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Academic literature on the topic 'Emissifs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Emissifs"

Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Influence of the Thermal State of Vehicle Combustion Engines on the Results of the National Inventory of Pollutant Emissions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199084.

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The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the thermal state of vehicle combustion engines on pollutant emissions. This influence was analyzed based on data from Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions for the years 1990–2017. The results show that during engine warm-up, carbon monoxide emission constitutes the largest share (up to 50%) in the national annual total emission. Volatile organic compounds are next in the ranking, whereas the share of nitrogen oxides is the lowest (less than 5%). Under the model traffic conditions, close to those in Poland’s cities in winter, simulation tests regarding additional pollutant emissions from passenger cars during engine warm-up were also carried out. As a result of the cold-start emissive behavior of internal combustion engines, emissions of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds showed a considerably greater impact on national pollutant emission, as compared to carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. This is particularly evident for the results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from road transport.

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Guven, Denizhan, M. Özgür Kayalica, and Gülgün Kayakutlu. "CO2 emissions analysis for East European countries: the role of underlying emission trend." Environmental Economics 11, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.11(1).2020.07.

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This paper aims to analyze the impact of energy consumption, economic structure, and manufacturing output on the CO2 emissions of East European countries by applying the Structural Time Series Model (STSM). Several explanatory factors are used to construct the model using annual data of the 1990–2017 period. The factors are: total primary energy supply, GDP per capita and manufacturing value added, and, finally, a stochastic Underlying Emission Trend (UET). The significant effects of all variables on CO2 emissions are detected. Based on the estimated functions, CO2 emissions of Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Hungary will decrease, by 2027, to 53.2 Mt, 103.2 Mt, 36.1 Mt, 1528.2 Mt, 36 Mt, and 36.1 Mt, respectively. Distinct from other countries, CO2 emissions of Poland will extend to 312.2 Mt in 2027 due to the very high share of fossil-based supply (i.e., coal and oil) in Poland. The results also indicate that the most forceful factor in CO2 emissions is the total primary energy supply. Furthermore, for Poland, Romania, Hungary, and Belarus, the long-term impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions is negative, while it is positive for Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia. The highest long-term manufacturing value-added elasticity of CO2 emissions is calculated for Serbia and Belarus.

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Simmonds, Peter G., Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. Stanley, Archie McCulloch, Stephan Henne, et al. "The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 7271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7271-2020.

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Abstract. We report a 40-year history of SF6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) monitoring sites, combined with archived air samples, to determine emission estimates from 1978 to 2018. Previously we reported a global emission rate of 7.3±0.6 Gg yr−1 in 2008 and over the past decade emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04±0.35 Gg yr−1 in 2018. We show that changing patterns in SF6 consumption from developed (Kyoto Protocol Annex-1) to developing countries (non-Annex-1) and the rapid global expansion of the electric power industry, mainly in Asia, have increased the demand for SF6-insulated switchgear, circuit breakers, and transformers. The large bank of SF6 sequestered in this electrical equipment provides a substantial source of emissions from maintenance, replacement, and continuous leakage. Other emissive sources of SF6 occur from the magnesium, aluminium, and electronics industries as well as more minor industrial applications. More recently, reported emissions, including those from electrical equipment and metal industries, primarily in the Annex-1 countries, have declined steadily through substitution of alternative blanketing gases and technological improvements in less emissive equipment and more efficient industrial practices. Nevertheless, there are still demands for SF6 in Annex-1 countries due to economic growth, as well as continuing emissions from older equipment and additional emissions from newly installed SF6-insulated electrical equipment, although at low emission rates. In addition, in the non-Annex-1 countries, SF6 emissions have increased due to an expansion in the growth of the electrical power, metal, and electronics industries to support their continuing development. There is an annual difference of 2.5–5 Gg yr−1 (1990–2018) between our modelled top-down emissions and the UNFCCC-reported bottom-up emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which we attempt to reconcile through analysis of the potential contribution of emissions from the various industrial applications which use SF6. We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF6 inventory. On an average annual basis, our estimated emissions from the whole of China are approximately 10 times greater than emissions from western Europe. In 2018, our modelled Chinese and western European emissions accounted for ∼36 % and 3.1 %, respectively, of our global SF6 emissions estimate.

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Yang, Ming, Shun An Chen, Qian Ru Lin, and Tao Pang. "Temperature Sensing Assists the Understanding of Er³⁺ Concentration Dependent Anti-Stokes Luminescence in NaYF₄:Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Nanophosphors." Materials Science Forum 1003 (July 2020): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1003.241.

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In this paper, upcovnerison luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanophosphors was regulated by changing the Er3+ concentration. With increasing the Er3+ concentration, the green and red emissions increased first and then decreased, but the intensity ratio of red to green emission decreased monotonically. To clarify the role of Er3+ doping, the factors including crystal structure, morphology and size of particle, photon absorption, energy transfer, multi-phonon relaxation, population of emissive levels and emission probability of radiative transitions were considered and analyzed. More importantly, we proposed a simple method for discussing radiation transitions based on luminescence temperature sensing.

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Rao, Longshi, Qing Zhang, Bin Sun, Mingfu Wen, Jiayang Zhang, Guisheng Zhong, Ting Fu, and Xiaodong Niu. "Multicolor Luminescent Carbon Dots: Tunable Photoluminescence, Excellent Stability, and their Application in Light-Emitting Diodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 3132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183132.

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Carbon dots (CDs) are attracting much interest due to their excellent photoelectric properties and wide range of potential applications. However, it is still a challenge to regulate their bandgap emissions to achieve full-color CDs with high emissions. Herein, we propose an approach for producing full-color emissive CDs by employing a solvent engineering strategy. By only tuning the volume ratio of water and dimethylformamide (H2O/DMF), the photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelengths of the CDs can be changed from 451 to 654 nm. Different fluorescence features of multicolor CDs were systematically investigated. XRD, SEM, TEM, Abs/PL/PLE, XPS, and PL decay lifetime characterizations provided conclusive evidence supporting the extent to which the solvent controlled the dehydration and carbonization processes of the precursors, leading to a variation in their emission color from red to blue. The as-prepared CDs exhibited excellent and stable fluorescence performance even after being heated at 80 °C for 48 h and with UV light continuously irradiated for 15 h. Based on their excellent fluorescent properties and photothermal stability, bright multicolor light-emitting diodes with a high CRI of up to 91 were obtained. We anticipate that these full-color emissive CDs are beneficial for applications in lighting, display, and other fields.

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Gayton, Jacqueline, Shane Autry, Ryan Fortenberry, Nathan Hammer, and Jared Delcamp. "Counter Anion Effect on the Photophysical Properties of Emissive Indolizine-Cyanine Dyes in Solution and Solid State." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123051.

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Near-infrared emissive materials with tunable Stokes shifts and solid-state emissions are needed for several active research areas and applications. To aid in addressing this need, a series of indolizine-cyanine compounds varying only the anions based on size, dipole, and hydrophilicity were prepared. The effect of the non-covalently bound anions on the absorption and emission properties of identical π-system indolizine-cyanine compounds were measured in solution and as thin films. Interestingly, the anion choice has a significant influence on the Stokes shift and molar absorptivities of the dyes in solution. In the solid-state, the anion choice was found to have an effect on the formation of aggregate states with higher energy absorptions than the parent monomer compound. The dyes were found to be emissive in the NIR region, with emissions peaking at near 900 nm for specific solvent and anion selections.

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Khuong Mai, Duy, Joomin Lee, Ilgi Min, Temmy Vales, Kyong-Hoon Choi, Bong Park, Sung Cho, and Ho-Joong Kim. "Aggregation-Induced Emission of Tetraphenylethene-Conjugated Phenanthrene Derivatives and Their Bio-Imaging Applications." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090728.

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In this study, a series of rationally designed emissive phenanthrene derivatives were synthesized and their aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water mixtures were investigated. Two tetraphenylethene (TPE) segments were conjugated to both ends of the phenanthrene core at the para-positions and meta-positions, resulting in pTPEP and mTPEP derivatives, respectively. While the TPE-conjugated phenanthrene derivatives did not show any emission when dissolved in pure THF, they showed strong sky-blue emissions in water-THF mixtures, which is attributed to the restriction of intramolecular motions of TPE segments by aggregation. Furthermore, silica nanoparticles loaded with these AIE-active compounds were prepared and proved to be promising intracellular imaging agents.

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Hu, Lei, Stephen A. Montzka, Ben R. Miller, Arlyn E. Andrews, John B. Miller, Scott J. Lehman, Colm Sweeney, et al. "Continued emissions of carbon tetrachloride from the United States nearly two decades after its phaseout for dispersive uses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 11 (February 29, 2016): 2880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522284113.

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National-scale emissions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) are derived based on inverse modeling of atmospheric observations at multiple sites across the United States from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s flask air sampling network. We estimate an annual average US emission of 4.0 (2.0–6.5) Gg CCl4 y−1 during 2008–2012, which is almost two orders of magnitude larger than reported to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) (mean of 0.06 Gg y−1) but only 8% (3–22%) of global CCl4 emissions during these years. Emissive regions identified by the observations and consistently shown in all inversion results include the Gulf Coast states, the San Francisco Bay Area in California, and the Denver area in Colorado. Both the observation-derived emissions and the US EPA TRI identified Texas and Louisiana as the largest contributors, accounting for one- to two-thirds of the US national total CCl4 emission during 2008–2012. These results are qualitatively consistent with multiple aircraft and ship surveys conducted in earlier years, which suggested significant enhancements in atmospheric mole fractions measured near Houston and surrounding areas. Furthermore, the emission distribution derived for CCl4 throughout the United States is more consistent with the distribution of industrial activities included in the TRI than with the distribution of other potential CCl4 sources such as uncapped landfills or activities related to population density (e.g., use of chlorine-containing bleach).

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Gavalas, Spyridon, and Antonios Kelarakis. "Towards Red Emissive Systems Based on Carbon Dots." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082089.

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Carbon dots (C-dots) represent an emerging class of nontoxic nanoemitters that show excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY) and minimal photobleaching. The vast majority of studies focus on C-dots that exhibit the strongest PL emissions in the blue/green region of the spectrum, while longer wavelength emissions are ideal for applications such as bioimaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy and light-emitting diodes. Effective strategies to modulate the PL emission of C-dot-based systems towards the red end of the spectrum rely on extensive conjugation of sp2 domains, heteroatom doping, solvatochromism, surface functionalization and passivation. Those approaches are systematically presented in this review, while emphasis is given on important applications of red-emissive suspensions, nanopowders and polymer nanocomposites.

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Walaa, Al Masri, Mumtaz Ali, Al-Hartomy Omar, and S. Wageh. "Solid-State Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) with a Long Wavelength Emission." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 18, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2023.3476.

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Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)—growing stars of the nanocarbon family—have received attention owing to their intriguing photoluminescence (PL), stability, and biocompatibility. However, CQDs may suffer from serious aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) of PL, specifically in powder or thin film form. Moreover, most engineering applications are solid-state; therefore, it is important to design solid-state emissive CQDs, potentially defeating ACQ. Previous reviews highlighted the strategies for solid-state emissive CQDs; however, less focus has been given to CQDs with emissions at longer wavelengths. This review summarizes recent advances (specifically in the last two years), focusing on long wavelengths, including yellow-, orange-, and red-emissive fluorescence. Furthermore, the synthesis method, quantum yield, and mechanism of fluorescence are explained. In addition, a detailed summary of synthesis parameters and their role in emission tuning is highlighted. Finally, the future directions and potential applications of solid-state CQDs for emerging applications were discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emissifs"

Troiville-Cazilhac, Robin. "Novel gain materials for high-performance organic solid-state lasers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS599.pdf.

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Dans ce travail, nous avons abordé la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux à gain pour des applications en laser organique. Dans un premier chapitre, nous avons préparé trois nouveaux copolymères alternant des motifs donneurs (D) et accepteurs (A) d'électrons. Le premier polymère, PF8Tz8, incorporant des unités D fluorène et A triazole, a démontré des propriétés de gain optique en couche mince, avec un seuil d’émission spontanée amplifiée (ASE) de 105 µJ.cm-2. Par la suite, l’utilisation de systèmes hôte/invité et différentes étapes d'optimisation, nous ont permis d’abaisser le seuil d’ASE à une valeur de 3,5 µJ.cm-2. Deux autres polymères D-A, PSpTz8 et PSprTz8, incorporant respectivement des unités D spiroflurene et des unités A triazole modifiées, ont également été préparés. PSpTz8 a démontré, après optimisation, une valeur de seuil d’ASE améliorée de 3 µJ.cm-2 en système hôte/invité alors que PSprTz8 a démontré un seuil plus élevé de l’ordre de 9 µJ.cm2. Dans un second chapitre, nous avons montré le développement de molécules à gain liquide-crystallines (ou mésomorphes). Dans ce travail, trois molécules fluorescentes calamitiques ont été synthétisées, TP, BTD et BOD. Tout d'abord, les molécules BTD et BOD ont montré des propriétés de gain optique en tant que dopant dans le CBP avec des seuils d’ASE respectivement de 7 et 15 µJ.cm-2. Le dérivé fluorescent calamitique TP, ne présentant pas de gain optique à l’état solide, a été modifié de manière à présenter une phase liquide-cristalline à température ambiante. Ce composé, r8r'16TP, a ainsi démontré un seuil d’ASE à 11 µJ.cm-2 en film mince, et il a été également utilisé avec succès comme matrice mésomorphe avec les molécules calamitiques BTD et BOD comme dopants. Enfin, le dernier chapitre a porté sur l'élaboration de polymères mésomorphes constitués d’une chaîne principale de polyméthylmétacrylate, intégrant des unités fluorescentes liquide-cristallines comme groupes pendants. Tout d'abord, deux polymères, Pr8TP et Pr16TP, incorporant uniquement des molécules calamitiques TP ont été synthétisés. Leurs comportements cristal-liquides ont été mis en évidence et leurs propriétés de gain optique avec des valeurs de seuil respectivement de 65 et 20 µJ.cm-2 ont été démontrées. Ces matériaux ont également montré leur capacité à être utilisé comme matrice lors de la fabrication de systèmes hôte/invité avec les molécules à gain calamitques BTD et BOD. Nous avons également exploré la conception d'un système hôte/invité au sein d'une même chaîne macromoléculaire, qui a montré des résultats très prometteurs, comme un rendement quantique de photoluminescence de 100 % dans un système anisotrope autoorganisé
In this work, we have addressed the synthesis of new gain materials for organic laser applications. In the first chapter, we prepared three new copolymers alternating donor (D) and acceptor (A) electron units. The first polymer, PF8Tz8, incorporating fluorene D units and triazole A units, demonstrated optical gain properties in thin films, with an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 105 µJ.cm-2. Subsequently, the use of host/guest systems and various optimization steps allowed us to lower the ASE threshold to a value of 3.5 µJ.cm-2. Two other D-A polymers, PSpTz8 and PSprTz8, incorporating spirofluorene D units and modified triazole A units, respectively, were also prepared. PSpTz8 demonstrated, after optimization, an improved ASE threshold value of 3 µJ.cm-2 in a host/guest system, while PSprTz8 demonstrated a higher threshold of about 9 µJ.cm2. In the second chapter, we showed the development of liquid-crystalline (or mesophase) gain molecules. In this work, three calamitic fluorescent molecules, TP, BTD, and BOD, were synthesized. First, the BTD and BOD molecules showed optical gain properties as dopants in CBP with ASE thresholds of 7 and 15 µJ.cm-2, respectively. The calamitic fluorescent derivative TP, which does not exhibit optical gain in the solid state, was modified to present a liquid-crystalline phase at room temperature. This compound, r8r'16TP, thus demonstrated an ASE threshold of 11 µJ.cm-2 in thin film, and it was also successfully used as a mesophase matrix with the calamitic BTD and BOD molecules as dopants. Finally, the last chapter focused on the development of mesophase polymers consisting of a polymethylmethacrylate main chain, incorporating liquid-crystalline fluorescent units as pendant groups. First, two polymers, Pr8TP and Pr16TP, incorporating only TP calamitic molecules were synthesized. Their liquid-crystal behaviors were highlighted and their optical gain properties with threshold values of 65 and 20 µJ.cm-2, respectively, were demonstrated. These materials have also shown their ability to be used as a matrix in the fabrication of host/guest systems with the calamitic gain molecules BTD and BOD. We also explored the design of a host/guest system within the same macromolecular chain, which showed very promising results, such as a photoluminescence quantum yield of 100% in an auto-organized anisotropic system

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Ariotti, Paula. "Método para aprimorar a estimativa de emissões veiculares em áreas urbanas através de modelagem híbrida em redes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21922.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo propor um método para aprimorar a estimativa de emissões veiculares em áreas urbanas através da utilização de modelagem híbrida de tráfego associada a modelos de previsão de emissões. A modelagem híbrida agrega as vantagens individuais das abordagens agregada e desagregada de tráfego, uma vez que combina a micro-simulação de tráfego em áreas específicas com a simulação agregada em uma área de estudo mais abrangente. O método proposto neste trabalho foi consolidado a partir do desenvolvimento de um estudo de caso que consistiu na modelagem de uma rede viária com características distintas de infraestrutura e operação viárias. Os resultados do estudo de caso permitiram a identificação de trechos da rede viária nos quais as estimativas de emissões provenientes de modelos agregados foram significativamente diferentes das estimativas derivadas de modelos microscópicos, demonstrando a importância de uma abordagem híbrida. A utilização do método proposto pode embasar a elaboração e implementação de políticas de transportes que busquem reduzir a ocorrência de eventos responsáveis pela geração de elevados níveis de emissões.
This study aims to propose a method to improve the vehicle emissions estimation in urban area. The method associates hybrid traffic flow models with emission models. Hybrid traffic modeling combines the specific advantages of aggregate and disaggregated approaches, since they integrate traffic microssimulation in specific areas with agregated simulation in a wide area. The development of the proposed method was based on a case study consisting in the modeling a road network with different operations and infrastructure characteristics. Case study results indicated that emission estimates obtained from aggregated models were significantly different from emission estimates derived from microscopic models on some road segments, emphasizing the importance of a hybrid approach adopted in the method proposed in this work. The proposed method can be used to guide the development and implementation of transportation policies that aim to reduce the number of traffic events responsible for high levels of emissions.

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Lemos, Joewander Fernandes. "Poluição veicular: Avaliação dos impactos e benefícios ambientais com a renovação da frota veicular leve na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-20082010-200639/.

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Este estudo faz uma análise dos níveis de emissões veiculares relacionados com os problemas de poluição na cidade de São Paulo. Utilizando a metodologia denominada bottom-up, avalia de forma teórica os índices de poluentes que saem pelo tubo de escapamento da maior frota de veículos leves do país. São abordados tópicos relacionados com o dia-a-dia da cidade como crescimento da frota, combustíveis, transporte público, poluição atmosférica e seus efeitos à saúde e ainda a influência atmosférica na região. Foram feitas diversas simulações no decorrer do estudo denominadas de cenários, que são baseadas na simples, porém eficiente, aplicação da metodologia bottom-up que utiliza, para os cálculos, os fatores de emissões de acordo com a evolução das fases do PROCONVE para obter a quantidade de determinados poluentes emitido por ano. Os cenários permitem a substituição dos veículos mais velhos por veículos novos e apresentam resultados positivos para o meio ambiente, dentre eles aqueles que podem ser considerados como alternativas ousadas e outros podem ser vistos como alternativas mais conservadoras, mas todos demostram melhorias significativas para a qualidade do ar na cidade de são Paulo. A evolução das fases citadas trouxeram muitos benefícios ao meio ambiente por meio das novas tecnologias desenvolvidas e embarcadas nos veículos novos e que não deixam de ser a solução para o futuro, onde melhorias nas condições atmosféricas devem ser alcançadas. Questões como políticas públicas e legislações específicas para a substituição dos veículos velhos da rua, não saem da teoria. Na prática o trânsito está cada vez mais caótico, em partes pela quantidade de carros em péssimas condições de uso que ainda circulam e quebram todos os dias, afetando diretamente a qualidade do ar na metrópole paulista.
This study presents an analysis of the levels of vehicles emissions related to the pollution problems in São Paulo City. Using a methodology called bottom-up, this thesis presents a theoretical evaluation on the rates of pollutants coming out the exhaust pipe of the largest light vehicles fleet in Brazil. Issues related to daily city activities such as the fleet growth, fuels, public transportation, air pollution and its effects on the population health and the atmospheric influence in the region as well are presented. Simulations for scenarios drawn were based on a simple but efficient, implementation of bottom-up approach that employs, for calculations, the emission factors according to the changing phases of PROCONVE (the Brazilian National Program for the Pollution Control of Vehicles) for the amount of pollutants emitted per year. The scenarios consider that replacement of older vehicles by new ones is positive for the environment. Some scenarios may be considered as non-conservative alternatives and others can be seen as conservative, but all demonstrate significant improvements to the quality of air in São Paulo City. The evolution of the phases mentioned have brought many benefits to the environment through new technologies developed for new vehicles and represent a solution for the future, when improvements in atmospheric conditions must be met. Issues such as public policies and laws specific to the replacement of old vehicles still have to be improved. In practical means, the traffic is increasingly chaotic, in part by the amount of cars in poor use that still run and break every day, directly affecting the air quality in metropolitan region.

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Jooste, Dustin. "Emissions trading scheme for South Africa : opportunities and challenges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79330.

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report aims to determine whether an emissions trading scheme or carbon tax is the most suitable market-based emissions reduction mechanism for South Africa, given its multiple environmental, social and economic objectives. Key factors considered in this comparison include: environmental effectiveness; economic efficiency; social welfare impacts; public finance considerations; administrative complexity and costs; and, finally, the relationship to global greenhouse gas reduction mechanisms. These factors are compared in the short and long term to determine which mechanism is most likely to deliver South Africa’s emissions reduction targets within the given time frames. The comparison of these factors involves a non-empirical literature review, followed by a rating of the mechanisms in order to distil a best fit in terms of the various aspects of an effective emissions reduction mechanism, taking into account the specific needs and conditions of South Africa. The research found that, in the short term, a carbon tax was best suited to the South African context. This is because of the fiscal certainty inherent in this mechanism, which provides clear price signals and a stable public income. However, the reasons for these comparative advantages over an emissions trading scheme relate to the long lead times and structure of the latter mechanism, which requires years of implementation and favours environmental effectiveness over economic efficiency. Further reasons include a lack of understanding and buy-in in terms of market-based mechanisms, a situation that favours familiarity over effectiveness in some instances. Taking these issues into account, the research shows that an emissions trading scheme is better suited to the South African context in the long term. Once properly implemented, this mechanism provides superior results in terms of the above-mentioned factors, and specifically in terms of environmental effectiveness and the potential for benefit through international integration. This research report concludes that the South African government has failed to take a long-term view of the mechanisms available for emissions reduction, choosing instead to implement a carbon tax, which favours economic growth at the expense of the environment and future generations. A general lack of understanding of the structures and opportunity costs of the two mechanisms necessitates an investigation by government of the applicability and structure of an emissions trading scheme in the South African context before market-based mechanisms can play an effective part in the future development of the country’s environmental regulatory regime.

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Nord, Kent. "Particles and unregulated emissions from CI engines subjected to emission control /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/09.

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Bowerman, Niel H. A. "Emission targets for avoiding dangerous climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a330ad41-54e4-46d7-99b5-110bd40a820b.

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A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak global warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution. This thesis builds on this work by using a simple climate model to apply the concept of cumulative emissions to emission floors, by comparing cumulative emissions with other types of emissions target, and by extending the work to apply to noncarbon dioxide (CO₂) greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Though peak global warming correlates well with cumulative carbon emissions, the link to emissions over shorter periods or in the years 2020 or 2050 is shown to be weaker. It is also shown that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some warming targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely warming up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak warming in the simple model used, regardless of the type of emissions floor used. The maximum rate of CO2- induced warming is not determined by cumulative emissions but is shown to be limited by the peak rate of CO₂ emissions. A simple model of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases is also developed and used to investigate SLCFs. It is shown that emissions of SLCFs today have little impact on peak warming, and that delaying near-term reductions in SLCFs would not have a significant impact on peak warming. Only once CO₂ emissions are falling do SLCF emissions have a significant impact on peak warming. A global climate policy framework is presented as an example of how the work in this thesis could be used in policy. Future work is also discussed, particularly verification of these results in a more complex model.

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de, Souza Nayara. "Total Fume Emissions and Emission Factors Applicable to Gas Metal Arc Welding." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2603.

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Welding is a common industrial practice that has the potential to emit air pollutants. Emission factors are useful indicators to help in the understanding of the extent of pollution from a process and managing them to reduce or minimize health impacts. The objective of this thesis is to determine emission factors applicable to the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), under varying current and voltage conditions. The most used base metals and an electrode for the shipbuilding industry were considered. A weld fume chamber was used to achieve the project goals along with standard sampling and analytical procedures. Three test runs were performed for each sampling scenario to ensure repeatability. The EPA EF average for MS experiments with the ER70S-6 electrode is 5.2 g/kg, and for SS experiments with the ER316L-Si electrode is 3.2 g/kg, while the average results for this study were 6.81 g/kg and 3.28 g/kg respectively.

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Kim, Tae-Kyung. "Dynamic analysis of sulfur dioxide monthly emissions in U.S. power plants." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086195964.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 218 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jean Michael Guldmann, City and Regional Planning Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-133).

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Wang, Lina. "Quantification of particle emission characteristics and development of an emission model for use in transport microenvironments affected by traffic emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46912/1/Lina_Wang_Thesis.pdf.

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Vehicle emitted particles are of significant concern based on their potential to influence local air quality and human health. Transport microenvironments usually contain higher vehicle emission concentrations compared to other environments, and people spend a substantial amount of time in these microenvironments when commuting. Currently there is limited scientific knowledge on particle concentration, passenger exposure and the distribution of vehicle emissions in transport microenvironments, partially due to the fact that the instrumentation required to conduct such measurements is not available in many research centres. Information on passenger waiting time and location in such microenvironments has also not been investigated, which makes it difficult to evaluate a passenger’s spatial-temporal exposure to vehicle emissions. Furthermore, current emission models are incapable of rapidly predicting emission distribution, given the complexity of variations in emission rates that result from changes in driving conditions, as well as the time spent in driving condition within the transport microenvironment. In order to address these scientific gaps in knowledge, this work conducted, for the first time, a comprehensive statistical analysis of experimental data, along with multi-parameter assessment, exposure evaluation and comparison, and emission model development and application, in relation to traffic interrupted transport microenvironments. The work aimed to quantify and characterise particle emissions and human exposure in the transport microenvironments, with bus stations and a pedestrian crossing identified as suitable research locations representing a typical transport microenvironment. Firstly, two bus stations in Brisbane, Australia, with different designs, were selected to conduct measurements of particle number size distributions, particle number and PM2.5 concentrations during two different seasons. Simultaneous traffic and meteorological parameters were also monitored, aiming to quantify particle characteristics and investigate the impact of bus flow rate, station design and meteorological conditions on particle characteristics at stations. The results showed higher concentrations of PN20-30 at the station situated in an open area (open station), which is likely to be attributed to the lower average daily temperature compared to the station with a canyon structure (canyon station). During precipitation events, it was found that particle number concentration in the size range 25-250 nm decreased greatly, and that the average daily reduction in PM2.5 concentration on rainy days compared to fine days was 44.2 % and 22.6 % at the open and canyon station, respectively. The effect of ambient wind speeds on particle number concentrations was also examined, and no relationship was found between particle number concentration and wind speed for the entire measurement period. In addition, 33 pairs of average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations were calculated and identified at the two stations, during the same time of a day, and with the same ambient wind speeds and precipitation conditions. The results of a paired t-test showed that the average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations at the two stations were not significantly different at the 5% confidence level (t = 0.06, p = 0.96), which indicates that the different station designs were not a crucial factor for influencing PN7-3000 concentrations. A further assessment of passenger exposure to bus emissions on a platform was evaluated at another bus station in Brisbane, Australia. The sampling was conducted over seven weekdays to investigate spatial-temporal variations in size-fractionated particle number and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as human exposure on the platform. For the whole day, the average PN13-800 concentration was 1.3 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 particle/cm3 at the centre and end of the platform, respectively, of which PN50-100 accounted for the largest proportion to the total count. Furthermore, the contribution of exposure at the bus station to the overall daily exposure was assessed using two assumed scenarios of a school student and an office worker. It was found that, although the daily time fraction (the percentage of time spend at a location in a whole day) at the station was only 0.8 %, the daily exposure fractions (the percentage of exposures at a location accounting for the daily exposure) at the station were 2.7% and 2.8 % for exposure to PN13-800 and 2.7% and 3.5% for exposure to PM2.5 for the school student and the office worker, respectively. A new parameter, “exposure intensity” (the ratio of daily exposure fraction and the daily time fraction) was also defined and calculated at the station, with values of 3.3 and 3.4 for exposure to PN13-880, and 3.3 and 4.2 for exposure to PM2.5, for the school student and the office worker, respectively. In order to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations and define the emission distribution in further dispersion models for traffic interrupted transport microenvironments, a composite line source emission (CLSE) model was developed to specifically quantify exposure levels and describe the spatial variability of vehicle emissions in traffic interrupted microenvironments. This model took into account the complexity of vehicle movements in the queue, as well as different emission rates relevant to various driving conditions (cruise, decelerate, idle and accelerate), and it utilised multi-representative segments to capture the accurate emission distribution for real vehicle flow. This model does not only helped to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations, but it also helped to define the emission source distribution of the disrupted steady flow for further dispersion modelling. The model then was applied to estimate particle number emissions at a bidirectional bus station used by diesel and compressed natural gas fuelled buses. It was found that the acceleration distance was of critical importance when estimating particle number emission, since the highest emissions occurred in sections where most of the buses were accelerating and no significant increases were observed at locations where they idled. It was also shown that emissions at the front end of the platform were 43 times greater than at the rear of the platform. The CLSE model was also applied at a signalled pedestrian crossing, in order to assess increased particle number emissions from motor vehicles when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. The CLSE model was used to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses including 1 car travelling in 1 direction (/1 direction), 14 cars / 1 direction, 1 bus / 1 direction, 28 cars / 2 directions, 24 cars and 2 buses / 2 directions, and 20 cars and 4 buses / 2 directions. It was found that the total emissions produced during stopping on a red signal were significantly higher than when the traffic moved at a steady speed. Overall, total emissions due to the interruption of the traffic increased by a factor of 13, 11, 45, 11, 41, and 43 for the above 6 cases, respectively. In summary, this PhD thesis presents the results of a comprehensive study on particle number and mass concentration, together with particle size distribution, in a bus station transport microenvironment, influenced by bus flow rates, meteorological conditions and station design. Passenger spatial-temporal exposure to bus emitted particles was also assessed according to waiting time and location along the platform, as well as the contribution of exposure at the bus station to overall daily exposure. Due to the complexity of the interrupted traffic flow within the transport microenvironments, a unique CLSE model was also developed, which is capable of quantifying emission levels at critical locations within the transport microenvironment, for the purpose of evaluating passenger exposure and conducting simulations of vehicle emission dispersion. The application of the CLSE model at a pedestrian crossing also proved its applicability and simplicity for use in a real-world transport microenvironment.

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Liu, Xin. "Emission Trading For China : the inspiration from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58643.

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How to avoid and deal with dangerous climate change, which will have catastrophic economic and social consequences, has already become the focus worldwide. From the UNFCCC to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community has been trying to find effective means to reduce GHGs. Facing both internal demand and external pressure, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China needs to make further efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. So far, emission trading, especially the EU ETS has proved to be a good system to reduce emissions with low cost. In this thesis, the valuable experience and lessons of the EU ETS and the current situation of China are reviewed. The necessity, feasibility and limitations of applying the EU ETS in China are analyzed through comparative study and SWOT – PEST analytical model. In the light of the analysis result that establishing its own emission trading scheme based on the EU ETS will be a good choice for China, several recommendations are put forward concerning both the process of the “Sino ETS” and various stakeholders.

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Books on the topic "Emissifs"

International, SAE. Particulates-emission control ; NOx emission control; intergrated emissions systems; emissions measurements; and worldwide OnRoad emission control experience Europe, USA and Japan. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

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Center for Environmental Research Information (U.S.) and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. User's guide: Emission control technologies and emission factors for unpaved road fugitive emissions. Cincinnati, Ohio: Center for Environmental Research Information, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987.

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Homolya, James B. Primary sulfate emission factors for the NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands., ed. Allocation of CO2 emission allowances: Distribution of emission allowances in a European emissions trading scheme. Netherlands: KPMG Sustainability and [Ecofys], 2002.

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Berger, Adrienne Heller Heather Unger Louis. Zero Emission Vehicles: Forecasting Fleet Scenarios and their Emissions Implications. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25709.

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Stockton, Margie B. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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E, Stelling John H., and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory., eds. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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E, Stelling John H., and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Kindbom, Karin, Ingrid Mawdsley, Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Kristina Saarinen, Kári Jónsson, and Kristin Aasestad. Emission factors for SLCP emissions from residential wood combustion in the Nordic countries. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2017-570.

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Book chapters on the topic "Emissifs"

Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 51–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_5.

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AbstractSouth Africa range 15th as the world largest CO2 emitter contributing to 1.2% of global emission. During the Kyoto Protocol of 2014, South Africa pledged to reduce its emission by 34% and 42% in 2020 and 2025 respectively. This study is a combination of literature review from South Africa with particular emphasis on road transport. The focus was on vehicle emission with reference to Limpopo Province to demonstrate how emissions from primarily the use of diesel and petrol as one of the major contributors to CO2 emission in the province are vital for the sustainability debate. The methodology used to illustrate the dangers of vehicular emissions were based on statistical estimates from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) inventory report from 2000 to 2010. The information used in assessing the vehicle emission standards in Limpopo were obtained from DEA. The findings from literature reviews in general and the results from the field survey from Limpopo Province shed some light on South Africa's vehicle emissions policy issues and standards. Also the analysis focused on the impact of vehicular fleet management and carbon emissions. The article concludes by drilling down to vehicle users, motor vehicle repairs, engine over haulers, used engine collection and disposal with respect to their roles in vehicle emission and control in South Africa.

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Hadler, Markus, Beate Klösch, Stephan Schwarzinger, Markus Schweighart, Rebecca Wardana, and David Neil Bird. "Estimating and Explaining the Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Surveying Climate-Relevant Behavior, 73–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85796-7_5.

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AbstractThis chapter starts with an overview of the current national emission figures for Austria. Subsequently, the emissions of our respondents are presented in detail and contrasted with the number of national emissions. Since one goal of the study was to improve survey research in measuring environmentally significant behavior, questions are selected which allow a valid estimation of the total emissions caused by a person. We propose a set of five variables which capture around 77% of an individual’s total emissions. Furthermore, we are able to confirm that socio-demographic variables such as age, income, and residential area have a significant impact on an individual’s emission consumption.

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Hamamoto, Mitsutsugu. "Target-Setting Emissions Trading Program in Saitama Prefecture: Impact on CO2 Emissions in the First Compliance Period." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 117–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_7.

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Abstract This chapter investigates whether the Target-Setting Emissions Trading (TSET) Program launched in 2011 by Saitama Prefecture in Japan had an impact on CO2 emissions during the first compliance period. Facility-level data are used to estimate the causal relationship between implementation of the program and changes in CO2 emissions. The results indicate that the TSET Program spurred emission reduction efforts. In addition, this chapter shows that the TSET Program also functioned as an incentive for facilities that are not covered by the program to lower their energy consumption. These findings indicate that the TSET Program succeeded in encouraging emission reduction efforts by the facilities, even though the program includes no penalty for facilities that do not meet emission goals.

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Memmesheimer, M., H. J. Jakobs, A. Oberreuter, H. J. Bock, G. Piekorz, A. Ebel, H. Hass, Johannes Staehelin, and Kurt Schläpfer. "Evaluation of Emissions and Emission Factors." In Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation, 243–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03470-5_8.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Methane Production in Ruminant Animals." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 177–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_6.

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AbstractAgriculture is a significant source of GHGsglobally and ruminant livestock animals are one of the largest contributors to these emissions, responsible for an estimated 14% of GHGs (CH4and N2O combined) worldwide. A large portion of GHG fluxes from agricultural activities is related to CH4 emissions from ruminants. Both direct and indirect methods are available. Direct methods include enclosure techniques, artificial (e.g. SF6) or natural (e.g. CO2) tracer techniques, and micrometeorological methods using open-path lasers. Under the indirect methods, emission mechanisms are understood, where the CH4 emission potential is estimated based on the substrate characteristics and the digestibility (i.e. from volatile fatty acids). These approximate methods are useful if no direct measurement is possible. The different systems used to quantify these emission potentials are presented in this chapter. Also, CH4 from animal waste (slurry, urine, dung) is an important source: methods pertaining to measuring GHG potential from these sources are included.

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Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Technology Innovations in Green Transport." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 37–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_4.

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AbstractThe paper uses the case study of Limpopo province to discuss technology innovations in green transport in South Africa with respect to the reduction of global greenhouse emission through technology innovation. South Africa’s emission from fuel combustion is the world’s 15th largest in forms of CO emission because it contributes about 1.2% of global emissions. In a submission from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) on the impact of greenhouse emissions stated that companies are required to be innovative to reduce the carbon emission levels in South Africa. Literature on road transport in South Africa shows that road transport is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 19% of global energy consumption. The policy to promote an integrated public transport in municipalities is in line with the National Development Plan and the White Paper on National Climate Change Response. This requires innovative technology that promotes carbon trading markets such as taxi recapitalisation programmes and carbon tax on new vehicles. The study analysed the factors influencing green technology innovations in South Africa with specific reference to Limpopo province green transportation study. The methodology used to unpack innovative technology in South Africa discusses green technology in Limpopo province in the context of greenhouse gases emission reduction innovative technologies in the transport sector with respect to sustainable fuels, energy efficient systems and smart information as well as hybrid technologies. The study advances arguments on technologies for engine and propulsion systems, alternative energy sources, navigation technologies, cargo handling systems, heating and cooling vehicles, road and rail vehicles and maritime transportation with respect to innovations as well as battery charging systems, engine oil disposal etc. The findings shows that no single trajectory of technology innovation in green transport will suffice but technological innovations that improve fuel economy and transition from fossil fuels to cleaner fuel alternatives. The study in Limpopo province showed that green transport innovations must not obscure the role of non-technological innovations in reducing emissions, but the two should be tackled with green transport value chain as a whole.

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Holst, Jens-Christian, Katrin Müller, Florian Ansgar Jaeger, and Klaus Heidinger. "City Air Management: LCA-Based Decision Support Model to Improve Air Quality." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 39–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_4.

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AbstractSiemens has developed an emission model of cities to understand the root cause and interactions to reduce air emissions. The City Air Management (CyAM) consists of monitoring, forecasting and simulation of measures. CyAM model aims to provide formation on air pollution reduction potential of short-term measures to take the right actions to minimize and avoid pollution peaks before they are likely to happen. The methodology uses a parameterized life cycle assessment model for transport emissions and calculates the local impact on air quality KPIs of individual transport measures at the specific hotspot. The system is able to forecast air quality and by how it is expected to exceed health or regulatory thresholds over the coming 5 days.In this paper, the LCA model and results from selected cities will be presented: Case studies show how a specific combination of technologies/measures will reduce the transport demand, enhance traffic flow or improve the efficiency of the vehicle fleet in the vicinity of the emission hotspot/monitoring station.

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Rivera-Campoverde, Néstor, José Muñoz Sanz, and Blanca Arenas-Ramirez. "Low-Cost Model for the Estimation of Pollutant Emissions Based on GPS and Machine Learning." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 182–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_27.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for estimating pollutants emitted by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in real driving, without the need for extensive measurement campaigns or the use of instrumentation in the vehicle for long periods of time; for which it is based on the positioning and speed signals generated by the GPS (Global Positioning System) and the machine learning application. To obtain the training data and validation of the model, two road tests are carried out using the Euro 6 directives for the estimation of pollutants through RDE (Real Driving Emissions), in which a portable emission measurement system is used, and a recorder that stores data from OBD (On Board Diagnostics) and GPS. Based on the data obtained in the first route, the vehicle’s performance is determined and, through automatic learning, the model that estimates polluting emissions is generated, which is validated with the data from the second route. When comparing the results generated by the model against those measured in the RDE, relative errors (%) of 0.0976, −0.2187, 0.2249 and −0.1379 are obtained in the emission factors of CO2, CO, HC and NOx respectively. Finally, the model is fed with data obtained in 1218 km of random driving, obtaining similar results to models based on OBD and closer to the real driving conditions generated by models such as the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions).

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Lu, Chunhua, Changle An, Quantuo Sun, and Zhe Li. "Research on Calculation Method and Additionality of Carbon Emission Reduction of Nuclear Energy Heating Based on Project Perspective." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 201–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_20.

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AbstractNuclear energy has broad prospects for development driven by the goal of achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, but the independent contribution of nuclear energy in low-carbon development has not obtained corresponding economic benefits. Studying the so-called “economic dilemma” problem of nuclear energy heating projects in the face of carbon trading market will reveal the influencing factors of this problem, and provide a method and paradigm reference for nuclear energy heating projects, that is, through active participation Carbon emissions trading to improve economics. This paper establishes a project-based calculation method for carbon emission reductions of nuclear energy heating, and conducts a systematic additionality analysis by taking a nuclear heating project in Shandong, China as an example. The method follows the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER). The findings show that: (1) The carbon emission reduction of nuclear energy extraction and heating projects in Shandong region of China is about 274,100 tons/year, and its order of magnitude is highly suitable for carbon market demand. (2) The levelized heating cost of the case is about 49.20 yuan/GJ. Through the analysis of the change of coal price in the calculation parameters of the alternative scheme, it is found that the economics of the nuclear energy heating project is seriously affected by the “baseline” and the results of parameter selection. It is very easy to create the illusion that the levelized heating cost of the nuclear extraction steam heating project is higher than the “uneconomical” illusion of the alternative. (3) The empirical analysis results show that the nuclear energy heating project has the additionality of obtaining carbon emission reduction benefits, but when the economics of the nuclear energy project has no obvious disadvantage compared with the alternative, its demonstration should focus on analyzing its advanced technology, barriers to marketing. As the emission reductions of CCER projects are consumed year by year in a stagnant state, nuclear energy heating projects will have the opportunity to provide a stable supply of voluntary certified emission reductions for China’s carbon market. Finally, based on this research, some suggestions are put forward, such as building a data monitoring and statistical system for carbon emission reduction of nuclear energy projects, and a pilot project for the transformation of economic benefits of carbon emission reduction in nuclear energy projects.

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Ruijing, Shi, Ren Peng, Fan Xiaochao, and Wang Jianglei. "Study on Optimization Operation of Micro-energy Network Considering Electro-ammonia Conversion." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 452–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_44.

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AbstractMicro energy networks are an important way to achieve the “carbon neutrality” goal. To further explore the potential of energy conversion in reducing carbon emissions, this article proposes an optimized operation model for micro energy networks with refined power-to-ammonia conversion. Based on the operation model considering carbon trading and comprehensive demand response, an optimization model for micro energy networks with refined power-to-ammonia conversion is established, with the objective of minimizing the system’s operating cost and carbon emissions. Utilizing examples, various micro-source energy dispatch conditions are analyzed and the carbon emission costs, as well as the overall operating costs of the micro energy network, are calculated. The results show that compared with power-to-hydrogen conversion, using power-to-ammonia conversion in micro energy networks can effectively reduce system carbon emissions, with a decrease of 7.88% and a total operating cost reduction of 5.36%. This verifies the feasibility of the model and demonstrates that improving energy utilization can achieve the synergistic operation of the system’s economy and low-carbon emissions.

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Conference papers on the topic "Emissifs"

Laput, O. A., L. V. Domracheva, A. A. Bryuzgina, Yu Kh Akhmadeev, and I. A. Kurzina. "THE EFFECT OF PLASMA MODIFICATION ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMEDICAL POLYMER MATERIALS." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-228-232.

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Bugaev, A. S., V. I. Gushenets, E. M. Oks, and M. V. Shandrikov. "HIGH-FREQUENCY MODULATION OF AN ELECTRON BEAM IN A DIODE WITH A PLASMA-FILLED OPTICAL SYSTEM." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-123-132.

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Remnev, G. E., A. A. Bukharkin, M. V. Zhuravlev, G. A. Kurapov, V. A. Ryzhkov, A. V. Stepanov, and V. I. Shamanin. "PLASMA SOURCES OF PULSED ION ACCELERATORS." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-50-55.

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Ivanov, A. G., D. A. Karpov, S. L. Kosogorov, and N. A. Uspensky. "WIDE-APERTURE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR BASED ON A HIGH-VOLTAGE GLOW DISCHARGE WITH PLASMA GENERATION BY PLANAR MAGNETRONS." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-101-106.

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Torba, M. S., S. Yu Doroshkevich, M. S. Vorobyev, N. N. Koval, V. V. Yezhov, S. A. Sulakshin, and R. A. Kartavtsov. "GENERATION OF A RADIALLY CONVERGING ELECTRON BEAM IN A SOURCE WITH A MULTI-ARC GRID PLASMA CATHODE." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-144-150.

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Baldanov, B. B., A. P. Semenov, and Ts V. Ranzhurov. "MODIFICATION OF THE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE SURFACE BY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA JETS." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-287-292.

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Ivanov, Yu F., V. V. Shugurov, Yu Kh Akhmadeev, N. A. Prokopenko, E. A. Petrikova, A. D. Tarasov, O. S. Tolkachev, O. V. Krysina, and N. N. Koval. "CERAMIC FILMS OF HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOY FORMED BY ION-PLASMA METHOD." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-197-201.

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Koval, T. V., V. I. Shin, M. S. Vorobyev, P. V. Moskvin, V. N. Devyatkov, and N. N. Koval. "CONDITIONS FOR ENSURING MINIMAL INHOMOGENEITY OF THE ELECTRON BEAM ON THE COLLECTOR IN SOURCES WITH A GRID PLASMA CATHODE." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-71-76.

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Gavrilov, N. V., A. S. Kamenetskikh, P. V. Tretnikov, and A. A. Ershov. "SYNTHESIS OF THIN FILMS OF LIPON SOLID ELECTROLYTE BY THERMAL EVAPORATION OF LITHIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-208-216.

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Ulukhanov, N. S., U. L. Mishigdorzhijn, V. I. Shin, P. V. Moskvin, M. A. Makeev, A. G. Tikhonov, and M. S. Vorobyev. "ELECTRON BEAM PROCESSING OF DIFFUSION BAL LAYERS ON THE SURFACE OF 3X2V8F DIE STEEL." In Plasma emission electronics. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0655-8-2023-260-265.

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Reports on the topic "Emissifs"

Ogink, Nico, J. J. Erbrink, D. J. J. Heederik, A. Winkel, and I. M. Wouters. Emissies van endotoxinen uit de veehouderij: emissiemetingen en verspreidingsmodellering = Emissions of endotoxins from animal production: emission measurements and dispersion modelling. Wageningen: Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/385497.

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McGrath, Tom, Wendy Coulson, and James McCarthy. PR-312-18209-E01 Methane Emissions from Compressors in Transmission and Storage Subpart W Sources. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011630.

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This white paper provides a step-by-step review of the methodology and data sources for development of compressor methane emission factors (EFs), and develops updated EFs based on Subpart W compressor measurement and leak survey data. The methodology is analogous to that used in a previous GRI/EPA Methane Emissions Study. In all cases, updated T and S compressor emission factors are lower than historical emission factors, and significantly lower in some cases. The updated emission factors provide a current best-estimate of T and S compressors emissions, and can be used to update emission estimates in the EPA Annual GHG Inventory Report, and to provide an alternative method for the annual estimate of compressor emissions for Subpart W.

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Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Air Pollution Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm33.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers.

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Coulson, Wendy, Tom McGrath, and James McCarthy. PR-312-16202-R03 Methane Emissions from Transmission and Storage Subpart W Sources. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011619.

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A 2018 PRCI report evaluated related emissions from compressor seals, isolation valves, and blowdown valves based on direct measurements required by Subpart W of the GHG Reporting Program. This report presents the methane emissions data from 2011 - 2016 for the balance of the Subpart W emission sources, including: facility leaks (other than from compressor isolation valves and blowdown valves), pneumatic controller venting, condensate tank dump valve leakage, and blowdown emissions from stations. Transmission pipeline blowdown emission reporting was added to the EPA regulation in late 2015, and 2016 and 2017 pipeline blowdown data are presented in this report. The objective of the project is to evaluate and analyze the dataset, and compare methane emission estimates from these sources to historical data used by EPA, primarily the emission factors (EFs) from the mid-1990s EPA/Gas Research Institute (GRI) study used by EPA in its annual GHG inventory (GHGi) report. The results and related EFs and analysis of relative contribution from different sources can be used: (1) as an alternative to GHGi EFs for estimating methane emissions for Transmission and Storage (T and S) operations; (2) to document the relative contribution of different T and S methane emission sources; and (3) to identify reductions relative to historical estimates and support more efficient methane mitigation strategies. The Subpart W data for leaks and pneumatic devices are consistently lower than GHGi estimates, and blowdown emissions from compressor stations and transmission pipelines are similar in magnitude to GHGi estimates.

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Lin, Jane, Yi-Ling Cheng, Xi Cheng, Hui Shen, Ajay Pawar, and Karol Koziel. Development of Commercial Vehicle Emission Inventory and Analysis. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-002.

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The objectives of this research are (1) to assemble and analyze commercial vehicle emission measurement data, (2) classify the effects of vehicle characteristics and traffic activities on commercial vehicle emissions, (3) estimate commercial vehicle emissions statewide in Illinois, and (4) identify truck emission-control strategies with a focus on truck electrification feasibility. The study found that vehicle type, make, age, odometer mileage, fuel type, engine brand (manufacturer), and engine built year are all important factors for truck emissions, and their effects are statistically significant according to ANOVA results. All pollutant emissions (CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO2) other than CH4 have a downward trend from 2019 to 2021 in Illinois. Such emission trends may be explained by a shift from long-distance truck trips to more regional and local trips between 2019 and 2021. Prolonged journey time due to charging and high initial adoption cost remain deterrents for long-haul e-truck adoption by carriers. Therefore, government policy plays a key role in facilitating electrification.

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Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Non-CO2 GHG Emissions Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm32.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions are reported for three types of non-CO2 GHGs – CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous oxide) and the group of fluorinated gases (F-gases), and cover four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. FAOSTAT dataset is used for sourcing agricultural non-CO2 emissions, EDGAR v5.0 and v4.2 databases are used to source non-agricultural emissions. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and consumption by households.

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Cowell and Roesch. PR-283-14204-R01 SoLoNOx Low Load Controls to Reduce Emissions for Less Restrictive Load Following. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011016.

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A Mobile Emissions Lab (MEL) and two site visits for extensive low load emissions mapping were used to document the emissions performance of the test unit over a 10 month period from June 2015 to April 2016. Data was collected over a wide ambient temperature range from 35 to 108?F. The field trial has demonstrated that the new algorithm results in a significant reduction in NOx, CO and UHC emissions from idle to 50% load. Reductions in CO and UHC emission of 50 to 99% were demonstrated from idle to 50% load. NOx emissions reductions were slightly less ranging from 20 to 75% from idle to 50% load. The emissions performance above 50% load were unchanged when comparing the LLC to the production algorithm. Continuous emis-sion measurements indicate that emissions of NOx and CO were very consistent with average levels of 6 and 1 ppm, respectively. No clear emission variation trends were evident with ambient temperature or engine speed (load). By extending the load range with bleed valve control the engine heat rate was increased slightly from idle to 50% load and with no impact measured from 50 to 100% load.

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Coulson, Wendy, and James McCarthy. PR-312-16202-R02 GHG Emission Factor Development for Natural Gas Compressors. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011488.

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The U.S. EPA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Program (GHGRP) requires compressor stations and underground storage facilities to measure compressor vent, rod packing, and seal emissions for facilities subject to 40 CFR, Part 98, Subpart W. The objective of the project is to gather and evaluate 2011 - 2016 Subpart W compressor vent and seal methane emissions data from site measurements, and present final results of an analysis to develop methane Emission Factors (EFs) based on these data. The EFs and analysis of relative contribution from different sources can be used: (1) as alternatives to current emission factors for compressor methane emissions used for Transmission and Storage (T and S) operations in EPA's annual GHG inventory; (2) to provide an EF based emission estimate for Subpart W that replaces ongoing annual GHGRP vent measurements; and (3) to document the relative contribution of different compressor leak/seal sources and support alternative leak mitigation strategies. Comparisons of the EPA Annual GHG Inventory EFs to Subpart W based EFs in this report show consistently lower compressor emissions than estimates based on historical data or reports. Large leaks, which stem from less than 3% of the compressor measurements, increase the EFs by 26% to 194%, thus greatly impacting the EF results. Alternative EFs are provided for transmission and storage compressor methane emissions.

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Hays, C. B. Radioactive air emissions notice of construction portable/temporary radioactive air emission units. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/325817.

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Ciucci, John. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Radionuclide Emissions Calendar Year 2009. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/992502.

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