data, this paper discusses the application of the PLAM/h index (Parameter Linking Air-quality to Meteorological conditions/haze) in the prediction of large-scale low visibility and fog-haze events. Based on the two-dimensional probability density function diagnosis model for emissions, the study extends the diagnosis and prediction of the meteorological pollution index PLAM to the regional visibility fog-haze intensity. The results show that combining the influence of regular meteorological conditions and emission factors together in the PLAM/h parameterization scheme is very effective in improving the diagnostic identification ability of the fog-haze weather in North China. The determination coefficients for four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) between PLAM/h and visibility observation are 0.76, 0.80, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively, and all of their significance levels exceed 0.001, showing the ability of PLAM/h to predict the seasonal changes and differences of fog-haze weather in the North China region. The high-value correlation zones are located in Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei), Bohai Bay rim, and southern Hebei–northern Henan, indicating that the PLAM/h index is related to the distribution of frequent heavy fog-haze weather in North China and the distribution of emission high-value zone. Through comparative analysis of the heavy fog-haze events and large-scale clear-weather processes in winter and summer, it is found that PLAM/h index 24 h forecast is highly correlated with the visibility observation. Therefore, the PLAM/h index has good capability in identification, analysis, and forecasting.
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Zhang, Yuan, Zhen Yu, and Juan Zhang. "Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and dynamic efficiency decomposition of carbon emission efficiency in the Yellow River Basin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 24, 2022): e0264274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264274.
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The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is China’s substantial energy consumption base. The issue of carbon emission efficiency directly affects the ecological protection and high-quality development of the YRB. It is the key to achieving carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutralization in 2060 (“30.60”) double carbon emission reduction targets. Therefore, taking YRB as the research object, this paper first calculates the carbon emission and the decoupling state in the YRB. Secondly, the super-efficiency slacks-based measurement (SE-SBM) model is combined with the Malmquist index to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of YRB’s carbon emission efficiency from static and dynamic perspectives. Thirdly, the dynamic evolution characteristics of carbon emission efficiency are analyzed with the help of the Kernel density function. Finally, the Tobit model analyzes the influencing factors of YRB’s and China’s carbon emission efficiency. The results show that: (1) Among the nine provinces of YRB, the decoupling state between carbon emissions and economic growth in most provinces changes from weak decoupling to strong decoupling, and the decoupling elasticity index shows a fluctuating downward trend. (2) There are significant differences in carbon emission efficiency among provinces, but on the whole, it shows a stable growth trend. The high-value area of carbon emission efficiency is increasing, and the phenomenon of two-level differentiation is improving. The decline of the technological progress index causes the Malmquist index in Qinghai and Ningxia. On the contrary, the rise of the Malmquist index in the other seven provinces is caused by improving the technical efficiency index. (3) Industrial structure, economic development, and industrialization are the main positive factors affecting YRB’s carbon emission efficiency. Urbanization level, green development level, and energy consumption level are the leading negative indicators hindering YRB’s improvement of carbon emission efficiency. Therefore, targeted emission reduction suggestions should be formulated according to YRB’s resource endowment and development stage characteristics.
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Wang, Jiayu, Han Ding, Xiao Hu, Liang Hua, Zhongping Xu, Chengping Zhang, and Dongliang Hu. "Research on application of “double-carbon power index” system based on delphi method." MATEC Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235601006.
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Double carbon-power index is an important index to measure regional carbon dioxide emission, regional economic development and carbon emission reduction implementation.It can determine whether carbon dioxide has reached a peak in a region or industry, so that the government can take targeted measures to guide enterprises to reduce carbon dioxide.Through build wuxi double carbon power index system, based on the Delphi method to carry out the comprehensive evaluation, explore their short-term carbon emissions to peak, the path of the development of long-term carbon neutral, assist the government in a timely manner to master carbon, carbon reduction status, so as to promote comprehensive ground application carbon reduction measures, for zero carbon high quality under the restriction of power in wuxi city development.
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Furimsky, E. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Index as a Mean for Assessing Fuel Quality." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 30, no. 2 (November 29, 2007): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030600820583.
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Fang, Hui, Xiaoye Zhang, Ting Lei, and Baya Lydia Houadi. "FDI Quality, Green Technology Innovation and Urban Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from China." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 9657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129657.
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High-quality introduction and utilization of foreign investment is a new engine for China’s further opening up and plays a significant role in urban carbon emission reduction in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategies. By constructing a comprehensive assessment index of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) quality and using panel data from 283 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2019, this paper systematically examines the impact of FDI quality on urban carbon emissions and identifies the mechanism of green technology innovation in order to clarify the correlation among the three. The results show that FDI quality upgrading can significantly reduce urban carbon emissions, which is mainly manifested by FDI management and FDI export capacity to suppress total carbon emissions. The above effect of FDI quality is more significant in cities with a low rationalization degree of industrial structure, high investment in science and technology, strong environmental regulation and high dependence on foreign capital. Green technology innovation is an intermediary mechanism for FDI quality to have a carbon emission reduction effect. Looking at different areas, foreign companies in the eastern regions can promote carbon emission reduction through independent innovation, while the central and western regions essentially rely on imitative innovation; however, there is a delay in the role of innovation quality. Further study suggests that the carbon emission reduction effect of FDI quality has an obvious characteristic of threshold, which will be slightly weakened with the increase in the quantity of imitative innovation but strengthened with the improvement of the quantity of independent innovation and the quality of innovation. The conclusion aims to provide policy implications for China to explore a sustainable pathway that combines promoted opening with carbon reduction targets.
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Ren, Hongxin, Xiangjun Ou, and Huxiao Zhu. "Spatial characteristics and coupling coordination between carbon emission efficiency and industrial structure in three metropolitan areas of Jiangsu Province, China." Science Progress 106, no. 2 (April 2023): 003685042311761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504231176146.
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It is of great practical significance to study the spatial characteristics of carbon emission efficiency, industrial structure, their coupling and coordination relationship for China's green development and industrial structure transformation in the new era. From the perspective of coupling, coordination and space, this paper analyzes and summarizes the spatial characteristics of carbon emission efficiency and industrial structure of 19 cities in three metropolitan areas of Jiangsu Province during 2009–2019 and their coupling and coordination relationship. The carbon emission efficiency in this study is represented by the carbon emission economic efficiency index and carbon emission social efficiency index. The results show that (a) the high-emission centers in the three metropolitan areas developed from “three centers” in 2009 to “five centers” in 2019. The continuous high-energy consumption of the secondary industry and the growth of the economic aggregate of the third industry kept the regional high carbon dioxide emissions. (b) The average value of carbon emission economic efficiency in 19 cities continued to increase, indicating that the contribution rate of the same amount of carbon emissions to economic income gradually increased; the growth range of carbon emission economic efficiency index is greater than that of carbon emission social efficiency index, indicating that carbon emission has a more significant effect on the improvement of regional economic development than on the improvement of public service level and residents’ living quality. (d) The solidification degree of carbon emission efficiency is greater than that of the industrial structure (solidification degree carbon emission social efficiency > carbon emission economic efficiency > industrial structure). The high-grade industrial structure in Xuzhou metropolitan area is closely related to the improvement of carbon emission economic efficiency and carbon emission social efficiency, and both are in moderate antagonism. The rationalizing industrial structure in Nanjing metropolitan area is closely related to the improvement of carbon emission economic efficiency, which is in high coordination run-in. The concentration degree of industrial structure in Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou metropolitan area is closely related to the improvement of carbon emission economic efficiency and carbon emission social efficiency, which are in polar coordination coupling and high coordination run-in, respectively. The proposed coupling path of carbon emission efficiency-industrial structure can not only alleviate the dynamic disharmony in different cities but also effectively improve the coupling degree in cities.
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Liu, Ke, Mingxue Zhao, Xinyue Xie, and Qian Zhou. "Study on the Decoupling Relationship and Rebound Effect between Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions in Central China." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610233.
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The central area is the core region of China’s economic development. Under the current goal of carbon emission reduction, the analysis of the decoupling relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions and the carbon rebound effect will help us to formulate corresponding policies, achieve a carbon peak at an early date, and ensure high-quality economic development. Based on the energy consumption data from 2000 to 2019, the carbon emission of six provinces of the central region was calculated. The Tapio decoupling model was used to learn about the decoupling index. And then, by calculating the contribution rate of technological progress to both economic growth and carbon emission intensity, the carbon saving amount and carbon rebound amount can be calculated, and the rebound effect value of carbon emission is obtained. The results show that the economy in central China presents a trend of growth. In contrast, the carbon emission of each province shows a gradient structure with a large difference, and the economic growth and carbon emission show a weak decoupling in the past five years. We further analyzed the rebound effect of carbon emissions and found that 30% of the years in the central region have a rebound effect with values of more than one. Finally, this study puts forward policy suggestions for the early realization of carbon peaks and high-quality economic development in the central region.
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GOYAL, Yuvraj, Sanu MEENA, Suresh Kumar SINGH, and Mukul KULSHRESTHA. "REAL-TIME EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM VEHICLES UNDER HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 118 (March 1, 2023): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.118.5.
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Air quality problems in cities are often a cause for worry. The air quality index is increasing daily, leading to an increase in cancer and many respiratory problems. Road transport in an urban area is a significant cause of air pollution. The vehicles must meet Indian emission regulations for which the emissions are measured using legally mandated standard driving cycles that did not accurately reflect real-world driving emissions because of varying traffic conditions, meteorological conditions, driving behaviour, vehicle power, performance, etc. This study focuses on real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) from vehicle exhaust pipes under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The emissions were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The PEMS used was an AVL MDS 450 analyser mounted on the vehicle, and on-road emissions were captured. The test sample consists of four passenger vehicles with varying engine sizes, manufacturers, and fuel. The test route comprises city and highway areas, and it was discovered that the emissions were reduced by 40 to 70% on highways compared to the city. In petrol BSIV and BSVI engines, the emission was reduced to 41.73% for CO, 46.90% for HC, and 64% for NO in the city area. Speed and emissions scatter graphs were plotted for the vehicles, and it was found that in the city area, the optimum speed for less emission is between 30-40 km/h, and on highways, the optimum speed is 80-90 km/h. The emissions were also sensitive to the rate and frequency of acceleration and decelerations. This type of study is very limited in India, and more such studies are required for the assessment of air quality in metropolitan areas and successful traffic management strategies, as well as for determining instantaneous projections of pollutant emissions.
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Kavitha, S., and J. Manikandan. "Analysis of Statistical Trends of Future Air Pollutants for Accurate Prediction." Journal of Soft Computing Paradigm 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jscp.2021.4.002.
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The climate change may be mitigated, and intra air quality assessment and local human well-being can benefit from a decrease in emission of pollutant content in the air. Monitoring the quality of the air around us is one way to do this. However, a location with various emission sources and short-term fluctuations in emissions in both time and space, and changes in winds, temperature, and precipitation creates a complex and variable pollution concentration field in the atmosphere. Therefore, based on the time and location where the sample is obtained, the measurement conducted are reflected in the monitoring results. This study aims to investigate one of India's most polluted cities' air quality measurements by greenhouse gas emissions. Using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimators, the research piece gives a statistical trend analysis of several air contaminants based on previous pollution data from Mumbai, India's air quality index station. In addition, future levels of air pollution may be correctly forecasted using an autoregressive integrated moving average model. This is followed by comparing different air quality standards and forecasts for future air pollution levels.
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Angaye, Tariwari C. N., and Koru J. Alagoa. "Environmental and Health Risk of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Levels Around some Dumpsites in the Niger Delta Region: A Case Study of Yenagoa Metropolis." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology 1, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-19-3125.
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Emission of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) from dumpsites has become a global threat due to its impact on global climate change. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal levels of H2S emissions from 6 dumpsites (LA - LF), with portable air quality meter (AEROQUAL-Series 300). Results showed that the spatial level of H2S ranged from 1.40 ppm - 14.34 ppm. Based on seasonal variation level of H2S ranged from 1.88 ppm – 3.86 ppm (p<0.05), with higher values in wet season. Meanwhile H2S were not detected in the control station (LX). Based on model for Air Quality Index (AQI), H2S emission was predominantly rated as safe and moderate, except for the two stations in the central dumpsite (LE and LF). These results confirmed the emission of H2S from the dumpsite due to anthropogenic activities. We therefore recommend policies aimed at sequestration of H2S, by the reduce, reuse and recycle policy of waste stream.
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Amala, O., Lakshmi K. Vara, Anima Sunil Dadhich, and M. Ramesh. "Water Quality Index and Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Groundwater Quality: A case Study in Visakhapatnam District, AP." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2608rjce061076.
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The main objective of the present study was to assess the groundwater quality of selected Mandals in Visakhapatnam district Andhra Pradesh. Fifty samples were collected from hand pumps of various Mandals. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) along with Metal Quality Index (MQI) were determined. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured by various standard techniques. Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3 -) and Sulfate (SO4 -2) were analyzed by 930 Compact Ion Chromatograph Flex. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn) and Cadmium (Cd) were analyzed by using 4200 Microwave Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES). Iron (Fe) was analyzed by Cary 60 UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the heavy metals lies between 0.99 to 0.98. The compliance of BIS 10500:2012 for the heavy metal concentration in drinking water was verified. From the current study, it was found that EC, TDS, TH and heavy metals such as Aluminum (Al) and Lead (Pb) exceeded the allowed limits as per BIS 10500:2012 revision. The highest values of HPI and WQI from the fifty groundwater samples are 407.97 and 189.79. The highest value of MQI is 3.36 respectively. An attempt has also been made to draw spatial distribution maps for heavy metals having higher concentrations in the study area.
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You, Jiansheng, Guohan Ding, and Liyuan Zhang. "Heterogeneous Dynamic Correlation Research among Industrial Structure Distortion, Two-Way FDI and Carbon Emission Intensity in China." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 8988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14158988.
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The increase in carbon emissions year by year poses a severe challenge to the high-quality development and sustainability of China’s economy. How to reduce the intensity of carbon emissions has become a prominent issue to promote green growth. Based on the provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020, this paper uses Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), the spatial econometric model and intermediary effect test as analysis methods. The following results are drawn. Firstly, China’s industrial structure distortion index shows a downward trend. The industrial structure distortion index is the highest in the west of China, followed by the middle of China and is the lowest in the east of China. Secondly, the distortion of the industrial structure will not only lead to the increase in local carbon emission intensity but also produce reverse spillover to adjacent areas. Thirdly, the results of intermediary effect analysis show that industrial structure distortion can affect the transmission mechanism of carbon emission intensity by affecting two-way FDI. This paper has a profound practical significance for promoting the process of industrial upgrading by insisting on developing foreign trade to achieve carbon emission reduction. The main innovation of this paper is to put forward the concept of industrial structure distortion and bring it into a unified research framework with two-way FDI and carbon emission intensity.
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Belousov, S. K., and V. S. Tikunov. "Assessment and mapping of atmospheric air quality in Russian regions using Earth remote sensing materials." Geodesy and Cartography 988, no. 10 (November 20, 2022): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2022-988-10-29-39.
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The authors present a method of joint and separate use of remote sensing data and state statistics to assess the quality of atmospheric air in Russian regions. The simultaneous use of information obtained from various sources and characterizing different aspects of air quality enables assessing the subject of the study better. The emission data was obtained from the State Report “About conditions and protection of the environment in the Russian Federation in 2019”, and that from the AURA/OMI was used to assess the pollutants concentrations. The methodology is based on the aggregation of various pollutants’ emission indicators and their concentration in the atmospheric column into integral indices using Cartesian distances to the worst unit. It is shown that each index separately does not make an objective picture of the air quality. A typological approach was applied to identify the regions similar in terms of the structure of anthropogenic impact on the atmospheric air, as well as to the content of major pollutants. Five typological groups for emissions and six ones for the content of pollutants were identified. The integral air quality index was calculated and the corresponding maps were compiled using heterogeneous data. It is shown that such an approach differentiates the regions much more clearly and makes it possible to draw more accurate conclusions on the quality of the atmospheric air.
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Strojek-Filus, Marzena, and Aleksandra Sulik-Górecka. "Assesment of the Quality of Reporting Information on CO2 Emission Rights on the Example of Energy Sector Groups Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange." Management Systems in Production Engineering 30, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2022-0015.
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Abstract Poland is a participant to the European Union Emissions Trading System, which aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Trading CO2 emission rights has become a strategic area from the point of view of managing entities that emit CO2. The aim of the paper is to investigate and identify discrepancies in the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission allowances, CO2 emission provision liabilities in reporting, and to assess the impact of these discrepancies on compliance with the true and fair view principle on top of the informative value of the financial statements. An in-depth qualitative analysis was used to examine disclosures of CO2 emission rights in the 2020 consolidated financial statements coming from the largest energy sector groups listed in the WIG Energy Index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in light of the relevant legal acts and literature. As a result of the research conducted, it was confirmed that groups of companies carry out a range of CO2 emission rights balance classification and valuation. There were also significant discrepancies in the disclosure of information about the creation and valuation of provisions for liabilities due to CO2 emissions. The discrepancies observed in the audited entities’ balance-sheet presentations and valuation of the acquired CO2 emission allowances and reserves resulting from IAS/IFRS in practice distorts the comparability of data presented in the financial statements. The research also revealed differences in scope of disclosed information, as well as its fragmentary nature. As a result, the comparison of data between groups in the energy sector in terms of their assets is impossible. Our study fills a research gap on the effects of using IFRS for the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission rights in the Polish energy sector and the impact of a differentiated approach to disclosures on the true and fair view conception in financial reporting.
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Xiao, Pengnan, Yuan Zhang, Peng Qian, Mengyao Lu, Zupeng Yu, Jie Xu, Chong Zhao, and Huilin Qian. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Decoupling Effect and Driving Factors of Carbon Emission from Cultivated Land Utilization in Hubei Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 9326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159326.
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The carbon emission level and spatiotemporal characteristics in Hubei Province were estimated and studied using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon emission coefficient technique based on county data from Hubei Province from 2000 to 2020. The relationship between carbon emissions from cultivated land utilization and agricultural economic growth was examined using the Tapio decoupling index, and the factors influencing carbon emissions in Hubei Province were further examined using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI model). The results demonstrate that: (1) Spatiotemporal variations in carbon emissions are evident. In terms of time, the volume of carbon emissions in Hubei Province is still substantial, and the transition to low-carbon land use is quite gradual. Geographically, the high-value region of the middle east coexists with the low-value zone of the west, with apparent regional contrasts. (2) The decoupling between carbon emissions and agricultural economic growth is becoming more and more obvious in Hubei Province. The number of counties and cities in a negative decoupling state has significantly decreased, and the majority of counties are now in a strong decoupling condition. (3) Agricultural production efficiency is the most significant driving factor for restricting carbon emission, according to the decomposition results of carbon emission driving factors based on the LMDI model. In addition, the results of sample decomposition based on topographic characteristics indicate that agricultural production efficiency is primarily responsible for the suppression of carbon emissions in flat regions. The increase in carbon emissions in hilly regions is primarily influenced by agricultural productivity. The increase in carbon emissions in mountainous regions is mostly influenced by agricultural labor intensity. This study′s finding has enlightening implications for the high-quality growth of agriculture.
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Piasecki, Michał, Mateusz Kozicki, Szymon Firląg, Anna Goljan, and Krystyna Kostyrko. "The Approach of Including TVOCs Concentration in the Indoor Environmental Quality Model (IEQ)—Case Studies of BREEAM Certified Office Buildings." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 3902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113902.
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The article analyzes the impact of measured concentrations of Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) emissions determined for four BREEAM certified buildings on the Indoor Air Quality Index (IAQindex) and the overall Indoor Environment Quality index (IEQindex). The IEQindex indicates the percentage of building users who are satisfied from the indoor environment. In existing IEQ models, currently the concentration of CO2 is mostly used to evaluate the IAQindex sub-component. Authors point out that it is recommended to use TVOC instead CO2 at pre-occupant stage where building is mainly polluted by emission from finishing products. The research provides the approach where the component related to the emission of TVOCs is implemented to IEQ model. The first stage of assessment was a test of the volatile organic compounds concentrations in case study buildings. Secondly, the analysis results were assigned into the number of dissatisfied users (PD(IAQ)) from the theoretical function given by Jokl-Fanger resulting from the Weber-Fechner equation. Finally, the overall IEQindex was calculated. The IEQ approach proposed in this paper is mainly based on a consideration of EN 15251 and scientifically accepted models.
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Zhang, Qiao Liang, and Qin Qiong Yu. "Performance of Carbon Emission Management, Carbon Information Disclosure and Firm Value Creation: A Theoretical Research Framework." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2602.
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The companies’ performance of carbon emission management will have effects on the firms value via the carbon information disclosure. It is better to based on the global capital market when addressing the relationship among the performance of carbon emission reduction，the quality of carbon information disclosure and the firm value. The key topics of research should be focused on the motivation and efficiency of carbon information disclosure, the quality index of carbon information disclosure, the functioning mechanism of carbon emission management performance and carbon information disclosure quality on firm value, and the preparation of carbon disclosure report.
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Cao, Jie, Ruirong Li, Haoli Qu, Pengjun Wang, Jingjing Fu, Mingjiang Chen, and Yongsheng Chen. "Effects of the membrane-covered technology and superphosphate on the compost quality and nitrogen-containing gas emissions during aerobic composting." BioResources 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 1781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1781-1793.
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A lab-scale experiment was conducted to assess effects of the membrane-covered technology and superphosphate on the compost quality and emissions of nitrogen-containing gases during aerobic composting. The results showed that the membrane-covered technology increased the temperature of the compost pile and accelerated degradation of organic matter. The membrane-covered (T1) sample attained a germination index (GI) of 50% and 80%, approximately 2 and 9 d earlier, respectively, relative to the control (CK) sample. However, the application of superphosphate might have an adverse effect on the GI value. The NH3 and N2O emissions during the aerobic composting were decreased by 25.8% and 13.1%, respectively, for the T1 sample compared to the CK sample, while these were reduced correspondingly by 21.3% and 27.2% for the superphosphate addition (T2) sample. Compared with the superphosphate addition, the membrane-covered approach reduced the NH3 emission but not the N2O emission. Thus, the membrane-covered aerobic composting is a potential technology for the adequate utilization of organic waste as a resource.
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Bulto, Tadesse Weyuma. "Impact of Open Burning Refuse on Air Quality: In the Case of “Hidar Sitaten” at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022094320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220943204.
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Open burning of refuse is one of the key sources that causes high air pollution in Metropolitan cities. This paper identifies pollutant concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) emission and air quality index categories with the peak hour interval on Hidar Sitaten day, and present analysis of air quality in Addis Ababa from August 2016 to November 2019. Daily records, with a 1-hour interval, of raw concentration of air pollutant and air quality index data, were obtained from the AirNow website of Addis Ababa central monitoring station. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of the mean air quality index and concentration of PM2.5. Accordingly, the study revealed that the peak hour for high pollutant concentration emission ranges between 8 pm to 11 pm hours, and the mean air quality index was more than a moderate level. Particularly, on Hidar Sitaten in 2019 at 9 pm the maximum concentration of PM2.5 was 8.6 times higher than WHO air quality guideline standard of daily allowance. The highest mean of air quality index and concentration of PM2.5 recorded was 112 and 44.2 µg/m3 on 21 November 2017, respectively, and it was found to be unhealthy for sensitive groups. This implies that the concentration of PM2.5 was harmful to people who are unusually sensitive to particulate pollution and have health problems. Therefore, public participation and strong regulations are needed on air quality management to strike a balance between a cultural practice of Hidar Sitaten and healthy air quality.
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Gupta, Medhavi, Manju Mohan, and Shweta Bhati. "Assessment of Air Pollution Mitigation Measures on Secondary Pollutants PM10 and Ozone Using Chemical Transport Modelling over Megacity Delhi, India." Urban Science 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6020027.
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Sporadic efforts have been introduced to control emissions in Delhi, but the air quality has declined further due to the rapid development of different sectors. In this study, the impact of various mitigation scenarios on air quality for PM10, ozone, and its precursors are studied using a chemical transport model, namely WRF-Chem. The Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research emission inventory was modified and introduced into the WRF-Chem model to assess the impact of selected emission control scenarios on different sectors. The simulations were conducted with reduced emissions for these sectors over the study domain: (a) implementation of Bharat Stage—VI norms in the transport sector, (b) conversion of fuel from coal to natural gas in the energy sector, and (c) fuel shift to LPG in the residential sector. The transport sector noted a decrease of 4.9% in PM10, 44.1% in ozone, and 18.9% in NOx concentrations with emission reduction measures. In the energy sector, a marginal reduction of 3.9% in NOx concentrations was noted, and no change was observed in PM10 and ozone concentrations. In the residential sector, a decrease of 8% in PM-10, 47.7% in ozone, and 49.8% in NOx concentrations were noted. The VOC-to-NOx ratios were also studied, revealing the ozone production over the study domain was mostly VOC-limited. As the inclusion of control measures resulted in varying levels of reduction in pollutant concentrations, it was also studied in the context of improving the air quality index. The WRF-Chem model can be successfully implemented to study the effectiveness of any regulated control measures.
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Savenets, Mykhailo, Volodymyr Osadchyi, Andrii Oreshchenko, and Larysa Pysarenko. "Air quality changes in Ukraine during the April 2020 wildfire event." Geographica Pannonica 24, no. 4 (2020): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp24-27436.
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The paper analyzes air quality changes in Ukraine during a wildfire event in April 2020 and a dust storm episode during the 16th of April 2020. The wildfire event contained two episodes of active fires and huge pollutants' emission: 4-14 April and 16-21 April, respectively. Using the Sentinel-5P data of CO and NO 2 column number density and ground-based measurements, there was estimated air quality deterioration. Advection of polluted air masses and analysis of affected territories were made in combination with a Web-based HYSPLIT model. Satellite data described air quality changes better than in-situ measurements. Data intercomparison showed better coincidence in regions that were not affected by wildfire emissions. The paper described the dust storm event based on absorbing aerosol index (AAI) data that occurred between two wildfire episodes.
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Kamis, Arnold, Rui Cao, Yifan He, Yuan Tian, and Chuyue Wu. "Predicting Lung Cancer in the United States: A Multiple Model Examination of Public Health Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 6127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116127.
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In this research, we take a multivariate, multi-method approach to predicting the incidence of lung cancer in the United States. We obtain public health and ambient emission data from multiple sources in 2000–2013 to model lung cancer in the period 2013–2017. We compare several models using four sources of predictor variables: adult smoking, state, environmental quality index, and ambient emissions. The environmental quality index variables pertain to macro-level domains: air, land, water, socio-demographic, and built environment. The ambient emissions consist of Cyanide compounds, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Disulfide, Diesel Exhaust, Nitrogen Dioxide, Tropospheric Ozone, Coarse Particulate Matter, Fine Particulate Matter, and Sulfur Dioxide. We compare various models and find that the best regression model has variance explained of 62 percent whereas the best machine learning model has 64 percent variance explained with 10% less error. The most hazardous ambient emissions are Coarse Particulate Matter, Fine Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Tropospheric Ozone. These ambient emissions could be curtailed to improve air quality, thus reducing the incidence of lung cancer. We interpret and discuss the implications of the model results, including the tradeoff between transparency and accuracy. We also review limitations of and directions for the current models in order to extend and refine them.
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McGinn, S. M., D. Chen, Z. Loh, J. Hill, K. A. Beauchemin, and O. T. Denmead. "Methane emissions from feedlot cattle in Australia and Canada." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07204.
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Raising beef cattle in open feedlots is a well established practice in Canada and is gaining acceptance in Australia because it results in more consistent meat quality. These facilities are regional ‘hot spots’ of methane (CH4) emissions, resulting from the high stocking density and the large amount of fermentation occurring in the rumen (enteric CH4). Our objective was to compare CH4 emissions from a typical feedlot in Australia (Queensland) and in Canada (Alberta) and also to compare these against modelled emissions. Methane concentration and wind data were monitored over a portion of each feedlot and a dispersion model was used to calculate CH4 emissions during a summer period. The average CH4 emission was 166 ± 90 and 214 ± 61 g/animal.day for the feedlot in Queensland and in Alberta, respectively. The lower CH4 emission at the Queensland feedlot was attributed to the lighter weight of the cattle, and consequently their lower intake, and supplementation of the diet with lipids. The lipid effect on CH4 emissions is also speculated to cause some models to overestimate the measured CH4 emissions. A lower CH4 emission also occurred during daylight hours at the Queensland feedlot and was attributed in part to heat stress as defined by the temperature–humidity index.
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Guo, Yiren, Tingting Zhu, Zhenye Li, and Chao Ni. "Auto-Modal: Air-Quality Index Forecasting with Modal Decomposition Attention." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186953.
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The air-quality index (AQI) is an important comprehensive evaluation index to measure the quality of air, with its value reflecting the degree of air pollution. However, it is difficult to predict the AQI accurately by the commonly used WRF-CMAQ model due to the uncertainty of the simulated meteorological field and emission inventory. In this paper, a novel Auto-Modal network with Attention Mechanism (AMAM) has been proposed to predict the hourly AQI with a structure of dual input path. The first path is based on bidirectional encoder representation from the transformer to predict the AQI with the historical measured meteorological data and pollutants. The other path is a baseline to improve the generalization ability based on predicting the AQI by the WRF-CMAQ model. Several experiments were undertaken to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, with the results showing that the auto-modal network achieves a superior performance for all prediction lengths compared to some state-of-the-art models.
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Tong, Weifang, Xuelei Zhang, Feinan He, Xue Chen, Siqi Ma, Qingqing Tong, Zeyi Wen, and Bo Teng. "Health Risks Forecast of Regional Air Pollution on Allergic Rhinitis: High-Resolution City-Scale Simulations in Changchun, China." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020393.
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Accurate assessments of exposure to urban air pollution with higher traffic emissions and its health risks still face several challenges, such as intensive computation of air pollution modeling and the limited availability of personal activity data. The macroscopic health effects can be transmitted to the whole population for personal prevention via air quality health index (AQHI), but the possibility risk index of the specific allergic diseases is still lacking. This interdisciplinary study aims at evaluating the forecasted results of high-resolution air quality with updated traffic emissions and accessing the potential impacts of outdoor pollution on morbidity of rhinitis for urban residents. A high-resolution modelling system (1 km × 1 km) containing the online traffic emission model (VEIN), meteorological and air quality model (WRF-CHIMERE) and the health impact module was developed. A new health index of Potential Morbidity Risk Index (PMRI) was further established using higher resolution health risk coefficients of major air pollutants on allergic rhinitis, and different methods (with/without considering population distributions) targeting different user groups (residents, hospitals and health administrations) were calculated and analyzed. Operational forecasted results of hourly PMRI can be further combined with online map services to serve as an effective tool for patients with allergic rhinitis to arrange their daily activities so as to avoid acute exacerbation. The forecasted PMRIs accessible to the public will also be beneficial for the public health administrations in planning the medical resource and improving the outpatient efficiency.
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Zheng, Bo, Dan Tong, Meng Li, Fei Liu, Chaopeng Hong, Guannan Geng, Haiyan Li, et al. "Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 19 (October 4, 2018): 14095–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018.
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Abstract. To tackle the problem of severe air pollution, China has implemented active clean air policies in recent years. As a consequence, the emissions of major air pollutants have decreased and the air quality has substantially improved. Here, we quantified China's anthropogenic emission trends from 2010 to 2017 and identified the major driving forces of these trends by using a combination of bottom-up emission inventory and index decomposition analysis (IDA) approaches. The relative change rates of China's anthropogenic emissions during 2010–2017 are estimated as follows: −62 % for SO2, −17 % for NOx, +11 % for nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), +1 % for NH3, −27 % for CO, −38 % for PM10, −35 % for PM2.5, −27 % for BC, −35 % for OC, and +16 % for CO2. The IDA results suggest that emission control measures are the main drivers of this reduction, in which the pollution controls on power plants and industries are the most effective mitigation measures. The emission reduction rates markedly accelerated after the year 2013, confirming the effectiveness of China's Clean Air Action that was implemented since 2013. We estimated that during 2013–2017, China's anthropogenic emissions decreased by 59 % for SO2, 21 % for NOx, 23 % for CO, 36 % for PM10, 33 % for PM2.5, 28 % for BC, and 32 % for OC. NMVOC emissions increased and NH3 emissions remained stable during 2010–2017, representing the absence of effective mitigation measures for NMVOCs and NH3 in current policies. The relative contributions of different sectors to emissions have significantly changed after several years' implementation of clean air policies, indicating that it is paramount to introduce new policies to enable further emission reductions in the future.
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Alonso, Gustavo, and Arturo Benito. "The environmental impact assessment of greener trajectories: the GreAT project." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012014.
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Abstract GreAT (Greener Air Traffic Operations) is a project funded by the European Commission under the H2020 framework programme. The overall objective is to reduce the fuel consumption and gas emissions during “gate-to-gate” flight phases through developing and assessing environment-friendly air traffic operational concept, adaptive airspace and green trajectory optimization technologies, and supporting avionic systems. Based on the scientific description of the impact of aviation emissions on the climate, the work within GreAT is seeking the key factors of the impact about aviation emissions on climate change characteristics by using sensitivity analysis, such as greenhouse gases, pollutant gases and condensation, and then select these factors as environmental impact assessment indicators, including fuel consumption, aviation emissions, air quality and greenhouse effect, establishing a calculation model for evaluation indicators using the fuel consumption model, gas emission model and climate change model. System analysis methods are used to build an aviation emission environmental impact (EIA) assessment index system structure, apply environmental impact assessment indicators, construct a general environmental impact assessment index system, and propose a comprehensive assessment method for aviation environmental impact. The following step in the project is the environmental impact assessment of air traffic operations to determine how green air traffic performs. According to the existing air traffic operation patterns, the flight characteristics and trajectory characteristics of the aircraft are determined, and the environmental impact assessment index system is used to evaluate the environmental impact under the air traffic operation plan and the impact and improvement effect on climate change.
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Rymaniak, Łukasz, Jerzy Merkisz, Natalia Szymlet, Michalina Kamińska, and Sylwester Weymann. "Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 23, no. 4 (August 23, 2021): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2021.4.2.
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The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.
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Iqbal, Asif, Shirina Afroze, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "Vehicular PM Emissions and Urban Public Health Sustainability: A Probabilistic Analysis for Dhaka City." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 6284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156284.
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Particulate Matter (PM) pollution is generally considered as a prime indicator of urban air quality and is linked to human health hazards. As vehicles are a vital component of an urban setting, the risks of particulate pollution need to be assessed. An emission modelling is essential for that, and thus stochastic modelling approach involving Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied, aiming to reduce the uncertainty in emission modelling. The risks scenarios for the emissions were generated for 2019 (present state) and 2024 (future), integrating the probability of emissions and the associated AQI (Air Quality Index). Despite the vehicles being a minor source of PM in Dhaka (compared to the contribution from other sources), about one-third of the city is found under high risk due to the exhaust particulate pollution; having the potentiality to cover more than 60% of the city in the coming years, affecting the urban public health sustainability. However, the extent of implementation of planning and management strategies can revert the scenarios for the city, which can plausibly reduce the risk from 80% to 50%, or even to a no-risk state.
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Bannikov, M. G., and I. P. Vasilev. "Combustion Characteristics of the Mustard Methyl Esters." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.406.
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Mustard Methyl Esters (further biodiesel) and regular diesel fuel were tested in direct injection diesel engine. Analysis of experimental data was supported by an analysis of fuel injection and combustion characteristics. Engine fuelled with biodiesel had increased brake specific fuel consumption, reduced nitrogen oxides emission and smoke opacity, moderate increase in carbon monoxide emission with essentially unchanged unburned hydrocarbons emission. Increase in fuel consumption was attributed to lesser heating value of biodiesel and partially to decreased fuel conversion efficiency. Analysis of combustion characteristics revealed earlier start of injection and shorter ignition delay period of biodiesel. Resulting decrease in maximum rate of heat release and cylinder pressure was the most probable reason for reduced emission of nitrogen oxides. Analysis of combustion characteristics also showed that cetane index determined by ASTM Method D976 is not a proper measure of ignition quality of biodiesel. Conclusion was made on applicability of mustard oil as a source for commercial production of biodiesel in Pakistan. Potentialities of on improving combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine by reformulating biodiesel were discussed.
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T.H., Asogwa, Ugwuoti A.I., Ezenekwe R.U., Onyukwu E.O., Ezebuilo R.U., and Uzochukwu A. "A Panel Snapshot of Climate Change (CO2) Emission on Health Risk: The Case of Relating Sub-Saharan Africa to Different Country Regions." African Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajesd-xfntryiy.
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The rising concern that the effect of climate change on population health risk is gradually generating significant attention. This no doubt influenced the exploration of climate change (co2) emission on population health risk in the case of relating African to different income regions. This study made use of fixed panel cross-sectional analysis, descriptive analysis and correlation coefficient index to estimate the study objective which was to investigate the effects of climate change (co2) emission on population health risk among different country income regions from 2000 to 2021 from the World Bank Indicators (WBI) across the selected income countries and region. Findings showed that climate change (Co2) emission per capita, gross domestic product per capita, and food production index, have negative and significant effects on population health risk, whereas, urban population defecation has a positive and significant effect on the population health risk among different country regions. Specifically, carbon dioxide emissions (C02) (c02empc) are highly associated with High-Income countries (HIC) when compared to other income regions. Hence, argued that attention should be to infrastructural sustainability and provision to maintain a clean environment. In addition, more energy should be channelled into food production and livestock production, especially for low-income regions to mitigate the overall effects of carbon dioxide emissions (C02) (c02empc) to tackle food security. Urgent policy actions and responses to air and water quality as useful adaptation strategies in the wider context of climate affect resilience for low-income regions like SSA countries.
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Guenther, A., T. Karl, P. Harley, C. Wiedinmyer, P. I. Palmer, and C. Geron. "Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2006): 107–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-107-2006.
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Abstract. Reactive gases and aerosols are produced by terrestrial ecosystems, processed within plant canopies, and can then be emitted into the above-canopy atmosphere. Estimates of the above-canopy fluxes are needed for quantitative earth system studies and assessments of past, present and future air quality and climate. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is described and used to quantify net terrestrial biosphere emission of isoprene into the atmosphere. MEGAN is designed for both global and regional emission modeling and has global coverage with ~1 km2 spatial resolution. Field and laboratory investigations of the processes controlling isoprene emission are described and data available for model development and evaluation are summarized. The factors controlling isoprene emissions include biological, physical and chemical driving variables. MEGAN driving variables are derived from models and satellite and ground observations. Broadleaf trees, mostly in the tropics, contribute about half of the estimated global annual isoprene emission due to their relatively high emission factors and because they are often exposed to conditions that are conducive for isoprene emission. The remaining flux is primarily from shrubs which are widespread and dominate at higher latitudes. MEGAN estimates global annual isoprene emissions of ~600 Tg isoprene but the results are very sensitive to the driving variables, including temperature, solar radiation, Leaf Area Index, and plant functional type. The annual global emission estimated with MEGAN ranges from about 500 to 750 Tg isoprene depending on the driving variables that are used. Differences in estimated emissions are more than a factor of 3 for specific times and locations. It is difficult to evaluate isoprene emission estimates using the concentration distributions simulated using chemistry and transport models due to the substantial uncertainties in other model components. However, comparison with isoprene emissions estimated from satellite formaldehyde observations indicates reasonable agreement. The sensitivity of isoprene emissions to earth system changes (e.g., climate and landcover) suggests potentially large changes in future emissions. Using temperature distributions simulated by global climate models for year 2100, MEGAN estimates that isoprene emissions increase by more than a factor of two. This is considerably greater than previous estimates and additional observations are needed to evaluate and improve the methods used to predict future isoprene emissions.
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Kumar, Nikhil Muthu, Harsh Bhavsar, G. Sakthivel, Mohammed Musthafa Feroskhan, and K. Karunamurthy. "Performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engine using biodiesels." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 850, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012005.
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Abstract The introduction of the strict emissions norms is diverting the research for the development of new technologies which leads to the reduction of engine exhaust emissions. The usage of biodiesel in CI engine can enhance air quality index and protects the environment. Biodiesel can do an increment in the life of CI engines because it is clean-burning and a stable fuel when compared to diesel. Moreover, biogas has the potential to decrease both nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions simultaneously. Operating the engine in dual-fuel mode can provide lower emissions and a proper substitute for diesel. In this research, a modified CI Engine with single cylinder is used. Biogas is used as primary fuel and diesel, Mahua oil-diesel blend and Fish oil-diesel blend are used as secondary fuel. The effect of various secondary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics in dual fuel engine are compared. In light of the performance and emission qualities it is reasoned that, utilization of the dual fuel mode in engine signifies the durability and lessens the harmful emissions from the engine with the exception of hydrocarbon and CO emissions. The excessive viscosity of fish oil and mahua oil prompts inconvenience in siphoning and spray attributes. The incompetent mixing of raw fish oil and raw mahua oil with diesel and biogas including air leads to incomplete combustion.
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Chen, Jianfeng, Junsong Jia, Lin Wang, Chenglin Zhong, and Bo Wu. "Carbon Reduction Countermeasure from a System Perspective for the Electricity Sector of Yangtze River Delta (China) by an Extended Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI)." Systems 11, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11030117.
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The electricity sector is a complex system, especially in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China. Thus, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of YRD’s electricity sector during 2000–2020 was first calculated and then evaluated from two systematical dimensions of cross-region and the whole process (production, trade, transmission, and consumption) by an extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI). (1) During 2000–2020, the CO2 emission of YRD’s electricity sector increased from 228.12 Mt to 807.55 Mt, with an average annual growth rate of 6.52%. Compared to other regions, the YRD’s electricity mix effect had the strongest mitigation impact on CO2 growth. Therefore, it is important for YRD to build a low-carbon electricity system itself, including the de-carbonization of electricity production and the carbon reduction of the electricity-use process. (2) Nationally, electricity trade had an overall mitigating impact on emission growth during 2000–2020. This result means that cross-regional cooperation or trade in the electricity sector is beneficial to emission reduction. So, it is important to improve the national power grids to promote trade. (3) Jiangsu had the largest CO2 emissions, while Anhui had the fastest average annual growth rate (9.71%). Moreover, the economic activity effect was the most significant driver in all provinces, especially in Jiangsu and Anhui. Thus, Jiangsu and Anhui should strive to improve the quality of economic growth while vigorously cutting carbon emissions. (4) Electricity transmission loss had an overall driving impact on emission growth in each YRD province, especially in Zhejiang and Anhui. Meanwhile, electricity structure, electricity trade, and electricity intensity were the inhibiting factors. Particularly, the inhibiting effect of Shanghai’s electricity structure was notably weak (−2.17 Mt). So, Shanghai should try hard to increase the proportion of renewable energy, while Zhejiang and Anhui should upgrade their electricity transmission equipment.
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Guenther, A., T. Karl, P. Harley, C. Wiedinmyer, P. I. Palmer, and C. Geron. "Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 11 (August 2, 2006): 3181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006.
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Abstract. Reactive gases and aerosols are produced by terrestrial ecosystems, processed within plant canopies, and can then be emitted into the above-canopy atmosphere. Estimates of the above-canopy fluxes are needed for quantitative earth system studies and assessments of past, present and future air quality and climate. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is described and used to quantify net terrestrial biosphere emission of isoprene into the atmosphere. MEGAN is designed for both global and regional emission modeling and has global coverage with ~1 km2 spatial resolution. Field and laboratory investigations of the processes controlling isoprene emission are described and data available for model development and evaluation are summarized. The factors controlling isoprene emissions include biological, physical and chemical driving variables. MEGAN driving variables are derived from models and satellite and ground observations. Tropical broadleaf trees contribute almost half of the estimated global annual isoprene emission due to their relatively high emission factors and because they are often exposed to conditions that are conducive for isoprene emission. The remaining flux is primarily from shrubs which have a widespread distribution. The annual global isoprene emission estimated with MEGAN ranges from about 500 to 750 Tg isoprene (440 to 660 Tg carbon) depending on the driving variables which include temperature, solar radiation, Leaf Area Index, and plant functional type. The global annual isoprene emission estimated using the standard driving variables is ~600 Tg isoprene. Differences in driving variables result in emission estimates that differ by more than a factor of three for specific times and locations. It is difficult to evaluate isoprene emission estimates using the concentration distributions simulated using chemistry and transport models, due to the substantial uncertainties in other model components, but at least some global models produce reasonable results when using isoprene emission distributions similar to MEGAN estimates. In addition, comparison with isoprene emissions estimated from satellite formaldehyde observations indicates reasonable agreement. The sensitivity of isoprene emissions to earth system changes (e.g., climate and land-use) demonstrates the potential for large future changes in emissions. Using temperature distributions simulated by global climate models for year 2100, MEGAN estimates that isoprene emissions increase by more than a factor of two. This is considerably greater than previous estimates and additional observations are needed to evaluate and improve the methods used to predict future isoprene emissions.
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Zhang, Jiahao, Jingyi Li, Duoduo Ye, and Chuanqing Sun. "The Impact of Digital Economy of Resource-Based City on Carbon Emissions Trading by Blockchain Technology." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 15, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6366061.
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To reduce the carbon emission intensity of resource-based cities and strengthen the sustainable development of these cities, firstly, blockchain technology is analyzed. Secondly, the development of the digital economy is discussed in digital resource-based cities. Finally, according to blockchain technology, a model of carbon emissions trading in the digital economy is designed, and the specific impact of the digital economy on carbon emissions trading is studied according to the model. The research results show that the mean value of the development index of the digital economy (digital) is −0.0168, the maximum value is 4.2560, the minimum value is −1.3429, and the standard deviation is 0.9572, indicating that the quality of digital economy development varies greatly among different regions. And according to the results of the digital model, it is found that the regression coefficient of the variable digital is significantly negative at the 1% level, showing that the digital economy will obviously suppress the carbon emission intensity of cities. After replacing the explained variables, the coefficient of the digital economy is still significantly negative. It indicates that the development of the digital economy can effectively suppress the carbon emission intensity of urban. Therefore, the designed model of carbon emissions trading under the blockchain technology can not only provide a secure platform for carbon emissions trading but also provide more comprehensive trading reference information for carbon emissions trading. It provides technical support for reducing the carbon emission intensity of resource-based cities and also contributes to the development of resource-based cities.
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Czader, B. H., Y. Choi, X. Li, S. Alvarez, and B. Lefer. "Impact of updated traffic emissions on HONO mixing ratios simulated for urban site in Houston, Texas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 15 (August 20, 2014): 21315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-21315-2014.
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Abstract. Recent measurements in Houston show that HONO traffic emissions are 1.7% of NOx emissions which is about twice the previously estimated value of 0.8% based on tunnel measurements in 2001. The 0.8% value is widely used to estimate mobile emissions of HONO for air quality modeling applications. This study applies the newly estimated HONO/NOx ratio in the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system and estimates the impact of higher HONO traffic emissions on its mixing ratios. Since applied emission inventory resulted in overestimates of NOx mixing ratios and because HONO emissions and chemical formation depends on the magnitude of NOx, thus, before proceeding with HONO emission modifications emissions of NOx were adjusted to reflect current emission trends. The modeled mixing ratios of NOx were evaluated against measured data from a number of sites in the Houston area. Overall, the NOx mean value dropped from 11.11 ppbv in the base case to 7.59 ppbv in the NOx adjusted case becoming much closer to the observed mean of 7.76 ppbv. The Index of Agreement (IOA) is improved in the reduced NOx case (0.71 vs. 0.75) and the Absolute Mean Error (AME) is lowered from 6.76 to 4.94. The modeled mixing ratios of HONO were evaluated against the actual observed values attained at the Moody Tower in Houston. The model could not reproduce the morning HONO peaks when the low HONO/NOx ratio of 0.008 was used to estimate HONO emissions. Doubling HONO emissions from mobile sources resulted in higher mixing ratios, the mean value increased from 0.30 to 0.41 ppbv becoming closer to the observed mean concentrations of 0.69 but still low; AME was slightly reduced from 0.46 to 0.43. IOA for simulation that used the 2001 emission values is 0.63 while for simulation with higher HONO emission it increased to 0.70. Increased HONO emissions impacted OH mixing ratio, up to about 6% increase was found during morning and mid-day hours. The impact on ozone is marginal. This study results sheds light on the underestimated HONO and OH in the morning from global/regional chemical transport models with the typical emission of 0.8% HONO emission out of the total NOx emissions.
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Wang, Feng, Xuefeng Shi, Xiaodong Ping, Jianjun Gao, Jun Zhang, and Huining Zhang. "Influence of Sinter Parameters on CO Emission in Iron Ore Sintering Process." Metals 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071202.
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Carbon monoxide is the major hazardous component in flue gas exhausting from the iron ore sintering. This study aims to reduce the CO emission by changing the sinter parameters by sintering pot tests; specifically, the sinter quality, CO concentration, and total emission in sintering flue gas were analyzed in detail. The sinter strength properties, including the shatter index and the tumble index, are analyzed by the sintering pot test and the sintering flue gas discussion. The results show that the CO emission can be suppressed by modifying the sinter parameters, such as carbon content, coke breeze and coal breeze ratio, water addition, and sintering negative pressure. The good sinter parameters with the lower CO emission are 2.8% carbon content and 7.5% water in the sintering mixture. A higher coke breeze to coal breeze ratio, or only coke breeze fuel in the sinter mixture, is beneficial for the lower CO emission with a negative fan pressure of −12 kPa.
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Dranski, João Alexandre Lopes, Artur Soares Pinto Júnior, Neusa Francisca Michelon Herzog, Ubirajara Contro Malavasi, Marlene de Matos Malavasi, and Vandeir Francisco Guimarães. "Vigor of canola seeds through quantification of CO2 emission." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 37, no. 3 (June 2013): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542013000300005.
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Seed marks the beginning of grain production from cultivated crops. Ensuring seed quality is the priority in the field of seed technology. In this context, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of carbon dioxide concentration to Classify Brassica napus seed lots of different quality resulting from various sowing dates. Seed lots were evaluated by percentage of normal plantlets and the germination rate index. CO2 concentration was quantified in samples submitted to five periods of incubation at 40° C with the aid of a gas exchange analyzer coupled to an injection and airflow system. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean values were compared by the Duncan test and by regression analysis at the 5% level of significance. B. napus seeds from all lots showed a high percentage of normal plantlets and germination rate index. Percentage of normal plantlets was correlated with CO2 concentration. Determination of the CO2 concentration was more efficient with three hours of incubation which allowed classification of canola seed lots into four vigor classes. CO2 concentration was inversely proportional to the percentage of normal plantlets.
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Xiang, Ke Jian, and Bing Feng Xu. "A Primary Study about Water Quality Characteristics of Urban Constructive Sites Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.521.
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The wastewater originating from fifteen different constructive sites in Yunnan is selected as research subjects, and then detecting the possible pollution index in the wastewater. It turns out to be that unattainment rate of SS is as high as 93.5%; the average contents of COD and BOD5 are 632.52mg/L and 255.39mg/L, both of which are over the emission standards to 66.7%; production wastewater is weakly alkaline; other index is beyond the approved discharged standards slightly. The main pollution factors of urban constructive sites wastewater are SS, COD, BOD5 and pH. The secondary pollution factors are petroleum, TN, TP and animal and vegetables Oil.
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Hong, Li Ming. "Does Trade Liberalization Improve the Environment in China? Evidence Form the Dynamic Panel Data of Chinese Prefecture City." Advanced Materials Research 950 (June 2014): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.950.175.
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This paper employ GMM method introduced in [1] to reevaluate the environment effect of trade liberalization based on the dynamic panel data from Chinese Prefecture City during 1995-2010. We found that trade openness improve the environment quality measured by So2 emissions per capita, emission intensity of so2 and soot while no evidence in Soot emissions per capita. Specifically, even though the effect of import on environment is short-term and unsustainable, the export improve the environment more and more over time. Therefore the environment in China benefit from the trade liberalization regime and export-oriented strategy. In addition, this paper found the evidence of environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis in some environment index.
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Dukin A. A. and Golubev V. G. "Features of the shape of the emission spectrum of a spherical microresonator with a high refractive index luminescent shell due to the polarization of the whispering gallery modes." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 11 (2022): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.11.55107.3857-22.
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The effect of the thickness and refractive index of the shell on the amplitudes of lines of the TE and TM polarized whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the emission spectrum of a microcavity structure consisting of a spherical core covered with a luminescent shell with a refractive index greater than that of the core is studied. The luminescence spectra of the shell, the radial distribution of the WGM field, and the mode parameters (wavelength, quality factor, and effective volume) are calculated using the method of spherical wave transfer matrices. It is shown that at certain subwavelength shell thicknesses, the amplitude of the TE mode emission peak is many times greater than the amplitude of the TM mode peak with the same polar, azimuthal, and radial indices. This is explained by the fact that with these parameters of the shell, WGMs propagate inside the shell as waveguide modes. Keywords: spherical microresonator, high refractive index luminescent shell, whispering gallery modes, mode polarization, amplitude of emission lines.
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Permadi, Didin Agustian, and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh. "Evaluation of regional simulation of surface ozone over Southeast Asia using ground-based observation at two existing Global Atmospheric Watch stations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012006.
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Abstract High level of ground level ozone concentrations was found in most of Southeast Asian (SEA) large cities and often exceeded the national ambient air quality standard. Ozone and PM10 are among of the critical air quality parameters that cause the unhealthy air quality index. Effort to mitigate ozone pollution is greatly complicated due to the photochemistry processes therefore photochemical smog modelling has been widely used. Surface ozone simulation in SEA was done using CHIMERE and weather research forecast (WRF) model. Emission inventory of ozone precursors was done for three countries in the domain, i.e. Indonesia, Thailand and Cambodia. Modelling performance evaluation for meteorological parameters and ozone at the SEA big cities was done in another study. This paper focused on the model evaluation conducted at the two remote sites represented by 2 (two) global atmospheric watch (GAW) remote stations of Bukit Kototabang (BKT) and Danum Valley (DNV). Evaluation result showed an overestimation of observed ozone in BKT while a contradictive result was seen in DNV station which was due to the ozone chemistry and inaccurate estimation of emissions (both anthropogenic and biogenic emission). The evaluation conducted at the remote sites was not even better than that conducted previously at the urban areas. Statistically, only mean normalized gross error and unpaired peak accuracy values that satisfy the criteria for surface ozone modelling suggesting major improvement required for ozone precursors emission inventory data.
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Shaaban, Iman E., Ahmed S. Samra, Shabbir Muhammad, and Swelm Wageh. "Design of Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Green Light-Emitting Devices Based on Quantum Dots as Emission Layer." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031237.
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Light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots as an active emission can be considered as a promising next generation for application in displays and lighting. We report a theoretical investigation of green emission at 550 nm of microcavity inorganic–organic light-emitting devices based on Zn (Te, Se) alloy quantum dots as an active layer. Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) has been applied as a bottom mirror. The realization of high-quality DBR consisting of both high and low refractive index structures is investigated. The structures applied for high refractive index layers are (ZrO2, SiNx, ZnS), while those applied for low index layers are (Zr, SiO2, CaF2). DBR of ZnS/CaF2 consisting of three pairs with a high refractive index step of (Δn = 0.95) revealed a broad stop bandwidth (178 nm) and achieved a high reflectivity of 0.914.