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Journal articles on the topic 'Emigration and immigration – Estonia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Włodarska-Frykowska, Agata. "Migration Processes in Contemporary Estonia." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 20, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipcj-2017-0017.

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This article examines migration trends in contemporary Estonia, focusing on migrant movements, legal regulations applying to migrants and national policies dealing with migration. Estonia is a multi-ethnic country in which both immigration and emigration occur on a considerable scale; consequently, understanding migration patterns and trends is particularly important. Historical factors have influenced Estonian society in a way which has necessitated the implementation of integration programmes and strategies aimed at social consolidation. The article features an analysis of the main changes in migration movements in Estonia since it gained independence and presents contemporary tendencies.

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2

DellaPergola, Sergio, and Ian S. Lustick. "Israeli Immigration/Emigration." Israel Studies Review 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2011.260202.

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3

Andersson, Axel. "Migration/immigration/emigration." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 44, no. 121 (June 21, 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v44i121.23749.

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4

Islam, Aminul. "Refugee Quota: is Estonia Ready to Receive Refugees? A Review of the Literature on Migration and Ethnic Minorities in Estonia." International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2016.2225.

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This study analyzes literature about migration and ethnic minorities in Estonia. Following initial identification and using content analysis process, existing literature were characterized into four major patterns: definition of immigrant population in Estonia, emigration and ethnic return migration in Estonia, formation of ethnic minorities and their structure, and ethnic minorities and integration. Despite of having long historical background of emigration, return migration and ethnic minorities in Estonia; existing literature lacks focusing on refugees and ethnic minorities having background from outside Europe. New question emerged from the reviewed literature, whether Estonia is ready to accept quota refugees under EU quota system?

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5

Staikova, Evelina. "Emigration and immigration: Bulgarian dilemmas." SEER 16, no. 4 (2013): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2013-4-403.

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6

Wu, Yongbin, Youhua Chen, Shui-Ching Chang, You-Fang Chen, and Tsung-Jen Shen. "Extinction debt in local habitats: quantifying the roles of random drift, immigration and emigration." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 191039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191039.

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We developed a time-dependent stochastic neutral model for predicting diverse temporal trajectories of biodiversity change in response to ecological disturbance (i.e. habitat destruction) and dispersal dynamic (i.e. emigration and immigration). The model is general and predicts how transition behaviours of extinction may accumulate according to a different combination of random drift, immigration rate, emigration rate and the degree of habitat destruction. We show that immigration, emigration, the areal size of the destroyed habitat and initial species abundance distribution (SAD) can impact the total biodiversity loss in an intact local area. Among these, the SAD plays the most deterministic role, as it directly determines the initial species richness in the local target area. By contrast, immigration was found to slow down total biodiversity loss and can drive the emergence of species credits (i.e. a gain of species) over time. However, the emigration process would increase the extinction risk of species and accelerate biodiversity loss. Finally but notably, we found that a shift in the emigration rate after a habitat destruction event may be a new mechanism to generate species credits.

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7

Diner, Hasia R. "A Woman's Tale: Emigration and Immigration." Reviews in American History 23, no. 4 (1995): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1997.0097.

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8

Bade, Klaus J. "Immigration and integration in Germany since 1945." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000405.

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The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.

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9

Penev, Goran. "Migrations in Vojvodina during the 1990s: More immigrants, less emigrants." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 121 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621077p.

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The results of the 2002 census deepened our insights into a very intensive immigration of the population into Vojvodina, primarily refugees. At the same time, there also occurred significant emigration movements which still had a much weaker intensity than the immigrational ones. The census statistics only partly included emigration, so the paper used indirect methods to acquire as comprehensive estimate as possible about the scope and character of the emigration of the Vojvodina population in the inter-census period 1991-2002. The results of the estimates indicate that in the period the total net emigration was 73 thousand inhabitants, which is 4 thousand persons less than in the preceding inter-census period. At the same time the net immigration was increased for about 3,5 times (from 62 thousand to 213 thousand). The paper points out to the basic characteristics of the emigration (local, inter-municipal, external). Special attention was paid to the regional aspect of migrations (net immigration, net emigration and migration score) in order to determine if there was a close interdependence between the number of the immigrated and emigrated persons in the municipalities. The paper also analyzed the influence of migrations on the process of demographic ageing and change in the national structure of the population.

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10

Calvanese, Francesco, and Enrico Pugliese. "Emigration and Immigration in Italy: Recent Trends." Labour 2, no. 3 (December 1988): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00145.x.

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11

Karadje, Tatiana V., and Dina V. Tombu. "REALITIES OF THE MIGRATION PROCESS IN RUSSIA: QUANTITATIVE “PROS” AND QUALITATIVE “CONS”." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-2-175-183.

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The article discusses the features of immigration and emigration flows in Russia, their quality indicators. There is a mismatch in the distribution of labor migrants in the country regions, as well as the intellectual and professional characteristics of immigration and emigration flows are being analyzed. The authors pay great attention to the main modern trends of migration processes in Russia and problems of migration’s regulation.

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12

Djidjian, Robert. "Stop the Drive of Emigration Towards New Genocide." WISDOM 2, no. 5 (December 22, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v2i5.26.

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This paper discusses the ways for reducing the modern huge wave of emigration from Armenia that became a serious threat to national security. The author suggests introducing a temporary law of emigration quotas for immediately bringing down the emigration rates to the medium international level. USA and other developed countries regulate their immigration problems just with the help of immigration quotas. This paper also suggests discussing perspectives of a special law, according to which a family would have the right of emigration from Armenia, if all grown up members of the family have university or technical college diploma or a craft certificate. This law could help Armenian emigrant families to get decent life abroad and keep strong ties with motherland thus avoiding the danger of assimilation, the nowadays “white genocide”.

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13

Okumura, Makoto, and Wataru Ito. "A Statistical Analysis of Japanese Inter-Prefectural Migration After Disasters." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1072.

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This study conducts a statistical analysis of the impact of disasters on inter-prefectural migration in Japan over 41 years (1973–2013), and estimates the change in emigration and immigration after disasters of different magnitudes. The result reveals that emigration decreases and immigration increases after a modest-sized disaster, while the opposite is observed following a huge disaster. It also shows a disaster threshold requiring external assistance for recovery and quick decision-making afterwards.

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14

Bhagat, Ayushman. "Entrapment processes in the emigration regime: The presence of migration bans and the absence of bilateral labor agreements in domestic work in Nepal." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0017.

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Abstract This Article offers an integrated analysis of the combined effect of the presence of migration bans and the absence of BLAs in domestic work in the emigration regime of Nepal. It identifies, acknowledges, critiques, and contributes to the critical literature highlighting entrapment processes in labor relations and immigration regimes by demonstrating the presence of such in the emigration regime. Drawing on the empirical findings of a participatory action research (PAR) project conducted in Nepal, the Article demonstrates how restrictive emigration policies and practices entail entrapment processes constitutive of the existing historical, cultural, gendered, racialized, and classed constraints impacting the lives of Nepalese citizens. The Article contributes to the critical literature that seeks to advance migrants’ rights, arguing that experiencing, encountering and escaping entrapment processes in the emigration regime impacts their agency when navigating immigration regimes and labor relations. This contribution advances the existing efforts to establish oft-ignored emigration regimes as important epistemological sites of research, theorization, and intervention.

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15

Pienta, Kenneth J., and Robert Loberg. "The “Emigration, Migration, and Immigration” of Prostate Cancer." Clinical Prostate Cancer 4, no. 1 (June 2005): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/cgc.2005.n.008.

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16

Bonn, Charles. "Emigration-immigration et littérature maghrébine de langue française." Maghreb - Machrek N° 123, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/machr1.123.0027.

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17

Whitehead, Hal. "Mark-Recapture Estimates with Emigration and Re-Immigration." Biometrics 46, no. 2 (June 1990): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2531451.

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18

Flippen, Chenoa A. "Transnationalism Reconsidered: The Dialectic of Immigration and Emigration." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 45, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306116653955b.

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19

Gilmartin, Mary. "Changing Ireland, 2000–2012: immigration, emigration and inequality." Irish Geography 46, no. 1-2 (May 7, 2013): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750778.2013.794323.

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20

Mehata, K. M., and S. Duraiswamy. "A parity-dependent immigration-birth-death-emigration process." Mathematical Biosciences 109, no. 2 (May 1992): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(92)90044-w.

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21

Djajić, Slobodan. "Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration." Journal of Macroeconomics 37 (September 2013): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001.

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22

Carlson, Helena M., and Erik L. Nilsen. "Ireland: Gender, Psychological Health, and Attitudes toward Emigration." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.179.

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Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plans to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.

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23

Hybel, Jan. "Tendencje i uwarunkowania migracji zagranicznych ludności w Polsce." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 116 (December 30, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.116.45.

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The paper presents scale, dynamics and directions as well as main causes and effects of foreign migrations from Poland. It begins with the analysis of the scale of the emigration, followed by the analysis of the immigration of foreigners. The research was carried out in the years 2005–2014. While analysing the causes of migrations, the differences in the level of economic development and incomes as well as general situation on the labour markets in selected EU countries were studied. It is concluded that immigration to Poland is caused mainly by income level, while emigration results mostly from the level of unemployment in the country of origin.

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24

Medina, Manuel. "The other side of immigration in Prometeo Deportado (‘Prometheus deported’) and Vengo Volviendo (‘Here and there’)." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00014_1.

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This article focuses on two films ‐ Prometeo Deportado (‘Prometheus deported’) directed by Fernando Mieles and Vengo Volviendo (‘Here and there’) directed by Isabel Rodas León and Gabriel Paez Hernandez ‐ that relate to Ecuadorian emigration and immigration. Both cultural products call attention to the realities behind the traditional presumption that the economic benefit of living outside the Ecuadorian borders outweighs the human price most people must pay in return. Using a border studies theoretical framework, this article analyses concepts such as dehumanization and deterritorialization within the conversation about emigration, immigration, cultural adaptation and assimilation of Ecuadorians who venture abroad or dream of relocating outside of their country.

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25

Enache, Andreea-Oana. "The Emigration and Influence Factors in Romania." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0022.

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Abstract The economic and social transition affected the population and the demographic phenomena in all the ex-communist countries. Immigration can be considered as a potential solution to the problem of population aging. But here too, it must be born in mind that immigrants may not properly adapt to the new labor market they have entered, if they come from very different cultures. Almost all the countries that have migrants, offer residence permits only to those who bring highly qualified workforce, while the legal possibilities of immigration of the unskilled workers are diminishing. Therefore, the demographic perspectives are not the most optimistic. The forecasts developed by specialists reveal dramatic future developments for the population of Romania. The factors that can cause a person to migrate are of several types. In this study it will be shown that migration is the result of several individual actions of analysis, people evaluating both the benefits and the risks involved by a possible migration.

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26

jẹgẹdẹ, dele. "Migration, Emigration, and Immigration: African Cartoonists Draw the Lines." African Arts 53, no. 3 (August 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00536.

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27

Chen, Anyue, and Eric Renshaw. "Markov branching processes regulated by emigration and large immigration." Stochastic Processes and their Applications 57, no. 2 (June 1995): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4149(94)00083-6.

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28

KiriŞci, Kemal. "Turkey: A Country of Transition from Emigration to Immigration." Mediterranean Politics 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629390601136871.

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29

Furnham, Adrian. "Some explanations for immigration to, and emigration from, Britain." New Community 13, no. 1 (March 1986): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1986.9975946.

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30

Pakes, Anthony G. "Some properties of a branching process with group immigration and emigration." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 3 (September 1986): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427180.

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Batches of immigrants arrive in a region at event times of a renewal process and individuals grow according to a Bellman-Harris branching process. Tribal emigration allows the possibility that all descendants of a group of immigrants collectively leave the region at some instant.A number of results are derived giving conditions for the existence of a limiting distribution for the population size. These conditions can be given either in terms of the immigration distribution or in terms of the distribution of emigration times. Some limit theorems are obtained when the latter conditions are not fulfilled.

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31

Scott, Elizabeth A. "‘The Ill-name of the Old Country’: London’s Assisted Emigrants, British Unemployment Policy, and Canadian Immigration Restriction, 1905-1910." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 26, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037231ar.

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Between 1906 and 1910, Canada passed two increasingly restrictive Immigration Acts to, among other reasons, reduce charitable assisted emigration from London. These acts were passed in response to Britain’s Unemployed Workmen Act in 1905, which contained an emigration clause designed to move London’s unemployed to Canada. Canada deemed these emigrants to be unsuitable largely because they hailed from the impoverished East End of London. Emigration charities felt an imperial betrayal in the wake of the restrictions. Although an exception allowed for a limited degree of charitable emigration to continue, assisted English emigrants were now unreservedly lumped together with other undesirables in the British World. Despite Canadian displeasure, charities continued to send London’s unemployed to Canada until World War I. A more direct relationship between British unemployment policy and Canadian immigration policy is emphasized, opening a space wherein to examine transnational and imperial legal tensions in the early twentieth century British World. This space reveals a nexus of poverty, migration, and restriction that pitted Britain’s needs against Canada’s; it also complicates the concept of loyal nations belonging to a cooperative British World, becoming particularly relevant to the evolution of restrictive Canadian attitudes towards British immigrants after 1905.

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32

Skeldon, Ronald. "Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300106.

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The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in “patterns” of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change.

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33

Pakes, Anthony G. "Some properties of a branching process with group immigration and emigration." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 03 (September 1986): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800015998.

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Batches of immigrants arrive in a region at event times of a renewal process and individuals grow according to a Bellman-Harris branching process. Tribal emigration allows the possibility that all descendants of a group of immigrants collectively leave the region at some instant. A number of results are derived giving conditions for the existence of a limiting distribution for the population size. These conditions can be given either in terms of the immigration distribution or in terms of the distribution of emigration times. Some limit theorems are obtained when the latter conditions are not fulfilled.

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34

Wang, Zhibao, and Guangzhi Qi. "Demographic Transition in Natural Watersheds: Evidence from Population Aging in the Yellow River Basin Based on Various Types of Migration." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710573.

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Environmental phenomena in natural watersheds have attracted much attention, while where demographic transition, especially population aging, have not. Therefore, we try to analyze regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of population migration during 1990–2020, in order to explain the laws and mechanism of demographic transition in natural watersheds. Population aging in the Yellow River Basin began in its downstream cities in 1990 and spread to its middle and upper reaches, showing positive spatial correlation. Aging population in the Yellow River Basin forms obvious geographic agglomeration, namely a nonstandard inverted M-shaped agglomeration pattern. During 2000–2020, regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin is affected by various types of population migration, whose extent varies greatly, especially for the scale of an aging population. Among them, the scale of an aging population in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE) and a slow and shallow emigration area (SSE) is significantly affected by migration speed (Ms), which is positive. However, the migration rate (Mr) has a negative impact on population aging in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE), slow and deep immigration area (SDI), slow and shallow emigration (SSE) and slow and shallow immigration area (SSI), whose degree of influence slightly differs. Only the power function graph of aging population (AP) in a slow and shallow immigration area (SSI) about migration speed (Ms) is convex, and that in other types about migration rate (Mr) or migration speed (Ms) is monotonically decreasing, while the inclination degree of whose graphs varies greatly.

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35

Fratsea, Loukia Maria, and Apostolos G. Papadopoulos. "Making sense of the constellations of (im) mobility of Bangladeshi migrants in Greece." Migration Letters 18, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i1.1092.

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Over the last three decades of the 20th century, Greece was transformed from an emigration into an immigration countryand, more recently, into a country combining emigration and immigration. Initially, immigration from the ‘Balkans’ wasat the heart of the country’s migration debates. However, since the early 2000s, migration inflows have been highlydifferentiated, and the numbers have increased for both Asian and African migrants. During the era of austerity,Bangladeshis have followed diverse employment pathways and spatial trajectories. Their so-called ‘constellations of(im)mobility’ cover an array of socio-spatial mobility patterns, ranging from being entrapped in precarious jobs to gainingaccess to/ striving towards more prestigious occupational positions (self-employed occupations). Drawing on recent empirical research, this paper seeks to explore the multidimensional precarity of Bangladeshi migrants living in Greek urban and rural areas. Given the dynamic interplay between macro- and micro-level processes, it also discusses aspects of agency along with practices and strategies for improving the well-being of Bangladeshi migrants in the host society.

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36

Staples, DJ, and DJ Vance. "Comparative recruitment of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, in five estuaries of the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870029.

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Recruitment patterns of postlarvae immigrating into mangrove nursery areas of five major estuaries around the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as juveniles emigrating offshore into coastal waters, were compared for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, from September 1978 to March 1979.. Although considerable variability was observed among rivers, some basic recruitment patterns were discernible. Recruitment of postlarvae tended to follow a 28-day cycle with increased immigration on alternate spring tides. Variability between rivers in the number of resident juvenile prawns at any one sampling time resulted mainly from differences in the relative magnitude of postlarval settlement from these monthly cohorts. After the first heavy rainfall of the monsoon season, the lower reaches of rivers with !xger catchment areas a!! ran fresh, setthg up a physica! barrier to further past larval immigration. In contrast, post larval immigration continued throughout the study period in the river with the smallest catchment. There was a trend for more successful immigration earlier in the more northern rivers. Offshore emigration was influenced by rainfall, tide height and number of resident juvenile prawns at the time of emigration. The relative importance of these three factors differed among rivers, depending on the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of juvenile population changes and the degree of flooding. These local differences in the timing of emigration of juveniles could be detected in the abundance and size of adolescent prawns in the offshore coastal area of the south-eastern Gulf which in turn influenced the size composition of prawns available to the commercial fishery.

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37

Kasnauskiene, Gindrute, and Remigijus Kavalnis. "HOW HAS COVID-19 AFFECTED MIGRATION OF LITHUANIAN POPULATION?" Economic Profile 16, no. 2(22) (January 15, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.22.01.

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The paper aims to examine the role of COVID-19 pandemic on the population migration in Lithuania. A situation analysis using the newest available migration data was deployed. It is found that the COVID-19 was generally associated with decreased emigration and increased immigration with the main changes occurring on the emigration side. In addition, women were less prone to migration in time of uncertainty while migrants were more willing to try out new destinations. The COVID-19 had a strong emigration-decreasing effect for women across all age groups with a heterogeneous result for men. It has also negatively affected the flow of remittances. Destination-wise, the UK continued to lose its dominance while Ukraine emerged as a new main destination. On the immigration side, the COVID-19 had a similar impact across the largest age cohorts between sexes, slowing down immigration growth from the main sending countries. Accessible and good-quality healthcare services, a need for a sense of security as well as the new working practices motivated many emigrants to return. However, the process of heading back home had begun before the pandemic. The novelty of the situation limits the scope of literature on the topic. This study addresses the existing research gap on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration using the case of Lithuania.

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38

Pederzini, Carla. "Mexican labour market performance and emigration." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.204.

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During the last three decades, the Mexican economy has not generated enough jobs for the expanding labour force. Unemployment rate in Mexico is low, but almost one third of the labour force works in the informal sector. Migration flows from Mexico to the US have been significant in the last decade. Even though the number of Mexicans in the US has remained stable, Mexican immigration to the US dropped from 2006 to 2009. Emigration is a key employment channel for the enlarged working-age Mexican population. A reduced migratory flow may pose a major challenge for the Mexican labour market.

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39

VENABLES, J. C., and M. de L. BROOKE. "The comparative effects of small geographic range and population decline on the adult sex ratio of threatened bird species." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 2 (August 19, 2014): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000161.

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SummaryAlthough the factors associated with adult sex ratio (ASR) skew in threatened species are rarely identified, ASRs of threatened species appear to be more male-skewed with increasing severity of threat. In this study we investigate whether the ASRs of species classified as threatened because of decline are significantly different from those threatened because of small range. Despite previous studies suggesting an association between male-skewed ASRs and population decline, our results show that ASRs may be more male-skewed in species classified as threatened because of small range. Although selection would be expected to purge dispersal genotypes from isolated populations, our finding could result from an imbalance between immigration and emigration rates of species with small ranges. Future research should examine rates of emigration and immigration in species with small global ranges.

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40

Losheniuk, Oksana. "The concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(85) (August 8, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.03.064.

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The article deals with challenges and opportunities for international labour migration in Ukraine. It is stressed that the approach to regulation of international labour migration should be comprehensive and should encompass a whole range of factors influencing migration flows, which will ensure making appropriate economic and social changes. The present concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine is analyzed and the need for its improvement is discussed. The priority goals of the Concept of State Migration Policy in Ukraine are highlighted. It is stated that state migration policy is carried out in both emigration and immigration. Some of the key factors of immigration and emigration are identified. It is proved that migration policy in Ukraine is being shaped towards the European Union, which envisages a mutually beneficial redistribution of human resources over the countries. The paper claims, that achieving the quality of life as high as in the EU countries is a key demand for the integration into the European Union. It is emphasized that the existing legislation on migration has some weak points related to developing and fulfilling human potential of migrants. A range of measures to regulate international labour migration is introduced. Based on the research findings, the following actions are proposed to meet the aims of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine: reduction of emigration from Ukraine by improving its socio-economic status; training and retraining of potential emigrants tailored to the specific characteristics of labor market growth in the country; stimulation of internal mobility aimed at the reduction of emigration; regulation of external employment of Ukrainian citizens; creation of conditions for attracting and efficient using of migrants’ money transfers; using transnational connections of migrants; halting the employment of national human resources; stimulation of immigration attractiveness for certain professional; halting illegal and undesirable migration; regulation of immigrants in Ukraine; legalization of illegal present immigrants; signing bilateral agreements between countries on return migration; stimulating re-emigration; protection of the rights and interests of labour migrants in Ukraine and abroad.

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Piepiora, Ewa. "The Local Dimension of Immigrant Integration Policy Based on West Pomerania Province." Reality of Politics 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201609.

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Since Poland joined the European Community, it has been transforming from a country of emigration into an emigration-immigration one. Year by year an increase of immigrants coming to Poland has been observed, which involves the Polish government and local authorities taking actions within the implementation of migration policy. The multifaceted processes of integration take place on the levels of linguistics, culture, education, and social activation aimed at combating social exclusion of this group of Polish inhabitants.

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Beaujot, Roderic, and J. Peter Rappak. "The Link between immigration and emigration in Canada, 1945-1986." Canadian Studies in Population 16, no. 2 (December 31, 1989): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p61p4q.

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MALYNOVSKA, O. А. "Emigration vs Immigration: Directions and Mechanisms of the Repatriation Policy." Demography and social economy, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2019.01.069.

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Stewart, A. G. "Emigration and immigration of mesenchymal cells: a multicultural airway wall." European Respiratory Journal 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00067404.

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Pellenbarg, Piet H., and Paul J. M. Van Steen. "The Netherlands in the World (part 1): Immigration and Emigration." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00055.

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Hussain, Imtiaz. "Canadian immigration, mexican emigration, and a North American regional interpretation." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 6, no. 1 (December 2005): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-005-1003-8.

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Berzins, Atis, and Peteris Zvidrins. "Depopulation in the Baltic States." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 50, no. 1 (December 20, 2011): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2011.13931.

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The paper deals with the characterization of the main demographic processes in the Baltics. After the reestablishmentof statehood in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the population dynamics clearly have been decreasing. This isevidenced both by the negative results of natural movement and the dominance of emigration in international migration processes.Population decline (depopulation) is a characteristic feature also for the titular ethnicities. Under-replacement fertility,relatively high mortality, especially for men, a high intensity of emigration and an ageing population are observed in all threeBaltic countries, particularly after accession to the European Union in 2004. Latvia and Lithuania since 1990 have had amongthe highest population loss indicators in Europe. The scenarios of depopulation still prevail in the coming decades.

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Kondoh, Kenji. "Emigration, Immigration, and Skill Formation: The Case of a Midstream Country." International Journal of Population Research 2014 (June 30, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/858460.

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This study theoretically investigates the economy of a small country that exports skilled labor to higher developed countries and simultaneously imports unskilled labor from lower developed countries. Compared with the free immigration case, if this country adopts an optimally controlled immigration policy by imposing income tax on immigrants to maximize national income, skills formation is negatively affected and the number of domestic unskilled workers increases. Moreover, under certain conditions, we can assert the counter-intuitive possibility that the wage rate of domestic unskilled workers may decrease but that of skilled workers may increase owing to the restriction of foreign unskilled workers.

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Samuel, T. J., P. M. White, and J. Perreault. "National Recording Systems and the Measurement of International Migration in Canada: An Assessment." International Migration Review 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 1170–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100413.

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This article describes and provides a critical assessment of the adequacy of Canada's statistical sources on immigration and emigration for both scientific study and policy needs. The article discusses the relationship between immigrant data collection systems and immigration policy and the importance of political considerations in the establishment of immigrant data collection systems. Special attention is given to the statistical sources that apply to the various categories of migrants.

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Athias-Binche, Françoise. "Dispersal in varying environments: the case of phoretic uropodid mites." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-255.

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Phoresy is a dispersal strategy in which one animal actively seeks out and attaches to another animal for transport. Phoretic dispersal is vital in many groups of mites that live in specialized microhabitats or unpredictable environments. This study deals with phenotypic plasticity and its relationship to initiation of the migration behaviour in a uropodid mite, Allodinychus flagelliger (Berlese), which inhabits dead wood. The deutonymphs are bimorphic, one morph being sedentary and the other, phoretic morph ensuring migration. Immigration and emigration were estimated for a 5-year period. Migration took place every year, as a result of obligate seasonal phoresy. The phoronts emigrated in spring attached to xylophagous insects. They immigrated in autumn, when their hosts built their galleries. The average annual emigration rate significantly increased as a function of the progressive decomposition of the dead wood, while immigration tended to diminish in the late stages of wood ageing. As a consequence, the deme finally declined and became extinct. Thus, the rate of emigration was manipulated by the deme in response to local conditions. It appeared not to be genetically fixed. The involvement of pleiotropic genes is possibly implied in the activation of migratory behaviour or the production of phoronts. The immigration rate is not fixed, because the arrival flow depends on heterospecific carriers. On the other hand, the rate of production of sedentary morphs did not vary and seemed to be genetically fixed.

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