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Journal articles on the topic 'Emergent spacetime'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

YANG, HYUN SEOK. "DARK ENERGY AND EMERGENT SPACETIME." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 01 (January 2011): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511000389.

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A natural geometric framework of noncommutative spacetime is symplectic geometry rather than Riemannian geometry. The Darboux theorem in symplectic geometry then admits a novel form of the equivalence principle such that the electromagnetism in noncommutative spacetime can be regarded as a theory of gravity. Remarkably the emergent gravity reveals a noble picture about the origin of spacetime, dubbed as emergent spacetime, which is radically different from any previous physical theory all of which describe what happens in a given spacetime. In particular, the emergent gravity naturally explains the dynamical origin of flat spacetime, which is absent in Einstein gravity: A flat spacetime is not free gratis but a result of Planck energy condensation in a vacuum. This emergent spacetime picture, if it is correct anyway, turns out to be essential to resolve the cosmological constant problem, to understand the nature of dark energy and to explain why gravity is so weak compared to other forces.

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2

Yang, Hyun Seok. "Emergent spacetime for quantum gravity." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 13 (November 2016): 1645010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816450103.

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We emphasize that noncommutative (NC) spacetime necessarily implies emergent spacetime if spacetime at microscopic scales should be viewed as NC. In order to understand NC spacetime correctly, we need to deactivate the thought patterns that we have installed in our brains and taken for granted for so many years. Emergent spacetime allows a background-independent formulation of quantum gravity that will open a new perspective to resolve the notorious problems in theoretical physics such as the cosmological constant problem, hierarchy problem, dark energy, dark matter and cosmic inflation.

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3

YANG, HYUN SEOK. "EMERGENT GEOMETRY AND QUANTUM GRAVITY." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 28 (September 14, 2010): 2381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310034067.

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We explain how quantum gravity can be defined by quantizing spacetime itself. A pinpoint is that the gravitational constant [Formula: see text] whose physical dimension is of (length)2 in natural unit introduces a symplectic structure of spacetime which causes a noncommutative spacetime at the Planck scale L P . The symplectic structure of spacetime M leads to an isomorphism between symplectic geometry (M, ω) and Riemannian geometry (M, g) where the deformations of symplectic structure ω in terms of electromagnetic fields F = dA are transformed into those of Riemannian metric g. This approach for quantum gravity allows a background independent formulation where spacetime as well as matter fields is equally emergent from a universal vacuum of quantum gravity which is thus dubbed as the quantum equivalence principle.

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4

Viennot, David. "Emergent gravity and D-brane adiabatic dynamics: emergent Lorentz connection." Classical and Quantum Gravity 38, no. 24 (November 22, 2021): 245004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac337d.

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Abstract We explore emergent geometry of the spacetime at the microscopic scale by adiabatic transport of a quasi-coherent state of a fermionic string, with quantum spacetime described by the matrix theory (BFSS matrix model). We show that the generator of the Berry phase is the shift vector of the spacetime foliation by spacelike surfaces associated with the quasi-coherent state. The operator-valued generator of the geometric phase of weak adiabatic transport is the Lorentz connection of the emergent geometry which is not torsion free at the microscopic scale. The effects of the torsion seem consistent with the usual interpretation of the Berry curvature as a pseudo magnetic field.

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Lee, Jungjai, and Hyun Seok Yang. "Emergent Universe from Noncommutative Spacetime." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 57, no. 3(1) (September 15, 2010): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.57.578.

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6

Schimmrigk, Rolf. "Emergent Spacetime from Modular Motives." Communications in Mathematical Physics 303, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-010-1179-4.

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7

Żenczykowski, Piotr. "Quarks, Hadrons, and Emergent Spacetime." Foundations of Science 24, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-018-9562-2.

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8

BANKS, TOM. "HOLOGRAPHIC SPACETIME." International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, no. 11 (October 2012): 1241004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271812410040.

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The theory of holographic spacetime (HST) generalizes both string theory and quantum field theory (QFT). It provides a geometric rationale for supersymmetry (SUSY) and a formalism in which super-Poincare invariance follows from Poincare invariance. HST unifies particles and black holes, realizing both as excitations of noncommutative geometrical variables on a holographic screen. Compact extra dimensions are interpreted as finite-dimensional unitary representations of super-algebras, and have no moduli. Full field theoretic Fock spaces, and continuous moduli are both emergent phenomena of super-Poincare invariant limits in which the number of holographic degrees of freedom goes to infinity. Finite radius de Sitter (dS) spaces have no moduli, and break SUSY with a gravitino mass scaling like Λ1/4. In regimes where the Covariant Entropy Bound is saturated, QFT is not a good description in HST, and inflation is such a regime. Following ideas of Jacobson, the gravitational and inflaton fields are emergent classical variables, describing the geometry of an underlying HST model, rather than "fields associated with a microscopic string theory". The phrase in quotes is meaningless in the HST formalism, except in asymptotically flat and AdS spacetimes, and some relatives of these.

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9

YANG, HYUN SEOK. "EMERGENT SPACETIME AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 14n15 (June 20, 2008): 2181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08040767.

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We address issues on the origin of gravity and the dark energy (or the cosmological constant) from the perspectives of emergent gravity. We discuss how the emergent gravity reveals a noble, radically different picture about the origin of spacetime, which is crucial for a tenable solution of the cosmological constant problem. In particular, the emergent gravity naturally explains the dynamical origin of flat spacetime, which is absent in Einstein gravity.

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10

Afshordi, Niayesh, and Dejan Stojkovic. "Emergent spacetime in stochastically evolving dimensions." Physics Letters B 739 (December 2014): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.10.048.

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11

Shaghoulian, Edgar. "A symmetry principle for emergent spacetime." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 14 (September 19, 2020): 2043014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820430142.

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There are many examples where geometry and gravity are concepts that emerge from a theory of quantum mechanics without gravity. This suggests thinking of gravity as an exotic phase of matter. Quantifying this phase in the Landau paradigm requires some sort of symmetry principle or order parameter that captures its appearance. In this essay, we propose higher-form symmetries as a symmetry principle underlying emergent spacetime. We explore higher-form symmetries in gauge–gravity duality and explain how their breaking describes features of gravitational theory. Such symmetries imply the existence of nonlocal objects in the gravitational theory — in gauge–gravity duality these are the strings and branes of the bulk theory — giving an alternative way to understand the nonlocality necessary in any ultraviolet completion of gravity.

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12

Huggett, Nick, and Christian Wüthrich. "Emergent spacetime and empirical (in)coherence." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 44, no. 3 (August 2013): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2012.11.003.

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13

ACOSTA, D., P. FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOBA, J. M. ISIDRO, and J. L. G. SANTANDER. "AN ENTROPIC PICTURE OF EMERGENT QUANTUM MECHANICS." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 09, no. 05 (July 3, 2012): 1250048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021988781250048x.

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Quantum mechanics emerges à la Verlinde from a foliation of ℝ3 by holographic screens, when regarding the latter as entropy reservoirs that a particle can exchange entropy with. This entropy is quantized in units of Boltzmann's constant kB. The holographic screens can be treated thermodynamically as stretched membranes. On that side of a holographic screen where spacetime has already emerged, the energy representation of thermodynamics gives rise to the usual quantum mechanics. A knowledge of the different surface densities of entropy flow across all screens is equivalent to a knowledge of the quantum-mechanical wavefunction on ℝ3. The entropy representation of thermodynamics, as applied to a screen, can be used to describe quantum mechanics in the absence of spacetime, that is, quantum mechanics beyond a holographic screen, where spacetime has not yet emerged. Our approach can be regarded as a formal derivation of Planck's constant ℏ from Boltzmann's constant kB.

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14

Yang, Hyun Seok. "Emergent spacetime and the origin of gravity." Journal of High Energy Physics 2009, no. 05 (May 5, 2009): 012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/05/012.

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AMELINO-CAMELIA, GIOVANNI. "BORN'S PROPHECY LEAVES NO SPACE FOR QUANTUM GRAVITY." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 09, no. 06 (August 3, 2012): 1261001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887812610014.

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I stress that spacetime is a redundant abstraction, since describing the physical content of all so-called "spacetime measurements" only requires timing (by a physical/material clock) of particle detections (at a physical/material detector). It is interesting then to establish which aspects of our current theories afford us the convenient abstraction of a spacetime. I emphasize the role played by the assumed triviality of the geometry of momentum space, which makes room for an observer-independent notion of locality. This is relevant for some recent studies of the quantum-gravity problem that stumbled upon hints of a nontrivial geometry of momentum space, something which had been strikingly envisaged for quantum gravity already in 1938 by Max Born. If indeed momentum space has nontrivial geometry then the abstraction of a spacetime becomes more evidently redundant and less convenient: one may still abstract a spacetime but only allowing for the possibility of a relativity of spacetime locality. I also provide some examples of how all this could affect our attitude toward the quantum-gravity problem, including some for the program of emergent gravity and emergent spacetime. And in order to give an illustrative example of possible logical path for the "disappearance of spacetime" I rely on formulas inspired by the κ-Poincaré framework.

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Kunkolienkar, Raj Sinai, and Kinjal Banerjee. "Towards a dS/MERA correspondence." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 13 (October 22, 2017): 1750143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817501437.

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Recent advances have suggested that spacetime itself emerges from the entanglement of the quantum degrees of freedom living on the boundary. In the case of the anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes, a particular class of tensor networks has been shown to realize the same via Multi-Scale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz (MERA). In this paper, we suggest a prescription for the dS/MERA correspondence and recover a discrete version of dS Penrose diagram by using the MERA on conformal theories identified with the future/past boundaries ([Formula: see text]) of the dS spacetime. In this case, as anticipated, time appears as the emergent direction. We comment on the possible interpretation that the dS cosmological horizon entropy involves entanglement with degrees of freedom across the cosmological horizon as well as the implications of our construction for cosmology.

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17

Sun, Sichun, and Yun-Long Zhang. "New Views on Dark Matter from Emergent Gravity." EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816806006.

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We discuss a scenario that apparent dark matter comes from the induced gravity in the (3+1)- dimensional spacetime, which can be embedded into one higher dimensional flat spacetime. The stress tensor of dark energy and dark matter is identified with the Brown-York stress tensor on the hypersurface, and we find an interesting constraint relation between the dark matter and dark energy density parameter and baryonic density parameter. Our approach may show a new understanding for Verlinde’s emergent gravity from higher dimensions. We also comment on some phenomenological implications, including gravitational wave solutions and MOND limit.

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18

Hu, B. L. "Emergent/quantum gravity: macro/micro structures of spacetime." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 174 (June 1, 2009): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/174/1/012015.

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19

Lochan, K., and T. P. Singh. "Trace Dynamics as a model for emergent spacetime." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 484 (March 5, 2014): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/484/1/012065.

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20

Moored, Keith W. "Conservation of spatial volume and the emergence of gravity and electromagnetism." Physics Essays 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.100.

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The universe is a structured, logical system obeying many natural laws. This essay proposes an additional law termed the conservation of spatial volume. This refers to spacetime’s ability to be displaced, compressed, expanded, and stretched to conserve geometric volume. In addition, space appears to possess Cauchy-like elasticity characteristics measured by the gravitational constant G. It is postulated that space has qualities of an energy density field, which is termed the “spatial energy field” or SEF in this essay. The SEF in all of its parts is a metric of energy field curvature tensors assigned to every coordinate in spacetime. It is proposed that space resists volume displacement by mass and reacts with a counter-force equal to the object’s inertia mass. This is because the compression of space from the displacement of mass creates a gravitational field. The gravitational field represents an increase in spatial density surrounding the object. An increase in spatial density is measured by the change in permittivity ε, permeability μ, and refractive index n, physical parameters of the vacuum. Thus, gravity would be considered an emergent response of spacetime attempting to conserve its volume by the reciprocal curvature force of space. In regard to electromagnetism, electric and magnetic fields are geometric in origin and, therefore, part of spacetime. It is proposed that spacetime has specific properties related to the emergence of electrical fields via the Poynting vector. This is influenced by electric permittivity εo. Magnetic fields appear to emanate from space based on the Lorentz force. This is influenced by magnetic permeability μo. Both the Poynting vector energy flow and the corresponding Lorentz force are the reaction of space counteracting forces of electricity and magnetism while conserving spatial volume. It appears that electromagnetism could be considered a twisting torsion of spacetime. Space appears to mediate electrical and magnetic fields; it provides a framework for transmitting electromagnetic waves as well as momentum-gravitational waves. Gravity and electromagnetism are related, emerging from a common origin, which appears to be the energy of spacetime itself.

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21

Jovanovic-Kozlowski, Radmila. "Functionalist explanation of spacetime." Theoria, Beograd 62, no. 2 (2019): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1902119j.

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In contemporary physics, from General relativity and Quantum mechanics to new research programs of Quantum gravity, we can find a vast variety of spacetime structures, which makes the interpretation of this concept a real challenge. Recently, a group of authors advanced a new interpretation of spacetime called ?spacetime functionalism?, with the idea that spacetime should be defined via its functional role in the physical theory, in other words, ?spacetime is what spacetime does?. A material field or an object are spatiotemporal if they play a defined role in a physical theory. The approach is meant to be widely applicable, from classical mechanics to possible new theories of Quantum gravity, where spacetime might not appear at the fundamental theory level. Functionalism can be well combined with the emergent spacetime. It should also shed a new light on traditional philosophical debates between substantivists and relationists and between realists and anti-realists.

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22

Castro-Palacio, J. C., P. Fernández de Córdoba, and J. M. Isidro. "The cosmological constant of emergent spacetime in the Newtonian approximation." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 13 (September 3, 2020): 2050093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820500935.

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We present a simple quantum-mechanical estimate of the cosmological constant of a Newtonian Universe. We first mimic the dynamics of a Newtonian spacetime by means of a nonrelativistic quantum mechanics for the matter contents of the Universe (baryonic and dark) within a fixed (i.e. nondynamical) Euclidean spacetime. Then we identify an operator that plays, on the matter states, a role analogous to that played by the cosmological constant. Finally, we prove that there exists a quantum state for the matter fields, in which the above-mentioned operator has an expectation value equal to the cosmological constant of the given Newtonian Universe.

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23

Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni, and Valerio Astuti. "Misleading inferences from discretization of empty spacetime: Snyder-noncommutativity case study." International Journal of Modern Physics D 24, no. 10 (August 12, 2015): 1550073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827181550073x.

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Alternative approaches to the study of the quantum gravity problem are handling the role of spacetime very differently. Some are focusing on the analysis of one or another novel formulation of "empty spacetime", postponing to later stages the introduction of particles and fields, while other approaches assume that spacetime should only be an emergent entity. We here argue that recent progress in the covariant formulation of quantum mechanics, suggests that empty spacetime is not physically meaningful. We illustrate our general thesis in the specific context of the noncommutative Snyder spacetime, which is also of some intrinsic interest, since hundreds of studies were devoted to its analysis. We show that empty Snyder spacetime, described in terms of a suitable kinematical Hilbert space, is discrete, but this is only a formal artifact: the discreteness leaves no trace on the observable properties of particles on the physical Hilbert space.

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24

Padmanabhan, T. "Emergent gravity paradigm: Recent progress." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 03n04 (January 30, 2015): 1540007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315400076.

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Research during the last one decade or so suggests that the gravitational field equations in a large class of theories (including, but not limited to, general relativity) have the same status as the equations of, say, gas dynamics or elasticity. This paradigm provides a refreshingly different way of interpreting spacetime dynamics and highlights the fact that several features of classical gravitational theories have direct thermodynamic interpretation. I review the recent progress in this approach, achieved during the last few years.

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25

Li, Zi-Xiang, Abolhassan Vaezi, Christian B. Mendl, and Hong Yao. "Numerical observation of emergent spacetime supersymmetry at quantum criticality." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaau1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1463.

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No definitive evidence of spacetime supersymmetry (SUSY) that transmutes fermions into bosons and vice versa has been revealed in nature so far. Moreover, the question of whether spacetime SUSY in 2 + 1 and higher dimensions can emerge in generic lattice microscopic models remains open. Here, we introduce a lattice realization of a single Dirac fermion in 2 + 1 dimensions with attractive interactions that preserves both time-reversal and chiral symmetries. By performing sign problem–free determinant quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we show that an interacting single Dirac fermion in 2 + 1 dimensions features a superconducting quantum critical point (QCP). We demonstrate that theN=2spacetime SUSY in 2 + 1 dimensions emerges at the superconducting QCP by showing that the fermions and bosons have identical anomalous dimensions 1/3, a hallmark of the emergent SUSY. We further show some experimental signatures that may be measured to test such emergent SUSY in candidate systems.

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26

Rideout, David, and Petros Wallden. "Emergent continuum spacetime from a random, discrete, partial order." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 189 (October 1, 2009): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/189/1/012045.

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27

Palumbo, Giandomenico. "On the emergent dynamics of fermions in curved spacetime." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 114, no. 5 (June 1, 2016): 50001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/114/50001.

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28

Żenczykowski, Piotr. "Elementary particles, the concept of mass, and emergent spacetime." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 626 (July 3, 2015): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012022.

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Bhattacharya, Subhra, and S. Chakraborty. "A model of the emergent Universe in inhomogeneous spacetime." Classical and Quantum Gravity 33, no. 3 (January 12, 2016): 035013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/33/3/035013.

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30

Kauffman, Stuart A. "Quantum Gravity If Non-Locality Is Fundamental." Entropy 24, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040554.

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I take non-locality to be the Michelson–Morley experiment of the early 21st century, assume its universal validity, and try to derive its consequences. Spacetime, with its locality, cannot be fundamental, but must somehow be emergent from entangled coherent quantum variables and their behaviors. There are, then, two immediate consequences: (i). if we start with non-locality, we need not explain non-locality. We must instead explain an emergence of locality and spacetime. (ii). There can be no emergence of spacetime without matter. These propositions flatly contradict General Relativity, which is foundationally local, can be formulated without matter, and in which there is no “emergence” of spacetime. If these be true, then quantum gravity cannot be a minor alteration of General Relativity but must demand its deep reformulation. This will almost inevitably lead to: matter not only curves spacetime, but “creates” spacetime. We will see independent grounds for the assertion that matter both curves and creates spacetime that may invite a new union of quantum gravity and General Relativity. This quantum creation of spacetime consists of: (i) fully non-local entangled coherent quantum variables. (ii) The onset of locality via decoherence. (iii) A metric in Hilbert space among entangled quantum variables by the sub-additive von Neumann entropy between pairs of variables. (iv) Mapping from metric distances in Hilbert space to metric distances in classical spacetime by episodic actualization events. (v) Discrete spacetime is the relations among these discrete actualization events. (vi) “Now” is the shared moment of actualization of one among the entangled variables when the amplitudes of the remaining entangled variables change instantaneously. (vii) The discrete, successive, episodic, irreversible actualization events constitute a quantum arrow of time. (viii) The arrow of time history of these events is recorded in the very structure of the spacetime constructed. (ix) Actual Time is a succession of two or more actual events. The theory inevitably yields a UV cutoff of a new type. The cutoff is a phase transition between continuous spacetime before the transition and discontinuous spacetime beyond the phase transition. This quantum creation of spacetime modifies General Relativity and may account for Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the possible elimination of the singularities of General Relativity. Relations to Causal Set Theory, faithful Lorentzian manifolds, and past and future light cones joined at “Actual Now” are discussed. Possible observational and experimental tests based on: (i). the existence of Sub- Planckian photons, (ii). knee and ankle discontinuities in the high-energy gamma ray spectrum, and (iii). possible experiments to detect a creation of spacetime in the Casimir system are discussed. A quantum actualization enhancement of repulsive Casimir effect would be anti-gravitational and of possible practical use. The ideas and concepts discussed here are not yet a theory, but at most the start of a framework that may be useful.

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Singh, Tejinder P. "Nature does not play Dice at the Planck scale." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 14 (September 19, 2020): 2043012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820430129.

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We start from classical general relativity coupled to matter fields. Each configuration variable and its conjugate momentum, as also spacetime points are raised to the status of matrices [equivalently operators]. These matrices obey a deterministic Lagrangian dynamics at the Planck scale. By coarse-graining this matrix dynamics over time intervals much larger than Planck time, one derives quantum theory as a low energy emergent approximation. If a sufficiently large number of degrees of freedom get entangled, spontaneous localisation takes place, leading to the emergence of classical spacetime geometry and a classical universe. In our theory, dark energy is shown to be a large-scale quantum gravitational phenomenon. Quantum indeterminism is not fundamental, but results from our not probing physics at the Planck scale.

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Chkareuli, J. L., and Z. Kepuladze. "Emergent Yang–Mills theories from universal extra dimensions." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 05 (February 7, 2017): 1750029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317500298.

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We study emergent Yang–Mills theories which could origin from universal extra dimensions. Particularly, some vector field potential terms or polynomial vector field constraints introduced into five-dimensional (5D) non-Abelian gauge theory is shown to lead to spontaneous violation of an underlying spacetime symmetry and generate vector pseudo-Goldstone modes as conventional four-dimensional (4D) gauge boson candidates. As a special signature, apart from conventional gauge couplings, there appear an infinite number of the properly suppressed direct multi-boson (multi-photon in particular) interaction couplings in emergent Yang–Mills theories whose observation could shed light on their high-dimensional nature. Moreover, in these theories, an internal symmetry also appeared spontaneously broken to its diagonal subgroups. This breaking originates from the extra vector field components playing the role of some adjoint scalar field multiplet in the 4D spacetime. So, one naturally has the Higgs effect without a specially introduced scalar field multiplet. Remarkably, when applied to Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), this results in an automatic breakdown of emergent GUTs down to the Standard Model (SM) just at the 5D Lorentz violation scale M.

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33

Seok Yang, Hyun. "Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Emergent Gravity Picture." EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816803006.

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We suggest that dark energy and dark matter may be a cosmic uroboros of quantum gravity due to the coherent vacuum structure of spacetime. We apply the emergent gravity to a large N matrix model by considering the vacuum in the noncommutative (NC) Coulomb branch satisfying the Heisenberg algebra. We observe that UV fluctuations in the NC Coulomb branch are always paired with IR fluctuations and these UV/IR fluctuations can be extended to macroscopic scales. We show that space-like fluctuations give rise to the repulsive gravitational force while time-like fluctuations generate the attractive gravitational force. When considering the fact that the fluctuations are random in nature and we are living in the (3+1)-dimensional spacetime, the ratio of the repulsive and attractive components will end in ¾ : ¼= 75 : 25 and this ratio curiously coincides with the dark composition of our current Universe. If one includes ordinary matters which act as the attractive gravitational force, the emergent gravity may explain the dark sector of our Universe more precisely.

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34

Khoury, Justin, Godfrey E. J. Miller, and Andrew J. Tolley. "How general relativity and Lorentz covariance arise from the spatially-covariant effective field theory of the transverse, traceless graviton." International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, no. 12 (October 2014): 1442012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814420127.

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Traditional derivations of general relativity (GR) from the graviton degrees of freedom assume spacetime Lorentz covariance as an axiom. In this paper, we survey recent evidence that GR is the unique spatially-covariant effective field theory of the transverse, traceless graviton degrees of freedom. The Lorentz covariance of GR, having not been assumed in our analysis, is thus plausibly interpreted as an accidental or emergent symmetry of the gravitational sector. From this point of view, Lorentz covariance is a necessary feature of low-energy graviton dynamics, not a property of spacetime. This result has revolutionary implications for fundamental physics.

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35

Majumder, Bivash, Goutam Manna, and Ashoke Das. "Time-like geodesic structure for the emergent Barriola–Vilenkin type spacetime." Classical and Quantum Gravity 37, no. 11 (May 6, 2020): 115002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ab86fa.

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36

BARCELÓ, CARLOS, MATT VISSER, and STEFANO LIBERATI. "EINSTEIN GRAVITY AS AN EMERGENT PHENOMENON?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 10, no. 06 (December 2001): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271801001591.

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In this essay we marshal evidence suggesting that Einstein gravity may be an emergent phenomenon, one that is not "fundamental" but rather is an almost automatic low-energy long-distance consequence of a wide class of theories. Specifically, the emergence of a curved spacetime "effective Lorentzian geometry" is a common generic result of linearizing a classical scalar field theory around some nontrivial background. This explains why so many different "analog models" of general relativity have recently been developed based on condensed matter physics; there is something more fundamental going on. Upon quantizing the linearized fluctuations around this background geometry, the one-loop effective action is guaranteed to contain a term proportional to the Einstein–Hilbert action of general relativity, suggesting that while classical physics is responsible for generating an "effective geometry," quantum physics can be argued to induce an "effective dynamics." This physical picture suggests that Einstein gravity is an emergent low-energy long-distance phenomenon that is insensitive to the details of the high-energy short-distance physics.

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Tavakoli, Yaser. "Cosmological Particle Production in Quantum Gravity." Universe 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7080258.

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Quantum theory of a test field on a quantum cosmological spacetime may be viewed as a theory of the test field on an emergent classical background. In such a case, the resulting dressed metric for the field propagation is a function of the quantum fluctuations of the original geometry. When the backreaction is negligible, massive modes can experience an anisotropic Bianchi type I background. The field modes propagating on such a quantum-gravity-induced spacetime can then unveil interesting phenomenological consequences of the super-Planckian scales, such as gravitational particle production. The aim of this paper is to address the issue of gravitational particle production associated with the massive modes in such an anisotropic dressed spacetime. By imposing a suitable adiabatic condition on the vacuum state and computing the energy density of the created particles, the significance of the particle production on the dynamics of the universe in Planck era is discussed.

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38

Padmanabhan, T. "Geodesic distance: A descriptor of geometry and correlator of pregeometric density of spacetime events." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 12 (April 14, 2020): 2030008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320300086.

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Classical geometry can be described either in terms of a metric tensor [Formula: see text] or in terms of the geodesic distance [Formula: see text]. Recent work, however, has shown that the geodesic distance is better suited to describe the quantum structure of spacetime. This is because one can incorporate some of the key quantum effects by replacing [Formula: see text] by another function [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is nonzero. This allows one to introduce a zero-point-length in the spacetime. I show that the geodesic distance can be an emergent construct, arising in the form of a correlator [Formula: see text], of a pregeometric variable [Formula: see text], which can be interpreted as the quantum density of spacetime events. This approach also shows why null surfaces play a special role in the interface of quantum theory and gravity. I describe several technical and conceptual aspects of this construction and discuss some of its implications.

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Khurshudyan, M., and As Khurshudyan. "Phenomenological modification of horizon temperature." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 29 (September 12, 2017): 1750156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317501565.

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In this paper, a study of the accelerated expansion problem of the large scale universe is presented. To derive Friedmann like equations, describing the background dynamics of the recent universe, we take into account, that it is possible to interpret the spacetime dynamics as an emergent phenomenon. It is a consequence of the deep study of connection between gravitation and thermodynamics. The models considered are based on phenomenological modifications of the horizon temperature. In general, there are various reasons to modify the horizon temperature, one of which is related to the feedback from the spacetime on the horizon, generating additional heat. In order to constrain the parameters of the models, we use Om analysis and the constraints on this parameter at z = 0.0, z = 0.57 and z = 2.34.

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Marachlian, Emiliano, I. E. Sánchez G., and Osvaldo P. Santillán. "Emergent Universe as an interaction in the dark sector." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 28 (September 4, 2017): 1750152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317501528.

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A cosmological scenario where dark matter interacts with a variable vacuum energy for a spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) spacetime is proposed and analyzed to show that with a linear equation of state and a particular interaction in the dark sector it is possible to get a model of an Emergent Universe. In addition, the viability of two particular models is studied by taking into account the recent observations. The updated observational Hubble data and the JLA supernovae data are used in order to constraint the cosmological parameters of the models and estimate the amount of dark energy in the radiation era. It is shown that the two models fulfil the severe bounds of [Formula: see text] at the 2[Formula: see text] level of Planck.

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Padmanabhan, T. "A measure for quantum paths, gravity and spacetime microstructure." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1944009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819440097.

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The number of classical paths of a given length, connecting any two events in a (pseudo) Riemannian spacetime is, of course, infinite. It is, however, possible to define a useful, finite, measure [Formula: see text] for the effective number of quantum paths [of length [Formula: see text] connecting two events [Formula: see text]] in an arbitrary spacetime. When [Formula: see text], this reduces to [Formula: see text] giving the measure for closed quantum loops of length [Formula: see text] containing an event [Formula: see text]. Both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are well-defined and depend only on the geometry of the spacetime. Various other physical quantities like, for e.g. the effective Lagrangian, can be expressed in terms of [Formula: see text]. The corresponding measure for the total path length contributed by the closed loops, in a spacetime region [Formula: see text], is given by the integral of [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text]. Remarkably enough [Formula: see text], the Ricci scalar; i.e. the measure for the total length contributed by infinitesimal closed loops in a region of spacetime gives us the Einstein–Hilbert action. Its variation, when we vary the metric, can provide a new route towards induced/emergent gravity descriptions. In the presence of a background electromagnetic field, the corresponding expressions for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be related to the holonomies of the field. The measure [Formula: see text] can also be used to evaluate a wide class of path integrals for which the action and the measure are arbitrary functions of the path length. As an example, I compute a modified path integral which incorporates the zero-point-length in the spacetime. I also describe several other properties of [Formula: see text] and outline a few simple applications.

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Guendelman, Eduardo, Emil Nissimov, and Svetlana Pacheva. "Gravity-assisted emergent Higgs mechanism in the post-inflationary epoch." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 12 (October 2016): 1644008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816440089.

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We consider a nonstandard model of gravity coupled to a neutral scalar “inflaton” as well as to [Formula: see text] iso-doublet scalar with positive mass squared and without self-interaction, and to [Formula: see text] gauge fields. The principal new ingredient is employing two alternative non-Riemannian spacetime volume-forms (covariant integration measure densities) independent of the metric. The latter have a remarkable impact — although not introducing any additional propagating degrees of freedom, their dynamics triggers a series of important features: appearance of infinitely large flat regions of the effective “inflaton” potential as well as dynamical generation of Higgs-like spontaneous symmetry breaking effective potential for the [Formula: see text] iso-doublet scalar.

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Diósi, Lajos, Hans-Thomas Elze, Leone Fronzoni, Jonathan Halliwell, Enrico Prati, Guiseppe Vitiello, and James Yearsley. "DICE 2012 : Spacetime Matter Quantum Mechanics – from the Planck scale to emergent phenomena." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 442 (June 10, 2013): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/442/1/011001.

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Oriti, Daniele. "Emergent non-commutative matter fields from group field theory models of quantum spacetime." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 174 (June 1, 2009): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/174/1/012047.

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Crowther, Karen. "Emergent spacetime according to effective field theory: From top-down and bottom-up." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 44, no. 3 (August 2013): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2012.08.001.

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Sobreiro, Rodrigo F., and Anderson A. Tomaz. "Predicting Planck Scale and Newtonian Constant from a Yang-Mills Gauge Theory: 1- and 2-Loop Estimates." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9048263.

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Recently, a model for an emergent gravity based onSO(5)Yang-Mills action in Euclidian 4-dimensional spacetime was proposed. In this work we provide some 1- and 2-loop computations and show that the model can accommodate suitable predicting values for the Newtonian constant. Moreover, it is shown that the typical scale of the expected transition between the quantum and the geometrodynamical theory is consistent with Planck scale. We also provide a discussion on the cosmological constant problem.

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Mikki, Said. "On Russell’s 1927 Book The Analysis of Matter." Philosophies 6, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6020040.

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The goal of this article is to bring into wider attention the often neglected important work by Bertrand Russell on the philosophy of nature and the foundations of physics, published in the year 1927. It is suggested that the idea of what could be named Russell space, introduced in Part III of that book, may be viewed as more fundamental than many other types of spaces since the highly abstract nature of the topological ordinal space proposed by Russell there would incorporate into its very fabric the emergent nature of spacetime by deploying event assemblages, but not spacetime or particles, as the fundamental building blocks of the world. We also point out the curious historical fact that the book The Analysis of Matter can be chronologically considered the earliest book-length generic attempt to reflect on the relation between quantum mechanics, just emerging by that time, and general relativity.

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Chaudhuri, Shyamoli. "Spacetime reduction of large N flavor models: A fundamental theory of emergent local geometry?" Nuclear Physics B 719, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 188–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2005.04.028.

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Tomassini, Luca, and Stefano Viaggiu. "Physically motivated uncertainty relations at the Planck length for an emergent non-commutative spacetime." Classical and Quantum Gravity 28, no. 7 (February 28, 2011): 075001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/28/7/075001.

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PADMANABHAN, T. "THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF ATOMS OF SPACETIME: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EQUATION IS NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION." International Journal of Modern Physics D 20, no. 14 (December 31, 2011): 2817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271811020603.

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There is considerable evidence to suggest that field equations of gravity have the same conceptual status as the equations of hydrodynamics or elasticity. We add further support to this paradigm by showing that Einstein"s field equations are identical in form to Navier–Stokes equations of hydrodynamics, when projected on to any null surface. In fact, these equations can be obtained directly by extremizing of entropy associated with the deformations of null surfaces thereby providing a completely thermodynamic route to gravitational field equations. Several curious features of this remarkable connection (including a phenomenon of "dissipation without dissipation") are described and the implications for the emergent paradigm of gravity is highlighted.

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