Relevant bibliographies by topics / Emission models

Academic literature on the topic 'Emission models'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Emission models"

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Aamaas, Borgar, Terje K. Berntsen, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Keith P. Shine, and Nicolas Bellouin. "Regional emission metrics for short-lived climate forcers from multiple models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 11 (June 15, 2016): 7451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7451-2016.

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Abstract. For short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), the impact of emissions depends on where and when the emissions take place. Comprehensive new calculations of various emission metrics for SLCFs are presented based on radiative forcing (RF) values calculated in four different (chemical-transport or coupled chemistry–climate) models. We distinguish between emissions during summer (May–October) and winter (November–April) for emissions in Europe and East Asia, as well as from the global shipping sector and global emissions. The species included in this study are aerosols and aerosol precursors (BC, OC, SO2, NH3), as well as ozone precursors (NOx, CO, VOCs), which also influence aerosols to a lesser degree. Emission metrics for global climate responses of these emissions, as well as for CH4, have been calculated using global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature change potential (GTP), based on dedicated RF simulations by four global models. The emission metrics include indirect cloud effects of aerosols and the semi-direct forcing for BC. In addition to the standard emission metrics for pulse and sustained emissions, we have also calculated a new emission metric designed for an emission profile consisting of a ramping period of 15 years followed by sustained emissions, which is more appropriate for a gradual implementation of mitigation policies.For the aerosols, the emission metric values are larger in magnitude for emissions in Europe than East Asia and for summer than winter. A variation is also observed for the ozone precursors, with largest values for emissions in East Asia and winter for CO and in Europe and summer for VOCs. In general, the variations between the emission metrics derived from different models are larger than the variations between regions and seasons, but the regional and seasonal variations for the best estimate also hold for most of the models individually. Further, the estimated climate impact of an illustrative mitigation policy package is robust even when accounting for the fact that the magnitude of emission metrics for different species in a given model is correlated. For the ramping emission metrics, the values are generally larger than for pulse or sustained emissions, which holds for all SLCFs. For SLCFs mitigation policies, the dependency of metric values on the region and season of emission should be considered.
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Tsanakas, Nikolaos, Joakim Ekström, and Johan Olstam. "Estimating Emissions from Static Traffic Models: Problems and Solutions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 1, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5401792.

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In large urban areas, the estimation of vehicular traffic emissions is commonly based on the outputs of transport planning models, such as Static Traffic Assignment (STA) models. However, such models, being used in a strategic context, imply some important simplifications regarding the variation of traffic conditions, and their outputs are heavily aggregated in time. In addition, dynamic traffic flow phenomena, such as queue spillback, cannot be captured, leading to inaccurate modelling of congestion. As congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, using STA may lead to unreliable emission estimations. The first objective of this paper is to identify the errors that STA models introduce into an emission estimation. Then, considering the type and the nature of the errors, our aim is to suggest potential solutions. According to our findings, the main errors are related to STA inability of accurately modelling the level and the location of congestion. For this reason, we suggest and evaluate the postprocessing of STA outputs through quasidynamic network loading. Then, we evaluate our suggested approach using the HBEFA emission factors and a 19 km long motorway segment in Stockholm as a case study. Although, in terms of total emissions, the differences compared to the simple static case are not so vital, the postprocessor performs better regarding the spatial distribution of emissions. Considering the location-specific effects of traffic emissions, the latter may lead to substantial improvements in applications of emission modelling such as dispersion, air quality, and exposure modelling.
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Wolfire, Mark G., and Ed Churchwell. "Circumstellar dust emission models." Astrophysical Journal 427 (June 1994): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/174194.

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Winther, Morten. "Petrol passenger car emissions calculated with different emission models." Science of The Total Environment 224, no. 1-3 (December 1998): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00343-x.

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Rakha, Hesham, Kyoungho Ahn, and Antonio Trani. "Comparison of MOBILE5a, MOBILE6, VT-MICRO, and CMEM models for estimating hot-stabilized light-duty gasoline vehicle emissions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 1010–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-017.

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The paper compares the MOBILE5a, MOBILE6, Virginia Tech microscopic energy and emission model (VT-Micro), and comprehensive modal emissions model (CMEM) models for estimating hot-stabilized, light-duty vehicle emissions. Specifically, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratory fuel consumption and emission databases are used for model comparisons. The comparisons demonstrate that CMEM exhibits some abnormal behaviors when compared with the ORNL data, EPA data, and the VT-Micro model estimates. Specifically, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions exhibit abrupt changes at low speeds and high acceleration levels and constant emissions at negative acceleration levels. Furthermore, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions exhibit abrupt drops at high engine loads. In addition, the study demonstrates that MOBILE5a emission estimates compare poorly with EPA field data, while MOBILE6 model estimates show consistency with EPA field data and VT-Micro model estimates over various driving cycles. The VT-Micro model appears to be accurate in estimating hot-stabilized, light-duty, normal vehicle tailpipe emissions. Specifically, the emission estimates of the VT-Micro and MOBILE6 models are consistent in trends with laboratory measurements. Furthermore, the VT-Micro and MOBILE6 models accurately capture emission increases for aggressive acceleration drive cycles in comparison with other drive cycles.Key words: transportation energy, transportation environmental impacts, VT-Micro Model, CMEM, MOBILE5, MOBILE6, fuel consumption models, emission models.
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Denby, Bruce, Matthias Karl, Herdis Laupsa, Christer Johansson, Mia Pohjola, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Matthias Ketzel, and Peter Wåhlin. "Estimating domestic wood burning emissions of particulate matter in two Nordic cities by combining ambient air observations with receptor and dispersion models." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 3 (2010): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq091214019d.

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The major emission source of primary PM2.5 in many Nordic countries is wood burning for domestic heating. Though direct measurements of wood burning emissions are possible under controlled conditions, emission inventories for urban scale domestic heating are difficult to calculate and remain uncertain. As an alternative method for estimating these emissions this paper makes use of ambient air measurements, chemical analysis of filter samples, receptor models, dispersion models, and simple inverse modelling methods to infer emission strengths. A comparison of dispersion models with receptor models indicates that the dispersion models tend to overestimate the contribution from wood burning. The inverse modelling results are found to agree with those from the receptor modelling. Though both the receptor and inverse modelling point to an overestimation of the wood burning emissions of PM2.5 it is not possible to assign this solely to errors in the emissions inventory as dispersion model error can be significant. It is recommended to improve plume rise and urban canopy meteorological descriptions in the dispersion models before these models will be of sufficient quality to allow quantitative assessments of emission inventories.
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Guo, Dong, Jinbao Zhao, Yi Xu, Feng Sun, Kai Li, Juan Wang, and Yuhang Sun. "THE IMPACT OF DRIVING CONDITIONS ON LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN REAL-WORLD DRIVING." Transport 35, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12168.

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To accurately estimate the effect of driving conditions on vehicle emissions, an on-road light-duty vehicle emission platform was established based on OEM-2100TM, and each second data of mass emission rate corresponding to the driving conditions were obtained through an on-road test. The mass emission rate was closely related to the velocity and acceleration in real-world driving. This study shows that a high velocity and acceleration led to high real-world emissions. The vehicle emissions were the minimum when the velocity ranged from 30 to 50 km/h and the acceleration was less than 0.5 m/s2. Microscopic emission models were established based the on-road test, and single regression models were constructed based on velocity and acceleration separately. Binary regression and neural network models were established based on the joint distribution of velocity and acceleration. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of prediction and evaluation under different emission models, total error, second-based error, related coefficient, and sum of squared error were considered as evaluation indexes to validate different models. The results show that the three established emission models can be used to make relatively accurate prediction of vehicle emission on actual roads. The velocity regression model can be easily combined with traffic simulation models because of its simple parameters. However, the application of neural network model is limited by a complex coefficient matrix.
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Yu, Tai Yi, I. Cheng Chang, Mei Yin Hwa, and Li Teh Lu. "Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Mobile Sources with Three Emission Factors Models." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2378.

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Vehicle emissions from mobile sources are major contributors to air pollution and varied with vehicle types, vehicle styles, traveled miles, temperature, oil types and the methods of operation and management. This study performs three emission factor models, Mobile-Taiwan 2, Mobile6.2 and EFDB to calculate emission factor of mobile sources from year 1986 to 2011. The emissions of primary air pollutants, MIRs and CO2emitted from mobile sources were calculated. The contribution ratios of varied vehicle types for different air pollutants would be compared and analyzed. Estimated emissions from mobile sources were 32.2, 177, 643, 197 and 401 kilotons/y for PM10, NOx, CO, THC and MIR for 2000; 31.3, 115, 305, 114 and 227 kilotons/y for 2011. Emissions of traditional air pollutants presented a decreasing trend because of fourth-stage emission standards for mobiles sources and CO2 revealed an increasing trend. According to presented control technology for greenhouse gases on mobile sources, ratio of emission for year 2011 to 2000 would be 1.38-1.49.
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Arneth, A., G. Schurgers, J. Lathiere, T. Duhl, D. J. Beerling, C. N. Hewitt, M. Martin, and A. Guenther. "Global terrestrial isoprene emission models: sensitivity to variability in climate and vegetation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 15 (August 8, 2011): 8037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8037-2011.

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Abstract. Due to its effects on the atmospheric lifetime of methane, the burdens of tropospheric ozone and growth of secondary organic aerosol, isoprene is central among the biogenic compounds that need to be taken into account for assessment of anthropogenic air pollution-climate change interactions. Lack of process-understanding regarding leaf isoprene production as well as of suitable observations to constrain and evaluate regional or global simulation results add large uncertainties to past, present and future emissions estimates. Focusing on contemporary climate conditions, we compare three global isoprene models that differ in their representation of vegetation and isoprene emission algorithm. We specifically aim to investigate the between- and within model variation that is introduced by varying some of the models' main features, and to determine which spatial and/or temporal features are robust between models and different experimental set-ups. In their individual standard configurations, the models broadly agree with respect to the chief isoprene sources and emission seasonality, with maximum monthly emission rates around 20–25 Tg C, when averaged by 30-degree latitudinal bands. They also indicate relatively small (approximately 5 to 10 % around the mean) interannual variability of total global emissions. The models are sensitive to changes in one or more of their main model components and drivers (e.g., underlying vegetation fields, climate input) which can yield increases or decreases in total annual emissions of cumulatively by more than 30 %. Varying drivers also strongly alters the seasonal emission pattern. The variable response needs to be interpreted in view of the vegetation emission capacities, as well as diverging absolute and regional distribution of light, radiation and temperature, but the direction of the simulated emission changes was not as uniform as anticipated. Our results highlight the need for modellers to evaluate their implementations of isoprene emission models carefully when performing simulations that use non-standard emission model configurations.
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Stanković, Stamenka, Vladimir Đorić, and Jelena Kajalić. "Estimation of pollutant emissions from traffic using microsimulation models." Tehnika 76, no. 6 (2021): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2106801s.

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Traditional traffic management methods are mainly focused on travel time optimization, ie minimizing control delay. The modern approach is increasingly emphasizing the minimization of negative impacts of traffic on the environment. Therefore, it is important to enable the evaluation of different traffic management strategies from the aspect of pollutant emissions. Microscopic simulation models enable detailed (second-by-second) representation of traffic flow, which creates a precondition for integration with emission models to enable this aspect of evaluating different management strategies. The paper presents the possibility of integrating the microscopic simulation model VISSIM and the emission model MOVES. It was concluded that this integration enables the comparison of different management strategies from the aspect of emissions of various pollutants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emission models"

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Sengupta, Amitdyuti. "Preliminary Hydrogen Sulfide Emission Factors and Emission Models for Wastewater Treatment Plant Headworks." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1829.

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Generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a common phenomenon from wastewater collection, transport, and treatment processes. Impacts of H2S emissions from wastewater include corrosion and reduction in the service life of wastewater infrastructure, odor nuisance in the community, and health impacts on wastewater operations and maintenance personnel (Neilsen, et al. WEFTEC 2006). Conventional odor control studies performed by municipalities to design their individual odor/corrosion control strategies largely depend on establishing a dilution to detection threshold (D/T) ratio and ascertaining the recognition threshold (R/T) for air samples collected from the study area. These conventional odor studies based on grab samples using R/T and D/T technique using a few days of data have a number of limitations and potentially lead to inaccurate conclusions. However, H2S emission studies using continuous air monitoring is expensive and time consuming. The objective of this research is to understand the feasibility of utilizing emission factors as a tool to predict hydrogen sulfide emissions from headworks of four different Jefferson Parish, Louisiana wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Proposed model(s) developed for predicting H2S emission factors that depend on wastewater parameters should be convenient for the municipalities to use as the data required is monitored routinely. Use of H2S emission models should assist rapid identification of H2S emission hot spots, optimize H2S control strategies, predict potential health risks, prevent community odor nuisance, and ascertain infrastructure corrosion. This dissertation attempts to; i) develop a research methodology, ii) identify instruments required, iii) generate emission factor ranges and compare their sensitivity to wastewater parameters, iv) generate preliminary empirical emission models based on flow treated, population serviced and area served by a treatment plant for each sampling location and v) provide a roadmap for future research opportunities to refine the models generated as part of this dissertation. Key words: emission model, emission factor, emission ranges, hydrogen sulfide, odor control, air quality, wastewater treatment.
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Tsanakas, Nikolaos. "Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-155771.

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Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and human health, the accurate estimation of their rates and location is required. Traffic emission models can be used for estimating emissions, providing emission factors in grams per vehicle and kilometre. Emission factors are defined for specific traffic situations, and traffic data is necessary in order to determine these traffic situations along a traffic network. The required traffic data, which consists of average speed and flow, can be obtained either from traffic models or sensor measurements. In large urban areas, the collection of cross-sectional data from stationary sensors is a costefficient method of deriving traffic data for emission modelling. However, the traditional approaches of extrapolating this data in time and space may not accurately capture the variations of the traffic variables when congestion is high, affecting the emission estimation. Static transportation planning models, commonly used for the evaluation of infrastructure investments and policy changes, constitute an alternative efficient method of estimating the traffic data. Nevertheless, their static nature may result in an inaccurate estimation of dynamic traffic variables, such as the location of congestion, having a direct impact on emission estimation. Congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, and since emissions have location specific effects, the location of congestion becomes a crucial aspect. Therefore, the derivation of traffic data for emission modelling usually relies on the simplified, traditional approaches. The aim of this thesis is to identify, quantify and finally reduce the potential errors that these traditional approaches introduce in an emission estimation analysis. According to our main findings, traditional approaches may be sufficient for analysing pollutants with global effects such as CO2, or for large-scale emission modelling applications such as emission inventories. However, for more temporally and spatially sensitive applications, such as dispersion and exposure modelling, a more detailed approach is needed. In case of cross-sectional measurements, we suggest and evaluate the use of a more detailed, but computationally more expensive, data extrapolation approach. Additionally, considering the inabilities of static models, we propose and evaluate the post-processing of their results, by applying quasi-dynamic network loading.
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Green, S. F. "Infrared observations and thermal emission models of asteroids." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35899.

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A review of the classification of asteroids according to their orbital and physical properties is presented and the technique of numerical taxonomy is applied to catalogued optical data. The size distribution of minor bodies is of fundamental importance for theories of the origin and formation of the Solar System. Methods of diameter determination are reviewed with particular reference to the radiometric method. Thermal emission models of asteroids are essential for the reduction of infrared observations to obtain radiometric diameters and albedos. Various thermal models are described, with an emphasis on the assumptions made, and their limitations. The models are applied to observations in the 8-13?m region to examine possible variations of emissivity with wavelength, to remove the thermal component from reflection spectra in the 3-4?m region, and to determine the nature of the surface of the unusual asteroid (3200) 1983TB. The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was launched in 1983 to provide an all-sky survey in four infrared wavebands. In order to prevent detections of the thermal emission from moving objects from being lost, software was written to search the rejected survey data in near real-time. As well as detecting several hundred numbered asteroids and five known comets, two main belt asteroids, two Apollo asteroids, six comets and an infrared tail on comet Tempel-2 were discovered. A description of the moving object software and its implementation is presented, together with estimates of the selection effects and completeness of the search, and analysis of the data. The ground-based observations of the Apollo asteroid (3200) 1983TB do not support the cometary nucleus hypothesis inferred from its orbital characteristics. A preliminary analysis of some IRAS additional observations of asteroids is also presented.
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Winkelmann, Christopher Todd. "Micro-imaging characterization of mouse models of metastasis." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5820.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "December 2005" Includes bibliographical references.
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Yin, Jun, and 尹俊. "A continuum modeling approach to transport emission problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46603499.

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Pallister, I. C. "Models of x-ray emission from clusters of galaxies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376943.

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Matthews, N. "Models of molecular line emission from star formation regions." Thesis, University of Kent, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381427.

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Bevan, Antonia. "Dust-affected models of characteristic line emission in supernovae." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1482180/.

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Galaxies and quasars in the very early universe harbour considerable masses of dust, the source of which has been much contested. For many years it was thought that core-collapse supernovae, though known to form small amounts of dust from analyses of their dust emission in the infrared, could not account for the large quantities of dust seen in the early universe. In recent years, however, this view has been challenged by the discovery of large reservoirs of cool dust in a number of supernova remnants, with some containing up to 1 Msun of dust. The late time optical and near-IR line profiles of many core-collapse supernova ejecta exhibit a red-blue asymmetry as a result of greater extinction by internal dust of radiation emitted from the receding parts of the ejecta. In this thesis, I present a new code, DAMOCLES, that models the effects of dust on the line profiles of core-collapse supernovae in order to determine the masses of newly condensed dust that have formed in the ejecta. The Monte Carlo code and the physical processes therein are described in detail and the testing of the code is presented. Theoretical profiles are produced in order to understand the effects of varying the parameters of interest on the shapes of the modelled line profiles and I discuss a number of other signatures of dust extinction on line profiles aside from the expected blue-shifting. DAMOCLES was used to model four different supernovae and supernova remnants. SN 1987A is a crucial object in the study of core-collapse supernovae and I present a detailed investigation into the rate of dust formation in this object by modelling the evolution of the Hα and [OI]λλ6300,6363Å lines. I also present models of the hydrogen and oxygen lines at late times from SN 1980K, SN 1993J and Cassiopeia A, all of which display strong blue-shifted asymmetries. I find that large dust masses are required to fit the late-time line profiles of all of these objects and conclude that core-collapse supernovae are likely an important source of dust in the universe.
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Litchfield, Simon John. "Numerical models of soft X-ray emission in accreting systems." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35720.

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Ignace, Richard, and A. Brimeyer. "Models of Forbidden Line Emission Profiles from Axisymmetric Stellar Winds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6268.

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A number of strong infrared forbidden lines have been observed in several evolved Wolf–Rayet (WR) star winds, and these are important for deriving metal abundances and testing stellar evolution models. In addition, because these optically thin lines form at large radius in the wind, their resolved profiles carry an imprint of the asymptotic structure of the wind flow. This work presents model forbidden line profile shapes formed in axisymmetric winds. It is well known that an optically thin emission line formed in a spherical wind expanding at constant velocity yields a flat-topped emission profile shape. Simulated forbidden lines are produced for a model stellar wind with an axisymmetric density distribution that treats the latitudinal ionization self-consistently and examines the influence of the ion stage on the profile shape. The resulting line profiles are symmetric about line centre. Within a given atomic species, profile shapes can vary between centrally peaked, doubly peaked, and approximately flat-topped in appearance depending on the ion stage (relative to the dominant ion) and viewing inclination. Although application to WR star winds is emphasized, the concepts are also relevant to other classes of hot stars such as luminous blue variables and Be/B[e] stars.
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Books on the topic "Emission models"

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Chen, K. S. (Kun-Shan), 1959-, ed. Microwave scattering and emission models for users. Boston: Artech House, 2010.

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Microwave scattering and emission models and their applications. Boston: Artech House, 1994.

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McGill, R. Fuel consumption and emission values for traffic models. McLean, Va: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1985.

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(Firm), Sierra Research. Evaluation of MOBILE vehicle emission model. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1994.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. Efficiency and distribution in computable models of carbon emission abatement. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Adolf, Ebel, Friedrich R, and Rodhe H, eds. Tropospheric modelling and emission estimation: Chemical transport and emission modelling on regional, global, and urban scales. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Jennings, M. S. Volatile organic compound emission projection model user's manual (version 1.8). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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Lang, Kenneth R. U. radio emission from quiescent filaments. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Rudno-Rudzińska, Barbara. Modelowanie emisji i propagacji dźwięku do prognozowania klimatu akustycznego środowiska zurbanizowanego. Wrocław: Wydawn. Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emission models"

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Hirsch, Markus, Klaus Oppenauer, and Luigi del Re. "Dynamic Engine Emission Models." In Automotive Model Predictive Control, 73–87. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-071-7_5.

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Reis, S., P. Blank, R. Friedrich, G. Smiatek, R. San José, J. I. Peña, J. L. Pérez, et al. "Emission Models and Tools." In Emissions of Air Pollutants, 279–335. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07015-4_4.

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Moore, N. P., J. S. Panesar, and A. H. Nelson. "Galactic Dynamo Models." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 486. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_187.

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Suran, Doru Marian, and Nedelia Antonia Popescu. "Spectrophotometrical Models for AGN." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 524. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_220.

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Marscher, Alan P. "Emission Models for Compact Jets." In Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei, 510–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77566-6_112.

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O’brien, P. T., and M. R. Goad. "Time Dependent BLR Photoionization Models." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 453. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_159.

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Rees, Martin J. "Models for Variability in AGNs." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 239–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_34.

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Antonucci, Robert. "Unified Models: Religion and Science." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 301–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_45.

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Hutchings, J. B., and S. G. Neff. "Radio Source Structure and Unified Models." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 427. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_137.

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Komossa, Stefanie. "Composite Models for Narrow Line Regions." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 449. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_155.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emission models"

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Zhang, Kairan, Lei Yao, and Guofang Li. "Factors Affecting Vehicular Emissions and Emission Models." In Fourth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413159.413.

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Carpenter, David C., and John Simkin. "Emission models for thermionic cathodes." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Eric Munro. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.279397.

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Spanier, Felix, Matthias Weidinger, and Stephan Richter. "Advanced models for AGN emission." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0894.

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Harding, Alice Kust. "Pulsar high-energy emission models." In High Energy Astrophysics in Southern Africa 2021. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.401.0047.

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Ghisellini, Gabriele, and Giancarlo Ghirlanda. "GRB emission models and jet properties." In The Extreme sky: Sampling the Universe above 10 keV. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.096.0045.

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Li, Xudong, Wei Zhou, Zixuan Liu, Haowei Li, and Jing Lu. "Research Overview on Carbon Emission Models." In 2021 16th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccse51940.2021.9569331.

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Surkov, A., V. A. Khluson, L. Ligthart, and G. Sharygin. "Vector Models of Non-stable and Spatially-distributed Radar Objects." In Wave Propagation: Scattering and Emission in Complex Media - International Workshop. CO-PUBLISHED WITH WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO AND SCIENCE PRESS, CHINA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702869_0024.

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Bruno, Anthony B. "Conducted Emission Models for Switching Power Supplies." In 1987 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.1987.7570769.

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Lemmetyinen, J., A. Kontu, A. Rees, C. Derksen, and J. Pulliainen. "Comparison of multiple layer snow emission models." In 2010 11th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (MicroRad 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/microrad.2010.5559580.

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Hu, Quan, Tao Huang, ZhongHai Yang, Bin Li, JianQing Li, YongBing Jin, YuKun Qin, et al. "The Emission Models for ELECTRON OPTICS SIMULATOR." In 2007 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmmt.2007.381355.

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Reports on the topic "Emission models"

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Duff, J. W., J. H. Gruninger, R. L. Sundberg, P. K. Acharya, S. M. Adler-Golden, A. Berk, L. S. Bernstein, and D. C. Robertson. Development of Atmospheric Infrared Emission Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada346253.

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Wintersteiner, Peter P., Robert A. Joseph, and Armand J. Paboojian. High-Altitude Non-Equilibrium Infrared Emission Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232503.

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Wintersteiner, Peter P., and Robert A. Joseph. Development of Models for Infrared Emission in the Upper Atmosphere. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada173633.

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Michaels, Michelle, Theodore Letcher, Sandra LeGrand, Nicholas Webb, and Justin Putnam. Implementation of an albedo-based drag partition into the WRF-Chem v4.1 AFWA dust emission module. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42782.

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Employing numerical prediction models can be a powerful tool for forecasting air quality and visibility hazards related to dust events. However, these numerical models are sensitive to surface conditions. Roughness features (e.g., rocks, vegetation, furrows, etc.) that shelter or attenuate wind flow over the soil surface affect the magnitude and spatial distribution of dust emission. To aide in simulating the emission phase of dust transport, we used a previously published albedo-based drag partition parameterization to better represent the component of wind friction speed affecting the immediate soil sur-face. This report serves as a guide for integrating this parameterization into the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. We include the procedure for preprocessing the required input data, as well as the code modifications for the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) dust emission module. In addition, we provide an example demonstration of output data from a simulation of a dust event that occurred in the Southwestern United States, which incorporates use of the drag partition.
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Zhylenko, Tetyana I., Ivan S. Koziy, Vladyslav S. Bozhenko, and Irina A. Shuda. Using a web application to realize the effect of AR in assessing the environmental impact of emissions source. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4408.

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Revolutionary technologies of nowadays are virtual and augmented reality. Humanity's concern for nature may be affected by their ability to combine reality with the simulated effects of human impact on the environment. An urgent task today is creating software applications to assess the impact of human activities on the environment. Recently, most scientists have been trying to model the impact of various factors on environmental change today and for decades using information technology. Visual models are very impressive and they also make a deep impression on the psychological state of the person. This forces people to use natural resources wisely. In this article we have considered the sequential process of building and implementing models for assessing the impact of pollutants from a stationary emission source. We have created a software product that helps to show visually how the emissions of a chemical plant are spreading to the surrounding city. The harmfulness to the city of the cloud into which emissions are converted can also be calculated by the program. We have implemented a number of functions responsible for emission modeling, taking into account different conditions.
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Cheung, C. C., L. Stawarz, and A. Siemiginowska. Confronting X-Ray Emission Models with theHighest-Redshift Kiloparsec-Scale Jets: The z = 3.89 Jet in Quasar 1745+624. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885290.

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LeGrand, Sandra, Christopher Polashenski, Theodore Letcher, Glenn Creighton, Steven Peckham, and Jeffrey Cetola. The AFWA dust emission scheme for the GOCART aerosol model in WRF-Chem v3.8.1. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41560.

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Airborne particles of mineral dust play a key role in Earth’s climate system and affect human activities around the globe. The numerical weather modeling community has undertaken considerable efforts to accurately forecast these dust emissions. Here, for the first time in the literature, we thoroughly describe and document the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) dust emission scheme for the Georgia Institute of Technology–Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosol model within the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) and compare it to the other dust emission schemes available in WRF-Chem. The AFWA dust emission scheme addresses some shortcomings experienced by the earlier GOCART-WRF scheme. Improved model physics are designed to better handle emission of fine dust particles by representing saltation bombardment. WRF-Chem model performance with the AFWA scheme is evaluated against observations of dust emission in southwest Asia and compared to emissions predicted by the other schemes built into the WRF-Chem GOCART model. Results highlight the relative strengths of the available schemes, indicate the reasons for disagreement, and demonstrate the need for improved soil source data.
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Ziegler, Nancy, Nicholas Webb, Adrian Chappell, and Sandra LeGrand. Scale invariance of albedo-based wind friction velocity. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40499.

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Obtaining reliable estimates of aerodynamic roughness is necessary to interpret and accurately predict aeolian sediment transport dynamics. However, inherent uncertainties in field measurements and models of surface aerodynamic properties continue to undermine aeolian research, monitoring, and dust modeling. A new relation between aerodynamic shelter and land surface shadow has been established at the wind tunnel scale, enabling the potential for estimates of wind erosion and dust emission to be obtained across scales from albedo data. Here, we compare estimates of wind friction velocity (u*) derived from traditional methods (wind speed profiles) with those derived from the albedo model at two separate scales using bare soil patch (via net radiometers) and landscape (via MODIS 500 m) datasets. Results show that profile-derived estimates of u* are highly variable in anisotropic surface roughness due to changes in wind direction and fetch. Wind speed profiles poorly estimate soil surface (bed) wind friction velocities necessary for aeolian sediment transport research and modeling. Albedo-based estimates of u* at both scales have small variability because the estimate is integrated over a defined, fixed area and resolves the partition of wind momentum be-tween roughness elements and the soil surface. We demonstrate that the wind tunnel-based calibration of albedo for predicting wind friction velocities at the soil surface (us*) is applicable across scales. The albedo-based approach enables consistent and reliable drag partition correction across scales for model and field estimates of us* necessary for wind erosion and dust emission modeling.
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Spano, Christian, Paolo Natali, Charles Cannon, Suzanne Greene, Osvaldo Urzúa, Carlos Sucre, and Adriana Unzueta. Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003412.

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This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two scenarios deliver the required carbon reductions to be compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2060, but through different strategies: (3) the BaU Paris scenario. where alignment with Paris targets is achieved by keeping BaU volumes and reducing carbon intensity per tonne of metal; and (4) the Decoupled scenario, where carbon intensity reductions are relaxed and compensated by a reduction in primary supply to align the value chain emissions to a Paris trajectory. All scenarios require LACs leaders to consider investments in low-carbon technology in different degrees. The report argues that, given its competitive position in the cost curve for copper and iron ore and an abundance of enabling factors for low carbon strategies, the region could become a key source of low carbon metals and solutions as long as it is proactive in adopting all the necessary measures from public sector and industry perspectives. Finally, the report concludes that myriad opportunities exist for LAC, including new business models, technologies and products, and that these could yield a greater economic and social contribution to the region than the BaU trajectories.
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Cook, Samantha, Matthew Bigl, Sandra LeGrand, Nicholas Webb, Gayle Tyree, and Ronald Treminio. Landform identification in the Chihuahuan Desert for dust source characterization applications : developing a landform reference data set. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45644.

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ERDC-Geo is a surface erodibility parameterization developed to improve dust predictions in weather forecasting models. Geomorphic landform maps used in ERDC-Geo link surface dust emission potential to landform type. Using a previously generated southwest United States landform map as training data, a classification model based on machine learning (ML) was established to generate ERDC-Geo input data. To evaluate the ability of the ML model to accurately classify landforms, an independent reference landform data set was created for areas in the Chihuahuan Desert. The reference landform data set was generated using two separate map-ping methodologies: one based on in situ observations, and another based on the interpretation of satellite imagery. Existing geospatial data layers and recommendations from local rangeland experts guided site selections for both in situ and remote landform identification. A total of 18 landform types were mapped across 128 sites in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico using the in situ (31 sites) and remote (97 sites) techniques. The final data set is critical for evaluating the ML-classification model and, ultimately, for improving dust forecasting models.
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