Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Emetteurs de lumière en silicium'
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Khoury, Mario. "Silicon-based light emitters towards quantum devices at telecom frequency." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0364.
Full textThe aim of this thesis it to explore the potential of complex carbon impurities in silicon (G-centers) for applications in quantum technologies. This point defect was originally highlighted in carbon-rich Si samples undergoing high-energy electron irradiation followed by high temperature annealing. A key feature of G-centers is their infrared emission, matching the important optical telecommunications wavelength O-band spreading between 1260-1360 nm. Through my PhD work we have demonstrated that we are able to create individual G-centers by ion implantation in conventional silicon on insulator, isotopically purified 28Si on insulator, and embed these emitters in photonic nanostructures such as dielectric Mie resonators. We developed a low-resolution optical lithography and plasma etching method joined with solid state dewetting of monocrystalline, ultra-thin, silicon on insulator to form monocrystalline, atomically-smooth, Mie resonators in well-controlled and large, periodic arrays.By integrating light emitting G-centers within the Si-based antennas we engineered the light emission by tuning carbon dose, beam energy and islands size in order to optimize the coupling between the emitters and the Mie resonances in space and frequency. directional (Huygens-like) light emission at 120 K was demonstrated experimentally and confirmed by finite difference time domain simulations. We estimate that, with an optimal coupling of the G-centers emission with the resonant antennas, a collection efficiency of about 90% can be reached using a conventional objective lens
Lamy, Jean-Jacques. "Emetteurs optiques à nanostructures quantiques rapportés sur substrat silicium." Rennes, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAR0009.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study and the development of fast and tunable vertical cavity lasers for applications to high-speed optical data transmission. In this context, the highlighting has been placed on different parts of laser: Bragg mirrors, active zone and electrical injection. Using a hybrid mirror in the bottom of the cavity, composed of a dielectric Bragg and a layer of gold, we have demonstrated an increase of the output power. The insertion of quantum wires in the active zone made possible to demonstrate a laser emission under continuous optical pumping at room temperature with a polarized emission (1000:1) in the direction of the wires. A second component electrically pumped has been studied and implemented. The electrical injection uses a buried tunnel junction. The assembling of laser is based on the original technique developed by the company Intexys. A work of modeling and optimization of the tunnel junction has led to a low access resistance
Marris-Morini, Delphine. "Conception et réalisation d'un modulateur de lumière intégré en microphotonique silicium." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112184.
Full textThis work deals with the design and the realization of fast optical modulators, integrated in Silicon On Insulator (SOI) waveguides. In silicon, free-carrier density variation is the physical effect that leads to the largest refractive index variation. The studied modulator is based on free carrier depletion in a silicon-germanium/silicon multilayer structure, included in a PIN diode. A reverse bias applied to the diode depletes holes from SiGe wells, and creates a variation of the guided mode effective index. This effective index variation has been experimentally measured. Electrical and electromagnetic simulations have been used to calculate the structure performances, and to optimize the structure for the integration in a rib waveguide. The intrinsic response time has been calculated. The influence of optical losses in contact areas has been evaluated. To obtain intensity light modulation, interferometric structures have been compared. All the studies presented have lead to the design of efficient integrated modulator, taking into account technological constraint due to the waveguide geometry
Sotta, David. "Milieux émetteurs de lumière et microcavité optique en silicium monocristalline sur isolant." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10192.
Full textLérondel, Gilles. "Propagation de la lumière dans le silicium poreux : application à la photonique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10253.
Full textMonier, Vanessa. "Etude des défauts cristallins dans le silicium par diffusion de la lumière." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30056.
Full textThe on-going quality improvement of Silicon-On-Insulator wafers motivates further development of Laser Scattering Tomography (LST). This technique enables the investigation of oxygen precipitates and dislocations in silicon by means of infra-red light scattering. After evaluating the LST capability for the investigation of statistical populations of oxygen precipitates, the characterisation of individual precipitates was addressed. The size of specific oxygen precipitates was accurately monitored during their growth for different temperatures and defect morphologies. In the second part of this work, the theory of light scattering by a dislocation was adapted to the silicon case. This development combined with the tomography and polarization LST options makes it possible the complete characterisation of non-decorated dislocation slip systems. The discrimination of decorated vs. Non-decorated dislocations is also achievable by LST
Jafari, Omid. "Transmetteurs photoniques sur silicium pour la prochaine génération de réseaux optiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69491.
Full textGrün, Mathias. "Les nanocristaux de silicium comme source de lumière : analyse optique et réalisation de microcavités." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10108/document.
Full textThis work concerns the implementation and analysis of optical properties of silicon nanocrystals. These nanoscaled objects have remarkable optical properties, especially in photoluminescence. The properties of quantum confinement that characterize them allow obtaining an intense luminescence signal in the visible range. Optoelectronic and photonic devices have been proposed based on silicon nanocrystals. The physical reasons of the strong luminescence signal, however, are still poorly understood. The silicon nanocrystals are prepared by evaporation. The preparation and thermal annealing of multilayers SiO/SiO2 leads to silicon nanocrystals with a well controlled average diameter. They are created during the demixing of the SiO layer by the reaction SiO ? Si + SiO2. The control the diameter of the silicon nanocrystals influences directly the spectral region of luminescence in the visible region.The aim of first part of this work is to isolate one or a few silicon nanocrystals. The intent is to trace the homogeneous width of these nano-objects. Initially, a study focusing on the SiOx material is conducted to reduce the surface density of silicon nanocrystals. In a second step, lithography is implemented to make masks with holes with diameters of about one hundred nanometers. Optical spectroscopy experiments were performed on these systems.The second part of this work aims controlling the spontaneous emission of light from silicon nanocrystals. This is done by coupling the electronic transmission to optical modes confined in an optical microcavity. The manuscript describes the methods developed to obtain an optical microcavity whose optical modes can be coupled effectively to the silicon nanocrystals. The optical properties of these systems are finally analyzed
Toufik, Hicham. "Silicum pour applications optoélectroniques." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP0935.
Full textThis groundwork introduces practical ways for improving the optical properties of silicon devices for optoelectronic applications. Hot carriers injection has been performed with an applied reverse bias to the emitter-base junction of bipolar transistors in order to create a nanosize defect layer in the p-type silicon base, located at the emitter-base junction. The process has been controlled by the analysis of the jonction I(V) characteristic at each steps of the stress. The observed increase of the light emission intensity is related to a carrier confinement, and the defect layer appears as an optical cavity. Improvements for integration of optoelectronic operations in silicon microelectronic devices need engineering works concerned for the realisation of a better optical cavity by control of the defect generation rate, localisation and passivation effects, then stabilization of the layer properties. The energy levels can be calculated using quantum theory for spectral analysis. Thses results present an advanced process for implantation of optical functionalities in silicon electronic devices
Toufik, Nezha. "Dégradation, par polarisation en avalanche, des paramètres d'une homojonction en silicium, durant l'émission de lumière." Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP0452.
Full textThis work proposed in specifying the processes of bipolar transistors degradation subjected to an electrical stress via avalanche breakdown of the reverse biased emitter-base junction. The finality is to determined the stability conditions of the light emission of the silicon junction in order to consider optoelectronics applications of silicon components. The method of characterization consists to determining, as function of stress time, the evolution of the parameters of the junction (recombination current, ideality factor and series resistances), obtained starting from the description of the current-tension characteristics with a two exponential models. The processes of degradation as their effects as well on the structure of the component as on the phenomena of transport of the carriers were specified. The analysis of the results showed that there is two periods existence of parameters degradation during the electrical stress, characterized by two different rates. The origin of these periods was related to the phenomena of release and of mobility of hydrogen ions to the interface of the emitter-base junction. These two intervals introduced by the differentiation of the evolution of junction parameters during stress correspond to the changes of the light emission observed all along the entire junction before it concentrated into localised junction sites
Antoine-Vincent, Nadège. "Recherche du couplage fort lumière-matière dans des microcavités nitrurées." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523220.
Full textZelsmann, Marc. "Cristaux photoniques en silicium sur isolant pour le guidage, le filtrage, l'émission et l'extraction de lumière." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003731.
Full textNoé, Pierre-Olivier. "Elaboration et caractérisation de matériaux nanostructurés à base de silicium comme source de lumière pour la photonique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY006.
Full textSilicon is known as a poor light emitter due to its indirect band gap. Various strategies have been developed to overcome its poor emission efficiency since it is the material of choice for photonics. In this manuscript are detailed the elaboration and characterization of original silicon-based materials in order to propose alternatives solutions to improve Si light emission properties. This work is divided in 4 parts with a first one describing the state of the art of light emission in Si and the basics of recombination mechanisms in Si. A second part focuses on the elaboration and study of electroluminescent devices based on bulk Si with a buried dislocation network at a PN junction obtained by wafer bonding. The light emission near 1.1 and 1.5 µm (1.1 and 0.8 eV) is attributed to the recombination of carriers on trap states induced by boron and oxide precipitates in the vicinity of dislocations (E^phonon_Bore near 1.1eV and Dp~0.8eV) and defects traps at the intersection of the square network of screw dislocations (D1~0.8eV). In a third part is showed the elaboration and the optical properties of Er3+ ions coupled with Si nanostructures in Si-Rich Silicon Oxide (SRO) thin films obtained by co-evaporation of SiO and Er. We demonstrate the efficient indirect excitation of Er at 1.5 µm with high effective cross sections between 2x10-16 cm2 and 5x10-15 cm2 as a function of the excitation flux and the elaboration parameters. The main result is the drastic decrease of the number of Er3+ emitting ions coupled to Si with the annealing temperature. EXAFS experiments revealed that this behavior is correlated with the evolution of the local chemical order around Er atoms. In a last part is presented the elaboration of Si nanostructures based on core-shell Si/SiO2 nanowires. These core-shell structures are obtained by three different methods. Core-shell nanowires obtained by oxide deposition on the surface of CVD Au-catalyzed Si nanowires exhibit an efficient room temperature emission around 500 nm due to the recombination of photo generated carriers in defects states in the oxide layer and at the Si/SiO2 interface. The collected PL intensity is more than one order of magnitude higher than similar SiO2 thin films deposited on Si substrates. Moreover, the passivation of CVD-growth Si nanowires by a thermal oxidation procedure allows neutralizing the surface states which are predominant in such structures. As a result, the measurement of surface recombination velocities seems to indicate that such passivated nanowires present similar volume electronic properties than standard microelectronic bulk Si. Finally, a new method for the elaboration of in situ core-shell Si/SiO2 nanowires based on the evaporation of a solid SiO source with Au and Cu as catalysts is presented. The Au-catalyzed growth occurs in the VLS mode (Vapor-Liquid-Solid like in CVD-growth) leading to the growth of nanowires with a crystalline Si core surrounded by an amorphous oxide shell. But Cu-catalyzed nanowires growth seems to appear preferentially at lower temperatures in the VSS (Vapour-Solid-Solid) mode explaining why these nanowiress exhibit a high density of crystalline defects in the Si core compared to Au-catalyzed wires
Budianto, Anwar. "Etudes des nouvelles solutions de connectique entre guides de lumière réalisés sur substrat silicium et fibre optique." Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPG0022.
Full textMoulin, Etienne. "Accroissement de l'absorption lumineuse au sein de cellules solaires à couches minces de silicium par addition de nanoparticules et de nanostructures métalliques." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ051S/document.
Full textIn order to achieve high efficiencies, thin-film silicon solar cells need an efficient light absorption. In this thesis, we discuss new approaches based on metal nanoparticules and metal nanostructures for light trapping in thin-film silicon solar cells, The specific optical properties of metallic nanoparticles are a consequence of the appearence of a resonance in their absorption and scattering spectra, know as the localized surface plasmon( LSP) resonance. For sufficiently small particles (<50 nm), the LSP absorption is accompanied by a strong enhancement of the electromagnetic field inside and in the surrounding of the nanoparticles. The first part of this work is motivated by the utilization of this enhanced electromagnetic field. In this approach, we target to confine the light in the active layer of thin-film silicon solar cells, The second approach is based on the light scattering of large metal nanoparticles or nanostructures. The scateering cross section of metallic nanoparticules increases rapidly with their diameter and experiences a resonance at the LSP excitation. Therefore, large metal nanoparticules and metal nanostructures were integrated at the back side of thin-film silicon solar cells
Sayad, Yassine. "Détermination de la longueur de diffusion des porteurs de charge minoritaires dans le silicium cristallin par interaction lumière matière." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0053/these.pdf.
Full textAbout 90% of the photovoltaic electricity is produced from mono and multicrystalline silicon based solar cells. The knowledge of minority carriers diffusion length (or lifetime) in silicon used in fabrication of solar cells is necessary to adapt and to optimize fabrication process. The aim of this work concerns the measurement of minority carrier diffusion length and lifetime in epitaxial and/or thin and solar grade materials. By combining analytical models and numerical simulation, diffusion length was, first, extracted in thin and thick samples of different electronic qualities by scanning light spot using LBIC technique. Analysis of internal quantum efficiency in fabricated solar cells was also used for comparison. Finally, we have also checked experimentally and by numerical simulation the possibility of diffusion length (and lifetime) determination from integrated photoluminescence intensity measurements at room temperature, as a function of excitation intensity.
Bédard, Keven. "Modulateurs intégrés sur silicium pour la transmission de signaux à modulation d'amplitude multi-niveau." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27019.
Full textIn recent years, silicon photonics has developed quickly. Modulators coming from this technology show potentially interesting characteristics for short reach communication systems. In fact, these modulators are expected to reach high transmission speeds, while limiting the fabrication cost and the systems power consumption. At the same time, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is promising for this type of systems. Thus, this work focuses on the development of silicon modulators for the transmission of PAM signals. In the first chapter, the necessary theoretical concepts to silicon modulators designing are presented. Mach-Zehnder modulators and Bragg grating modulators are the main focus of this section. Moreover, the theory surrounding electro-optical effects in silicon, PAM modulation, integrated electrodes and digital signal processing is detailed. In the second chapter, a segmented Mach-Zehnder modulator is presented. The electrodes segmentation enables optical PAM signals generation using binary signaling. This approach eliminates the need for an external digital-to-analog converter by integrating this function in the optical domain, in order to try to lower the communication system cost. This chapter contains a detailed modulator description, optical and electrical characterization results and system tests. Furthermore, the system tests include the application of pre-compensation and post-compensation to the signal by equalizing its frequency response for PAM-4 and PAM-8 modulation formats at different binary rates. A transmission speed of 30 Gb/s is demonstrated in both cases, despite the limited frequency response obtained after the RF circuit packaging was added (8 GHz 3 dB bandwidth). This is the first PAM-8 modulation demonstration using a segmented Mach-Zehnder modulator. Finally, the conclusions from this work have led to a second segmented Mach-Zehnder modulator design currently under test, whose performances are showing great potential. In the third chapter, a dual phase-shift Bragg grating modulator is presented. The use of Bragg gratings for modulation is an approach still largely unexplored. Indeed, the spectral response of these structures can be precisely controlled; an interesting characteristic for modulators. In this work, we propose to add two phase-shifts to a uniform Bragg grating to create a sensitive transmission peak in its reflection band. Thus, the transmission peak amplitude can be changed with the help of a pn junction. Similarly to the second chapter, this chapter includes a detailed modulator description, optical and electrical characterization results and system tests. Additionally, the pn junction characterization using the Bragg grating modulator is explained. Transmission speed up to 60 Gb/s PAM-4 and 55 Gb/s OOK are demonstrated after the compensation of the signal distortions. To our knowledge, this is the fastest Bragg grating modulator demonstrated to the day. urthermore, for the first time, the performances of a Bragg grating modulator are approaching those of the typically faster micro-ring or Mach-Zehnder silicon modulators.
Sherafati, Bahareh. "Polarization management : an efficient polarization rotator splitter on silicon-on-insulator platform." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30518.
Full textThis thesis aims to study polarization management, and focuses on design, simulation and fabrication layout of a polarization splitter rotator (PSR) on silicon platforms by utilizing a structure combining an adiabatic bi-level taper and an adiabatic coupler. Following an introduction about optical communication systems and specifically integrated photonic systems, we introduce silicon-on-isolator (SOI) as the most attractive platform for our integrated photonic circuit. Although the intrinsic high-index contrast property of SOI leads to a very small footprint, this property also results in high polarization dependence for silicon photonic (SiP) devices. To solve the problem and remove this dependency, polarization diversity circuits have been proposed and it is important to deal with on-chip polarization management. In this thesis, the general operating principle of polarization management is thoroughly studied. As polarization rotation is the most important function of polarization management, we concentrate on the basic principles of polarization rotation in a single section device. We also discuss different types of polarization rotators and give an introduction to the historic evolution of polarization rotators. Finally, polarization beam splitters are introduced as the second important element in polarization management, and different types of polarization splitters are presented. To efficiently manage polarization, it is critical to develop a high performance PSR. Therefore, we introduce an efficient structure that is based on TM0-TE1 mode conversion in a bi-level taper on SOI. We explain and motivate that choice. Afterwards, we describe the modeling in Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Lumerical software; simulation results provide the evolution of mode intensity profiles along the device. Subsequently, we present the layout details for fabrication and eventual characterization for designs using edge couplers, as well as designs using grating couplers. To evaluate the performance of the designed PSR for two different applications, we propose a mathematical model and the transfer matrices. Finally, the performance of the proposed PSR is analyzed in an optical communication system.
Akra, Ahiram el. "Croissance de boîtes quantiques In(Ga)As sur substrats de silicium et de SOI pour la réalisation d'émetteurs de lumière." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952829.
Full textZhu, Mingxuan. "Nanofils de silicium pour les cellules solaires hybrides." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00945787.
Full textLiu, Xiang. "Transistor silicium en couche mince à base de nano-particules de PbS : un efficace phototransistor pour la détection de lumière infrarouge." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S075/document.
Full textPhototransistor is a novel type of photodetector with special MOSFET structure which can not only convert absorbed light into variation of current but also self-amplify this photocurrent. Especially, with continual advances in quantum dots' (QDs) synthesis, the unique optical-electrical characters reinforce absorption coefficient and electron-hole's generation by easy integrated processes. In this thesis, the infrared PbS QDs with wide infrared (IR) absorption (600-1400 nm) and high efficiency were synthesized to be blended with SU8 gate insulator of Low-Temperature-Poly-Silicon (LTPS) TFTs. Through using this hybrid photo-sensing gate insulator, this LTPS TFTs can still obtain excellent electrical performance such as enough mobility (3.1 cm2/Vs), stable TFT's characters, reasonable on/off ratio (104~105) and subthreshold voltage (3.2 V/Dec). Moreover, under incident IR light's exposure, the high responsivity (1800 A/W) and not negligible responsivity (13 A/W) can be found at 760 nm and 1300 nm respectively. In addition, the photosensitivity also reaches up to 80 and the response time is approximately 30 ms during a pulsed IR signal's scanning. It takes concrete steps forward for the broad application of IR phototransistor
Gomard, Guillaume. "Cristaux photoniques pour le contrôle de l'absorption dans les cellules solaires photovoltaïques silicium ultraminces." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766750.
Full textAngermaier, Jérémie. "Modulateur à réseau de Bragg intégré sur silicium pour les télécommunications dans les centres de données et leurs applications." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27086.
Full textRecently, much effort has been invested to develop silicon modulators for optical telecommunications and their application areas. These modulators are useful for data centers and short-range high capacity links. Thus, this work focuses on the characterization of two types of integrated Bragg grating modulators on silicon waveguide and having an interleaved PN junction whose goal is to achieve a modulation of the Bragg wavelength through the application of an reverse bias voltage creating a carrier depleted region in the waveguide. For the first integrated Bragg grating modulator, the period of the PN junction is not matched to the Bragg grating period while the second integrated Bragg grating modulator has the PN junction matched to the Bragg grating period. This difference brings a different behaviour of the modulator thus resulting in a different quality of data that we seek to characterize. The advantage of this Bragg grating modulator is that it is relatively simple to design and has a uniform Bragg grating which has well known characteristics. The first step in the characterization of these modulators was making optical measurements, only to see the spectral response in reflection and transmission. Afterwards, we went through the usual approach, i.e by making DC measurements on the modulators. This thesis shows the practical results on the behaviour of the electrodes and the PN junction. And it also reports the results of the data transmission of these modulators by using an OOK modulation and PAM-4 modulation highlighting the differences in terms of modulation efficiency of these two modulators. We then discuss the relevance of this design choice compared to what we can currently find in the literature.
Meng, Xianqin. "Conception et réalisation de cristaux photoniques et de réseaux de diffraction pour les cellules photovoltaïques silicium en couches ultra-minces." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00752950.
Full textThuaire, Aurélie. "L'apport de l'imagerie raman et de la photoluminescence à la caractérisation de carbure de silicium (SiC) : application à l'étude de composants électroniques." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0160.
Full textTo date, lOO-mm silicon carbide substrates as weil as high power electronic devices are commercially available. Deviees performance is however limited by defects. This PhD thesis focuses on the study of defects in substrates and epitaxiallayers, as weil as their characterization in electronic devices. Defects located in substrates and epitaxiallayers are investigated by Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging, photoluminescence and optical microscopy in order ta evidence critical parameters responsible for the modification of structural and electronic properties. The acquired knowledge is re-used for the study of defects in biased SiC PiN diodes, as weil as in diamond PN junctions. Coupling between Raman spectroscopy and photoemission reveals an efficient combination. The contributions and limitations of the characterization techniques used in this work, including Raman spectroscopy and imaging, photoluminescence as weil as photoemission and polarized optical microscopy, are specified
Bony, Alexis. "Study of nano-roughness for silica-on-silicon technology by scanning electron microscopy and light scattering." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/BONY_Alexis_2004.pdf.
Full textSilica-on-silicon technology is widely used for the realization of passiv components in integrated optics. Surface roughness may appear on their waveguides during their fabrication, thereafter negatively impacting their performances. The first part of this doctoral work is consequently aimed at defining the parameters characterizing roughness, reviewing the different existing experimental means for roughness evaluation, and detailling the particular case involved by silica-on-silicon waveguides. Two methods developped in this doctoral work for the evaluation of waveguide sidewall surface roughness are presented in the second part of this manuscript, both based on using a Scanning Electron Microscope. The first technique relies on the recording of a stereoscopic image pair to extract the topography of the inspected surface by comparing the two images. The second technique makes use of a “shape-from-shading” algorithm to compute topography from a single image. The last part of this doctoral work deals with the influence of surface roughness on angular laser light scattering for silica-on-silicon samples. It is experimentally investigated how sample's thickness, roughness, and silica layer's thickness variations can impact angle-resolved light scattering distributions. A reverse analysis indicates the information one may retrieve from these measurements to characterize the assessed samples. Finally, a further investigation is dedicated to speckle pattern correlation for various illumination and scattering angles
Chriqui, Yves. "Intégration monolithique sur silicium d'émetteurs de lumière à base de GaAs par épitaxie en phase vapeur aux organométalliques sur pseudo-substrat de Ge/Si." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008758.
Full textGuellil, Imene. "Nano-fonctionnalisation par FIB haute résolution de silicium." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0361.
Full textThe goal of this work is to develop a process for the elaboration of silicon-germanium (SiGe) quantum dots (QDs) with compositions ranging from Si to pure Ge, and allowing to obtain semiconducting QDs with sufficiently small sizes to obtain quantum confinement. For this purpose, we have used a combination of different techniques: molecular beam epitaxy, focused ion beam lithography (FIBL) and heterogeneous solid state dewetting. In this context, the aim of this research is on the one hand to develop a new FIB that can be coupled to the ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy growth chamber, and on the other hand to realize two applications: (i) nanopatterns for the self-organisation of Si and Ge QDs and (ii) nano-implantations of Si and Ge. We used FIBL with energy-filtered liquid metal alloy ion sources (LMAIS) using non-polluting ions (Si and Ge) for the milling of conventional microelectronic substrates such as SiGe on silicon-on-insulator (SGOI). The nanopatterns must be totally free of pollution and with variable and perfectly controlled characteristics (size, density, depth). The morphology of the nanopatterns is then characterized in-situ by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the depth is determined ex-situ by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The nanopatterns made by FIBL were compared on the one hand to plasma etchings with He and Ne and on the other hand to the etchings obtained by electronic lithography (EBL). Nanoimplantations of Si and Ge ions were realised in diamond and in ultra-thin SGOI for the fabrication of local defects
Zhalehpour, Sasan, and Sasan Zhalehpour. "High speed optical communications in silicon photonics modulators." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38102.
Full textLes communications optiques basées sur la photonique sur silicium (SiP) sont au centre des récents efforts de recherche pour le développement des futures technologies de réseaux optiques à haut débit. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le traitement numérique du signal (DSP) pour pallier aux limites physiques des modulateurs Mach-Zehnder sur silicium (MZM) opérés à haut débit et exploitant des formats de modulation avancés utilisant la détection cohérente. Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de précompensation adaptative appelée contrôle d’apprentissage itératif par gain (G-ILC, aussi utilisé en linéarisation d’amplificateurs RF) permettant de compenser les distorsions non-linéaires. L’adaptation de la méthode G-ILC et la précompensation numérique linéaire sont accomplies par une procédure « hardware-in-the-loop » en quasi-temps réel. Nous examinons différents ordres de modulation d’amplitude en quadrature (QAM) de 16QAM à 256QAM avec des taux de symboles de 20 à 60 Gbaud. De plus, nous combinons les précompensations numériques et optiques pour contrevenir surmonter les limitations de bande-passante du système en régime de transmission haut débit. Dans le second chapitre, inspiré par les faibles taux de symbole du G-ILC, nous augmentons la vitesse de transmission au-delà de la limite de bande-passante du système SiP. Pour la première fois, nous démontrons expérimentalement un record de 100 Gbaud par 16QAM et 32QAM en transmission consécutive avec polarisation mixte. L’optimisation est réalisée sur le point d’opération du MZM et sur la DSP. Les performances du G-ILC sont améliorées par égalisation linéaire à entrées/sorties multiples (MIMO). Nous combinons aussi notre précompensation non-linéaire innovante avec une post-compensation. Par émulation de la polarisation mixte, nous réalisons un taux net de 833 Gb/s avec 32QAM au seuil de correction d’erreur (FEC) pour une expansion en largeur de bande de 20% et 747 Gb/s avec 16QAM (une expansion en largeur de bande de 7% du FEC). Dans le troisième chapitre, nous démontrons expérimentalement un algorithme de précompensation numérique basé sur une table de consultation (LUT) unidimensionnelle pour compenser les non-linéarités introduites à l’émetteur, e.g. réponse en fréquence non-linéaire du MZM en silicium, conversion numérique-analogique et amplificateur RF. L’évaluation est réalisée sur un QAM d’ordre élevé, i.e. 128QAM et 256QAM. Nous examinons la diminution en complexité de la LUT et son impact sur la performance. Finalement, nous examinons la généralisation de la méthode de précompensation proposée pour des jeux de données différents des données d’apprentissage de la table de consultation.
Optical communications based on silicon photonics (SiP) have become a focus of the recent research for future high speed optical network technologies. In this thesis, we investigate digital signal processing (DSP) approaches to combat the physical limits of SiP Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) driven at high baud rates and exploiting advanced modulation formats with coherent detection. In the first section, we present a novel adaptive pre-compensation method known as gain based iterative learning control (G-ILC, previously used in RF amplifier linearization) to overcome nonlinear distortions. We experimentally evaluate the G-ILC technique. Adaptation of the G-ILC, in combination with linear digital pre-compensation, is accomplished with a quasireal- time hardware-in-the-loop procedure. We examine various orders of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), i.e., 16QAM to 256QAM, and symbol rates, i.e., 20 to 60 Gbaud. Furthermore, we exploit joint digital and optical linear pre-compensation to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the system in the higher baud rate regime. In the second section, inspired by lower symbol rate G-ILC results, we push the baud rate beyond the bandwidth limit of the SiP system. For the first time, we experimentally report record-breaking 16QAM and 32QAM at 100 Gbaud in dual polarization back-to-back transmission. The optimization is performed on both MZM operating point and DSP. The G-ILC performance is improved by employing linear multiple input multiple output (MIMO) equalization during the adaptation. We combine our innovative nonlinear pre-compensation with post-compensation as well. Via dual polarization emulation, we achieve a net rate of 833 Gb/s with 32QAM at the forward error correction (FEC) threshold for 20% overhead and 747 Gb/s with 16QAM (7% FEC overhead). In the third section, we experimentally present a digital pre-compensation algorithm based on a one-dimensional lookup table (LUT) to compensate the nonlinearity introduced at the transmitter, e.g., nonlinear frequency response of the SiP MZM, digital to analog converter and RF amplifier. The evaluation is performed on higher order QAM, i.e., 128QAM and 256QAM. We examine reduction of LUT complexity and its impact on performance. Finally, we examine the generalization of the proposed pre-compensation method to data sets other than the original training set for the LUT.
Optical communications based on silicon photonics (SiP) have become a focus of the recent research for future high speed optical network technologies. In this thesis, we investigate digital signal processing (DSP) approaches to combat the physical limits of SiP Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) driven at high baud rates and exploiting advanced modulation formats with coherent detection. In the first section, we present a novel adaptive pre-compensation method known as gain based iterative learning control (G-ILC, previously used in RF amplifier linearization) to overcome nonlinear distortions. We experimentally evaluate the G-ILC technique. Adaptation of the G-ILC, in combination with linear digital pre-compensation, is accomplished with a quasireal- time hardware-in-the-loop procedure. We examine various orders of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), i.e., 16QAM to 256QAM, and symbol rates, i.e., 20 to 60 Gbaud. Furthermore, we exploit joint digital and optical linear pre-compensation to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the system in the higher baud rate regime. In the second section, inspired by lower symbol rate G-ILC results, we push the baud rate beyond the bandwidth limit of the SiP system. For the first time, we experimentally report record-breaking 16QAM and 32QAM at 100 Gbaud in dual polarization back-to-back transmission. The optimization is performed on both MZM operating point and DSP. The G-ILC performance is improved by employing linear multiple input multiple output (MIMO) equalization during the adaptation. We combine our innovative nonlinear pre-compensation with post-compensation as well. Via dual polarization emulation, we achieve a net rate of 833 Gb/s with 32QAM at the forward error correction (FEC) threshold for 20% overhead and 747 Gb/s with 16QAM (7% FEC overhead). In the third section, we experimentally present a digital pre-compensation algorithm based on a one-dimensional lookup table (LUT) to compensate the nonlinearity introduced at the transmitter, e.g., nonlinear frequency response of the SiP MZM, digital to analog converter and RF amplifier. The evaluation is performed on higher order QAM, i.e., 128QAM and 256QAM. We examine reduction of LUT complexity and its impact on performance. Finally, we examine the generalization of the proposed pre-compensation method to data sets other than the original training set for the LUT.
Polleux, Jean-Luc. "Contribution à l'étude et à la modélisation de phototransistors bipolaires à hétérojonction SiGe/Si pour les applications opto-microondes." Paris, CNAM, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CNAM0392.
Full textPotentialities of SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar phototransistors are explored through physical simulations. A drift-diffusion hydrodynamic model coupled to an optical absorption model is used. The full set of the models of the SiGe/Si parameters is set up. The band gap energy variations models are reviewed. Simple and accurate effective densities of states equations are developed and the optical absorption coefficient model is extracted from 90K measurement's data. A MacFarlane average phonon model is used and an original extraction procedure is described that gives optical wavelength, temperature and Ge composition dependent variation's laws. Novel fundamental and general tools are then defined to properly describe the opto-microwave behaviour of phototransistors : The optical carried microwave signal is treated through the optical power which is modelled through an equivalent current source. Worth of this representation is described and argued. Responsivities and optical gain are generalised in order to take into account the three-port behaviour of the device. An opto-microwave power gain is defined, as well as opto-microwave S parameters. A maximum working frequency definition is proposed. Optimisation of terminal loads of different InP/InGaAs HPTs is presented. Some SiGe/Si HPT prototypes are produced and then analysed through the use of so-built study tools. Along this way, the understanding of the internal mechanisms is improved and potential opto-microwave performance are described. A lγm optical measurement bench is then proposed
Rouifed, Mohamed Saïd. "Modulateurs à base de puits quantiques Ge/SiGe pour la photonique sur silicium." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112178/document.
Full textSilicon photonics has generated a great interest for several years, for applications from long-haul optical telecommunication to intra-chip interconnects. The ultimate integration of optics and electronics on the same chip would allow an increase of the integrated circuit performances at low cost. In this context, the work done during my Ph.D is focused on the study of optical modulation around the direct bandgap of Ge/SiGe quantum well structures, at room temperature, by Quantum Confined Stark effect (QCSE). Electrical and optical simulations have been used to design a modulator operating at 1.3μm. Such device has been fabricated and characterized, demonstrating an extinction ratio up to 6 dB using a 50 µm-long structure. The second objective of my work was to design and demonstrate a modulator integrated on SOI waveguide. The demonstration of an efficient QCSE in Ge/SiGe quantum wells grown on the top of a 360nm homogeneous virtual substrate has paved the way for such integration. Simulations were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of an evanescent vertical coupling between an SOI optical waveguide and a Ge/SiGe active region and to evaluate the performance of this device. A technological process has then been proposed to fabricate the devices. All steps have been optimized for the fabrication of the modulator integrated with the waveguides. Mainly six electronic beam lithography and four etching steps were used. Preliminary experimental results obtained with such component are presented. This work paves the way to the demonstration of complex photonic integrated circuits, including modulators, photodetectors and passive structures on the same chip
Abraham, Alexis. "Développement de modulateurs optiques sur silicium à faible consommation énergétique pour les prochaines générations d'interconnexions optiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS338/document.
Full textWith the outstanding development of the internet, it is expected that global network traffic will grow exponentially, as well as the concern about the need for high-speed links and interconnections. To address these issues, it is then essential to propose performant systems that will support high speed transmission with low power consumption. Silicon photonics is a promising solution and integrate complex optical functions in a silicon chip, by using standard fabrication process used in microelectronic. In this context, the subject of my PhD is focused on the optical modulator which should support high speed transmission, have low optical losses, and have low power consumption. To obtain these constraints, several parameters need to be optimized while taking account fabrication constraints in order to find the best compromise between the different figures of merit. During this PhD, the improvement of the performances of the component was made by three different ways. The first optimization is related to the simulations for the current technology of modulators based on PN junctions. By integrating the fabrication process in the optimization process, more reliable numerical results are obtain. The key point of this study is the comparison of experimental characterizations and numerical simulations of two architectures of modulator. A substantial part of the PhD was also focused on the development of new modulators based on vertical capacitive junctions. The use of dedicated numerical tools reveals several key aspects of these components, and allow us to optimize two different architectures in order to obtain high efficient modulator. A new fabrication process has been established, and several information were extracted from the first run of fabrication. Then, a comparative study between most of modulators reviewed during this PhD was performed. The results allow us to determine which configuration has the best performances depending of the targeted application. In addition, a compact model was generated to optimize the component in a reduced simulation time
Ding, He. "Advanced photonic crystal assisted thin film solar cells : from order to pseudo-disorder." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC003/document.
Full textIn thin film silicon solar cells, it is important to take control of the absorption efficiency, in order to reach a high enough short-circuit current density (Jsc). To reach this goal, we have developed light trapping strategies based on simply periodic photonic crystals (PC) and more complex pattern structures. This work aims at integrating such structures into thin film crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Firstly, a simply periodic square lattice PC structure of cylindrical holes or inverted nano-pyramids have been considered in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction thin film solar cells. The absorption in the sole absorbing layer (c-Si) is considered and optimized in numerical simulations based on the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The Jsc are increased by 56.4% (cylindrical holes) and 104.8% (inverted nano-pyramids) compared to the unpatterned case. We also considered more advanced structures where an additional cylindrical holes structure is introduced in the bottom. Secondly, we have considered complex but realistic “pseudo-disordered” nanostructures, based on periodically reproduced supercells where the holes are randomly shifted. In such structures the absorption could be increased compared with fully optimized square lattice of holes, by increasing the spectral density of optical modes. Simulation based on Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis and fabrication by electronic beam lithography and reactive ion etching technologies have been performed, leading to a net absorption increase of about 2.1% theoretically, and 2.7% experimentally. Lastly, we have introduced pseudo-disordered structures with supercells of different size, in c-Si layers of several thicknesses in the 1-8μm range. The absorption mechanisms in such structures were analyzed, both in the real and reciprocal spaces, with a view to determine design guidelines. Moreover, the angular response of the optimized pseudo-disordered structure appears to be more stable than in the optimized square lattice of holes periodic case, especially in the long wavelength range
Kadura, Lina. "Études de nouvelles architectures de composants intégrés sensibles à la lumière en filière FDSOI pour les applications de type imageur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT031.
Full textA new type of light sensor called FDPix, composed of one transistor (1T) per pixel is investigated. It consists in co-integrating an FDSOI (Fully-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator) transistor with a photodiode to enable light sensing through optical back biasing. The absorption of photons and resulting photogenerated charges in the diode will result in a Light Induced VT Shift (LIVS). The LIVS is due to a capacitive coupling between the front and back gate of the FDSOI transistor and represents the key performance metric to be extracted and optimized. In this work, the device behavior in dc and transient domains was thoroughly investigated and modeled. Although not limited to this node, all the devices tested were fabricated using 28nm node FDSOI technology. By means of TCAD simulations and opto-electrical characterization, the device parameters such as Body Factor (BF) and junction profile were optimized to improve its performance. It was found that the FDPix is in fact a dual response sensor. It exhibits a linear response at low light intensity which results in high sensitivity, and a logarithmic response at higher intensities that ensures a high dynamic range (DR) of more than 120dB. The dedicated developed model is implemented in SPICE environment for circuit design. New pixel circuit in analog and digital domain, based on the FDPix were designed, fabricated, and tested. The results obtained and presented in this work, shows the potential of using the FDPix sensor for smart, highly embedded, low power image sensors for More-than-Moore applications
Ibrahim, Elmi Omar. "Nouvelles structures de cellules solaires à base de silicium : texturation, passivation et association de réseaux de nanostructures métalliques avec une couche Down-Conversion." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10037/document.
Full textThe viability of the silicon sector for the photovoltaic conversion is not any more in demonstrated, in particular with regard to the increasing number of industries of solar cells which become established in the developed countries. To obtain a large absorption of the light, the development of new structures or optical devices to improve the light trapping within solar cells is a real challenge. The works of this thesis concern a new generation of solar cells on the association of a network of metallic nano-objects and rare earth within a SiNx matrix. At first, we optimized two forms of textures on the surface of the silicon which increased the absorption in 15 % for the forms with nanopillars and 28 % for nanocones. The etching process of the silicon engenders the appearance of defects on the surface. We worked on three approaches of the surface passivation using thin layers of Al2O3 and SiNx materials to limit the phenomena of recombination. The second step of these works concerned the study of the plasmonics of a silver nanoparticles arrays fabricated through auto-assembled silica microspheres deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles in the matrix increased significantly our solar cells efficiency. In the last part, we studied the association of these metallic nano-objects with a layer down-conversion established of a matrix SiNx with rare earth Tb3+ and Yb3+. This association showed an increase of the intensity of photoluminescence of a factor 2,3. The application of the DC layer alone on our cells increased the efficiency of a factor 1,68
Baffou, Guillaume. "Luminescence induite par microscopie à effet tunnel et étude des propriétés électroniques, chimiques et optiques de la surface de carbure de silicium 6H-SiC(0001)3x3." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00190955.
Full textLa thématique dans laquelle s'inscrit cette thèse est la luminescence induite par STM sur substrat semiconducteur à large bande interdite. Les travaux ont porté sur la reconstruction de surface SiC(0001)3x3 du carbure de silicium (SiC) et s'articulent autour de trois parties.
La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la luminescence de la jonction tunnel métal/vide/SiC(0001)3x3. Cette étude, en parallèle à des mesures de spectroscopie tunnel, a mis en évidence les mécanismes et propriétés de transport électronique le long des états de surface du SiC.
Une deuxième partie est dédiée à l'adsorption de molécules organiques sur la surface SiC(0001)3x3. La fonctionnalisation organique du SiC est une étape indispensable pour l'étude de molécules individuelles mais aussi pour la conception de matériaux hybrides organique/inorganique. La résolution submoléculaire du STM associée à des calculs ab initio en collaboration ont dégagé un modèle de chimisorption détaillé de la phthalocyanine hydrogénée.
La dernière partie décrit des simulations numériques, basées sur le formalisme des tenseurs de Green, de la lumière émise par la jonction tunnel. Ces travaux ont permis de modéliser d'une part l'influence de la forme de la pointe du STM sur le spectre de la lumière émise, d'autre part l'inhibition de la fluorescence de molécules individuelles excitées par STM.
Besnard, Romain. "Développement d’une méthodologie de synthèse de silices hybrides à haute capacité extractante." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS108.
Full textThe aim of this study is to develop a suitable “all-in-one” approach involving amphiphilic organosilane precursors in order to prepare hybrid materials for solid phase extraction processes. Such molecules combine both condensable and functional parts around a long hydrophobic alkyl chain.Similarly to a surfactant, the amphiphilic behavior of the organosilane molecules is governed by the size of the hydrophilic extractant function. By playing with the curvature agent size, it is possible to adjust the size of the couple extractant part/curvature agent at the interface between the aggregates and the surrounding media. Therefore, the aggregation shape is tunable. This approach constitutes an efficient and original method in order to tune the nanostructure of highly functionalized silica at the early stage of the elaboration. Hybrid organic-inorganic planar objects and vesicles are obtained for smaller curvature agents. Increasing the size of the curvature agent results in a transition of the aggregation geometry from vesicles to cylindrical direct micelles, leading to highly functionalized nanofibers.Comparatively, the addition of a silica precursor as TEOS in the preparation results in the swelling of the condensable part of the amphiphilic organosilane molecules. Thereby, as a curvature agent, the addition of TEOS allows tuning the aggregation towards reverse cylindrical micelles. Solvent effects have also been evaluated, appearing as a critical morphological parameter. Macroporous materials, blackberry-like particles and elongated or spherical nanoparticles can be obtained depending on the solvent.Finally, the accessibility of the functions and the extraction properties of the materials have been studied through chemical modifications and metallic ion extraction experiments (Rare earth elements, platinoids …)
Lerondel, Gilles. "Propagation de la lumière dans le silicium poreux: application à la photonique." Phd thesis, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006258.
Full textZelsmann, Marc. "Cristaux photoniques en silicium sur isolant pour le guidage, le filtrage, l'émission et l'éxtraction de lumière." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003731.
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