Journal articles: 'Emerging PFAS'

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Stanifer, John W., Heather M. Stapleton, Tomokazu Souma, Ashley Wittmer, Xinlu Zhao, and L. Ebony Boulware. "Perfluorinated Chemicals as Emerging Environmental Threats to Kidney Health." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): 1479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04670418.

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Background and objectivesPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of manufactured nonbiodegradable compounds. Despite increasing awareness as global pollutants, the impact of PFAS exposure on human health is not well understood, and there are growing concerns for adverse effects on kidney function. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review to summarize and identify gaps in the understanding between PFAS exposure and kidney health.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO Global Health, World Health Organization Global Index, and Web of Science for studies published from 1990 to 2018. We included studies on the epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, or toxicology of PFAS exposure and kidney-related health, including clinical, histologic, molecular, and metabolic outcomes related to kidney disease, or outcomes related to the pharmacokinetic role of the kidneys.ResultsWe identified 74 studies, including 21 epidemiologic, 13 pharmacokinetic, and 40 toxicological studies. Three population-based epidemiologic studies demonstrated associations between PFAS exposure and lower kidney function. Along with toxicology studies (n=10) showing tubular histologic and cellular changes from PFAS exposure, pharmacokinetic studies (n=5) demonstrated the kidneys were major routes of elimination, with active proximal tubule transport. In several studies (n=17), PFAS exposure altered several pathways linked to kidney disease, including oxidative stress pathways, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor pathways, NF-E2–related factor 2 pathways, partial epithelial mesenchymal transition, and enhanced endothelial permeability through actin filament modeling.ConclusionsA growing body of evidence portends PFASs are emerging environmental threats to kidney health; yet several important gaps in our understanding still exist.

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Meegoda, Jay N., Bruno Bezerra de Souza, Melissa Monteiro Casarini, and Jitendra A. Kewalramani. "A Review of PFAS Destruction Technologies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416397.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The scientific community has been laboriously working on two fronts: (1) adapting already existing and effective technologies in destroying organic contaminants for PFAS remediation and (2) developing new technologies to remediate PFAS. A common characteristic in both areas is the separation/removal of PFASs from other contaminants or media, followed by destruction. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies discussed here can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society’s urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. This review reports and compare widely accepted as well as emerging PFAS destruction technologies. Some of the technologies presented in this review are still under development at the lab scale, while others have already been tested in the field.

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Brase, Richard A., Elizabeth J. Mullin, and David C. Spink. "Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030995.

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Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).

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Ali, Aasim M., Christopher P. Higgins, Walied M. Alarif, Sultan S. Al-Lihaibi, Mohammed Ghandourah, and Roland Kallenborn. "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in contaminated coastal marine waters of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea: a baseline study." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 2791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09897-5.

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AbstractPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are today considered important constituents of the continuously growing substance group of persistent contaminants of emerging environmental concern (PCEC). Here, we report for the first time the concentrations of 12 relevant PFASs in 28 marine water samples from the Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea. The sum levels of 12 PFASs (Σ12 PFAS) in surface seawater ranged from <LOQ to 956 ngL−1. For the reference background site of this study, Σ12 PFAS levels ranged from <LOQ to 10.9 ng/L. The highest PFAS levels have been found in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab, two lagoons continuously receiving treated sewage effluents. PFHxA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTS were the most prevalent PFASs with relatively high concentrations. Discharge of municipal and industrial wastewaters is considered an important source of PFASs. The pattern of PFASs observed here suggests that the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) is a potential additional source for these compounds in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab lagoons. However, a systematic elucidation of local PFASs sources is needed. Contamination of the Red Sea waters with PFASs poses a potential imminent risk to the marine environment of the Red Sea and ultimately may even affect the health of human consumers through the consumption of local seafood.

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Eun, Heesoo, Eriko Yamazaki, Yu Pan, Sachi Taniyasu, Kosuke Noborio, and Nobuyoshi Yamashita. "Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 10379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610379.

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The properties of potential emerging persistent contaminants, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in an andosol rice paddy lysimeter were analyzed to determine their mobility and leaching behavior regarding carbon chain length and functional groups. For this purpose, simulated contaminated water (ΣPFAS = 1,185,719 ng/L) was used in the lysimeter. The results showed that PFAS distribution in the paddy soil lysimeter was influenced by the migration of these substances into irrigation water and their adsorption into the soil. PFHxS (C6) and PFOS (C8), which are the main components of the simulated contaminated water, were mostly captured in the soil layers of the low-humic andosol layer (0–35 cm). PFAS distribution may depend on soil properties, such as total carbon (TC) content. Compared with perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), the distribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil showed significant variation. The remaining PFCAs were distributed across all layers of the lysimeter, except for the longer-chain PFCAs. Moreover, the PFSA distribution was directly correlated with the carbon chain number, whereby longer- and shorter-chain PFSAs accumulated in the top and bottom soil layers, respectively. This study provides detailed information on the distribution, leaching, uptake, and accumulation of individual PFAS in andosol paddy fields in Japan.

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Anderko, Laura, Emma Pennea, and Stephanie Chalupka. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Emerging Contaminant of Concern." Annual Review of Nursing Research 38, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.38.159.

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Concerns about the health impacts from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow as the science continues to emerge associating this chemical family with a wide range of health impacts. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, and also impact reproductive health, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. PFAS exposure is widespread, with communities surrounding military bases at potentially greater risk of exposure from the use of fire fighting foam that may have entered the drinking water. As trusted health professionals, nurses have been in the frontlines communicating risks regarding PFAS to impacted communities. This chapter describes a large number of PFAS studies in blood and harmful health effects in people. The chapter discusses primary sources of exposure and risk reduction. It explains health advisory levels, minimal risk levels. The chapter provides medical testing and medical management.

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Meegoda, Jay N., Jitendra A. Kewalramani, Brian Li, and Richard W. Marsh. "A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218117.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.

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Barisci, Sibel, and Rominder Suri. "Occurrence and removal of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 12 (November 9, 2021): 3442–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.484.

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Abstract The presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has caused serious problems for drinking water supplies especially at intake locations close to PFAS manufacturing facilities, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and sites where PFAS-containing firefighting foam was regularly used. Although monitoring is increasing, knowledge on PFAS occurrences particularly in municipal and industrial effluents is still relatively low. Even though the production of C8-based PFAS has been phased out, they are still being detected at many WWTPs. Emerging PFAS such as GenX and F-53B are also beginning to be reported in aquatic environments. This paper presents a broad review and discussion on the occurrence of PFAS in municipal and industrial wastewater which appear to be their main sources. Carbon adsorption and ion exchange are currently used treatment technologies for PFAS removal. However, these methods have been reported to be ineffective for the removal of short-chain PFAS. Several pioneering treatment technologies, such as electrooxidation, ultrasound, and plasma have been reported for PFAS degradation. Nevertheless, in-depth research should be performed for the applicability of emerging technologies for real-world applications. This paper examines different technologies and helps to understand the research needs to improve the development of treatment processes for PFAS in wastewater streams.

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Ma, Tingting, Chaoran Ye, Tiantian Wang, Xiuhua Li, and Yongming Luo. "Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Aquatic Invertebrates, Planktons, and Microorganisms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416729.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), recognized worldwide as emerging pollutants, may pose a substantial threat to human health and our environment due to their stability, high concentrations, wide distribution, and easy accumulation. Ever since perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid were recognized by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the public has become increasingly concerned about potential contamination and the environmental risks associated with PFASs. Ubiquitous PFAS contamination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and sediment has been detected, especially in areas with rapid industrial and economic development. Its accumulation in living organisms and foods has accentuated the importance of investigations into aquatic organisms at the bottom of the food chain, as the stability and integrity of the food web as well as the population quantity and structure of the aquatic ecosystem may be affected. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the toxic and toxicity-related effects of PFASs on aquatic plankton, aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms, the characteristics of different target aquatic organisms in toxicity investigations, and a feasibility evaluation of PFAS substitutes to provide valuable suggestions for further utilization and regulation of PFASs and their substitutes.

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Zimmerman, Charity, Caroline Noblet, and Molly Shea. "Forever Chemicals Needing Immediate Solutions: Mainers’ Preferences for Addressing PFAS Contamination." Maine Policy Review 31, no. 1-2 (2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53558/dxsg7258.

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Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of synthetic fluorinated chemicals also referred to as “forever chemicals.” The release of these chemicals into the environment presents an urgent, emerging threat to human and environmental health. Decision-makers seeking to address a variety of PFAS-related issues need better understanding of citizens’ knowledge of PFAS contamination and their preferences for managing the issue. To provide this vital information, we analyze data from a survey of Maine citizens. We assess Maine residents’ baseline knowledge of PFAS contamination, as well as their preferences for generation and allocation of funds to address PFAS contamination in Maine.

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Parolini, Marco, Beatrice De Felice, Marianna Rusconi, Michelangelo Morganti, Stefano Polesello, and Sara Valsecchi. "A review of the bioaccumulation and adverse effects of PFAS in free-living organisms from contaminated sites nearby fluorochemical production plants." Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 1, no. 4 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2022.15.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogeneous group of chemicals of potential concern to human and environmental health. Based on information for some legacy PFAS, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is an increasing awareness that they can represent a serious environmental risk. Although the environmental occurrence and fate of some legacy PFAS and their toxicity under controlled laboratory conditions have been investigated, to date, there is a dearth of information on the exposure and potential adverse effects of these compounds towards free-living organisms. The present review summarizes the findings of field studies investigating the accumulation and adverse effects induced by the exposure to environmental mixtures of both legacy and emerging PFAS in the wildlife living nearby fluorochemical production plants (FCP). Biomonitoring campaigns performed close to FCP, which can be considered as hotspots of PFAS contamination, can be very useful in exploring the fate and toxicity of these compounds towards free-living organisms. All studies showed that the bioaccumulation of both legacy and emerging PFAS in wildlife living near the FCP is higher compared to control sites and other areas worldwide. However, the investigation on adverse effects returned contrasting results, suggesting the need for further studies to shed light on the toxicity and mechanism(s) of action of PFAS in free-living organisms.

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Fey, Megan E., Philip E. Goodrum, N. Roxanna Razavi, Christopher M. Whipps, Sujan Fernando, and Janet K. Anderson. "Is Mixtures’ Additivity Supported by Empirical Data? A Case Study of Developmental Toxicity of PFOS and 6:2 FTS in Wildtype Zebrafish Embryos." Toxics 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080418.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a major priority for many federal and state regulatory agencies charged with monitoring levels of emerging contaminants in environmental media and setting health-protective benchmarks to guide risk assessments. While screening levels and toxicity reference values have been developed for numerous individual PFAS compounds, there remain important data gaps regarding the mode of action for toxicity of PFAS mixtures. The present study aims to contribute whole-mixture toxicity data and advance the methods for evaluating mixtures of two key components of aqueous film-forming foams: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS). Wildtype (AB) zebrafish embryos were exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTS, both as individual components and as binary mixtures, from 2 to 122 h post-fertilization. Five treatment levels were selected to encompass environmentally relevant exposure levels. Experimental endpoints consisted of mortality, hatching, and developmental endpoints, including swim bladder inflation, yolk sac area, and larval body length. Results from dose–response analysis indicate that the assumption of additivity using conventional points of departure (e.g., NOAEL, LOAEL) is not supported for critical effect endpoints with these PFAS mixtures, and that the interactions vary as a function of the dose range. Alternative methods for quantifying relative potency are proposed, and recommendations for additional investigations are provided to further advance assessments of the toxicity of PFAS mixtures to aquatic organisms.

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Ruan, Ting, Jennifer Field, Ian Cousins, Rainer Lohmann, and Guibin Jiang. "Emerging Contaminants: Fluorinated Alternatives to Existing PFAS." Environmental Science & Technology 56, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 6001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03041.

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Lath, Supriya, Divina A. Navarro, Dusan Losic, Anupama Kumar, and Michael J. McLaughlin. "Sorptive remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using mixed mineral and graphene/carbon-based materials." Environmental Chemistry 15, no. 8 (2018): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18156.

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Environmental contextPer- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of emerging concern, creating a need to develop efficient multi-functional adsorbents for improved remediation performance. By exploiting the versatility of graphene technology, we demonstrate that combining mineral and carbonaceous phases greatly increases and strengthens PFAS-binding to the adsorbent. The study highlights the benefits and potential applications of mixed adsorbents in PFAS-remediation. AbstractAs the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is energy-intensive, there is a need to develop in situ remediation strategies to manage PFAS-contamination. The sorption of PFOA by graphene oxide (GO), an iron-oxide-modified reduced-GO composite (FeG) and an activated-carbon(C)/clay/alumina-based adsorbent, RemBindTM (RemB), are evaluated. Sorption by FeG and RemB (>90%) is much greater than GO (60%). While an increase in pH hinders PFOA-sorption by GO, owing to the increased repulsion of anionic PFOA, variations in pH and ionic strength do not significantly influence PFOA-sorption by FeG and RemB, which indicates that binding is predominantly controlled by non-electrostatic forces. Hydrophobic interactions are assumed at the graphene or C-surface for all adsorbents, with added ligand-exchange mechanisms involving the associated Fe- and Al-minerals in FeG and RemB, respectively. Desorption of adsorbed PFOA is greatest in methanol, compared to water, toluene, or hexane, which provides estimates of the binding strength and reversibility from an environmental-partitioning perspective; i.e. risk of remobilisation of bound PFOA owing to rainfall events is low, but the presence of polar organic solvents may increase leaching risk. Iron-mineral-functionalisation of GO enhances the amount of PFOA adsorbed (by 30%) as well as the binding strength, which highlights the advantage of combining mineral and C-phases. Successful sorption of a range of PFASs from a contaminated-site water sample highlights the potential of using ‘mixed’ adsorbents like FeG and RemB in situ for PFAS-remediation, as they provide avenues for enhanced sorption through multiple mechanisms.

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Mazzoni, Michela, Claudia Ferrario, Roberta Bettinetti, Roberta Piscia, Davide Cicala, Pietro Volta, Katrine Borgå, Sara Valsecchi, and Stefano Polesello. "Trophic Magnification of Legacy (PCB, DDT and Hg) and Emerging Pollutants (PFAS) in the Fish Community of a Small Protected Southern Alpine Lake (Lake Mergozzo, Northern Italy)." Water 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061591.

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The biomagnification of mercury, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and perfluoroalkyl acids substances (PFASs) was evaluated in the trophic web of Lake Mergozzo, a small and deep Italian subalpine lake, which has been chosen because it is a protected environment, and discharges into the lake are mostly avoided. Carbon source and relative trophic levels were calculated by using 13C and 15N stable isotopes, respectively, and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were derived. Zooplankton and thirteen species of fish were collected and analyzed, and the results showed the elevated level of biota contamination from both legacy and emerging pollutants, even if direct discharges were avoided. Concentrations in biota, expressed as sums of compounds, ranged from 0.4 to 60 µg kg−1 wet weight (ww) for PFASs, from 16 to 1.3 104 µg kg−1 lipid content (lw) for DDTs, from 17 to 1.5 104 µg kg−1 lw for PCBs and from 20.0 to 501 µg kg−1 ww for mercury (Hg). TMFs of this deep, cold lake, with a prevalent pelagic trophic chain, were high and clearly indicated fish biomagnification, except for PFAS. The biomagnification capability of PFAS in a fish-only food web was discussed by using the biomagnification of Hg as a benchmark for assessing their bioaccumulation potential.

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Lee, Katherine, Brian Skinn, Stephen Snyder, Chris Athmer, and Maria Inman. "Tandem Electrokinetic/Electrocatalytic Remediation of Pfas in Soils." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 58 (October 9, 2022): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02582188mtgabs.

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Per-/polyfluorinated species (PFAS) are a class of widely used, highly stable chemicals that do not readily break down in the environment or human body. As a result of their widespread use and persistence in the environment, PFAS can be found in soil, air, and water at numerous sites across the United States. Recent work has linked exposure to some types of PFAS found in the environment to adverse health effects in humans. The bio-accumulative nature of PFAS along with the potential adverse health effects has provided strong motivation for active remediation of these emerging contaminants at environmental sites. Development of energy- and cost-efficient technologies for the in-situ treatment of PFAS-contaminated soils would greatly facilitate efforts to remediate these contaminated sites and alleviate the public health threat they represent. This talk will discuss recent efforts to develop a tandem electrokinetic/electrocatalytic technology for energy-efficient concentration and destruction of PFAS in contaminated soils. In this approach (Figure A), electrokinetic soil remediation technology is used to drive the PFAS contaminants to a localized area around the electrokinetic anode and electrocatalysis reactors situated near this electrokinetic anode degrade and destroy the concentrated PFAS species. Data will be presented describing the electrokinetic transport observed for various C4-C12 linear-chain PFAS in a Dayton, OH till soil on the bench scale (see Figure B). Experimental results to date suggest that larger PFAS species (above ~C6) experience sufficiently strong physicochemical attraction to the soil particles that electrokinetic transport is mostly or completely suppressed. Based on these results, current work is identifying ways to improve electrokinetic PFAS remediation by disrupting these PFAS-soil interactions in a fashion that is economically and environmentally favorable. Results demonstrating the ability to enhance electrocatalytic PFAS destruction through the use of pulsed-waveforms (relative to traditional direct current methods) will also be presented. Figure Caption. (A) Mechanism of tandem electrokinetic/electrocatalytic PFAS destruction. (B) Bench-scale apparatus for soil electrokinetics tests. Figure 1

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Clark, Rebecca B., and Jeffrey E. Dick. "Towards deployable electrochemical sensors for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)." Chemical Communications 57, no. 66 (2021): 8121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc02641k.

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Baldaguez Medina, Paola, Stephen Cotty, Kwiyong Kim, Johannes Elbert, and Xiao Su. "Emerging investigator series: electrochemically-mediated remediation of GenX using redox-copolymers." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 7, no. 12 (2021): 2231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ew00544h.

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GenX is a major per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) of environmental concern. Redox-copolymers are explored as selective adsorbents for the electrochemically-mediated separation and remediation of GenX from water.

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Binetti, Rita, Paola Calza, Giovanni Costantino, Stefania Morgillo, and Dimitra Papagiannaki. "Perfluoroalkyl Substance Assessment in Turin Metropolitan Area and Correlation with Potential Sources of Pollution according to the Water Safety Plan Risk Management Approach." Separations 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6010017.

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Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a huge class of Contaminants of Emerging Concern, well-known to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. They have been detected in different environmental matrices, in wildlife and even in humans, with drinking water being considered as the main exposure route. Therefore, the present study focused on the estimation of PFAS in the Metropolitan Area of Turin, where SMAT (Società Metropolitana Acque Torino S.p.A.) is in charge of the management of the water cycle and the development of a tool for supporting “smart” water quality monitoring programs to address emerging pollutants’ assessments using multivariate spatial and statistical analysis tools. A new “green” analytical method was developed and validated in order to determine 16 different PFAS in drinking water with a direct injection to the Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) system and without any pretreatment step. The validation of this analytical method resulted in really low Quantification Limits (5 ng L−1), in satisfying recoveries (70%–102%) and in a good linearity (R2 = 0.99) for every compound. Among the results, only 4 compounds and only 6% of the samples showed a pollution level higher than the limits of and Quantification (LOQ). Finally, the correlation study between the assessment findings and the industrial sites which serve as potential sources of pollution in the monitored area was carried out.

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Dixit, Fuhar, Benoit Barbeau, Shadan Ghavam Mostafavi, and Madjid Mohseni. "PFOA and PFOS removal by ion exchange for water reuse and drinking applications: role of organic matter characteristics." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 10 (2019): 1782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00409b.

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Awad, Raed, Yihui Zhou, Elisabeth Nyberg, Shahla Namazkar, Wu Yongning, Qianfen Xiao, Yaije Sun, Zhiliang Zhu, Åke Bergman, and Jonathan P. Benskin. "Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, no. 10 (2020): 2023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0em00077a.

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Daramola, Oluwadamilola, and Amy A. Rand. "Emerging investigator series: human CYP2A6 catalyzes the oxidation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23, no. 11 (2021): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1em00307k.

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Langenbach, Blake, and Mark Wilson. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Significance and Considerations within the Regulatory Framework of the USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 11142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111142.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging environmental crisis. Deemed forever chemicals, many congeners bioaccumulate and are incredibly persistent in the environment due to the presence of the strong carbon-fluorine covalent bonds. Notable PFAS compounds include perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX. Robust toxicological knowledge exists for these substances, but regulatory decisions based on this knowledge has fallen behind. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has addressed this issue with the PFAS Action Plan and EPA Council on PFAS, but the regulatory framework is severely lacking. Currently, no federal regulations or standards exist. Many occupational and non-occupational human cohorts exist that can lend knowledge on the environmental implications of PFAS and associated health effects. Occupationally, firefighters face significant exposure risks due to use of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and personal protective equipment contamination. Non-occupationally, wastewater discharge in North Carolina led to chronic and widespread residential exposure to GenX via drinking water contamination. This public health review seeks to convey the current and future significance of PFAS as an environmental contaminate, to lend considerations on regulatory frameworks within the USA, and to help guide and promote the need for future epidemiological studies in order to tackle this environmental emergency. While the PFAS Action Plan creates a scientific and regulatory foundation, it is important to take these lessons and apply them to future environmental health issues.

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Panieri, Emiliano, Aleksandra Buha-Đorđevic, and Luciano Saso. "Endocrine disruption by PFAS: A major concern associated with legacy and replacement substances." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 6 (2021): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-34197.

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Perand poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a great variety of processes and products by virtue of their exceptional properties, versatility and chemical stability. Nevertheless, it is increasingly recognized that these substances can represent a serious hazard to human health and living organisms due to their persistence, long-range transport potential and tendency to accumulate in biota. For this reason, some efforts have been made across the EU to identify alternative molecules, with a shorter carbon chain and theoretically safer profile, that might replace the previous generation of legacy PFAS. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been entirely successful and serious concerns are still posed by PFAS in different human populations. Among others, an emerging aspect is represented by the adverse effects that both legacy and alternative PFAS can exert on the human endocrine system, with respect to vulnerable target subpopulations. In this review we will briefly summarize PFAS properties, uses and environmental fate, focusing on their effects on human reproductive capacity and fertility, body weight control and obesity as well as thyroid function.

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Baker, Erin S., and Detlef R. U. Knappe. "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—contaminants of emerging concern." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 414, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 1187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03811-9.

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Lohmann, Rainer, and Elsie Sunderland. "Emerging questions in exposure, regulation, and remediation of PFAS." iScience 24, no. 9 (September 2021): 103054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103054.

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J, Hoppin, Kotlarz N, de Kort T, Ng-A.-Tham J, Starling A, Adgate J, and Jakobsson K. "An overview of emerging PFAS in drinking water worldwide." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607564.20698.d8.

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Tian, Hao, Christy Gaines, Lori Launi, Ana Pomales, Germaine Vazquez, Amanda Goharian, Bradley Goodnight, Erica Haney, Christopher M. Reh, and Rachel D. Rogers. "Understanding Public Perceptions of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Infodemiology Study of Social Media." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): e25614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25614.

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Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmental contaminants that have received significant public attention. PFAS are a large group of human-made chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products worldwide since the 1950s. Human exposure to PFAS is a growing public health concern. Studies suggest that exposure to PFAS may increase the risk of some cancers and have negative health impacts on the endocrine, metabolic, and immune systems. Federal and state health partners are investigating the exposure to and possible health effects associated with PFAS. Government agencies can observe social media discourse on PFAS to better understand public concerns and develop targeted communication and outreach efforts. Objective The primary objective of this study is to understand how social media is used to share, disseminate, and engage in public discussions of PFAS-related information in the United States. Methods We investigated PFAS-related content across 2 social media platforms between May 1, 2017, and April 30, 2019, to identify how social media is used in the United States to seek and disseminate PFAS-related information. Our key variable of interest was posts that mentioned “PFAS,” “PFOA,” “PFOS,” and their hashtag variations across social media platforms. Additional variables included post type, time, PFAS event, and geographic location. We examined term use and post type differences across platforms. We used descriptive statistics and regression analysis to assess the incidence of PFAS discussions and to identify the date, event, and geographic patterns. We qualitatively analyzed social media content to determine the most prevalent themes discussed on social media platforms. Results Our analysis revealed that Twitter had a significantly greater volume of PFAS-related posts compared with Reddit (98,264 vs 3126 posts). PFAS-related social media posts increased by 670% over 2 years, indicating a marked increase in social media users’ interest in and awareness of PFAS. Active engagement varied across platforms, with Reddit posts demonstrating more in-depth discussions compared with passive likes and reposts among Twitter users. Spikes in PFAS discussions were evident and connected to the discovery of contamination events, media coverage, and scientific publications. Thematic analysis revealed that social media users see PFAS as a significant public health concern and seek a trusted source of information about PFAS-related public health efforts. Conclusions The analysis identified a prevalent theme—on social media, PFAS are perceived as an immediate public health concern, which demonstrates a growing sense of urgency to understand this emerging contaminant and its potential health impacts. Government agencies can continue using social media research to better understand the changing community sentiment on PFAS and disseminate targeted information and then use social media as a forum for dispelling misinformation, communicating scientific findings, and providing resources for relevant public health services.

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Singh, Nalin, and Ching Yi Jennifer Hsieh. "Exploring Potential Carcinogenic Activity of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances Utilizing High-Throughput Toxicity Screening Data." International Journal of Toxicology 40, no. 4 (May 4, 2021): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10915818211010490.

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Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, persistent, and toxic chemicals that pose public health risks. Recent carcinogenicity concerns have arisen based on epidemiological studies, animal tumor findings, and mechanistic data. Thousands of PFAS exist; however, current understanding of their toxicity is informed by studies of a select few, namely, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Hence, the computational, high-throughput screening tool, the US EPA CompTox Chemical Dashboard’s ToxCast, was utilized to explore the carcinogenicity potential of PFAS. Twenty-three major PFAS that had sufficient in vitro ToxCast data and covered a range of structural subclasses were analyzed with the visual analytics software ToxPi, yielding a qualitative and quantitative assessment of PFAS activity in realms closely linked with carcinogenicity. A comprehensive literature search was also conducted to check the consistency of analyses with other mechanistic data streams. The PFAS were found to induce a vast range of biological perturbations, in line with several of the International Agency for Research on Cancer–defined key carcinogen characteristics. Patterns observed varied by length of fluorine-bonded chains and/or functional group within and between each key characteristic, suggesting some structure-based variability in activity. In general, the major conclusions drawn from the analysis, that is, the most notable activities being modulation of receptor-mediated effects and induction of oxidative stress, were supported by literature findings. The study helps enhance understanding of the mechanistic pathways that underlie the potential carcinogenicity of various PFAS and hence could assist in hazard identification and risk assessment for this emerging and relevant class of environmental toxicants.

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Vughs, D., K. A. Baken, M. M. L. Dingemans, and P. de Voogt. "The determination of two emerging perfluoroalkyl substances and related halogenated sulfonic acids and their significance for the drinking water supply chain." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 11 (2019): 1899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00393b.

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Analytical methodologies were developed for two emerging PFAS, F3-MSA and HFPO-DA, in order to assess their occurrence and levels in Dutch and Belgian waters and evaluate human health risks due to their presence in drinking water.

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De Toni, Luca, Claudia Maria Radu, Iva Sabovic, Andrea Di Nisio, Stefano Dall’Acqua, Diego Guidolin, Salvatore Spampinato, Elena Campello, Paolo Simioni, and Carlo Foresta. "Increased Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Chemical Sensitivity to Perfluoro–Octanoic Acid: Role of Impaired Platelet Aggregation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020399.

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Perfluoro–alkyl substances (PFAS), particularly perfluoro–octanoic acid (PFOA), are persisting environmental chemicals showing bioaccumulation in human tissues. Recently, exposure to PFAS has been associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, a causal role of PFAS in atherosclerosis pathogenesis is under-investigated. Here, we investigated the effect of PFOA exposure on platelets’ function, a key player in atherosclerosis process. PFOA accumulation in platelets was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Changes in platelets’ membrane fluidity and activation after dose-dependent exposure to PFOA were evaluated by merocyanine 540 (MC540) and anti P-Selectin immune staining at flow cytometry, respectively. Intracellular calcium trafficking was analyzed with Fluo4M probe, time-lapse live imaging. Platelets’ aggregation state was also evaluated with Multiplate® aggregometry analyzer in 48 male subjects living in a specific area of the Veneto region with high PFAS environmental pollution, and compared with 30 low-exposure control subjects. Platelets’ membrane was the major target of PFOA, whose dose-dependent accumulation was associated in turn with increased membrane fluidity, as expected by a computational model; increased activation at resting condition; and both calcium uptake and aggregation upon activation. Finally, exposed subjects had higher serum and platelets levels of PFOA, together with increased aggregation parameters at Multiplate®, compared with controls. These data help to explain the emerging association between PFAS exposure and CVD.

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Wang, Xiaoping, Jasmin Schuster, Kevin C. Jones, and Ping Gong. "Occurrence and spatial distribution of neutral perfluoroalkyl substances and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 12 (June 21, 2018): 8745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8745-2018.

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Abstract. Due to their properties of bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-range atmospheric transport, polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) are currently being considered as emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for regulation. To date, there are limited data on PFASs and cVMSs in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a remote environment which can provide information on global background conditions. Sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disc passive air samplers were therefore deployed for 3 months (May to July 2011 and 2013) at 16 locations across the TP. Using previously reported methods for estimating the air volume sampled by SIP discs, the derived atmospheric concentrations ranged as follows: 18–565 ng m−3 for ΣcVMS (including D3, D4, D5, and D6); 65–223 pg m−3 for fluorotelomer alcohols (ΣFTOHs); 1.2–12.8 pg m−3 for fluorinated sulfonamides (ΣFOSA); and 0.29–1.02 pg m−3 for fluorinated sulfonamidoethanols (ΣFOSE). The highest ΣcVMS occurred at Lhasa, the capital city of the TP, indicating the local contribution to the emerging pollutants. Higher levels of ΣFTOHs were observed at sites close to the transport channel of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, indicating possible long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Elevated concentrations of shorter-chain volatile PFAS precursors (4 : 2 FTOH and fluorobutane sulfonamidoethanol) were found in most air samples, reflecting the shift in production from long- to short-chain PFASs in Asia. Overall, concentrations of emerging POPs at background sites of the TP were 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported for legacy POPs.

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Leonello, Domenico, Murilo Alexandre Fendrich, Francesco Parrino, Nainesh Patel, Michele Orlandi, and Antonio Miotello. "Light-Induced Advanced Oxidation Processes as PFAS Remediation Methods: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 8458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188458.

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PFAS substances, which have been under investigation in recent years, are certainly some of the most critical emerging contaminants. Their presence in drinking water, correlated with diseases, is consistently being confirmed by scientific studies in the academic and health sectors. With the aim of developing new technologies to mitigate the water contamination problem, research activity based on advanced oxidation processes for PFAS dealkylation and subsequent mineralization is active. While UV radiation could be directly employed for decontamination, there are nevertheless considerable problems regarding its use, even from a large-scale perspective. In contrast, the use of cheap, robust, and green photocatalytic materials active under near UV-visible radiation shows interesting prospects. In this paper we take stock of the health problems related to PFAS, and then provide an update on strategies based on the use of photocatalysts and the latest findings regarding reaction mechanisms. Finally, we detail some brief considerations in relation to the economic aspects of possible solutions.

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Mahinroosta, Reza, and Lalantha Senevirathna. "A review of the emerging treatment technologies for PFAS contaminated soils." Journal of Environmental Management 255 (February 2020): 109896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109896.

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Simonetti, Giulia, Elisa Sonego, Federica Castellani, Patrizia Di Filippo, Carmela Riccardi, Donatella Pomata, and Francesca Buiarelli. "Emerging and Legacy Organic Halogenated Pollutants in Indoor Dusts." Proceedings 44, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecehs-2-06391.

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In indoor environments, the concentration of halogenated organic pollutants in dust can be high due to the presence of products treated with these chemicals. In this study, we monitored emerging organic pollutants, such as novel brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and some perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), together with legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in settled dust collected in five different (domestic and occupational) environments. In workplaces, a high incidence of PCBs, PBDEs and nBFRs occurred. Dust collection represents a simple, fast and cost-effective sampling and dust contamination level can be a useful indicator of environment healthiness.

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Wikström, Sverre, Ping-I. Lin, Christian H. Lindh, Huan Shu, and Carl-Gustaf Bornehag. "Maternal serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy and offspring birth weight." Pediatric Research 87, no. 6 (December 13, 2019): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0720-1.

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Abstract Background Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread, bioaccumulating, and persistent and show placental transfer. Emerging research indicates associations between prenatal exposure and low birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between first trimester exposure to PFASs and birth weight (BW) in the Swedish Environmental, Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study and examine whether associations differ between girls and boys. Methods Eight PFASs were analyzed in maternal serum (median: 10 weeks of pregnancy). Associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and birth outcomes with BW, BW for gestational age, and birth small for gestational age (SGA) were assessed in 1533 infants, adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by sex. Results Increased maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were associated with lower BW, lower BW for gestational age, and SGA birth. Associations were significant only in girls, where prenatal exposure in the upper quartile was associated with a 93–142-g lower BW when compared with that of the lowest quartile exposure. The associations were not mediated by effects on gestational age. Conclusions We found associations between prenatal exposure for five different PFASs and birth weight, with more pronounced associations in girls than in boys.

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Menegatto, Marialuisa, Sara Lezzi, Michele Musolino, and Adriano Zamperini. "The Psychological Impact of Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Pollution in the Veneto Region, Italy: A Qualitative Study with Parents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214761.

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Little is known about the psychosocial impact on people who live in polluted areas, and its consequences for the parental role have been neglected. This study addresses this gap, proposing qualitative research referring to the case of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) water pollution in the Veneto Region of Italy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic exposure contamination (CEC) experience of parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 parents living in the so-called ‘Red Area’ considered to have had maximum exposure. Grounded theory was used to analyse the data. The three themes to emerge were three phases of a dynamic process: shock around the discovery (phase 1), lifestyle change (phase 2), and living with PFAS (phase 3). The two transitions (loss of innocence and environmental adaptation) linked the phases. Our findings show that PFAS CEC experience is a process whereby parents need to move from the shock of discovery to adapting to the new situation in order to incorporate a change into their daily life, especially in regard to children. Two emerging aspects that characterised the process as a constant were uncertainty and health concerns, while role strains could be a stress source in the context of CEC. We suggest introducing the notion of chronic role strain (CRS).

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Palma, Davide, Dimitra Papagiannaki, Manuel Lai, Rita Binetti, Mohamad Sleiman, Marco Minella, and Claire Richard. "PFAS Degradation in Ultrapure and Groundwater Using Non-Thermal Plasma." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040924.

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Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent one of the most recalcitrant class of compounds of emerging concern and their removal from water is a challenging goal. In this study, we investigated the removal efficiency of three selected PFAS from water, namely, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and pefluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) using a custom-built non-thermal plasma generator. A modified full factorial design (with 2 levels, 3 variables and the central point in which both quadratic terms and interactions between couple of variables were considered) was used to investigate the effect of plasma discharge frequency, distance between the electrodes and water conductivity on treatment efficiency. Then, the plasma treatment running on optimized conditions was used to degrade PFAS at ppb level both individually and in mixture, in ultrapure and groundwater matrices. PFOS 1 ppb exhibited the best degradation reaching complete removal after 30 min of treatment in both water matrices (first order rate constant 0.107 min−1 in ultrapure water and 0.0633 min−1 in groundwater), while the degradation rate of PFOA and PFHxA was slower of around 65% and 83%, respectively. During plasma treatment, the production of reactive species in the liquid phase (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide) and in the gas phase (ozone, NOx) was investigated. Particular attention was dedicated to the nitrogen balance in solution where, following to NOx hydrolysis, total nitrogen (TN) was accumulated at the rate of up to 40 mgN L−1 h−1.

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Baluyot, Jobriell C., Emmanuel Marc Reyes, and Michael C. Velarde. "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as contaminants of emerging concern in Asia's freshwater resources." Environmental Research 197 (June 2021): 111122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111122.

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Teymourian, Targol, Termeh Teymoorian, Elaheh Kowsari, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "A review of emerging PFAS contaminants: sources, fate, health risks, and a comprehensive assortment of recent sorbents for PFAS treatment by evaluating their mechanism." Research on Chemical Intermediates 47, no. 12 (October 18, 2021): 4879–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-021-04603-7.

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Liu, Xianglin, Xiaowei Zheng, Liangliang Zhang, Jue Li, Yanyao Li, Honghui Huang, and Zhengqiu Fan. "Joint toxicity mechanisms of binary emerging PFAS mixture on algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) at environmental concentration." Journal of Hazardous Materials 437 (September 2022): 129355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129355.

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N, Kotlarz, Collier D, Lea S, Knappe D, and Hoppin J. "Population Exposure to Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) through Drinking Water in North Carolina." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608200.05204.5c.

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Wickham, Grace M., and Thomas E. Shriver. "Emerging contaminants, coerced ignorance and environmental health concerns: The case of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)." Sociology of Health & Illness 43, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 764–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13253.

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Meng, Lingyi, Boyu Song, Huifang Zhong, Xindong Ma, Yingjun Wang, Donghui Ma, Yao Lu, Wei Gao, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang. "Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the Bohai Sea and its inflow rivers." Environment International 156 (November 2021): 106735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106735.

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Yu, Chang Ho, C. David Riker, Shou-en Lu, and Zhihua (Tina) Fan. "Biomonitoring of emerging contaminants, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in New Jersey adults in 2016–2018." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 223, no. 1 (January 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.008.

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Bell, Erin M., Sylvain De Guise, Jeffrey R. McCutcheon, Yu Lei, Milton Levin, Baikun Li, James F. Rusling, et al. "Exposure, health effects, sensing, and remediation of the emerging PFAS contaminants – Scientific challenges and potential research directions." Science of The Total Environment 780 (August 2021): 146399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146399.

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Wu, Congyue, Max J. Klemes, Brittany Trang, William R. Dichtel, and Damian E. Helbling. "Exploring the factors that influence the adsorption of anionic PFAS on conventional and emerging adsorbents in aquatic matrices." Water Research 182 (September 2020): 115950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115950.

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Gude, Veera Gnaneswar. "One water – evolving roles of our precious resource and critical challenges." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.154.

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Abstract This article presents the evolving challenges and roles of our water resources in this contemporary world. First, water quality issues surrounding water supplies are discussed. Potential pathways to address the water quality challenges are presented, which include technological approaches for minimizing waste and enhancing resource recovery. Focused discussions on emerging global pollutants such as microplastics and PFAS (per- and poly-fluoro alkyl substances) and treatment alternatives are included. Next, the roles of used water (wastewater) in the wake of circular economy and recent outbreaks are discussed. The potential for energy and resource recovery possibilities and the critical role of wastewater treatment plants in controlling the spread of outbreaks are discussed in detail. Finally, perspectives on some of the key developments essential for transforming our water infrastructure, addressing water-centered socio-economic issues and the critical needs of digitalization in water sector operations are presented.

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Liu, Yen-Ling, and Mei Sun. "Ion exchange removal and resin regeneration to treat per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids and other emerging PFAS in drinking water." Water Research 207 (December 2021): 117781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117781.

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Coggan, Timothy L., Tarun Anumol, James Pyke, Jeff Shimeta, and Bradley O. Clarke. "A single analytical method for the determination of 53 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous matrices." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 411, no. 16 (May 9, 2019): 3507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01829-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Emerging PFAS'

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