Academic literature on the topic 'Emerging PFAS'
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Journal articles on the topic "Emerging PFAS"
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Stanifer, John W., Heather M. Stapleton, Tomokazu Souma, Ashley Wittmer, Xinlu Zhao, and L. Ebony Boulware. "Perfluorinated Chemicals as Emerging Environmental Threats to Kidney Health." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): 1479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04670418.
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Background and objectivesPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of manufactured nonbiodegradable compounds. Despite increasing awareness as global pollutants, the impact of PFAS exposure on human health is not well understood, and there are growing concerns for adverse effects on kidney function. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review to summarize and identify gaps in the understanding between PFAS exposure and kidney health.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO Global Health, World Health Organization Global Index, and Web of Science for studies published from 1990 to 2018. We included studies on the epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, or toxicology of PFAS exposure and kidney-related health, including clinical, histologic, molecular, and metabolic outcomes related to kidney disease, or outcomes related to the pharmacokinetic role of the kidneys.ResultsWe identified 74 studies, including 21 epidemiologic, 13 pharmacokinetic, and 40 toxicological studies. Three population-based epidemiologic studies demonstrated associations between PFAS exposure and lower kidney function. Along with toxicology studies (n=10) showing tubular histologic and cellular changes from PFAS exposure, pharmacokinetic studies (n=5) demonstrated the kidneys were major routes of elimination, with active proximal tubule transport. In several studies (n=17), PFAS exposure altered several pathways linked to kidney disease, including oxidative stress pathways, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor pathways, NF-E2–related factor 2 pathways, partial epithelial mesenchymal transition, and enhanced endothelial permeability through actin filament modeling.ConclusionsA growing body of evidence portends PFASs are emerging environmental threats to kidney health; yet several important gaps in our understanding still exist.
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Meegoda, Jay N., Bruno Bezerra de Souza, Melissa Monteiro Casarini, and Jitendra A. Kewalramani. "A Review of PFAS Destruction Technologies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416397.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The scientific community has been laboriously working on two fronts: (1) adapting already existing and effective technologies in destroying organic contaminants for PFAS remediation and (2) developing new technologies to remediate PFAS. A common characteristic in both areas is the separation/removal of PFASs from other contaminants or media, followed by destruction. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies discussed here can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society’s urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. This review reports and compare widely accepted as well as emerging PFAS destruction technologies. Some of the technologies presented in this review are still under development at the lab scale, while others have already been tested in the field.
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Brase, Richard A., Elizabeth J. Mullin, and David C. Spink. "Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030995.
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Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).
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Ali, Aasim M., Christopher P. Higgins, Walied M. Alarif, Sultan S. Al-Lihaibi, Mohammed Ghandourah, and Roland Kallenborn. "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in contaminated coastal marine waters of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea: a baseline study." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 2791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09897-5.
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AbstractPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are today considered important constituents of the continuously growing substance group of persistent contaminants of emerging environmental concern (PCEC). Here, we report for the first time the concentrations of 12 relevant PFASs in 28 marine water samples from the Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea. The sum levels of 12 PFASs (Σ12 PFAS) in surface seawater ranged from <LOQ to 956 ngL−1. For the reference background site of this study, Σ12 PFAS levels ranged from <LOQ to 10.9 ng/L. The highest PFAS levels have been found in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab, two lagoons continuously receiving treated sewage effluents. PFHxA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTS were the most prevalent PFASs with relatively high concentrations. Discharge of municipal and industrial wastewaters is considered an important source of PFASs. The pattern of PFASs observed here suggests that the usage of PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) is a potential additional source for these compounds in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab lagoons. However, a systematic elucidation of local PFASs sources is needed. Contamination of the Red Sea waters with PFASs poses a potential imminent risk to the marine environment of the Red Sea and ultimately may even affect the health of human consumers through the consumption of local seafood.
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Eun, Heesoo, Eriko Yamazaki, Yu Pan, Sachi Taniyasu, Kosuke Noborio, and Nobuyoshi Yamashita. "Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 10379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610379.
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The properties of potential emerging persistent contaminants, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in an andosol rice paddy lysimeter were analyzed to determine their mobility and leaching behavior regarding carbon chain length and functional groups. For this purpose, simulated contaminated water (ΣPFAS = 1,185,719 ng/L) was used in the lysimeter. The results showed that PFAS distribution in the paddy soil lysimeter was influenced by the migration of these substances into irrigation water and their adsorption into the soil. PFHxS (C6) and PFOS (C8), which are the main components of the simulated contaminated water, were mostly captured in the soil layers of the low-humic andosol layer (0–35 cm). PFAS distribution may depend on soil properties, such as total carbon (TC) content. Compared with perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), the distribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil showed significant variation. The remaining PFCAs were distributed across all layers of the lysimeter, except for the longer-chain PFCAs. Moreover, the PFSA distribution was directly correlated with the carbon chain number, whereby longer- and shorter-chain PFSAs accumulated in the top and bottom soil layers, respectively. This study provides detailed information on the distribution, leaching, uptake, and accumulation of individual PFAS in andosol paddy fields in Japan.
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Anderko, Laura, Emma Pennea, and Stephanie Chalupka. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Emerging Contaminant of Concern." Annual Review of Nursing Research 38, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.38.159.
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Concerns about the health impacts from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow as the science continues to emerge associating this chemical family with a wide range of health impacts. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, and also impact reproductive health, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. PFAS exposure is widespread, with communities surrounding military bases at potentially greater risk of exposure from the use of fire fighting foam that may have entered the drinking water. As trusted health professionals, nurses have been in the frontlines communicating risks regarding PFAS to impacted communities. This chapter describes a large number of PFAS studies in blood and harmful health effects in people. The chapter discusses primary sources of exposure and risk reduction. It explains health advisory levels, minimal risk levels. The chapter provides medical testing and medical management.
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Meegoda, Jay N., Jitendra A. Kewalramani, Brian Li, and Richard W. Marsh. "A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218117.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.
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Barisci, Sibel, and Rominder Suri. "Occurrence and removal of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 12 (November 9, 2021): 3442–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.484.
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Abstract The presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has caused serious problems for drinking water supplies especially at intake locations close to PFAS manufacturing facilities, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and sites where PFAS-containing firefighting foam was regularly used. Although monitoring is increasing, knowledge on PFAS occurrences particularly in municipal and industrial effluents is still relatively low. Even though the production of C8-based PFAS has been phased out, they are still being detected at many WWTPs. Emerging PFAS such as GenX and F-53B are also beginning to be reported in aquatic environments. This paper presents a broad review and discussion on the occurrence of PFAS in municipal and industrial wastewater which appear to be their main sources. Carbon adsorption and ion exchange are currently used treatment technologies for PFAS removal. However, these methods have been reported to be ineffective for the removal of short-chain PFAS. Several pioneering treatment technologies, such as electrooxidation, ultrasound, and plasma have been reported for PFAS degradation. Nevertheless, in-depth research should be performed for the applicability of emerging technologies for real-world applications. This paper examines different technologies and helps to understand the research needs to improve the development of treatment processes for PFAS in wastewater streams.
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Ma, Tingting, Chaoran Ye, Tiantian Wang, Xiuhua Li, and Yongming Luo. "Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Aquatic Invertebrates, Planktons, and Microorganisms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416729.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), recognized worldwide as emerging pollutants, may pose a substantial threat to human health and our environment due to their stability, high concentrations, wide distribution, and easy accumulation. Ever since perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid were recognized by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the public has become increasingly concerned about potential contamination and the environmental risks associated with PFASs. Ubiquitous PFAS contamination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and sediment has been detected, especially in areas with rapid industrial and economic development. Its accumulation in living organisms and foods has accentuated the importance of investigations into aquatic organisms at the bottom of the food chain, as the stability and integrity of the food web as well as the population quantity and structure of the aquatic ecosystem may be affected. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the toxic and toxicity-related effects of PFASs on aquatic plankton, aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms, the characteristics of different target aquatic organisms in toxicity investigations, and a feasibility evaluation of PFAS substitutes to provide valuable suggestions for further utilization and regulation of PFASs and their substitutes.
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Zimmerman, Charity, Caroline Noblet, and Molly Shea. "Forever Chemicals Needing Immediate Solutions: Mainers’ Preferences for Addressing PFAS Contamination." Maine Policy Review 31, no. 1-2 (2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53558/dxsg7258.
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Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of synthetic fluorinated chemicals also referred to as “forever chemicals.” The release of these chemicals into the environment presents an urgent, emerging threat to human and environmental health. Decision-makers seeking to address a variety of PFAS-related issues need better understanding of citizens’ knowledge of PFAS contamination and their preferences for managing the issue. To provide this vital information, we analyze data from a survey of Maine citizens. We assess Maine residents’ baseline knowledge of PFAS contamination, as well as their preferences for generation and allocation of funds to address PFAS contamination in Maine.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Emerging PFAS"
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Abdelraheem, Wael H. M. "Catalytic and Photocatalytic Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (CECs) and Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Wastewater Effluents for Water Reuse Applications." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613751353837349.
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Murad, Hassan. "Membranbioreaktorer och deras förmåga att avlägsna prioriterade mikroföroreningar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-366881.
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Spridning av läkemedelsrester och andra prioriterade mikroföroreningar i miljön har uppmärksammats och stor oro väckts kring problematiken. Bland observationer som forskare har noterat till följd av antibiotika, hormoner och läkemedel i vattenmiljöer är bland annat bakteriell resistens, könsbyte och sterilitet hos fisk och groddjur. Persistenta föroreningar som per- och polyfluor alkalysyror (PFAS) bryts inte heller ner i naturen och mikroskräppartiklar kan anrikas i vattendrag och orsaka negativa effekter på vattenlevande organismer. Gemensamt för mikroföroreningar är att dessa förekommer oftast i små halter och kan härstamma från olika mänskliga aktiviteter. Avloppsreningsverk (ARV) är inte primärt anpassade för att avskilja mikroföroreningar utan främst för att avlägsna kväve, fosfor och organiskt material. Uppströmsarbete är inte heller tillräckligt effektivt för att avlasta reningsprocessen vilket medför att mängden mikroföroreningar ökar i vattenmiljöer och sätter ytterligare påtryckningar på ARV. Utmaningar som ARV står inför idag med nya mikroföroreningar och förekomsten av dessa i miljön har väckt frågor både nationellt och internationellt. Stockholm Vatten och Avfalls (SVOA) beslut att implementera membranbioreaktor (MBR) på Henriksdals reningsverk av porstorleken 0,04 μm är en åtgärd för att rusta upp inför framtida hydrauliska volymer men även potentiella striktare reningskrav. Fördelen med MBR-processen är att den förhindrar föroreningar som förekommer partikulärt att passera membranen och på så sätt hindras skadliga ämnen att passera reningsprocessen. I dagsläge saknas krav på ARV att rena avloppsvatten från de flesta mikroföroreningar. Det förväntas dock att kommande lagstiftning omfattar läkemedel och andra organiska föroreningar. I detta projekt undersöktes mikroföroreningar i form av läkemedelsrester, antibiotika, hormoner, PFAS och mikroskärp i en MBR-process samt förekomsten av adsorberbara och extraherbara organiska halogener (AOX, EOX) som potentiellt bildas under rengöring av membranen till följd av reningsprocessen. Resultat från detta projekt med MBR-processen visade en generell högre reduktion av prioriterade mikroföroreningar i avloppsvatten än tidigare undersökningar på konventionella ARV, med undantag för några substanser som visade på en liknande sämre reduktion. Läkemedlen diklofenak, oxazepam, citalopram med flera visade på en sämre reduktion och lika så för antibiotikumen clindamycin, claritomycin och erytromycin där reduktionen var negativ och visade på en återkommande trend. Östrogena hormoner reducerades i reningsprocessen och likaså för mikroskräp där 60 partiklar/m3 mikroplast av porstorleken större än 300 μm passerade membranen. Mikroplast av en porstorlek i intervallet mindre än 300 men större än 50 μm passerade 140 partiklar/m3 membranen. För AOX och EOX var halten i MBR-processen typiska och i nivå med tidigare undersökningar genomförda på konventionella ARV. Eftersom membranen inte kan avskilja partiklar på molekylnivå visades sig även att det passerade fortfarande mikroföroreningar som undersöktes. En slutsats från detta projekt är att endast ett få tal ämnen reducerades helt medan majoriteten av de prioriterade mikroföroreningarna reducerades delvis i avloppsvatten. För att kunna reducera dessa prioriterade mikroföroreningar i reningsprocessen ytterligare om striktare reningskrav skulle bli aktuella krävs vidare efterbehandling efter MBR-processen.Release of pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances in the environment has been highlighted and raised a great concern regarding the issue. Among observations that scientists have noted as a result of antibiotics, hormones and pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment are bacterial resistance, sex change and sterility in fish and batrachians. Persistent pollutants such as perfluorinated-alkylated substances (PFAS) are also not degraded in nature, and microscopic debris particles can be enriched in aquatic systems and cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The common aspect with these substances is that they usually occur in small quantities and can derive from different human activities. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are not primarily designed to separate emerging substances of concern (ESOC), but primarily to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and particulate organic matter. Upstream work is also not sufficiently effective to relieve the purification process, which means that the amount of pollutants increases in aquatic environments and puts additional pressure on the WWTP. The challenges facing WWTP today with ESOC and their presence in the environment has raised issues both nationally and internationally. Stockholm Vatten och Avfall (SVOA) decision to implement a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with poresize of 0,04 μm at Henriksdal WWTP is a step to prepare for future hydraulic volumes, but also potentially stricter treatments requirements regarding ESOC. The advantage of the MBR process is that it prevents contaminants that appear to be particulate to pass the membranes and end up in the receiving waters. Today, WWTP are not required to treat wastewater in order to remove pharmaceutical residues, antibiotics, hormones, PFAS or microscopic debris particles. However, it is expected that future legislations will include pharmaceuticals and other organic pollutants. In this project, ESOC such as pharmaceutical residues, antibiotics, hormones, PFAS and microscopic debris in the MBR-process are studied as well as the presence of adsorbable and extractable organic halogens (AOX, EOX) that are possibly formed during the cleaning or maintains of the membranes. Results from this study showed a higher general reduction of the studied ESOCs in wastewater with the MBR-process than previous studies in conventional WWTP, except of some substances that showed a poor reduction. Pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, oxazepam and citalopram showed a weak reduction as well as the antibiotics clindamycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin where they showed a higher outcome levels than the incoming to the treatment process. Estrogenic hormones were reduced in the purification process as well as microplastics where only 60 particles/m3 of pore size higher than 300 μm passed the membranes. Microplastics of the pore size smaller than 300 and larger than 50 μm were detected to 140 particle/m3 in the effluent water. For AOX and EOX, the level of MBR process showed typical values and were in line with previous studies on conventional ARV. However, since the membranes cannot treat contaminants at molecular level, it was also shown that some ESOC that were studied bypassed the treatment process. A conclusion from this project is that only a few numbers of substances were fully reduced while the majority of ESOCs were partially reduced in wastewater. In order to reduce further ESOCs and in case of stricter treatment were to be applied, additional post-treatment is also needed for the MBR process.
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Rani, Rupam. "REMOVAL OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY OZONE -BASED PROCESSES." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214782.
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Civil EngineeringM.S.Env.E.
The presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water and wastewater systems has become a subject of significant concern worldwide. These emerging contaminants are complex organic molecules which potentially affect human health and environment. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are unable to completely remove these contaminants from water and therefore can discharge them into environment. The need to develop effective methods for ECs removal is essential. This study assess the potential of ozone based advanced oxidation processes (AOP) to oxidize number of emerging contaminants. Different combinations of ozone with hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate were tested. For this study 1-4, dioxane, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), N,N-Diethyl-metatoluamide, and three pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and carbamazepine have been selected. The effect of different process parameters such as chemical dosages, ozone weight percent, ozone flow rates, etc. on destruction of ECs were examined. It was observed that 1, 4-dioxane were persistent to direct ozone reaction, however were easily oxidized by hydroxyl radical. However, ozonation was solely very effective (> 99 %) in removing pharmaceuticals such as sulfamethoxaole, trimethoprim and carbamazepine. It was not very efficient for the removal of perfluorinated compound and N,N-Diethylmeta-toluamide. The operational conditions were optimized for maximum removal of every compound and their influence on the degradation process is discussed.
Temple University--Theses
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Munoz, Gabriel. "Ecodynamique des composés poly- et perfluoroalkylés dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0414/document.
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Les tensioactifs poly- et perfluoroalkylés (PFAS) sont des composés d’origine anthropique produits à partir des années 1950 et qui sont désormais considérés comme des polluants ubiquistes. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à optimiser et valider des procédures pour l’analyse ultra-trace des PFAS. Ces méthodes ont ensuite été utilisées afin d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de réponse sur l’occurrence et la dynamique des PFAS dans les environnements aquatiques. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux valeurs censurées (Poly- and perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds that have been used sincethe 1950s in a variety of applications and that have emerged as ubiquitously distributed contaminants.The first aim of this work was to optimize and validate analytical procedures for the trace-leveldetermination of PFAS. These methods were then applied to various sets of environmental samples,providing new elements to document the occurrence and environmental fate of PFAS in aquaticecosystems. In terms of statistical analyses, a special care has been devoted to incorporate nondetects(data 1 for PFOS and several long-chain PFAA, providing new evidence for theirbiomagnification. The last theme addressed in this work was the analysis of newly-identified cationicand zwitterionic PFAS ; preliminary evidence seem to dispel concerns about the bioaccumulationpotential of the latter
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"Adsorption of Perfluoroalkyl Substances from Groundwater Using Pilot and Lab Scale Columns." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57146.
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abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are detected ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, biota, and humans. Human exposure and adverse health of PFAS through consuming impacted drinking water is getting regulatory attention. Adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange resin (IX) has proved to be efficient in removing PFAS from water. There is a need to study the effectiveness of commercially available sorbents in PFAS removal at the pilot-scale with real PFAS contaminated water, which would aid in efficient full-scale plant design. Additionally, there is also a need to have validated bench-scale testing techniques to aid municipalities and researchers in selecting or comparing adsorbents to remove PFAS. Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests (RSSCTs) are bench-scale testing to assess media performance and operational life to remove trace organics but have not been validated for PFAS. Different design considerations exist for RSSCTs, which rely upon either proportional diffusivity (PD) or constant diffusivity (CD) dimensionless scaling relationships.
This thesis aims to validate the use of RSSCTs to simulate PFAS breakthrough in pilot columns. First, a pilot-scale study using two GACs and an IX was conducted for five months at a wellsite in central Arizona. PFAS adsorption capacity was greatest for a commercial IX, and then two GAC sources exhibited similar performance. Second, RSSCTs scaled using PD or CD relationships, simulated the pilot columns, were designed and performed. For IX and the two types of GAC, the CD–RSSCTs simulated the PFAS breakthrough concentration, shape, and order of C8 to C4 compounds observed pilot columns better than the PD-RSSCTs. Finally, PFAS breakthrough and adsorption capacities for PD- and CD-RSSCTs were performed on multiple groundwaters (GWs) from across Arizona to assess the treatability of PFAS chain length and functional head-group moieties. PFAS breakthrough in GAC and IX was dictated by chain length (C4>C6>C8) and functional group (PFCAs>PFSAs) of the compound. Shorter-chain PFAS broke through earlier than the longer chain, and removal trends were related to the hydrophobicity of PFAS. Overall, single-use IX performed superior to any of the evaluated GACs across a range of water chemistries in Arizona GWs.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2020
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Shikha, *. "Development of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based Devices for Force, Flow and Temperature Measurement for Emerging Applications in Biomedical Domain." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3816.
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Efficient and accurate sensing of various parameters is needed for numerous applications. In this regard, different categories of sensors play a significant role and different applications require diverse sensing mechanisms owing to the operating conditions and field constraints. Among the several sensor methodologies available, optical fiber sensors have found significant attention, because of their advantages such as negligible foot print, small mass, immunity to Electromagnetic Interference, etc.
In the category of optical fiber sensors, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have found importance in many fields such as health monitoring of civil structures, environmental monitoring involving gas & humidity sensing, monitoring parameters like pressure, tilt, displacement, etc. In the recent times, FBGs have found applications in biomedical, biomechanical and biosensing fields.
A FBG is a periodic change of the refractive index of the core of a single mode optical fiber along its longitudinal axis. The periodic modulation in the index of refraction is obtained by exposing a photosensitive germanium-doped silica fiber to an intense UV laser beam. FBGs, in the basic form, can sense strain and temperature. However, in recent years, several newer sensing applications of FBGs have been demonstrated. Some of the main features of the FBG sensor which qualify them for diverse sensing applications are high sensitivity, large operational bandwidth, multiplexing & multi modal sensing capability, etc.
In this thesis work, FBG sensor based devices have been developed for newer applications in bio-medical fields for the measurement of force, flow and temperature.
Particularly, novel transduction methodologies have been proposed, in order to convert the measurand parameter into a secondary parameter that can be sensed by the FBG sensor.
The evaluation of the force required for a spinal needle to penetrate various tissue layers from skin to the epidural space is vital. In this work, a novel technique for dynamic monitoring of force experienced by a spinal needle during lumbar puncture using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor has been developed. The Fiber Bragg Grating Force Device (FBGFD) developed, measures the force on the spinal needle due to varied resistance offered by different tissue layers during its traversal.
The effect of gauge of the spinal needle used for the lumbar puncture procedure affects the force required for its insertion into the tissue. The FBGFD developed, has been further utilized for a comparative study of the force required for lumbar puncture of various tissue layers with spinal needle of different gauges. The results obtained may serve as a guideline for selection of suitable gauge spinal needle during lumbar puncture minimizing post puncture side effects on patients.
The pulmonary function test carried out using a spirometer, provides vital information about the functional status of the respiratory system of the subject. A Fiber Bragg Grating Spirometer (FBGS) has been developed which has the ability to convert the rate of air flow into a shift in wavelength that can be acquired by the FBG sensor. The FBGS can dynamically acquire the complete breathing sequence comprising of the inhalation phase, pause phase and exhalation phase in terms of the air flow rate along with the time duration of each phase. Methods are adopted to analyse and determine important pulmonary parameters using FBGS and compare these parameters with those obtained with a commercially available hospital grade pneumotachograph spirometer.
Thermal imaging is one of the emerging non-invasive neuro-imaging techniques which can potentially indicate the boundaries of a brain tumor. The variation in tissue surface temperature is indicative of a tumor existence. In this work a FBG temperature sensor (FBGTS) has been developed for thermography of a simulated tissue using Agar material. The temperature of the embedded heater which mimics a brain tumor along with the surface temperature of the tissue model, is acquired using FBGTSs simultaneously. Further, the surface temperatures are studied for varying heater temperatures as well as varying positions of the heater in the simulated tissue model.
To conclude, FBG based devices have been developed in this work, for applications in biomedical domain, with appropriate transduction methodologies for sensing different parameters such as force, flow and temperature.
Book chapters on the topic "Emerging PFAS"
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Binu, K. R., N. Yamashita, V. P. Prabhasankar, Y. Praveenkumarreddy, J. K. Shenoy, and K. Balakrishna. "A First Report of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Large West-Flowing River in Southern India." In Impact of COVID-19 on Emerging Contaminants, 3–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1847-6_1.
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Gole, Vitthal L., Jyoti, and Rajesh Kumar Yadav. "Novel Approach for Bioremediation of Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) Using Megasonic Sonochemical Reactor." In Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes, 419–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5901-3_20.
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Yan, Lei, Timothy A. Gray, Kshitish A. Patankar, Scott W. Case, Michael W. Ellis, Robert B. Moore, David A. Dillard, Yeh-Hung Lai, Yongqiang Li, and Craig S. Gittleman. "The Nonlinear Viscoelastic Properties of PFSA Membranes in Water-immersed and Humid Air Conditions." In Experimental Mechanics on Emerging Energy Systems and Materials, Volume 5, 163–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9798-2_20.
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Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi, John, Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo, Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe, and Tandi Matsha. "Medicinal Plants Threatened by Undocumented Emerging Pollutants: The Sub-Saharan African Viewpoint." In Medicinal Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103825.
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The history of medicinal plants on the African continent is huge, the oldest and probably the most diverse, for there are thousands of spoken languages, in the sub-Saharan African region, that are used during the traditional practices that utilize medicinal plants for healing purposes. However, our lines of research have exhibited a potential unprecedented threat to this remarkable history of African medicinal plants by emerging pollutants, the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which are yet to be efficiently and sufficiently reported and documented on in this region. Accordingly, this review chapter reports on sub-Saharan African medicinal plants with the aim of highlighting how undocumented PFASs, in this region, present a huge threat to the extraordinary diversity of these plants and the therapy that they have assisted the low-income populations of this region with for centuries. Thus, we recommend appropriate and regular assessments and monitoring of PFASs, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) the most studied of these substances and their substitutes, in medicinal plants of the region, for these chemicals have been scientifically proven to be associated to numerous health concerns. The region should also consider properly regulating these compounds.
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Valle de Souza, Simone, H. Christopher Peterson, and Joseph Seong. "Emerging economics and profitability of PFALs." In Plant Factory Basics, Applications and Advances, 251–70. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85152-7.00025-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Emerging PFAS"
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Inacio, Eduardo C., and Mario A. R. Dantas. "PIOSS: A Simulation Model for the Analysis of Parallel I/O Performance Variability on Large-scale Applications." In Simpósio em Sistemas Computacionais de Alto Desempenho. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wscad.2022.226350.
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To meet ever increasing capacity and performance requirements of emerging data-intensive applications, parallel file systems (PFSs) have been employed in large-scale computing environments. In such complex storage systems, the load distribution on PFS data servers compose a major source of input/output (I/O) performance variability. Albeit mitigating such variability is desirable, understanding its sources and behavior remains a challenging task. In this research work, a differentiated approach for evaluating the parallel I/O performance variability perceived by large-scale applications is proposed. The Parallel I/O and Storage System (PIOSS) simulation model represents main components and mechanisms observed in typical PFS implementations and enables fast evaluations of large and complex scenarios. Experimental results presented in this paper demonstrate PIOSS can accurately reproduce the load balance on PFS data servers, with a confidence level of 95%.
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Inacio, Eduardo, and Mario Antonio Dantas. "An Approach for Evaluating and Mitigating Intra-Application I/O Performance Variability Over Parallel File Systems." In XX Simpósio em Sistemas Computacionais de Alto Desempenho. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wscad_estendido.2019.8709.
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To meet ever increasing capacity and performance requirements of emerging data-intensive applications, highly distributed and multilayered back-end storage systems have been employed in large-scale high performance computing (HPC) environments. A main component of these storage infrastructures is the parallel file system (PFS), a especially designed file system for absorbing bulk data transfers from applications with thousands of concurrent processes. Load distribution on PFS data servers compose a major source of intra-application input/output (I/O) performance variability. Albeit mitigating variability is desirable, as it is known to harm application-perceived performance, understanding and dealing with I/O performance variability in such complex environments remains a challenging task. In this research, a differentiated approach for evaluating and mitigating intra-application I/O performance variability over PFSs is proposed. More specifically, from the evaluation perspective, a comprehensive approach combining complementary methods is proposed. An analytical model proposal, named DTSMaxLoad, provides estimates for the maximum load in a PFS data server. To complement DTSMaxLoad, modeling conditions and mechanisms hard to represent analytically, the Parallel I/O and Storage System (PIOSS) simulation model was proposed. Finally, for experimental evaluation over real environments, a flexible and distributed I/O performance evaluation tool, coined as IOR-Extended (IORE), was proposed. Furthermore, a high-level file distribution approach for PFSs, called N-N Round-Robin (N2R2), was proposed focusing on mitigating I/O performance variability for distributed applications where each process accesses an individual and independent file. An extensive experimental effort, including measurements on real environments, was conducted in this research work for evaluating each of the proposed approaches. In summary, this evaluation indicated both DTSMaxLoad and PIOSS modeling proposals can represent load distribution behavior on PFSs with significant fidelity. Moreover, results demonstrated N2R2 successfully reduced intra-application I/O performance variability for 270 distinct experimental scenarios, which, ultimately, translated into overall application I/O performance Improvements.
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Thevenot, Henri J., and Timothy W. Simpson. "A Method for Benchmarking Product Family Design Alternatives." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34494.
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Today’s companies are pressured to develop platform-based product families to increase variety while keeping production costs low. Determining why a platform works, and alternatively why it does not, is an important step in the successful implementation of product families and product platforms in any industry. Internal and competitive benchmarking is essential to obtain knowledge of how successful product families are implemented, thus avoiding potential pitfalls of a poor product platform design strategy. While the two fields of product family design and benchmarking have been growing rapidly lately, we have found few tools that combine the two for product family benchmarking. To address this emerging need, we introduce the Product Family Benchmarking Method (PFBenchmark) to assess product family design alternatives (PFDAs) based on commonality/variety tradeoff and cost analysis. The proposed method utilizes the Comprehensive Metric for Commonality developed in previous work to assess the level of commonality and variety in each PFDA, as well as the corresponding manufacturing cost. The method compares not only (1) existing PFDAs but also (2) the potential cost savings and commonality/variety improvement after redesign using two plots — the Commonality/Variety Plot and the Cost Plot — enabling more effective comparisons across PFDAs. An example of benchmarking two families of valves is presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
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Pisching, Marcos A., Marcosiris A. O. Pessoa, Fabricio Junqueira, and Paulo E. Miyagi. "PFS/PN Technique to Model Industry 4.0 Systems Based on RAMI 4.0." In 2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2018.8502573.
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Nadeau, Mathieu, Philippe Micheau, Raymond Robert, Jonathan Vandamme, Julien Mousseau, Renaud Tissier, Olivier Avoine, et al. "Lumped Thermal Model of a Newborn Lamb and a Liquid Ventilator in Total Liquid Ventilation." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40108.
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Total liquid ventilation (TLV) is an emerging and promising mechanical ventilation method in which the lungs are filled with a breathable liquid. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) is the predominant liquid of choice due to its high O2 and CO2 solubility. In TLV, a dedicated liquid ventilator ensures gas exchange by renewing a tidal volume of PFC, which is temperature-controlled, oxygenated and free of CO2. A fundamental difference between TLV and conventional mechanical ventilation relates to the fact that PFCs are approximately 1500 times denser than air. This high density provides PFCs with a large heat capacity, turning the lungs into an efficient heat exchanger with circulating blood. The originality of this study is the development of a lumped thermal model of the body as a heat exchanger coupled to a liquid ventilator. The model was validated with an animal experimentation on a newborn lamb with the Inolivent-5.0 liquid ventilator prototype. TLV was initiated with a fast hypothermia induction, followed successively by a slow posthypothermic rewarming, a fast rewarming and finally a second fast hypothermia induction. Results demonstrate that the model was able to aptly predict, in every phase, the temperature of the lungs, the eardrum, the rectum as well as the various compartments of the liquid ventilator.
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Baron, William, and David Zeppettella. "Multifunctional Airframe Structure for Energy Storage Using a Load Bearing Coaxial Capacitor." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-435.
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Future directed energy systems may offer affordable, sustainable and scalable application of force to support emerging airborne missions with minimal collateral damage. These systems largely depend on the development of capacitors that can be used in pulse forming networks (PFNs) and/or Marx bank configurations for the conversion of available prime electrical energy into the necessary short and very fast pulses of energy needed to energize military device loads. Such loads may be lasers, electromagnetic guns/launchers, high power microwaves, etc. Compact, lightweight, low cost, pulse power capacitor devices are a necessity for airborne applications and space-borne systems. This paper will discuss research aspects of an innovative concept to integrate an energy storage function into load bearing airframe structure, in order to eliminate much of the parasitic weight associated with conventional pulse power systems. Current high energy capacitors can weigh in the thousands of pounds as shown in Figure 1. For an airborne application this can have a significant effect on the size and take off gross weight of the aircraft. If small aircraft will be used in future directed energy systems, significant improvements in weight efficiency are necessary. Structural capacitor implies that the aircraft/spacecraft structure carries load and also provides a means of maintaining capacitive charge for energy storage and power conditioning in a variety of applications, both pulsed and continuous. The specific objective of this effort is to demonstrate feasibility of a plausible design concept, by conducting a series of experimental trials to characterize the structural and electrical efficiency of the concept.