Journal articles on the topic 'Emigration'
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Knipe, Duleeka, Paul Moran, Laura D. Howe, Piumee Bandara, Kolitha Wickramage, David Gunnell, and Thilini Rajapakse. "Is being a 'left-behind' child associated with an increased risk of self-poisoning in adulthood? Findings from a case–control study in Sri Lanka." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e003734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003734.
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PurposeThe long-term consequences of parental emigration on offspring self-harm risk is unknown.MethodsWe investigated the association between experiencing parental emigration in childhood with hospital presentations for self-poisoning in adulthood using a hospital case–control study. Cases were adult self-poisoning patients (≥18 year olds) admitted to the medical toxicology ward Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Sex and age frequency matched controls were recruited from the outpatient department or nearby specialist clinics at the same hospital. Details of parental emigration were collected using a pre-piloted questionnaire. The relationship between parental emigration and self-poisoning in adulthood was estimated using logistic regression models.Results298 cases, and 500 hospital controls were interviewed for the study. We estimate that one in five adults experienced parental emmigration as children (95% CI 17% to 24%). We find limited evidence that children from households with emigrating parents were more likely to experience adverse childhood experiences than those with non-emigrating parents. We found no statistical evidence of an increased risk of self-poisoning in adulthood in individuals who experienced parental emigration (maternal or paternal) during childhood. There was no statistical evidence that the impact differed by the sex of the participant.ConclusionAdults who experienced parental emigration as children were no more likely to self-poison than adults with non-emigrating parents. Further research using longitudinal data are needed to understand whether any adverse outcomes observed in 'left-behind' children are a consequence of parental emigration or due to factors associated but predate the emigration. Prospective data are also important to investigate whether there are any lasting effects on children who experience parental emigration.
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Simplice, Asongu. "Determinants of health professionals’ migration in Africa: a WHO based assessment." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 7 (July 13, 2015): 666–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0287.
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Purpose – How do economic prosperity, health expenditure, savings, price-stability, demographic change, democracy, corruption control, press freedom, government effectiveness, human development, foreign aid, physical security, trade openness and financial liberalization play-out in the fight against health-worker crisis when existing emigration levels matter? Despite the acute concern of health-worker crisis in Africa owing to emigration, lack of relevant data has made the subject matter empirically void over the last decades. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A quantile regression approach is used to assess the determinants of health-worker emigration throughout the conditional distributions of health-worker emigration. This provides an assessment of the determinants when existing emigrations levels matter. Findings – Findings provide a broad range of tools for the fight against health-worker brain-drain. As a policy implication, blanket emigration-control policies are unlikely to succeed equally across countries with different levels of emigration. Thus to be effective, immigration policies should be contingent on the prevailing levels of the crisis and tailored differently across countries with the best and worst records on fighting health-worker emigration. Originality/value – This paper has examined the theoretical postulations of a World Health Organization report on determinants of health-worker migration.
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Simplice, Asongu. "Globalization and health worker crisis: what do wealth-effects tell us?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 12 (November 25, 2014): 1243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0288.
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Purpose – Owing to lack of relevant data on health human resource (HHR) migration, the empirical dimension of the health-worker crisis debate has remained void despite abundant theoretical literature. A health worker crisis is growing in the world. Shortages in health professionals are reaching staggering levels in many parts of the globe. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A quantile regression approach is used to examine the determinants of health-worker emigration throughout the conditional distributions of health-worker emigration. This provides an investigation of the determinants when existing emigrations levels matter. The author assesses the determinants of emigration in the health sector through-out the conditional distribution of HHR emigration. Findings – The findings have been presented in two main strands: when existing emigration levels are low and when existing emigration levels are high. In the former case (when existing emigration levels are low), wealth-effects have the following implications. First, while economic prosperity is a good tool against nurse brain drain in middle income countries (MICs), health expenditure is a good instrument against physician brain drain in low income countries (LICs). Second, whereas positive demographic change fuels the problem in LICs, it mitigates the issue in their MIC counterparts. Third, savings, government-effectiveness, foreign-aid and inflationary pressures only accentuate the problem for both income groups. Fourth, corruption-control becomes a vital tool for emigration-control in both income-brackets. Fifth, while trade openness mitigates physician emigration in LICs, financial openness has the opposite effect on nurse emigration. In the latter case (when existing immigration levels are high), the following conclusions have been drawn. First, While economic prosperity fights nurse emigration only in LICs, savings is a tool against physician emigration only in their MIC counterparts. Second, health expenditure and inflationary pressures are relevant tools in the battle against physician resource flight. Third, whereas, government effectiveness is an important policy measure for mitigating emigration in LICs, human development plays a similar role in MICs. Fourth, democracy, press-freedom, foreign-aid and financial openness fuel emigration in either income strata. Fifth, population growth and trade openness are important tools in the fight against brain-drain. Sixth, the HIV infection rate is a deterrent only to nurse emigration. Originality/value – This paper complements existing literature by empirically investigating the World Health Organization hypothetical determinants of health-worker migration in the context of globalization when income-levels matter. In plainer terms, the work explores how the wealth of exporting countries play-out in the determinants of HHR emigration.
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Parker, Kimberly A., Erin B. Hester, Sarah A. Geegan, Anita Ciunova-Shuleska, Nikolina Palamidovska-Sterjadovska, and Bobi Ivanov. "Reflections on the Emigration Aspirations of Young, Educated People in Small Balkan Countries: A Qualitative Analysis of Reasons to Leave or Stay in North Macedonia." Central and Eastern European Migration Review 11, no. 1 (2022): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2022.07.
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For small, low-to-middle-income countries such as North Macedonia, the prospect of young, educated people leaving their place of residence (i.e. emigrating) can have significant negative societal-level effects. Understanding the complexity of the brain-drain phenomenon and its antecedents is critical to developing multi-level (i.e. global, societal and individual) strategic solutions. A qualitative analysis of several focus-group interviews was used to understand young, educated residents’ reasons either for emigrating or for remaining in North Macedonia. Two overarching themes served to organise the participant-identified drivers for emigration and those opposed to it. Three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for emigration: 1) a lack of professional opportunities, 2) institutional systems, and 3) cultural tightness. Likewise, three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for staying: 1) community, 2) culture and 3) social responsibility. Insights serve to contextualise some of the experiences of young, educated people in small, low-to-middle-income, countries which impact on their emigration decisions.
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Hnatiuk, Mykhailo, and Olha Shostak. "Ivan Franko’s Sketch of Drama “To Brazil”: from History of Unfinished ‘Emigrational’ Text." Академічний журнал "Слово і Час", no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.03.53-64.
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The paper provides an analysis of I. Franko’s unfinished drama “To Brazil” that deals with the first wave of the Ukrainians’ emigration, especially events of Brazilian Rush in 1895–1897. Since the literary text is based on important historical process, the authors characterize the special features of emigration from East Halychyna to the South American country at the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The research explores I. Franko’s participation in emigration movement and outlines the background of the author’s interest in creating literary work on the theme of emigration. Franko’s sketch of emigrational drama is not lengthy. It contains the list of characters, the author’s stage instruction describing the place of the first action (tavern), the first scene, and the beginning of the second. However based on the first fragment the features of conflict between two contrary characters’ groups are already noticeable. These groups are presented by peasants as eventual emigrants and their antagonist agent Podorozhnyi who acts in cooperation with a subagent Jew renter Moshko. It looks like in the play “To Brazil” the writer intended to highlight only key issues of the problem, in particular the emigrational agitation. Franko’s unfinished drama about the emigration contributed to appearance of the poetic cycle “To Brazil” (1896–1898) where its traditional topoi became somewhat transformed (the characters of peasants-emigrants, the agent, the Jewish subagent, archduke Rudolf, and motive of cheating). The mentioned cycle has an evident theatrical tone due to the dominance of role characters in lyrics. However, in the authors’ opinion, the drama, if it had been finished, could have offered more significant psychological analysis and enriched the presentation of Brazilian discourse in I. Franko’s literary works about emigration.
I. Franko’s unfinished drama is interpreted not only within the author’s ‘emigrational’ text but also in the general context of the Ukrainian literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries dealing with emigration in Brazilian direction (L. Lopatynskyi’s dramas “Mother-in-law” (1899) and “To Brazil”; A. Chaikovskyi’s story “Brazilian Welfare” (1896); T. Borduliak’s short story “Ivan the Brazilian” (1899); D. Markovych’s short story “Brazilians” (1896), etc.). The mentioned works have their basis in traditional narrative with its fixed images (agent, emigrant, homeland, outland) and motives (departure agitation, travel obstacles, hard work abroad, comeback).
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Marchetti-Mercer, M. C. "The Role of Companion Animals in the Process of Emigration: A Family Perspective." Society & Animals 28, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341608.
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Abstract Companion animals contribute to family systems’ relational life and dynamics, providing emotional support and companionship. Little prior research discusses psychological processes informing decisions on companion animals when families emigrate, or the emotional ramifications of such decisions. The article considers decisions around companion animals’ fate during the emigration process as a dimension of the decision to leave. It has several psychological repercussions for family members. Data from a qualitative research project on South African experiences of emigration and its impact on family life show that decisions around companion animals’ fate are often experienced as highly emotional by those considering emigration. Despite onerous financial and practical considerations, some emigrating families decide to take their companion animals with them. They see them as creating a sense of “home” and helping with adjustment in the destination country, especially for young children, where companion animals can provide stability in the disruptive process of emigration.
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O'Keefe, Gerald F. "Soviet Legal Restrictions On Emigration." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 14, no. 1 (1987): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633287x00140.
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AbstractThe right to emigrate-the free movement of people into and out of their country of origin-is a right recognized by international human rights law. The Soviet Union has recognized its obligations under these laws and the Constitution of the USSR and the "fundamental principles" of its legislation require actions consistent with international treaties to which the USSR is a party. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union discourages and prevents emigration by manipulating its legal system. Only members of a few ethnic groups are allowed to emigrate. Over the years emigrants have been mainly Jews, Armenians, and ethnic Germans, as well as some Japanese and Koreans. Emigration is limited by the Soviet Union's policy of "reunification of families," which effectively eliminates the vast majority of Soviet citizens from emigrating. Even those groups allowed to emigrate in limited numbers face substantial impediments. Complicated procedures, great expense, economic and social ostracism, and oftentimes harassment or arrest await those who apply for an exit visa. Applications for emigration are handled in an arbitrary manner, at best, and in a punitive manner, at worst. The resulting system is one in which emigration is not a right, but the grant of an administrative indulgence. Emigration law, and the Soviet Union's policy toward it, is the focus of discussion herein. Analysis of emigration law and practice is necessary to counter the legal justifications advanced by the USSR to defend its restrictive policy of emigration. First, I will discuss the Soviet Union's obligation under international law to respect the right to emigrate; next, I will analyze Soviet emigration law and citizenship renunciation law. Third, I outline the application process; and last, I address the legal basis for refusing emigration.
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Richardson, Thomas O., Charles Mullon, James A. R. Marshall, Nigel R. Franks, and Thomas Schlegel. "The influence of the few: a stable ‘oligarchy’ controls information flow in house-hunting ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1872 (February 14, 2018): 20172726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2726.
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Animals that live together in groups often face difficult choices, such as which food resource to exploit, or which direction to flee in response to a predator. When there are costs associated with deadlock or group fragmentation, it is essential that the group achieves a consensus decision. Here, we study consensus formation in emigrating ant colonies faced with a binary choice between two identical nest-sites. By individually tagging each ant with a unique radio-frequency identification microchip, and then recording all ant-to-ant ‘tandem runs’—stereotyped physical interactions that communicate information about potential nest-sites—we assembled the networks that trace the spread of consensus throughout the colony. Through repeated emigrations, we show that both the order in which these networks are assembled and the position of each individual within them are consistent from emigration to emigration. We demonstrate that the formation of the consensus is delegated to an influential but exclusive minority of highly active individuals—an ‘oligarchy’—which is further divided into two subgroups, each specialized upon a different tandem running role. Finally, we show that communication primarily occurs between subgroups not within them, and further, that such between-group communication is more efficient than within-group communication.
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Goodman, Damon H., Stewart B. Reid, Nicholas A. Som, and William R. Poytress. "The punctuated seaward migration of Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus): environmental cues and implications for streamflow management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 12 (December 2015): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0063.
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We investigated emigration timing of juvenile Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) over a 10-year period in the Sacramento River, California, USA. Emigration was punctuated with 90% of macrophthalmia in daily catches of at least 50 individuals. Macrophthalmia were observed primarily between November and May, with among-year variation in median emigration date over four times that of sympatric anadromous salmon. Our best model associating catch and environmental factors included days from rain event, temperature, and streamflow. We found strong evidence for an association of catch with days from rain events, a surrogate for streamflow, with 93% of emigrants caught during an event and the two subsequent days. Emigration was more likely during nighttime during subdaily sampling after accounting for the effects of factors significantly associated with daily catch. These results emphasize the importance of natural variation in streamflow regimes and provide insight for management practices that would benefit emigrating lampreys, such as synchronizing dam releases with winter and spring storms to reduce migration time, timing diversions to avoid entrainment during emigration windows, and ensuring streamflows are sufficient to reach the ocean, thereby avoiding mass stranding events.
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Witczal, Patryk. "Z dziejów emigracji rosyjskiej w Polsce – publicystyka Michaiła Arcybaszewa." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 2, no. XXII (October 5, 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.1323.
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In article was analized emigration’s journalism of Artsybashev from journal “Za svobodu!”. Journalism takes a very important place in the works of Mikhail Artsybashev. The writer witnessed historic changes in Russia of the early 20th century and emigration period and condition of Russian culture and literaturę in Russia and emigration. In his many works included a great number of valuable comments and insightful analysis of the processes taking place on the territory of the decaying Russian Empire.
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Hoagland, Tony. "Emigration." Academic Medicine 75, no. 11 (November 2000): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200011000-00019.
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Chirivì, Marianna, and Grazia Moffa. "New Italian Migration in the People’s Republic of China." Academicus International Scientific Journal 26 (July 2022): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2022.26.03.
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In the panorama of international migration statistics, there is a progressive growth of registrations of Italian citizens residing abroad. In particular, the steady increase in consular registrations based in the People’s Republic of China is striking. The expression “new emigrations” is an increasingly recurrent among scholars to highlight the quantitative and qualitative changes that have characterised Italian emigration abroad in recent years. The choice to emigrate depends on many factors, the very definition of new emigration calls into question aspects of the debate that imply a careful evaluation of the different components that characterize its profile. Which dimensions, above others, act on the choice to emigrate? Which aspects characterize the profile of Italians who decide to undertake an emigration experience in the People’s Republic of China, albeit temporary? New Italian migration in Shanghai is a Skilled Migration? In this article, we will focus on some results of a qualitative research conducted on the new Italian emigration to China. More precisely, in the following pages we try to bring out which dimensions act in the choice to emigrate and which aspects characterize the profile of Italians who decide to emigrate to Shanghai.
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Wanner, Philippe, Marco Pecoraro, and Massimiliano Tani. "Does Educational Mismatch Affect Emigration Behaviour?" European Journal of Population 37, no. 4-5 (October 20, 2021): 959–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-021-09595-z.
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AbstractThis paper uses linked Swiss administrative and survey data to examine the relationship between educational mismatch in the labour market and emigration decisions, carrying out the analysis for both Swiss native and previous immigrant workers. In turn, migrants’ decisions separate returning home from onward migration to a third country. We find that undereducation is positively associated with the probability of emigration and return to the country of origin. In contrast, the reverse relationship is found between overeducation and emigration, especially among non-European immigrant workers. According to the predictions of the traditional model of migration, based on self-selection, migrants returning home are positively selected relative to migrants emigrating to other countries. We also find that immigrants from a country outside the EU27/EFTA have little incentive to return home and generally accept jobs for which they are mismatched in Switzerland. These results highlight the relevance to understand emigration behaviours in relation to the type of migrant that is most integrated, and productive, in the Swiss market, hence enabling better migration and domestic labour market policy design.
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Kijonka, Justyna, and Monika Żak. "Polish return migrants. Analysis of selected decision-making processes." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 4 (178) (2020): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.041.12778.
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The scale and size of post-accession migration of Poles, especially to the British Isles, was surprising not only for the Polish side. The countries that opened their labour markets for the citizens of the new member states also failed to predict such a massive inflow of Polish nationals. Returning to the home country, however, does not get as much media attention as emigrating. This type of migration was not the subject of such heated discussions and analyses as emigration. The objective of the article is to sociologically describe the re-emigrants and answer questions concerning the motives for emigrating and returning, as well as how the emigration decision is assessed in retrospect. The paper is based on in-depth interviews conducted with individuals who had emigrated from Poland following the enlargement of the European Union and decided to return to their home country after a few years. Importantly, in order to detect readaptation problems, the respondents were selected from amongst those remigrants who had already been living in Poland for one to three years. The article shall present the results of these studies and the classifications of emigration, returns and remigrants.
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Kijonka, Justyna, and Monika Żak. "Polish return migrants. Analysis of selected decision-making processes." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 4 (178) (2020): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.041.12778.
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The scale and size of post-accession migration of Poles, especially to the British Isles, was surprising not only for the Polish side. The countries that opened their labour markets for the citizens of the new member states also failed to predict such a massive inflow of Polish nationals. Returning to the home country, however, does not get as much media attention as emigrating. This type of migration was not the subject of such heated discussions and analyses as emigration. The objective of the article is to sociologically describe the re-emigrants and answer questions concerning the motives for emigrating and returning, as well as how the emigration decision is assessed in retrospect. The paper is based on in-depth interviews conducted with individuals who had emigrated from Poland following the enlargement of the European Union and decided to return to their home country after a few years. Importantly, in order to detect readaptation problems, the respondents were selected from amongst those remigrants who had already been living in Poland for one to three years. The article shall present the results of these studies and the classifications of emigration, returns and remigrants.
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Ganguly, Shrimoyee, and Rajat Acharyya. "Emigration, Tax on Remittances and Export Quality." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 10, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 40–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978720980236.
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We examine the implications of the emigration of unskilled workers for the quality of a skill-based good exported by a small open economy. This issue is relevant in the context of quality constraints faced by the developing countries like China and India in promoting their exports, on the one hand, and the significantly large emigrations of workers, particularly unskilled workers, which lower their productive capacities, on the other hand. We show that even though unskilled workers are not directly used in the production of quality-differentiated export goods, their emigration would lower export quality when quality upgradation requires more intensive use of skilled workers relative to capital. This result follows from the complementarity between skilled and unskilled wages in a competitive general equilibrium model. A quality-content production subsidy in such a case can mitigate the adverse effects of emigration. The significantly large remittances received from unskilled emigrants create scope for taxing such remittances to finance the subsidy. JEL Classification: F16, F20, F22, F24
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Iordache, Mihaela, and Mihaela Matei. "Explaining Recent Romanian Migration: A Modified Gravity Model with Panel Data." Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 9, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2020-0006.
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AbstractThe present paper contributes to studies on Romanian emigration from a demographic, spatial, and temporal perspective. The purpose of this paper is to assess the selected economic and demographic variables’ impact on the volume of Romanian emigration to the European Union (EU) during 2010-2017. The analysis was done using a gravity model. The models used in this study are the fixed effect model (FEM) and the random effect model (REM), both applied to panel data. The results show that the economic and demographic factors have a significant influence on the emigration’s destination, and the socio-economic and demographic situation in the host country determines the flow migration from Romania. The paper strengthens the literature through an empirical analysis of the economic and demographic determinants of Romanian emigration to the EU from the perspective of the country of origin.
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Howells, Gary. "Emigration and the New Poor Law: The Norfolk Emigration Fever of 1836." Rural History 11, no. 2 (October 2000): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300002077.
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In 1836 under the auspices of section 62 of the New Poor Law, 3,069 poor people from Norfolk were assisted to emigrate to North America. Their passages, and various other requirements including spending money, travel to the port, equipment for the voyage and settling of debts, were paid for out of the poor rates. The rationale for this outflow of people revolved around the issue of surplus labour, which was believed to have a corrosive and unsettling effect upon the state of rural society. Emigration had long been seen as a potential safety valve for surplus labour. Clause 62 can be traced back to the vigorous debate about assisted emigration associated with Robert Wilmot Horton. For one emigration season, it looked as if parochial government were capable of rising to the challenge of solving its surplus labour problems and simultaneously satisfying the needs of the labour-hungry British colonies. This paper examines the Norfolk emigration fever by using a previously unused data set of nineteenth-century emigration (Ministry of Health files held at the Public Record Office). It argues that assisted emigration was the result of a concerted rational policy, applied by the parish officers aimed to benefit emigrants and those left behind. The policy was neither haphazard nor accidental and, though inspired by fear of the consequences of implementing the New Poor Law, was not a panicked response. It argues that the arrangements for assisted emigration resulted in a process of interchange and interaction between rich and poor which makes a mockery of the term ‘shovelling out paupers’. The poor emigrants who were targeted were assisted because they were good labourers, not useless indigents incapable of providing for themselves. The findings shed further light on the nature of emigrating populations, the emigratory process and the mindset of both rich and poor at the time of the introduction of the New Poor Law.
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Pereira, Daffnie, Arina Afonso, Vijaya Nemika, and Prabir Kumar Rath. "WOMEN EMIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR FAMILIES IN GOA : A CASE STUDY OF USGAO VILLAGE." Geographical Analysis 9, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v9i1.4.
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Emigration is the relocation of the people from one country to another. In last two decades or so, increased number of woman migrants has gone abroad. In India, female migration is closely interconnected with the male migration indicating that women accompany men after marriage. In Goa, migration of women to industrialized developed countries and the Middle East countries is on the rise mostly to the United Kingdom followed by the countries of Middle East. The study was conducted to determine emigration of women and its impact on the life of their families left behind in Usgao village of Dharbandora Taluka of Goa. The study is carried out using primary data obtained from administration of questionnaires and personal interviews supplemented by secondary data. Women emigration has prevailed in the age group of 20- 45 years, which comprises of both married and unmarried woman. Low wages in the home country and the demand for female labour in the foreign countries offering high wages are the main push and pull factors of international migration of women from the study area. Women emigration has added income level of the family and has enhanced the standard of living among the emigrating families. It has left its drawbacks such as emigration of women has made the life of the children and the elderly members of the family difficult as the migrant women used to take care of all the members of the family in general and children and elderly in particular in addition, they were handling all the household affairs of the family. Emigration of women thus, has increased women’s access to economic resources and has improved their autonomy and status but its negative impact on the families is significant. Keywords: women migration; emigration; remittances; better standard of living; emotion
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Ruiz, Marie. "Migration Infrastructure and Brokerage in Victorian Female Emigration Societies." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 24–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00701004.
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Abstract In the nineteenth century, female mobility was eased by a variety of intermediary structures, which interacted to direct the migration of British women to the Empire. Among these migration infrastructures were female emigration societies such as the Female Middle Class Emigration Society (1861–1886). This organisation was the first to assist gentlewomen in emigrating. It adopted a holistic approach to British female emigration by promoting women’s departure, selecting candidates, arranging their protection on the voyage, as well as their reception in the colonies. Grounded in a multifactorial perspective, this article offers an insight into how female migration brokerage came into being in the Victorian context. It intersects migration with gender and labour perspectives in a trans-sectorial approach of the history of female migration infrastructures in the British Empire, and reveals the diversity of transnational migration intermediaries interacting at meso level between female emigrants, non-state actors, and state institutions.
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Bartholomew, Kate. "WELSH EMIGRATION." History Workshop Journal 20, no. 1 (1985): 215—a—215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/20.1.215-a.
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Kerry Hardie. "Emigration Photo." Missouri Review 33, no. 1 (2010): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.0.0228.
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Johnson, John A., and C. A. Clausen. "Concerning Emigration." Norwegian-American Studies 33, no. 1 (1992): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nor.1992.a799210.
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Sabry, Tarik. "Emigration 2.0? Young Moroccans, emigration and the Internet." Social Identities 24, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2016.1263005.
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McCaughtry, Tom M., Matthew S. Wilken, and Kristin A. Hogquist. "Thymic emigration revisited." Journal of Experimental Medicine 204, no. 11 (October 1, 2007): 2513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20070601.
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Conventional αβ T cell precursors undergo positive selection in the thymic cortex. When this is successful, they migrate to the medulla and are exposed to tissue-specific antigens (TSA) for purposes of central tolerance, and they undergo maturation to become functionally responsive T cells. It is commonly understood that thymocytes spend up to 2 wk in the medulla undergoing these final maturation steps before emigrating to peripheral lymphoid tissues. In addition, emigration is thought to occur via a stochastic mechanism whereby some progenitors leave early and others leave late—a so-called “lucky dip” process. However, recent research has revealed that medullary thymocytes are a heterogeneous mix of naive αβ T cell precursors, memory T cells, natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. Given this, we revisited the question of how long it takes naive αβ T cell precursors to emigrate. We combined the following three approaches to study this question: BrdU labeling, intrathymic injection of a cellular tag, and RAG2p-GFP reporter mice. We established that, on average, naive αβ T cell precursors emigrate only 4–5 d after becoming single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Furthermore, emigration occurs via a strict “conveyor belt” mechanism, where the oldest thymocytes leave first.
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Schwabish, Jonathan A. "Identifying Rates of Emigration in the United States Using Administrative Earnings Records." International Journal of Population Research 2011 (August 28, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/546201.
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This paper undertakes a new strategy to estimate emigration rates among US immigrants by inferring the probability of emigration using longitudinal administrative earnings data. Two groups of emigrants are evaluated separately: those who emigrate from the United States and those who leave both the United States and the Social Security system. About 1.0 to 1.5 percent of the foreign-born population emigrate from the USA every year, and between about 0.8 and 1.2 percent of foreign-born workers emigrate from the Social Security system. Regression analysis suggests that immigrants with lower earnings are more likely to emigrate and that the likelihood of emigrating from the United States increases with age, but is unchanged for those leaving the US Social Security system.
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Csipkés, Margit, and Sándor Nagy. "DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRATION POTENTIAL IN HUNGARY FROM 2000 UNTIL TODAY." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (March 2018): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe033.
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Hearing the words “international migration”, two things might come to our mind. One of them is the emigration process and the other is the wave of refugees. In our study, we examined the changes of the number of employees emigrating from Hungary from 2000 until today. Nowadays, the examination of the migration potential is an important topic in Hungary, since the rate of Hungarian emigrants started to grow after 2006 and the rate of growth became even faster after 2010. The reason of the acceleration was the opening of the Austrian and German labour market. The actuality of the topic is based on the fact that international emigration merges the labour market’s processes, influences the given country’s employment level, moreover it has an influencing role on the rate of wages. Emigration from a given state has several reasons: natural disasters, war, marginalization, economic reasons, etc. In our study, we examine emigration caused by economic reasons. We have to take into consideration that measuring emigration processes is a difficult task, due to the lack of data. The reason of the deficiency is that those who leave the country, often forget to report their leaving. From 1 March 2013, only the permanent foreign settlement should be reported towards the administration (District Office, Consulate). Earlier, temporary (more than 3 months) settlement was also obligatory to be reported. Many of the leaving Hungarians do not report their leaving, however working abroad for more than 3 months should be reported towards social insurance organizations and tax authorities. I would like to emphasise that my migration potential presentation does not show a direct correlation with the actual migration. However, this study might show the expected movement rates and the composition of emigrants.
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Randolph, Gwendalyn J. "Monocyte Trafficking, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): SCI—53—SCI—53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.sci-53.sci-53.
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Abstract Macrophages are central to the progression of atherosclerosis. An increased number of macrophages in plaque are associated with larger, more stenotic lesions. Furthermore, activated plaque macrophages promote rupture, the most significant clinical event affecting mortality. Plaque macrophages derive from monocytes that are recruited from blood. We have thus focused our efforts on understanding the mechanisms that regulate plaque macrophages, with emphasis on how macrophage-burden might be reduced to lower disease risk. We have developed techniques to discern whether macrophage contraction in plaques is due to emigration out of the plaque environment. Although this idea was our leading hypothesis, data obtained in a model of regression carried out in apoE-/- mice indicates that emigration of macrophages does not occur during regression. The idea was based on previous literature that monocyte-derived cells might be removed from sites of acute inflammation by emigrating to local lymph nodes. After finding that emigration of macrophages from resolving plaque in apoE-/- mice was poor, we revisited models of acute inflammation; in particular, thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, where emigration had been claimed to account for macrophage removal. New methodology to improve the quantification of macrophage loss from the peritoneum indicated that, like atherosclerosis, emigration of macrophages was a minor contributor to the contraction of macrophages associated with resolution. Instead, in both settings, macrophage loss was associated with a strong suppression of monocyte recruitment, coupled with ongoing macrophage apoptosis. These data strongly suggest that methods to block monocyte recruitment may provide a viable approach to reversing atherosclerosis. Current efforts focus on integrating the role of monocyte recruitment with local proliferation of macrophages in plaques, investigating macrophage motility in plaques during different disease states, and evaluating contraction of macrophages from plaques using other models of disease regression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Rijal, Nirajan. "Causes and Consequences of Emigration in Chagunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur District." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 19, no. 01 (December 31, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v19i01.51951.
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Large proportion of the Nepalese citizens are emigrating from own country in search of better employment opportunities and prosperity. The study aims to assess causes and consequences of emigration particularly in Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur district. The study employed case study research design followed by quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. The required data are collected from randomly selected 50 HHs residing in four settlements (i.e. Chagunarayan, Jhaukhel, Duwakot and Chhaling) of the municipality ward number four. This study found that unemployment, difficulties in transportation, attraction towards foreign countries, perverting other people from neighbor, disrespect to owns' occupation, wanting to earn more are the major causes of emigration. The emigrants are enjoying in the destinations with various facilities and they are able to improve the living standard of their family members and prosperity. The emigrants' household members get an opportunity to spend a considerable portion of their family income in child education, health treatment and also for buying land property. The availability of communication facilities, adjustments in native people's way of life and achieving better social status have been noted as other positive outcomes of the emigration. However, emigration of youth people also has negatively affected social and cultural structures in the study area. The festivals are compelled to celebrating by less active group member in the community with less enjoyment and excitement. Even the returned migrate people are not giving interest in the social and cultural and religious festivals. This might be reason that most people have feeling that one should develop the own area rather than migrating to other areas. Therefore, local government need to become responsive and responsible in addressing the negative consequences of emigration as far as possible.
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Kharchenko, Andrii. "Stage Features of Social and Psychological Adaptation in Ukrainians Immigrating to China." 17, no. 17 (July 27, 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-1249-2022-17-04.
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Problem definition world globalization and the introduction of martial law in Ukraine led to a significant increase in the number of Ukrainians emigrating to China. The emigration process has its stages, at each of which the individual solves his tasks of social and psychological adaptation, which requires research. Problem analysis In the scientific literature, the emigration process is divided into three main stages (preparatory, moving and familiarization with new living conditions and adaptation to new conditions), in each of which adaptation is an important psychological component of this process. In the humanistic paradigm, the process of socio-psychological adaptation of the individual is the most developed and researched. The purpose of the study to reveal the stage-by-stage features of socio-psychological adaptation among Ukrainians emigrating to China. The research methods are the Rogers-Diamond diagnostic method of socio-psychological adaptation; questionnaires "Adaptive strategies of behavior" and "Satisfaction with life" according to N. Melnikova; questionnaire "Social well-being". Mathematical and statistical processing of the φ criterion - Fisher's angular transformation and the Mann-Whitney U-criterion. Description of the sample the sample consisted of 90 Ukrainians of early adulthood who are in a marital relationship and have a higher education. The sample was divided into 3 studied groups. Group 1 (Gr. 1) includes Ukrainians who plan to emigrate to China, which was confirmed by the documents they drew up for this purpose. Group 2 (Gr. 2) included Ukrainians who lived in China for no more than 1 year after moving. Until the third (Gr.3) - more than 1 year. Conclusions At the second stage of socio-psychological adaptation in the process of emigration, the indicators of emotional discomfort, non-acceptance of others, external conflict and maladjustment significantly increase among Ukrainians, which worsens their adaptation potential, however, at the third stage, its full recovery and return to the level of the emigration planning stage was revealed. At each stage, features of the manifestation of adaptive behavioral strategies, indicators of social well-being and life satisfaction were revealed.
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Daniel, Faithful Miebaka, Emmanuel Aniekan Essien, Monica Anurika Gbuchie, Bonaventure Micheal Ukoaka, and Victoria Ezinne Emeruwa. "Mitigating Physician Emigration in Nigeria by Improving the Internship Experience." International Journal of Medical Students 11, no. 4 (November 21, 2023): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2023.2255.
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Nigeria faces a critical shortage of health workers, exacerbated by a growing of physician emigration. This study explored the negative internship experiences that drive Nigerian interns to migrate abroad, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic's impact. Interns cite excessive workload and burnout, lack of professional development opportunities, challenging work environment, and mistreatment as key reasons for considering emigration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these challenges, leading to shortages of personal protective equipment, limited screening services, and poor hazard allowances. The paper emphasizes the importance of adopting policies that make destination countries attractive to emigrating interns. These includes creating a supportive work environment with fair compensation, professional development opportunities, and adequate resources to retain interns in the country. It also highlights the significance of addressing mistreatment and bullying in the workplace. Collaboration between healthcare organizations, policy reforms, and increased healthcare financing are suggested as potential strategies to mitigate the brain drain and ensure a sustainable healthcare system in Nigeria. Improving internship conditions and addressing the shortcomings of managing the COVID-19 pandemic are essential to retaining Nigerian doctors and combatting physician emigration. This requires a coordinated effort from healthcare systems, policymakers, and stakeholders.
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Munk, Martin D., Till Nikolka, and Panu Poutvaara. "International family migration and the dual-earner model." Journal of Economic Geography 22, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbab050.
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Abstract We analyze couples’ joint decisions about emigration and labor force participation using survey data on Danish emigrants, combined with full population administrative data. Couples are most likely to emigrate if the male partner or both partners hold a college degree and least likely to emigrate if neither of the partners is college educated. Probability that a dual-earner couple emigrates increases with the primary earner’s income. In most couples, both partners work before emigration, while after migrating outside the Nordic countries almost half of the women stay at home. Survey responses reveal that men mainly migrate for work reasons and women for family reasons. Our findings suggest that the dual-earner model may not be strongly ingrained among emigrating couples. Instead, female labor force participation abroad varies widely between different destinations.
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Perić Pavišić, Katarina, Vlado Šakić, and Stanko Rihtar. "Migracijska motivacija mladih Hrvatske kroz prizmu nekih stavova i mišljenja." PILAR – Časopis za društvene i humanističke studije 17, no. 32 (December 31, 2022): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/pi.17.32.07.
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Croatia, as a traditionally emigrant country, has experienced large population emigrations since the 15th century, and this trend has continued until today. With Croatia’s entry into the European Union, the conditions for migrating have changed significantly, and it has never been easier to migrate, with the majority of people emigrating being young people of working age between the ages of 20 and 39. This is also evident from the net migration, that is, the difference in the number of immigrants and emigrants, which has shown a negative trend in the last few years. Knowing and understanding the emigration motives is one of the most important preconditions to being able to influence the factors that encourage young people to emigrate. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the main emigration motives and their representation among young emigrants from Croatia through the prism of their attitudes and opinions. The research was conducted as part of the flzaJEDNO srce, jedna dusa, jedna Hrvatska« project, which was encouraged by the Humanitarian Association of Father Mladen HrkaÊ. The research focused on new emigrants to European countries, aged 18 to 40. The results show that, according to their statements and opinions, the motivation of youth from Croatia, in accordance with the theoretical framework, is based on the complementary effect of push and pull factors, whereby the pull factors are perceived as stronger motivational factors for the decision to migrate. This research, in addition to providing and expanding insight into the motivational factors of Croatian youth through their attitudes and opinions, emphasizes the necessity of further research and the expansion of scientific knowledge on which it is possible to base public policies.
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Carlson, Helena M., and Erik L. Nilsen. "Ireland: Gender, Psychological Health, and Attitudes toward Emigration." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.179.
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Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plans to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.
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DellaPergola, Sergio, and Ian S. Lustick. "Israeli Immigration/Emigration." Israel Studies Review 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2011.260202.
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Gray, Malcolm. "FAMINE AND EMIGRATION." Scottish Economic & Social History 10, no. 1 (May 1990): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sesh.1990.10.10.70.
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Jaklová, Alena. "Emigration – Interkulturalität – Sprache." Media, culture and public relations 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32914/mcpr.10.2.1.
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Diese Studie behandelt das Thema der tschechischen Emigranten, die seit der Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika auswanderten, und konkret die Frage, wie sich die interkulturelle Lage, in der sie sich nach ihrer Ankunft in den USA befanden, auf ihr Leben und Sprache ausgewirkt hat. Diese Sachverhalte werden auf der Grundlage der Analyse der tschechoamerikanischen Presse untersucht. Der Bewegungsgrund dafür ist die Tatsache, dass Journalistik in der Emigration alle Änderungen treu wiederspiegelt, zu denen es im Leben der Einwanderer kommt. Unser Beitrag behandelt insbesondere die 60er und 70er Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts, weil in diesem Zeitraum die Interkulturalität im Leben der Tschechen in den USA am stärksten ausgeprägt war. Der Beitrag untersucht sowohl den Inhalt und die Themenbereiche der Periodika als auch deren Sprache. Bei der Analyse der Sprache werden auf Basis der Applikation der ethnomethodologischen Konversationsanalyse vor allem die Änderungen der sozialen Kategorien behandelt, die die Einwanderer in Beziehung zu ihrer Ethnizität zur Bezeichnung von sich selbst verwendeten. Aufmerksamkeit wird ebenfalls der beginnenden Amerikanisierung der tschechischen Sprache gewidmet.
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Shafarevich, Igor'. "The Emigration Phenomenon." Russian Studies in Literature 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsl1061-1975280145.
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Rainbolt, George W. "Emigration and association." Ethics & Global Politics 9, no. 1 (January 2016): 33500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/egp.v9.33500.
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Andersson, Axel. "Migration/immigration/emigration." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 44, no. 121 (June 21, 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v44i121.23749.
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Pestel, Friedemann. "Emigration als Kommunikationsereignis." Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 96, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 299–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/akg-2014-0204.
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Battistella, Graziano. "Ethics of Emigration." Journal of Catholic Social Thought 14, no. 1 (2017): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc201714110.
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McMurray, David, Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Jean Guyot, Ruth Padrun, and Michel Oriol. "Reproduction and Emigration." MERIP Middle East Report, no. 138 (January 1986): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011916.
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Bethea, David M. "Emigration and Heritage." Slavic and East European Journal 31 (1987): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/307984.
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Newton, Alicia. "Ice-free emigration." Nature Geoscience 5, no. 9 (August 31, 2012): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1570.
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Szekacs-Weisz, Judit. "Emigration from Within*." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 76, no. 4 (September 21, 2016): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s11231-016-9059-0.
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Vice, Samantha. "Emigration and community." South African Journal of Philosophy 36, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2016.1261668.
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Kulisch, Ewa. "Emigration gleichb Heimatverlust?" Leidfaden 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/leid.2016.5.3.78.
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Bævre, Kåre, Christian Riis, and Tore Thonstad. "Norwegian cohort emigration." Journal of Population Economics 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480000044.
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Agapitidis, Sotirios. "Emigration From Greece." Migracion 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2009): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1961.tb00366.x.
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