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1
Fassmann, Heinz, and Ahmet İçduygu. "Turks in Europe: Migration Flows, Migrant Stocks and Demographic Structure." European Review 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000318.
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Presented here is an overview of migration flows and demographic structures of Turks in Europe over the past 50 years. Large-scale labour migration from Turkey to Europe occurred between 1961 and 1974. After that, it gave way to family migration, which today has more or less ended. Recently, there is slightly more emigration than immigration from the European point of view. Thus, stable migrant stocks developed in the receiving countries, especially Germany, Austria, France, and the Netherlands. The migrant stocks lag in many respects behind developments in the receiving countries, yet nonetheless they slowly but surely adapt to these. Despite their low status and feelings of exclusion, most Turkish immigrants are content with their lot and do not plan to leave their new homes in Europe.
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Lalić Novak, Goranka, and Teo Giljević. "Migration and Asylum Governance in CEE Countries: Between Historical Legacies and the Europeanisation Process." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 22, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.22.1.3.
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Migration patterns in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe countries were different when compared to old EU member states. During the period after WWII until 1990, those patterns involved primarily migration to and from other CEE countries (and the Soviet Union). In former Yugoslavia, a less oppressive regime, together with a high demand for workers in Western European countries, opened up space for rather massive labour emigration during 1960s and 1970s. After the collapse of previous regimes and during the transition period in the 1990s, CEE countries experienced an increase in immigration; however, relatively small numbers of immigrants have been arriving from outside Europe. At the same time, under the EU accession requirements, those countries had to quickly develop migration policies and align their legislation with acquis communautaire on migration and border security. The mass migrations in 2015 and 2016 opened a new chapter regarding migration and asylum governance in CEE countries. Some of them, such as Visegrad countries, strongly opposed the EU initiatives in the area of migration and asylum, which influenced their relations with EU institutions but also other member states. The paper aims to explore the relationship between the transition and Europeanisation on one side, and the development of migration and asylum governance on the other side in CEE countries, based on the path-dependency approach. The paper focuses on the question to what extent (post)socialist factors influence national migration and asylum governance and policies which are at the same time governed by the EU regulatory framework. It is debated whether the effectiveness of the transfer of values and norms relating to migration during the accession process has been replaced by a “national turn” after joining the EU.
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Palacios, Adrián, Vicente Pinilla, and Javier Silvestre. "Emigrating to Depopulated Regions in Mediterranean Europe: Demographic Impact and Choice of Destination in a Case Study in North-East Spain (Aragon)." European Countryside 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0013.
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Abstract International migration to depopulated areas is a growing field of research; even more so in Spain, one of the European countries most affected by depopulation. This paper analyses, first, the demographic impact of immigration from other countries in Aragon, which has undergone an intense and long process of depopulation throughout most of its territory. Second, we examine the factors that explain the immigrants’ choice of destination. The analysis focuses on the period 2000–2016. The basic territorial units of the analysis are the municipality (NUTS 5) and the county (NUTS 4).
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Avci, Gamze, and Kemal Kirisci. "Los dilemas de la inmigración y la emigración que enfrenta Turquía ante las puertas de la Unión Europea." Migración y Desarrollo 04, no. 07 (July 10, 2006): 120–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/myd.0407.ga.kk.
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Bhagat, Ayushman. "Entrapment processes in the emigration regime: The presence of migration bans and the absence of bilateral labor agreements in domestic work in Nepal." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0017.
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Abstract This Article offers an integrated analysis of the combined effect of the presence of migration bans and the absence of BLAs in domestic work in the emigration regime of Nepal. It identifies, acknowledges, critiques, and contributes to the critical literature highlighting entrapment processes in labor relations and immigration regimes by demonstrating the presence of such in the emigration regime. Drawing on the empirical findings of a participatory action research (PAR) project conducted in Nepal, the Article demonstrates how restrictive emigration policies and practices entail entrapment processes constitutive of the existing historical, cultural, gendered, racialized, and classed constraints impacting the lives of Nepalese citizens. The Article contributes to the critical literature that seeks to advance migrants’ rights, arguing that experiencing, encountering and escaping entrapment processes in the emigration regime impacts their agency when navigating immigration regimes and labor relations. This contribution advances the existing efforts to establish oft-ignored emigration regimes as important epistemological sites of research, theorization, and intervention.
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Djidjian, Robert. "Stop the Drive of Emigration Towards New Genocide." WISDOM 2, no. 5 (December 22, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v2i5.26.
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This paper discusses the ways for reducing the modern huge wave of emigration from Armenia that became a serious threat to national security. The author suggests introducing a temporary law of emigration quotas for immediately bringing down the emigration rates to the medium international level. USA and other developed countries regulate their immigration problems just with the help of immigration quotas. This paper also suggests discussing perspectives of a special law, according to which a family would have the right of emigration from Armenia, if all grown up members of the family have university or technical college diploma or a craft certificate. This law could help Armenian emigrant families to get decent life abroad and keep strong ties with motherland thus avoiding the danger of assimilation, the nowadays “white genocide”.
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Szoke, László. "Hungarian Perspectives on Emigration and Immigration in the New European Architecture." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600207.
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Since the downfall of the dictatorship, Hungary's approach to migration, traditionally a liberal one, is now mainly shaped by the country's intention to be reintegrated into Europe and, to have its migration practice harmonized with that of the Western democracies. Decisionmakers in Budapest show no great concern about emigration, which is expected to remain relatively insignificant. Attention is therefore concentrated on the possibility of a massive influx of immigrants, especially from the neighboring states. This could easily undermine Hungary's political stability and economic development. The question of international migration can be addressed only in an all-European framework. Experts are convinced that migratory pressures originating in Eastern and Central Europe could be considerably limited by measures taken to guarantee the rights of ethnic minorities.
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Coleman, D. A. "International Migration: Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences in the United Kingdom and Europe." International Migration Review 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900108.
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People of non-European origin from Commonwealth countries have predominated in postwar immigration to the United Kingdom. That migration neutralized the previously dominant pattern of emigration and increased U.K. population by about 3 million people through immigration and higher fertility, with only slight effects upon the age distribution. Overall economic consequences have never been comprehensively evaluated but are probably minor. Social effects have been more important, arising from the geographical concentration of the immigrants in urban areas, their automatic entitlement to vote, and pervasive measures to enforce racial equality and accommodate new cultural diversity.
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Górny, Agata. "Eastwards EU enlargements and migration transition in Central and Eastern Europe." Geografie 122, no. 4 (2017): 476–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2017122040476.
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Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are net-emigration countries, in contrast to Western and Southern European countries, which usually represent net-immigration areas. The economic, demographic and legal outcomes of the 2004 and 2007 EU eastwards enlargements reshaped the migratory context in CEE in many ways. The article demonstrates, however, that in the decade (and more) that has passed since these enlargements, the changes in volumes and patterns of immigration to CEE have not been particularly substantial. This can be linked to the still relatively low economic attractiveness of the CEE region within the EU, and also to the importance of ethnic-based and local movements (but frequently from outside the EU after enlargements) in immigration to this region. These create a basis for, first of all, temporary and circular inflow. The article also acknowledges the diversity in developments in immigration within the CEE region.
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Cheliotis, Leonidas K. "Introduction: Immigration detention around Europe." European Journal of Criminology 10, no. 6 (November 2013): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370813497874.
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Bade, Klaus J. "From Emigration to Immigration: The German Experience in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012292.
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United Germany has become more ethnically divers and, to a certain extent, more “multicultural” with a growing minority of immigrants and temporary migrants living within its borders. There are labor migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe with restricted work permits, immigrants coming out of the former “guest worker” population, and ethnic Germants from Eastern Europe as well as various groups of asylum seekers and other refugees.
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Korcelli, Piotr. "International Migrations in Europe: Polish Perspectives for the 1990s." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600206.
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This article presents estimates of the size of emigration from Poland during the 1980s as well as projections concerning the migration patterns in the 1990s. The author anticipates a contraction of the volume of population outflow by some 50 percent: from about 100,000 to about 50,000 per year, on the average. These projections are based upon the examination of the role of a number of incentives and barriers to migration, including economic, demographic and political factors. In the final section, prospects concerning immigration to Poland are briefly discussed.
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Penninx, Rinus. "International migration and related policies in europe 1950 - 2015." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602014p.
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Immigration in Europe has been shaped by: a) its particular development in time; b) the geographical patterns of migration within and towards European countries; and c) the shifting types of migration and characteristics of migrants involved. The first part of this contribution outlines changes in these three basic migration-related factors. Migration outcomes are not haphazard nor are these the result of unhindered economic push and pull factors in a free market. Immigration policies of receiving countries do greatly influence the volume and patterns of migration, the place of settlement and the characteristics of migrants. Regulations on conditions of residence and integration do furthermore influence significantly the position of immigrants in their new destination, among others by setting conditions for their stay (residence rights) and access to the labour market. The second part of this chapter outlines the migration and integration regimes that have been developed by states of different parts of Europe and by the European Union. In conclusion, immigration has become a relevant phenomenon in all EU countries. However, as a consequence of different timing of immigration, different socio-economic contexts and varying governmental migration and integration policies, European countries are confronted with different forms migration (immigration, emigration, transit migration) and with different types of migrants. European states have also developed different governmental policies of migration and integration. Historically, a common denominator in the framing of European policies is that countries do not see themselves as immigration countries; they are immigration countries against their will. In recent times, such framing is reinforced by populist and nationalist movements that see immigrants not only as economic competitors, but also as a threat to the national "culture and world views". The more Europe needs immigrants for economic and demographic reasons, the less they are welcomed for cultural and political reasons.
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Facchi, Alessandra. "Multicultural Policies and Female Immigration in Europe." Ratio Juris 11, no. 4 (December 1998): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00095.
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Cross, Hannah M. "The EU Migration Regime and West African Clandestine Migrants." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 2 (August 19, 2009): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i2.175.
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This article examines the relationship between the EU migration regime and clandestine migration from West Africa to Europe. A review of the development of EU border and immigration policy reveals significant and sustained moves towards securitisation of migrants and the externalisation of border controls to countries of origin and transit. This emphasis on repression limits the scope of cooperation with ‘third countries’ (those outside Europe) in co-development, labour mobility, sea patrols and repatriation, which are examined separately as deterrents to uncontrolled emigration. This paper then analyses the motivations and intentions of Senegalese youth around the Cap Vert peninsula. This analysis includes the role of emigration in development and more recently, the impact of human losses and repatriations resulting from the clandestine journey by pirogue (open fishing boat) to the Canary Islands. This article argues that in this case, youth are excluded both from labour and asylum policies and instead are managed as a security threat, contradicting the factors driving this journey.
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Goetz, Eva M. "AURES Holdings a.s. (C-405/18) at the Intersection of Cross-Border Loss Relief, Corporate Exit Taxation and Dual Residency Mismatches." Intertax 49, Issue 2 (February 1, 2021): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021015.
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This contribution examines the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) of 27 February 2020 in Case C-405/18 AURES Holdings a.s. on the application of the Marks & Spencer final losses doctrine to dual resident companies that transfer their treaty residence (place of effective management) to another Member State. The CJEU applied a two-step comparability analysis based on Timac Agro and Bevola to exclude current not-subject-to-tax emigration losses (not linked to the ability-to-pay of the immigrated company) from its preferred approach to always take final losses into account somewhere in the internal market. The immigration state was not forced to apply its taxing powers asymmetrically over emigration losses to prevent a conflict with the principle of fiscal territoriality in exit tax cases and international tax practice against base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). If the immigration state still sovereignly decides to take these losses into account pursuant to a bilateral tax treaty, Article 9(b) of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) on dual residency mismatches prevents dual loss utilization. ATAD, Aures, Bevola, comparability, conversion, exit tax, hybrid mismatch, final losses, POEM, Timac Agro.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.201.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
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Boeles, Pieter. "Fair and Effective Immigration Procedures in Europe?" European Journal of Migration and Law 7, no. 3 (2005): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181605775213155.
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Moreno, Aviad. "BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000916.
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AbstractThe post-1948 mass migration of Jews from Arab Muslim countries to Israel is widely seen by scholars as a direct result of decolonization and rising nationalism across the Middle East and North Africa, coupled with the emigration and immigration policies of regional powers. In this article I draw on local histories of northern Morocco to critique the existing literature. I apply new methods to reconceptualize that migratory experience as shaped by social and cultural processes, albeit ones that interacted with nationalist state policies. I provide a multilayered macro- and microanalysis of the process of Jewish emigration from northern Morocco and point to the transregional, interpersonal, communal, and institutional networks that jointly shaped the dynamic character and pace of migration to Israel (and to Europe and the Americas) among local Jews.
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Mastilovic, Jovana, and Marco Zoppi. "(In)security and Immigration to Depopulating Rural Areas in Southern and Southeastern Europe." Southeastern Europe 45, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-45020003.
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Abstract This article examines a migration pattern which has been overshadowed by the ‘security turn’ dominating European discourses: depopulation. Across Europe, emigration is responsible for significant demographic transformations, especially in rural and remote areas. Depopulation leads to the reduction of services provided to citizens, further diminishing the attractiveness of these territories. Against this background, migration can counterbalance depopulation as part of a strategy for rural regeneration. This article analyses the case of Riace, an Italian town that has been hosting people seeking asylum and refugees for decades, and compares it to the Serbian town of Sjenica, where increasing numbers of non-EU migrants are settling after the ‘closure’ of the Western Balkans route. Our empirical findings indicate that there is both an opportunity and a political will to implement a similar model to that of Riace in Sjenica and in the southwest Sandžak region.
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Wang, Zhibao, and Guangzhi Qi. "Demographic Transition in Natural Watersheds: Evidence from Population Aging in the Yellow River Basin Based on Various Types of Migration." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710573.
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Environmental phenomena in natural watersheds have attracted much attention, while where demographic transition, especially population aging, have not. Therefore, we try to analyze regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of population migration during 1990–2020, in order to explain the laws and mechanism of demographic transition in natural watersheds. Population aging in the Yellow River Basin began in its downstream cities in 1990 and spread to its middle and upper reaches, showing positive spatial correlation. Aging population in the Yellow River Basin forms obvious geographic agglomeration, namely a nonstandard inverted M-shaped agglomeration pattern. During 2000–2020, regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin is affected by various types of population migration, whose extent varies greatly, especially for the scale of an aging population. Among them, the scale of an aging population in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE) and a slow and shallow emigration area (SSE) is significantly affected by migration speed (Ms), which is positive. However, the migration rate (Mr) has a negative impact on population aging in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE), slow and deep immigration area (SDI), slow and shallow emigration (SSE) and slow and shallow immigration area (SSI), whose degree of influence slightly differs. Only the power function graph of aging population (AP) in a slow and shallow immigration area (SSI) about migration speed (Ms) is convex, and that in other types about migration rate (Mr) or migration speed (Ms) is monotonically decreasing, while the inclination degree of whose graphs varies greatly.
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Juchem Neto, João Plínio, Julio Cesar Ruiz Claeyssen, Daniele Ritelli, and Giovanni Mingari Scarpello. "Closed-Form Solution for the Solow Model with Constant Migration." TEMA (São Carlos) 16, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2015.016.02.0147.
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In this work we deal with the Solow economic growth model, when the labor force is ruled by the Malthusian law added by a constant migration rate I. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we prove some stability issues and find a closed-form solution for the emigration case, involving Gauss' Hypergeometric functions. In addition, we prove that, depending on the value of the emigration rate, the economy could collapse, stabilize at a constant level, or grow more slowly than the standard Solow model. Immigration also can be analyzed by the model if the Malthusian manpower is declining.
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Beretta, Giorgio. "Cross-Border Mobility of Individuals and the Lack of Fiscal Policy Coordination Among Jurisdictions (Even) After the BEPS Project." Intertax 47, Issue 1 (January 1, 2019): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2019006.
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Cross-border mobility of individuals has serious implications for states, irrespective of whether they are the emigration country or the immigration country and use citizenship or residence as the relevant criterion to exert their fiscal jurisdiction over the worldwide income of an individual taxpayer. This article illustrates in detail the various tax policies that a country can adopt to deal with cross-border mobility of individuals. The article first contrasts citizenship-based taxation with citizenship-by-investment programmes. Then, defensive strategies adopted by the emigration country against outward mobility of resident individuals are considered in parallel with preferential tax regimes for inward expatriates enacted by the immigration country. Next, the limited role – even after the Base Erosion and Profit Splitting (BEPS) Project – of tax treaties and other international tax instruments to curb competing fiscal policies of states is discussed. Finally, as a possible remedy to such clash of policies, the author tentatively proposes the abandonment of the long-established connecting factors of citizenship and residence and, in their place, the adoption of a new jurisdictional nexus based on the actual physical presence of an individual in the territory of a state, determined with the help of geo-localization technologies, which would lead to a proportional allocation of taxing rights among the countries interested in individual mobility.
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Cornelius, Wayne A. "Impacts of the 1986 US Immigration Law on Emigration from Rural Mexican Sending Communities." Population and Development Review 15, no. 4 (December 1989): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972595.
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Nikitovic, Vladimir. "Migration transition in Serbia: demographic perspective." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302187n.
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From the demographic point of view, the future of Serbia's population is relatively certain at least in the next three to four decades. However, the decreasing and ageing of the population are considered to be very certain processes in the much longer term. Although replacement fertility is an essential condition for long-term survival of any population, it is shown that only an immigration impulse could enable desired effects of the potential fertility recovery in Serbia in the longer perspective. Such a migration transition (from net emigration to net immigration) would inevitably lead to increased socio-cultural diversity and require the development of integration strategies. If successful, policies to stimulate an increase in net migration provide an almost instant result. Apart from old immigration countries from Western Europe, this was the case with new immigration destinations located in Mediteranean and Central Europe, including some former socialist countries. When evaluating the future trend of international migration balance of Serbia, the experiences of the latter countries is used. The population dynamics model created for the purpose of the paper is based upon the probabilistic concept of projecting vital components. The main conclusion is that there is no demographic alternative to the migration transition in Serbia when it comes to sustainability of the social security systems in the coming decades, but the realization of such a scenario is still not clear from today's perspective, given the existing limitations of the socio-economic nature.
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Kacperska, Elżbieta. "Międzynarodowe przepływy siły roboczej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 116 (December 30, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.116.43.
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The aim of the study is to present the trends in international flows of labor and to identify their causes and consequences in the years 2000–2014.The research involved the migration of population: globally, by region and by immigration and emigration. The research is based on the scientific literature as well as descriptive and comparative analysis. International flows of labour were booming in recent years. In 2015, about 4% of the world’s population migrated. Among the causes of this growing phenomenon, the economic aspect is the most important one (labour migration). The target areas for immigrants are mainly the countries of Western Europe (Germany, France) and North America (USA).
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Abadan-Unat, Nermin. "East-West vs. South-North Migration: Effects upon the Recruitment Areas of the 1960s." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600213.
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The end of the Cold War has been marked by the re-emergence of nationalism. This article is focused on Turkey and Turkish emigration abroad. It examines integration of second generation immigrants in Western Europe and various forces fostering Islamic identity. It then compares political discourse on immigration in France and Germany. It concludes that the resurgence of ethnic identity as the basis for effective political action in widely divergent societies is a key feature of the post-Cold War period. Immigrants have been actively involved in this general process as witnessed by the role of immigrants in recent conflict in Yugoslavia and Turkey.
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Steinkellner, Astrid, and Kerstin Buchinger. "Litigation before the European Court of Human Rights and Domestic Implementation: Does the European Convention Promote the Rights of Immigrants and Asylum Seekers?" European Public Law 16, Issue 3 (September 1, 2010): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2010029.
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The purpose of this article is to compare the evolution and current state of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) jurisprudence in issues of immigration and asylum. Looking at the variable patterns of litigation and implementation across Europe, the article examines the common challenges to all States in dealing with complex questions of state sovereignty, the regulation of the entry and stay of immigrants and asylum seekers and the human rights of non-nationals. Following a description of the Council of Europe (CoE) framework in dealing with immigration and asylum issues, the article goes on to examine noteworthy case law from the Strasbourg Court, followed by a detailed account of the variable patterns and causes of litigation in different European Union Member States and the different patterns of implementation of ECtHR decisions. The article concludes with a consideration of the impact of European human rights law on the protection of the rights of individuals with an immigration or asylum background.
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Gavalas, Vasilis S. "The Demographic Footprint of Economic Development." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2014100105.
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This paper examines the dynamic relationship between economic development and the demographics of population for a group of islands in the middle of the Aegean Sea, namely the Cyclades, in the period 1860-2011. This period covers the greatest part of demographic transition, which for the Cyclades started in the mid-nineteenth century. In every stage of the transition, the changes in mortality and fertility levels tended to destabilise the relationship between population and the limited resources of the islands. Migration is the key factor in understanding the demographic regime of these islands. Either negative or positive (emigration or immigration), population mobility has always been and still is the element that regulates natural increase and determines the real increase of the population. Whenever rates of natural increase were too high, emigration acted as a counterbalancing factor by taking population away from the islands, while when rates of natural increase reached very low levels from the 1970s onwards due to low fertility, immigration came as a substitute. Two of the Cyclades islands, namely Paros and Naxos, are used as cases studies for a closer focus on these islands during the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century and especially in the period 1951-2011.
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Adelman, Robert M., Charis E. Kubrin, Graham C. Ousey, and Lesley W. Reid. "New Directions in Research on Immigration, Crime, Law, and Justice." Migration Letters 15, no. 2 (April 29, 2018): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i2.365.
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From the early twentieth century onward, research has found little to no support for a positive association between immigration and crime (Hayford 1911). In fact, much available research finds the opposite; more immigration leads to less crime. While the scholarly community has largely debunked as myth the idea that more immigrants lead to more crime, there remain many questions about the nature of the relationship between immigration and crime. Three articles in this special issue take up these more nuanced questions. The research presented in this special issue contributes new findings and perspectives on immigration, crime, law, and justice. The analyses range from studies of the relationship between undocumented immigration and crime among youthful offenders to studies of newspaper coverage of immigration and crime in Europe. Moreover, the questions addressed are informed by a productive mixture of quantitative and qualitative empirical evidence from the present and the past. As we look to the future, we encourage scholars to build from the work presented herein and to seek diverse data to build a better understanding of the complex ways that immigration, crime, law, and justice are interconnected.
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Buettner, Elizabeth. "Europeanising Migration in Multicultural Spain and Portugal During and After the Decolonisation Era." Itinerario 44, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115320000091.
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AbstractPost-1945 Spanish and Portuguese emigration and immigration histories encapsulate the Iberian region's long-standing interconnectedness with the wider world (particularly Latin America and Africa) and other parts of Europe alike. Portugal and Spain have both been part of multiple migration systems as important sending countries that ultimately experienced an international migration turnaround owing to their transition to democracy, decolonisation, and accession to a European Union in which internal freedom of movement counted among its core principles. With the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and Europe's migration crisis of the 2010s serving as its vantage point, this article considers these topics as they intersect with issues that include nationality and citizenship, race and racism, and religion and Islamophobia in multicultural Spain and Portugal.
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Giolitto, Marco. "Pampa comme terrain: l’interculturel à l’intérieur d’une même culture." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 36 (June 1, 2002): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2002.2578.
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In this article I shall examine an unusual aspect of immigration. Nowadays, immigration is Europe-bound. In the XIX century, however, a large number of European emigrants left for America. I will focus, in particular, on Piedmontese emigration in Argentina – one that was quite widespread and influential on the economy of this South-American country. A survey carried out among the descendants of Piedmontese emigrants will be briefly discussed in order to address a rather neglected aspect: namely, the relationship between Piedmontese people in Piedmont and in Argentina. Do they belong to the same heritage or has a century of separation developed two traditions? In view of this, I will refer to some examples based on my own experience with Piedmontese people in Argentina as well as on gatherings between them and twinning-delegations from several towns in Piedmont who travelled to Argentina. Arguments in favour of, and against, the development of two separate traditions will be addressed and evaluated in order to prove that, in the end, the heritage is one and the same, albeit profoundly changed.
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Murphy, Clíodhna. "THE ENDURING VULNERABILITY OF MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS IN EUROPE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 62, no. 3 (July 2013): 599–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589313000195.
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AbstractWhile the rights of domestic workers are expanding in international law, including through the adoption of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention in 2011, migrant domestic workers remain particularly vulnerable to employment-related abuse and exploitation. This article explores the intersection of the employment law and migration law regimes applicable to migrant domestic workers in the United Kingdom, France and Ireland. The article suggests that the precarious immigration status of many migrant domestic workers renders employment protections, such as they exist in each jurisdiction, largely illusory in practice for this group of workers. The labour standards contained in the Domestic Workers Convention, together with the recommendations of the UN Committee on Migrant Workers on the features of an appropriate immigration regime for migrant domestic workers, are identified as providing an alternative normative model for national regulatory frameworks.
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Unnever, James D. "Ethnicity and Crime in the Netherlands." International Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717752218.
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The research on the relationship between immigration and crime is central to the debate on immigration policies throughout Europe. This article reviews the research on whether immigrants in the Netherlands are more likely to engage in crime with a specific focus on whether Moroccans have a greater propensity to offend than the native Dutch. It is concluded that deficiencies in the research including the potential effects of bias against immigrant groups render the assessment of whether immigrants commit more crime than the native Dutch problematic.
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B�chel, Felix, and Joachim R. Frick. "Immigrants? economic performance across Europe ? does immigration policy matter?" Population Research and Policy Review 24, no. 2 (April 2005): 175–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-004-1370-4.
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Mitchell, Tony. "Migration, Memory and Hong Kong as a 'Space of Transit' in Clara Law's Autumn Moon." Cultural Studies Review 9, no. 1 (September 13, 2013): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v9i1.3589.
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Macau-born and Melbourne-based film maker Clara Law and her screenwriter-producer-director husband Eddie Fong have produced a transnational output of films which are beginning to receive critical recognition as major contributions to contemporary cinema. These ‘films of migration’ explore what Gina Marchetti has encapsulated as ‘the Chinese experience of dislocation, relocation, emigration, immigration, cultural hybridity, migrancy, exile, and nomadism—together termed the “Chinese diaspora”’. The self-imposed ‘relocation’ of Law and Fong to Australia in 1994 was the result of increasing frustration with the rampantly commercial imperatives of Hong Kong cinema and its lack of appreciation for the auteur cinema they wanted to pursue.
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Ševčenko-Kozlovska, Galina, and Kristina Čižiūnienė. "A Study of the Relationship between Lithuanian International Migration Flows and Transport Sector Performance Indicators." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 9833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169833.
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Migration, emigration and immigration are processes directly related to transport and have a significant impact on the performance of this field. On the other hand, extensive movement of people inevitably relates to issues of sustainability, their assurance, etc. Migrants settle in large cities where public transport is well developed. Migrants usually commute by means other than driving their own cars (choosing public transport, walking, cycling or car sharing). Many researchers in the USA (United States of America) have linked this to migrants’ choice of a place of residence, which are well served by public transport, as they mainly travel for work. However, with passing time and improving living standards, the need for immigrants to not only use public transport, but to also own their own, becomes similar to that of the locals. This also increases the need for the analysis of sustainable transport issues. The correlation and regression analyses used in the article and the application of the ALM (automatic linear modelling) modelling led to the following results: a significant positive correlation was found between emigration and passenger carriage by all modes of transport|Maritime transport, and a significant negative correlation was found between emigration and passenger carriage by all modes of transport|Rail transport, suggesting that these indicators have a mutually significant relationship with one another. The conducted regression analysis and applied modelling showed that the regression model was insignificant and therefore cannot be used. However, the results suggest that the relationship between immigration and transport indicators can be used as a direction for further research.
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Lanz, Francesca. "Staging Migration (in) Museums: A Reflection on Exhibition Design Practices for the Representation of Migration in European Contemporary Museums." Museum and Society 14, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v14i1.633.
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Migration, cultural diversity and the growing ethnic-cultural mix that characterize contemporary society are nowadays a key issue for European museums. Since the 1990s a rich theoretical debate on the subject has been developed by scholars and the museums community at large, several ‘migration museums’ have been opened across Europe, while, most recently, a number of museums have been reassessing their collections and galleries in relation to issues such as emigration, immigration, cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. This article aims at contributing to the debate with a museographical reflection on the subject by exploring its design implications, to finally suggest that the challenge for representing migration in museums does not only concern the museum’s curatorial approaches but also requires the development of new exhibition settings and practices.Keywords: exhibition design; migration museums; museography
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Chesnais, Jean Claude. "The flow of peoples: international migration as a revolutionary force." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.01.
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History shows that migration usually moves from areas where population is growing fast to regions where this increase is slower. At present, immigration from poor regions to richer coun tries outstrips emigration from developed countries. A century ago in Europe and now in the poorest countries, migration has relieved tensions bred by declining mortality and accelerating popula tion growth. The map of international migration changes from decade to decade as each country’s demographic transition matures. Although historical migration fl ows still continue, this will not lead to a demographic explosion as fertility rates have declined signifi cantly and aging population increases all over the world. World population is estimated to remain stagnant at around 8 thousand million before it decreases slowly through this century. Thus, migration raises the challenge of a global multiethnic society.
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Goodman, Sara Wallace. "Indexing Immigration and Integration Policy: Lessons from Europe." Policy Studies Journal 47, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 572–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psj.12283.
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Wolman, Andrew. "The Role of Departure States in Combating Irregular Emigration in International Law: An Historical Perspective." International Journal of Refugee Law 31, no. 1 (March 2019): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez012.
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Abstract This article examines the evolution over time of attempts to establish an international law principle that States have a legal responsibility, at least under certain circumstances, to combat irregular emigration, defined as the exit of individuals who would be arriving at their destination in a manner that is not compliant with the destination country’s immigration laws. Through examination of contemporaneous statements and the travaux préparatoires relating to six separate negotiations, light is shed on the attempts to develop such a norm since the beginning of the 20th century, along with the evolving set of legal and ethical justifications that were used in these processes. The different practical and principled objections employed by States and civil society actors to oppose the development of such a legal norm are also examined. The article concludes that this historical perspective challenges current perceptions that home State controls are of recent origin, and that in fact international migration law is inherently progressive.
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Stopler, Gila. "Rights in Immigration: The Veil as a Test Case." Israel Law Review 43, no. 1 (2010): 183–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000091.
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Immigration often involves the migration of people of specific cultural and religious background to countries in which the predominant cultural and religious background is quite different. This may result in attempts by receiving countries to restrict the new immigrants ‘cultural and religious practices. The Article uses the debate surrounding the wearing of the veil in Europe as a test case for the way in which recognition rights may be affected by the process of immigration. First, the Article maintains that the balance of rights and interests involved in conflicts over immigrants’ rights changes along the process of immigration, and divides this process into three stages—the entry application, the application for citizenship, and the life as an immigrant in the receiving country. Subsequently, it lays out the conflicting rights and interests involved in the veil controversy—the conflict between immigrant and local cultures; the conflict between immigrants’ religious liberty and state interests such as maintaining religious neutrality/laïcité, and protecting from the perceived threat of radical political Islam; the conflicting claims regarding the effects of veiling on women's equality. Finally, the Article analyzes each of these conflicts along the three stages of immigration and offers an assessment of the validity of the conflicting claims surrounding the veil in Europe on the basis of this analysis, claiming that the restrictions on wearing the veil in the public sphere are not justified, but that a much narrower restriction pertaining to some instances of the wearing of the full face burqa can be justified.
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Georgiana, Noja Gratiela, and Moroc Andrei. "Labour Mobility Within the Eu: Major Effects and Implications for the Main Sending and Receiving Economies." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p87-100.
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The paper aims to analyse the effects induced by labour mobility within the European Union, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects for major sending and host economies in terms of the overall economic activity, empowering the business enterprise sector and labour market, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, asylum seekers) migration. Labour mobility within the European Union is an important coordinate of the economic integration process and one of the freedoms granted to the member states, with significant consequences upon their economies. Nevertheless, the international labour migration mainly resides from wage differentials, working conditions or opportunities between sending and host economies, thus proving to be an important symbol of global economic inequality. Taking into consideration all these aspects, our analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed (LSDV) and random (ECM) effects models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries and ten New EU Member States, respectively a complex set of indicators compiled during 2000-2014 and 2006-2015. The models are processed through OLS and GLS methods of estimation, as well as by using the correlated panels corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, being completed by in-sample and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances both for natives and foreign population (decreases in employment rates and lowering wage levels). Still, one of the most important positive effects of immigration reflected by the results obtained is represented by an increase in the number of innovative enterprises in the host country, thus confirming the theories linking migration to innovation. In terms of labour emigration, there is evidence to attest that it generates positive effects on the main sending economies from Central and Eastern Europe on the GDP per capita, earnings and exports, especially through remittances, but the overall negative impact is predominant.
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Lucassen, Jan, and Leo Lucassen. "The mobility transition revisited, 1500–1900: what the case of Europe can offer to global history." Journal of Global History 4, no. 3 (November 2009): 347–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002280999012x.
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AbstractHistorians of migration have increasingly criticized the idea of a ‘mobility transition’, which assumed that pre-modern societies in Europe were geographically fairly immobile, and that people only started to move in unprecedented ways with the onset of modernization in the nineteenth century. In line with this critique, this article attempts to apply thorough quantitative tests to the available data. The focus is on ‘cross-community migration’, following Patrick Manning's argument that migrants moving over a cultural border are most likely to accelerate the rate of innovation. Six forms of migration are considered: emigration out of Europe, immigration from other continents, rural colonization of ‘empty spaces’, movements to large cities, seasonal migration, and the movement of sailors and soldiers. To illustrate regional variations, the examples of the Netherlands and Russia are contrasted. The reconstruction presented here is partial and preliminary, but it unequivocally shows that early modern Europe was much more mobile than modernization scholars allowed for. There was indeed a sharp increase in the level of migration after 1850, but it was due to improvements in transport rather than to modernization in a more general sense. This model has been elaborated for Europe but it can also be applied to other parts of the world and can hopefully contribute to the debate on the ‘Great Divergence’ between Europe and Asia.
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Och, Jarosław. "Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.
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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.
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Calavita, Kitty. "Gender, Migration, and Law: Crossing Borders and Bridging Disciplines." International Migration Review 40, no. 1 (March 2006): 104–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00005.x.
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The gendered nature of the immigration experience is shaped and reinforced by law, legal consciousness, and the normative understandings they help constitute. This article provides an overview of the role of gender in migration processes from a law and society perspective, and includes an empirical focus on the new immigration to Italy and Spain as an illustration of the utility of such an approach. Beginning with a brief summary of the literatures of feminist jurisprudence and law and migration, respectively, the small body of scholarship at the intersection of these fields is reviewed. The author then examines the new immigration to Italy and Spain and argues that this immigration and the policies that shape it highlight the role of the state in gendering immigrant labor and offer new angles from which to consider the interplay of gender, race, migration status, and marginality. In concluding, the author proposes that such exploration of immigrants' experiences in southern Europe reveals the surprising complexity of immigrants' multiple marginalities, and exposes the powerful contingencies of economic context, prevailing stereotypes, the particulars of state policy, and the agentive power of people struggling to survive.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Türk göç kültürü: Türkiye ile Almanya arasında göç hareketleri, sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve çatışma - Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 4 (December 6, 2012): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i4.123.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places. [IN TURKISH]Bu makalede Türkiye’nin, son 50 yıl içinde Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç etmiş Türk ve Kürt göçmenlerin çocukları da dahil olmak üzere yeni göçmenler için bir destinasyon haline gelişini irdeliyoruz. Sosyal, ekonomik ve insani bir güvensizlik ortamının varlığı, son 50 yıldaki Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bugün ise Türk toplumundaki, ekonomisindeki ve güvenliğindeki değişimler ülkeye göçmen çekmektedir. Geçmişte, etnik çatışmalar göçü belirleyen faktörlerden biriydi ve bunlar bugün de sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve Kürt göçmenlerin göçü arasındaki ilişkiyi etkilemektedir. Ancak, Türkiye ekonomisinin büyümesi ve sosyal özgürlüklerin artışı Türkiye’ye göçü desteklemektedir. Türkiye’ye göç, Almanya ve diüer ülkelerden geri dönüş göçüyle birlikte ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türklerin göçünü de kapsamakatadır.
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Falletti, E. "The Cultural Impact of Islamic Mass Immigration on the Italian Legal System." Journal of Law, Religion and State 6, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00601001.
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Although Italy is a country with a strong tradition of emigration, only in the last twenty- five years have Italians had to face new and pressing social, juridical and cultural problems related to a surge in immigration. The majority of immigrants during this period have been from areas steeped in with a Muslim majority such as Northern and Central Africa and the Middle East. The cultural encounter between the Italian Catholic tradition and the newcomers’ faith and customs has been very pronounced, and often problematic. The aim of this paper is to investigate the most relevant issues that arise from the interface between the cultural and legal aspects of Islamic culture pertaining to immigrants living in Italy with the Italian legal system. The areas considered are related to self-determination, personal integrity and family law, and were selected for their relevance to analyzing the impact of cultural differences on public policies and social behavior. The methodology used draws from both a comparative and a multidisciplinary approach.
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Phuong, Catherine. "Enlarging ‘Fortress Europe’: Eu Accession, Asylum, and Immigration in Candidate Countries." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 3 (July 2003): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.3.641.
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The European Union is soon to be composed of twenty-seven Member States. The first wave of enlargement is to take place in 2004 and may see the accession of Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the three Baltic states. A few years later, Bulgaria and Romania are also expected to join the EU. Although previous enlargements have taken place,2 the imminent accession of ten countries, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe, is unprecedented not only in terms of scale, but also for its political symbolism: for these states, EU membership confirms the success of their democratic and economic transition efforts and represents their (re-)integration to the European family after decades of isolation under the Soviet domination.