Journal articles: 'Emergent bilinguals with learning disabilities'

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Sarisahin, Suheyla. "Reading Comprehension Strategies for Students With Learning Disabilities Who Are Emergent Bilingual." Intervention in School and Clinic 56, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053451220910731.

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Teachers of students with learning disabilities (LD) who also are emergent bilingual (EB) are tasked with meeting students’ individual learning needs and developing academic language. Teachers require specialized knowledge in second-language acquisition and the specific learning strategies to support students’ learning disabilities. Reading comprehension skills are the foundational skills that students with LD who are EB most often need to improve. When working with students, research-based reading strategies to support their reading comprehension skills are critical, but must also support students’ developing English proficiency. This article identifies research-based reading comprehension strategies supportive of developing English proficiency that may be implemented for students with LD who are EB in the elementary grade levels. A self-evaluation tool is provided to guide teachers in helping their students to improve their reading comprehension skills while supporting their language development.

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Jozwik, Sara, and Yojanna Cuenca-Carlino. "Promoting Self-Advocacy Through Persuasive Writing for English Learners With Learning Disabilities." Rural Special Education Quarterly 39, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870519892883.

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Constructing written text in English can be a challenging endeavor for all students, but it holds particular challenges for English Language Learners (ELLs) with learning disabilities (LD). For this reason, effective instruction needs to recognize the gifts of emergent bilingualism and respond to the challenges that ELLs with LD bring to the task of writing. In this article, we explore the benefits of using self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) writing instruction and establish its relevance for supporting the diverse strengths and needs of ELLs with LD in rural settings. First, we highlight the benefits of SRSD instruction. Then, we offer three main connections between the SRSD framework and research-based practices for teaching ELLs in general. Subsequently, we describe ways to individualize SRSD instruction to meet the needs of ELLs with LD. Finally, we walk through an instructional sequence (including lesson plans and scaffolds) to demonstrate how SRSD persuasive writing instruction can be used to promote self-advocacy skills in rural classrooms that include ELLs with LD.

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Lopes-Murphy, Solange A. "Contention Between English as a Second Language and Special Education Services for Emergent Bilinguals with Disabilities." Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning 13, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2020.13.1.3.

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The debate surrounding the prioritization of services for emergent bilinguals with disabilities is an area in need of attention. The generalized belief that disability-related services must take priority over English as a Second Language services suggests that there is a critical need to develop school professionals’ understanding that these learners, in addition to receiving special education services, need substantial support in developing their second language abilities. The steady growth of emergent bilinguals and multilinguals in public schools, that is, students acquiring English as a new language, calls for well-trained practitioners able to meet these students’ diverse linguistic, academic, cultural, emotional, and intellectual needs. The typical challenges this population faces acquiring a new language have, well too often, been misrepresented, neglected, or led them to programs for students with true disabilities. However, when emergent bilinguals are legitimately referred to special education, it is not uncommon for their disability-related needs to be prioritized over their English as a Second Language-related needs, and they end up not receiving the support they need to develop social and academic skills in the new language. This review article is intended to stimulate reflection on the types of services being delivered to emergent bilinguals and multilinguals with disabilities in U.S. public school settings.

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Ortiz, Alba A., María E. Fránquiz, and Gilberto P. Lara. "The education of emergent bilinguals with disabilities: State of practice." Bilingual Research Journal 43, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2020.1823734.

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Schissel, Jamie L., and Sara E. N. Kangas. "Reclassification of emergent bilinguals with disabilities: the intersectionality of improbabilities." Language Policy 17, no. 4 (June 9, 2018): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9476-4.

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Martínez-Álvarez, Patricia, María Paula Ghiso, and Isabel Martínez. "Creative Literacies and Learning With Latino Emergent Bilinguals." LEARNing Landscapes 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v6i1.587.

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Research documents the benefits of implementing pedagogical practices that foster creativity in order to prepare students for a changing future and to meet the needs of emergent bilingual learners. Designing pedagogical invitations that make room for creativity is especially urgent given educational policies in the United States which privilege decontextualized, standardized learning aimed at "testable" skills, often in opposition to more expansive multilingual and multimodal learning opportunities. The current study explores how multimodal literacy experiences grounded in bilingual learners’ sociocultural realities stimulated creativity and allowed students to demonstrate and practice their creative abilities.

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Crosson, Amy C., Margaret G. McKeown, Kelly P. Robbins, and Kathleen J. Brown. "Key Elements of Robust Vocabulary Instruction for Emergent Bilingual Adolescents." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 50, no. 4 (October 10, 2019): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_lshss-voia-18-0127.

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Purpose In this clinical focus article, the authors argue for robust vocabulary instruction with emergent bilingual learners both in inclusive classroom settings and in clinical settings for emergent bilinguals with language and literacy disorders. Robust vocabulary instruction focuses on high-utility academic words that carry abstract meanings and appear in texts across content areas (e.g., diminish , ambiguous ). For emergent bilinguals, vocabulary instruction should be infused with morphological analysis emphasizing Latin roots to support students to problem-solve meanings of new, unfamiliar words and make connections between semantic clusters of related words in English. An innovative and critical component of this instructional approach is to support emergent bilinguals to leverage their linguistic resources by making connections to their home languages. Five design principles for teaching emergent bilinguals to engage in morphological analysis with Latin roots are presented. These design principles are illustrated with examples of evidence-based practices from intervention materials for instruction. Examples are drawn from varied instructional contexts. We present a synthesis of findings from implementation trials of our instructional program. Finally, application of the approach to clinical settings for speech-language pathologists are addressed. Conclusions Clinical practice with emergent bilingual learners at intermediate and advanced stages of proficiency should incorporate robust vocabulary instruction for emergent bilinguals from a variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Clinicians should focus on high-utility academic words, and they should teach morphological problem-solving skills for generative word learning. Clinicians should leverage emergent bilingual learners' home language resources for developing morphological problem-solving skill. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9745169

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Arabaci Atlamaz, Tuba. "Preparing Linguistically and Culturally Conscious Pre-service Teachers with a Community-based Service-learning Project." International Journal of Multicultural Education 24, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v24i2.2733.

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Teacher preparation for culturally and linguistically diverse communities is crucial as classrooms become increasingly diverse. This study reports on the interaction between 20 pre-service teachers (PSTs) and adult emergent bilinguals during a community-based service-learning (CBSL) project. The project was part of a course offered at a state university in the northeastern USA. The qualitative data demonstrated that the PSTs gained sociolinguistic consciousness, learned about language learners’ prior experiences and linguistic proficiencies, and identified the linguistic demands of the interaction. The study also revealed that CBSL projects can possibly be an effective means of teacher preparation for emergent bilinguals worldwide.

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Brown, Sally. "Emergent bilinguals as text designers: rendering meaning through signs." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 20, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-07-2020-0076.

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Purpose The main purpose is to investigate what resources young emergent bilinguals use to communicate a multimodal response to children’s literature. In particular, attention is paid to the ways students translanguage as part of the learning process. Design/methodology/approach An ethnography-in-education approach was used to capture the social and cultural aspects of literacy learning in an English-only context. A multimodal transcript analysis was applied to video-recorded data as a method for examining semiotic resources and modes of learning. Findings The results revealed that students used technology, paper-based resources and peers to construct meaning relative to books. Experimentation or play with the affordances of the tablet computer served as avenues to determine the agentive selection of resources. As students wrestled with constructing meaning, they gathered multiple perspectives from peers and children’s literature to involve symbols and representations in their texts. Signs, multiple language forms and meaning came together for the social shaping of situated perspectives. Originality/value This study addresses the call for educators to engage in multiliterate, multimodal practices with young learners in the contexts of classrooms. It provides insight into the need to create multilingual learning spaces where translanguaging freely occurs and the meaningful ways early childhood learners use technology. To fully understand what emergent bilinguals know and can do, they must be afforded a variety of semiotic resources at school.

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Ascenzi-Moreno, Laura, and Kate Seltzer. "Always at the Bottom: Ideologies in Assessment of Emergent Bilinguals." Journal of Literacy Research 53, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 468–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086296x211052255.

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Recent scholarship has identified how the reading assessment process can be improved by adapting to and accounting for emergent bilinguals’ multilingual resources. While this work provides guidance about how teachers can take this approach within their assessment practices, this article strengthens and builds on this scholarship by combining translanguaging and raciolinguistic lenses to examine the ideologies that circulate through assessment. By comparing interview data from English as a new language and dual-language bilingual teachers, we found that while reading assessments fail to capture the complexity of all emergent bilinguals’ reading abilities, they particularly marginalize emergent bilinguals of color. Thus, we expose the myths of neutrality and validity around reading assessment and demonstrate how they are linked to ideologies about race and language. We offer a critical translingual approach to professional learning that encourages teachers to grapple with these ideologies and shift toward a more critical implementation of reading assessments.

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I, Ji-Yeong, and Jasmine Stanford. "Preservice Teachers' Mathematical Visual Implementation for Emergent Bilinguals." Mathematics Teacher Educator 7, no. 1 (September 2018): 8–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteaceduc.7.1.0008.

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Using visuals is a well-known strategy to teach emergent bilinguals (EBs). This study examined how preservice teachers (PSTs) implemented visuals to help EBs understand mathematical problems and how an innovative intervention cultivated PSTs' capability of using visuals for EBs. Four middle school mathematics PSTs were engaged in a _ eld experience with EBs to work on mathematical problems; during the _ eld experience, the PSTs received interventions. In one intervention session, the PSTs were asked to make sense of a word problem written in an unknown language with different visuals. After this intervention, they changed their use of visuals when modifying tasks for EBs. The results suggest that immersive experiences where PSTs can experience learning from the perspective of EBs helps PSTs implement mathematically meaningful visuals in a way that makes mathematical problems accessible to EBs.

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Martínez-Álvarez, Patricia. "Dis/ability as Mediator: Opportunity Encounters in Hybrid Learning Spaces for Emergent Bilinguals with Dis/abilities." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, no. 5 (May 2020): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200506.

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Background Though there has been some attention to how emergent bilinguals learn in relation to languages and cultures, very little research to date has examined similar processes in emergent bilinguals with dis/abilities, including how to understand dis/ability as a source of strength. Purpose In this article, I explore how dis/ability can mediate learning. To do so, I examine how emergent bilinguals with dis/abilities engage with learning activities in a hybrid space in terms of ability, language, and culture; and how these children's learning is mediated in such a hybrid space. Research Design This qualitative study documents how 15 bilingual Latinx children with mild dis/abilities in the second through third grades, along with eight bilingual teacher candidates preparing to teach in inclusive bilingual contexts, worked together in a two-year hybrid after-school program. Findings/Results Children were able to demonstrate the ability to “compensate” for perceived “weaknesses” and learn in what I characterize as nepantla (in-between) spaces in four different ways: (a) resisting the learning activity; (b) shifting the direction of the learning activity; (c) repositioning the content (within their own knowledge); and (d) using external artifacts. Conclusions Opportunity-centered encounters attending to language, culture, and ability, built on hybridity theory, allowed for shifting perceptions of children's academic identities. The study highlights an asset-based perspective on dis/ability that rejects ableism. Implications include the need for careful planning and constant nurturing of the bilingual child's multiple fluid identities.

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Sayer, Peter. "Translanguaging, TexMex, and Bilingual Pedagogy: Emergent Bilinguals Learning Through the Vernacular." TESOL Quarterly 47, no. 1 (September 18, 2012): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tesq.53.

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Bernstein, Katie A. "Writing their way into talk: Emergent bilinguals’ emergent literacy practices as pathways to peer interaction and oral language growth." Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 17, no. 4 (April 18, 2016): 485–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468798416638138.

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This paper explores the idea that young children’s emergent literacy practices can be tools for mediating peer interaction, and that, therefore, literacy, even in its earliest stages, can support oral language development, particularly for emergent bilinguals. The paper draws on data collected during a year-long ethnographic study of 11 Nepali- and Turkish-speaking three- and four-year-olds learning English in their first year of school. Using neo-Vygotskian activity theory as a guide, this paper examines the children’s classroom literacy practices, particularly around writing and the alphabet, in order to understand, first, how literacy functioned as a socially embedded activity for these students (sometimes in ways that contrasted with the official literacy practices of the classroom), and second, how that activity facilitated students’ interaction across language backgrounds. Finally, this paper offers a genetic analysis, or an analysis across time, of how students’ interactions with multimodal composing functioned as contexts for emergent bilinguals’ oral language development, and in particular, vocabulary acquisition.

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Pauly, Nancy, Karla V. Kingsley, and Asha Baker. "Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy Through Arts-Based Learning: Preservice Teachers Engage Emergent Bilinguals." LEARNing Landscapes 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v12i1.988.

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Rooted in arts-based learning, funds of knowledge, and culturally sustaining pedagogies, this paper describes the experiences of a cohort of preservice teachers who co-created arts integration units with emergent bilingual students, engaging them in the creation of plays based on culturally relevant children’s literature. This cohort was designed by eight professors to prepare professionals to serve the needs of culturally diverse and economically vulnerable communities through arts-based teaching and assessment modalities. We share three telling cases about these preservice teachers’ reflections on their pedagogy and their students’ engagement illustrating how the arts can foster inclusive ways of knowing and communicating.

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Yamasaki, Brianna L., and Gigi Luk. "Eligibility for Special Education in Elementary School: The Role of Diverse Language Experiences." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_lshss-dyslc-18-0006.

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Purpose We examined the association between language experience and elementary students' eligibility for special education in Massachusetts. Method A secondary descriptive data analysis was conducted on the anonymized demographic data obtained from the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Third, 4th, and 5th grade students were categorized into native English speakers, English-proficient bilinguals, and emerging bilinguals. Eligibility for free or reduced lunch was also considered. Proportions of students eligible for autism, communication disorders, and specific learning disabilities (including those with dyslexia) were calculated. Results A strong association was observed between students' language background and whether they were eligible for free/reduced lunch. Children eligible for free/reduced lunch were more likely to be eligible for special education. Relative to native English speakers, English-proficient bilingual students were less likely to be considered eligible for special education. However, for emerging bilinguals, eligibility was lowest in 3rd grade and highest in 5th grade. This observation was most apparent in the category of specific learning disabilities. Conclusions Students from diverse language and low-income backgrounds were disproportionately represented in special education. More substantial research–practice partnerships are warranted to understand how bilingual experience and socioeconomic status interact with eligibility for special education services in public school settings.

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Koppenhaver, David A., Patsy P. Coleman, Sophia L. Kalman, and David E. Yoder. "The Implications of Emergent Literacy Research for Children With Developmental Disabilities." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 1, no. 1 (September 1991): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0101.38.

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Recent research in emergent literacy has led to a conceptualization of literacy learning as a continuous process that begins at birth. Such a view has critical implications for children with developmental disabilities because it implies that the potential for written language learning is present in everyone. In this article, emergent literacy research in both nondisabled children and children with developmental disabilities is synthesized. Implications of the research for parents, practitioners, and researchers are drawn.

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Ruan, Jiening. "Toward a Culture-Sensitive Pedagogy: Emergent Literacy Learning in Chinese-English Bilinguals in America." Language, Culture and Curriculum 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666655.

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Heidinger, Heinrich. "Student nurses supporting children with learning disabilities." Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v9i1.384.

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At Glasgow Caledonian University, nursing students are given the opportunity to gain practice experience by providing care and support to children with learning disabilities within the individual child’s home-setting during the summer holiday period. Three families of children with learning disabilities took part in a pilot study. The Study attempts to understand and explain the effects, if any, of such practice experiences for the families concerned. Hermeneutic analysis of interview texts utilising a Gadamerian approach reveals an initial understanding of the realities of life for the families concerned. The emergent picture is one of mothers being trapped within their own homes by and with their learning disabled children. Nursing student placements are viewed by families as liberating.

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Adelman, Pamela B., and Susan A. Vogel. "Issues in the Employment of Adults with Learning Disabilities." Learning Disability Quarterly 16, no. 3 (August 1993): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511328.

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This article reviews the literature on 10 areas related to employment of adults with learning disabilities: (a) transitions to work, (b) obtaining employment, (c) type of employment, (d) rate of employment, (e) wages, (f) job satisfaction, (g) job success, (h) effect of learning disabilities on work, (i) compensatory strategies, and (j) employer perceptions. Emergent themes and trends are presented as well as implications and recommendations for how to meet the employment needs of adults with learning disabilities. Methodological issues and concerns are also discussed along with implications and recommendations.

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Cho, Hyesun, and Peter Johnson. "Preservice teachers’ transformative learning through field experience with emergent bilinguals in a dual language school." Reflective Practice 21, no. 6 (September 14, 2020): 819–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2020.1821625.

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Kim, Won Gyoung. "Long-Term English Language Learners’ Educational Experiences in the Context of High-Stakes Accountability." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 9 (September 2017): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900903.

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Background/Context A large number of emergent bilinguals, also known as English language learners (ELLs), in secondary schools have experienced academic difficulties, grade repetition, inappropriate referrals to special education, and dropout. They are the most in danger of academic failure and in need of highly qualified instruction that meets their needs; however, they have received little attention from schools. To better understand secondary emergent bilinguals’ academic challenges, it would be necessary to examine their learning experiences throughout schooling, including language support programs and services provided, instructional practices and academic support implemented, and assessments administered to make their educational decisions. In particular, as the high-stakes accountability system has played a critical role during their course of schooling, it would be essential to examine how the accountability system has interacted with these underachieving emergent bilinguals. Purpose/Focus of Study This manuscript draws from a larger qualitative study (Kim, 2013) that investigated long-term ELLs’ history of schooling and their perceptions of language and academic learning experiences. The purpose of this analysis is to more closely examine the nature of language support received during participants’ K-12 schooling and their program placements in the context of their performance on state-mandated language and academic achievement tests. Experiences of participants who were retained and referred to and/or placed in special education serve to illustrate schools’ responses to these underachieving emergent bilinguals. Setting/participant This research study took place at a high school in central Texas. Eleven secondary emergent bilinguals who met the purpose of this research project participated in the study. The essential attributes of participants for inclusion were English language learners who (a) met the state eligibility criteria for classification as limited English proficiency, (b) had attended public schools in the United States for seven years or more, and (c) had at least a year of high school experience. Research Design A qualitative research design based on a constructivist, Naturalistic Inquiry (NI) paradigm was utilized to understand the reality of participants’ school challenges. This NI approach is appropriate to analyze concepts and themes derived from the exploratory cases of this population. Data Collection and Analysis Data sources were individual, semi-structured, and in-depth interviews and a variety of school documents that included each student's cumulative folder, Language Proficiency Assessment Committee (LPAC) documents, and academic assessment records. As the constant comparative method of data analysis was a core function of this research process, data analysis occurred concurrently with data collection. Triangulation among students’ recollections of their program placements, archival data, and informant (i.e., district bilingual and ESL professionals) interviews was used to ensure that the findings accurately reflected the actual phenomenon. Member checks, reflexive journaling, and peer debriefing were also utilized to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Findings Participants in this study experienced multiple layers of limited opportunity to learn as they moved through the educational process. They began their schooling with inadequate bilingual education services in elementary grades, and many of them were retained and/or referred to special education, mainly due to their unsatisfactory scores on state-mandated assessments. Subsequently, participating ELLs all moved up to middle school where they received little English language support; their continued low scores on high-stakes assessments led to placement in remedial programs or intervention courses for state mandated tests. During their high school years, this pattern continued with the addition of End-Of-Course designated courses, remedial courses for preparing for state mandated tests, and credit recovery programs. Though state assessments should not be exclusively used to measure student learning, they were solely used to participating ELLs’ high-stakes instructional and placement decisions (e.g., retention, placement in remedial programs), which appeared to negatively affect participants’ educational trajectory by increasing the gaps in their opportunities to learn. Conclusions/Recommendations The participating ELLs’ experience of schooling fostered academic gaps due to their limited opportunities to learn, and they had been inadvertently excluded from the formal curriculum because schools in the district did not have adequate programs and services to address these learners’ linguistic and academic needs. Informed by social capital framework research and theory, findings suggest that participants’ gaps in learning continued to grow with each subsequent year of schooling, exacerbated by their limited access to appropriate language services and educational support, thereby rendering them struggling, low-achieving, long-term ELLs. Despite their academic challenges, participating ELLs remained eager to succeed in school, which raises a critical question regarding how well the educational system is prepared to provide these emergent bilinguals with high quality, rigorous programs that are responsive to their linguistic and academic needs.

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Carhill-Poza, Avary. "Silenced Partners: Language Learning and the Role of Bilingual Peers in High School." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 120, no. 11 (November 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811812001105.

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Background In schools, a major obstacle to drawing on emergent bilingual students’ knowledge and skills in their first language is a widespread lack of awareness about language use among adolescent English learners, including how peer talk can connect knowledge and abilities in both languages to school-based learning. Although research often acknowledges the importance of engaging students’ home language and culture to bridge to academic literacies in English, few have explicitly examined bilingual peer talk as a resource for language learning during adolescence. Purpose This study explores how emergent bilinguals engaged multiple linguistic codes to scaffold their own academic language development with peer support. Research Design Ethnography and discourse analysis of student interactions were used to contextualize and analyze the academic language use of four Spanish-speaking adolescent immigrant students, taking into account the affordances of classroom discourse structures and peer talk. Conclusions The study describes the linguistic resources available to Spanish-speaking adolescent immigrant students through their peers and shows that emergent bilingual youth used academic language in both Spanish and English most frequently—and in more elaborated interactions—while off-task or in less supervised spaces. Classroom discourse structures often limited student participation, particularly when students used nonstandard linguistic codes.

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Armstrong, Alayne, and Mirela Gutica. "Bootstrapping: The Emergent Technological Practices of Post-secondary Students with Mathematics Learning Disabilities." Exceptionality Education International 30, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/eei.v30i1.10912.

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Drawn from an investigation of the emergent technological practices of post-secondary students with mathematics learning disabilities, this case study employs an enactivist framework in considering the bootstrapping processes our participants report engaging in when using personal electronic devices for academic support. Video-recorded, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine post-secondary participants with mathematics learning disabilities in two western Canadian urban centres. Findings suggest that participants used technology to control and improve sensory input in order to better access mathematics course content and monitor the accuracy of their work, engage with alternate presentations of mathematical concepts to enhance their level of understanding, reduce workload, and improve organization. We discuss how their strategies in using technology relate to Bereiter’s categorization of bootstrapping resources (1985), including imitation, chance by selection, learning support systems, and piggybacking. Grounded in a “learner’s perspective,” this case study identifies technological adaptations and strategies that may be helpful to others with mathematics learning disabilities.

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Dover, Alison G., and Fernando Rodriguez-Valls. "Learning to “brave up”: Collaboration, agency, and authority in multicultural, multilingual, and radically inclusive classrooms." International Journal of Multicultural Education 20, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i3.1670.

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The Summer Language Academy (SLA) is an innovative and intensive summer program for high-school aged newcomers/new Americans, English learners, and emergent bilinguals, as well as for teachers working with them. In the SLA, students and educators collaboratively explore questions of identity, language, and culture through high-interest texts, arts-based curriculum, and redefinition of teaching and learning as reciprocally shared endeavors. In this article, we examine SLA implementation and impact in two neighboring districts, focusing on the opportunities and tensions that arise when new and veteran educators are challenged to increase their consciousness and capacity regarding multicultural, multilingual, and radically inclusive teaching.

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Martínez-Álvarez, Patricia, and María Paula Ghiso. "On languaging and communities: Latino/a emergent bilinguals' expansive learning and critical inquiries into global childhoods." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20, no. 6 (July 31, 2015): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1068270.

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Wilson, Marilyn. "MAKING SENSE OF A NEW WORLD: LEARNING TO READ IN A SECOND LANGUAGE.Eve Gregory. London: Chapman, 1996. Pp. 197. $25.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198243063.

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Eve Gregory's book fills a void in literacy education for bilingual students. This text provides solid theory, useful resources, and practical teaching suggestions for literacy development in a second language for young children. Describing the multilingual, multicultural complexity of early schooling in Great Britain, Gregory provides a strong rationale for her views of early literacy training, both formal and informal, for “emergent bilinguals”—children who are “the first generation in their family to receive formal schooling in the new country, who do not speak the language of the host country at home, and who are consequently at the early stages of second language learning” (p. 8).

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Ling, Mayyer. "Review of Bernstein (2020): (Re)defining Success in Language Learning: Positioning, Participation and Young Emergent Bilinguals at School." Language Teaching for Young Learners 3, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.00023.lin.

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Mary, Latisha, and Andrea S. Young. "Engaging with emergent bilinguals and their families in the pre-primary classroom to foster well-being, learning and inclusion." Language and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 4 (September 2017): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1368147.

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Esquinca, Alberto, María Teresa De la Piedra, and Lidia Herrera-Rocha. "Hegemonic Language Practices in Engineering Design and Dual Language Education." Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 12, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24974/amae.12.2.394.

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With the goal of achieving bilingualism and biculturalism, dual language education (DL) has a social justice orientation. As the program option with the best track record of closing the achievement gap between Latinx and White students, DL programs can potentially create environments in which learners can develop knowledge of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in two languages. In this article, we present findings from a two-year ethnographic study of engineering design curriculum in a K-5 DL program on the U.S.-Mexico border. Our team researched the implementation of a hands-on, highly interactive, inquiry-based STEM curriculum because immigrant emergent bilinguals from border communities are sometimes excluded from these learning opportunities. During the first year of implementation, the STEM curriculum was not taught following DL goals. Essential principles of DL education, including the use of two languages for instruction and equal status for both languages, were not followed. Lack of familiarity with the STEM curriculum and emerging expertise of engineering design explained this decision partially. Due to a dearth of resources, training, and expertise in engineering and in inquiry-based learning, the implementation failed to meet its counterhegemonic potential. In fact, it may have reproduced hegemonic practices that marginalized emergent bilingual Latinx students.

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Naraian, Srikala, Mary Ann Chacko, Claire Feldman, and Tara Schwitzman-Gerst. "Emergent Concepts of Inclusion in the Context of Committed School Leadership." Education and Urban Society 52, no. 8 (January 15, 2020): 1238–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124519896833.

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Inclusion of students with disabilities within general education settings is increasingly accepted as the desirable response of school systems to student learning differences. It has triggered districtwide reforms that are differentially enacted and realized within different schooling contexts. This study explores meanings of inclusion that were produced when three school leaders in a large urban school district adopted buildingwide initiatives to facilitate inclusion. We interviewed building leaders, families, and teachers within three public schools over a period of approximately 11 months. Data disclosed that the enactment of initiatives at each school reflected particular understandings of disability as well as relations with teachers and families. Our analysis showed that schoolwide commitments to inclusion can simultaneously produce forms of exclusion, erase dis/ability as a form of diversity, and neglect to understand parents and families as “experts” on their children. We argue that the structural implementation of inclusion premised on placement of students with disabilities in a general education setting leaves intact and unquestioned school-based norms of ability that render both students and families as lacking.

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Ostorga, Alcione N. "Translingual Practices for the Development of Latinx Teacher Candidates: A Pedagogy for the Border." Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 15, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24974/amae.15.3.446.

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This article explores the application of translingual pedagogies within a course on the development of bilingualism for Latinx bilingual teacher candidates (BTCs) in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Using a self-study methodology, it examines the application of translanguaging pedagogies for Latinx BTCs, and their evolving language ideologies. The participants were mostly emergent bilinguals (EBs) whose native Spanish language development was negatively impacted by hegemonic educational practices in the local K-12 schools. Therefore, while the first aim of my pedagogical practices was to promote learning of the content of the course, a second aim was to promote the development of academic Spanish language abilities, required for bilingual teacher certification. Findings include how the use of a translingual dialogic teaching approach led to the emergence of 1) a critical stance with an awareness of bilingualism as an advantageous resource in learning, and 2) the development of initial principles for their future practices that value translanguaging.

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Biswas, A. B., S. Bhaumik, and D. Branford. "Treatment-emergent behavioural side effects with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in adults with learning disabilities." Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 16, no. 2 (2001): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.233.

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Wilkinson, Krista M., Celia Rosenquist, and William J. McIlvane. "Exclusion Learning and Emergent Symbolic Category Formation in Individuals With Severe Language Impairments and Intellectual Disabilities." Psychological Record 59, no. 2 (April 2009): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395658.

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Menken, Kate. "Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum." Language Teaching 46, no. 4 (September 24, 2013): 438–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444813000281.

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This article offers a critical review of research about emergent bilingual students in secondary school, where the academic demands placed upon them are great, and where instruction typically remains steadfast in its monolingualism. I focus on recent scholarship about the diversity within this student population, and center on ‘students with interrupted formal education’ (SIFE, new arrivals who have no home language literacy skills or are at the beginning stages of literacy learning) and ‘long-term English language learners’ (LTELLs, primarily educated in their receiving country yet still eligible for language support services). Little has been published about these students, making this a significant area of inquiry. Moreover, both groups are characterized by poor performance and together illustrate the characteristics of secondary students at various points along an academic language and literacy continuum. While existing research provides important information to help us improve secondary schooling for emergent bilinguals, it has also perpetuated deficit views of these students by focusing solely on their perceived academic shortcomings. Grounded in a new body of research in applied linguistics that examines the students’ complex, creative, and dynamic language and literacy practices, I apply a translanguaging lens to critique the positioning of such students as deficient, with implications for research and practice.

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Shamir, Adina, and Irit Lifshitz. "E-Books for supporting the emergent literacy and emergent math of children at risk for learning disabilities: can metacognitive guidance make a difference?" European Journal of Special Needs Education 28, no. 1 (November 20, 2012): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2012.742746.

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Mero Piedra, Angélica Liseth. "Playful Practices With Children With Intellectual Disabilities." West East Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36739/wejss.2020.v9.i1.38.

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This article aims to promote and support the physical education teacher's community in the use of playful practices with pupils with mild intellectual disabilities (MID), as a didactic medium, and a substantial educational resource of quality physical education. Firstly, it will be reviewed definitions and emergent themes on the subject shaping the theoretical framework on which this study has been built. Later, it will be presented didactic advice and guidelines for the application of playful practices, extracted from the most effective observable practices in the author's teaching experiences in specialized education institutions with pupils with MID and supported by the scientific literature. This article reinforces the notion that playful practices provide variety to meaningful learning, have great potential as a facilitator in pedagogical processes, and provide an appropriate educational response to pupils with intellectual disabilities. It also shows that teachers should reflect positive and reflective disposition to modifications and adaptations of the different elements involved in the playful practices according to educational objectives and the personal needs and interests of the children with MID. Considerations such as the instructions have to be modified to meet students’ needs, play according to children's biological age and systematic registration and monitoring in the teaching-learning process are essential. It is recommended that teachers share their experiences in pedagogical practice to learn from our differences and strengthen our coincidences, to contribute to the still insufficient bibliography in the pedagogical practices in special education.

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Sadao, Kathleen C., Jennifer Brown, and Debbie Grant. "Assistive Technology Toolkit to Increase Access to Early Learning Environments for Young Children With Disabilities." Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication 18, no. 1 (April 2009): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aac18.1.11.

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Abstract The development of assistive technology (AT) and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions for young children with disabilities is rapidly expanding with a range of no-tech, low-tech, and high-tech approaches to provide access to adapted and augmented tools for participation in inclusive early childhood settings. Discrepancies exist in the legal requirements to consider AT and AAC for all children in the IFSP/IEP planning process. Researchers in the applications of AT and AAC with young children identify the importance of activity-based approaches that infuse AT methods and AAC systems within natural routines for young children. This article focuses on the development of an AT Toolkit Guide for early intervention and early childhood providers. The development of the AT Toolkit concept, content, and applications is based on research-based methods and tools with demonstrated effectiveness to promote language development, emergent literacy skills, play, mobility, and interaction with the environment for young children with disabilities. Suggested items, sources, applications and development guidelines for the SWEET AT Toolkit are provided.

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Shakory, Sharry, Xi Chen, and S. Hélène Deacon. "Learning Orthographic and Semantic Representations Simultaneously During Shared Reading." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00520.

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Purpose The value of shared reading as an opportunity for learning word meanings, or semantics, is well established; it is less clear whether children learn about the orthography, or word spellings, in this context. We tested whether children can learn the spellings and meanings of new words at the same time during a tightly controlled shared reading session. We also examined whether individual differences in either or both of orthographic and semantic learning during shared reading in English were related to word reading in English and French concurrently and 6 months longitudinally in emergent English–French bilinguals. Method Sixty-two Grade 1 children (35 girls; M age = 75.89 months) listened to 12 short stories, each containing four instances of a novel word, while the examiner pointed to the text. Choice measures of the spellings and meanings of the novel words were completed immediately after reading each set of three stories and again 1 week later. Standardized measures of word reading as well as controls for nonverbal reasoning, vocabulary, and phonological awareness were also administered. Results Children scored above chance on both immediate and delayed measures of orthographic and semantic learning. Orthographic learning was related to both English and French word reading at the same time point and 6 months later. In contrast, the relations between semantic learning and word reading were nonsignificant for both languages after including controls. Conclusion Shared reading is a valuable context for learning both word meanings and spellings, and the learning of orthographic representations in particular is related to word reading abilities. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13877999

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Holtzheuser, Sierra. "Reading Rocks Junior: An Exploratory Study of an Emergent Literacy Program for Children at-Risk for Learning Disabilities." International Journal of Elementary Education 1, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20120101.11.

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Rabidoux, Paula C., and James D. MacDonald. "An Interactive Taxonomy of Mothers and Children During Storybook Interactions." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 9, no. 4 (November 2000): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0904.331.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the social construction of interactions between mothers and children with a variety of developmental disabilities during storybook interactions. The study used interpretive methods to describe the participation of 20 preschool children and mothers in storybook interactions in terms of their interactive and communicative participation. Data were collected via home videotapes of mothers and children engaged in storybook interactions with novel (unfamiliar) storybooks for 15- to 30-minute interaction samples. Mothers were also interviewed concerning their beliefs and practices concerning early communication and literacy. Findings yielded an emerging interpretive taxonomy for observing and conceptualizing the social milieu of adults and children during storybook interactions that may be useful for enhancing communication and emergent literacy learning. The taxonomy may also be useful clinically to help parents and clinicians develop interaction styles that facilitate interaction and communication in emergent literacy contexts.

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Rowe, Deborah Wells, and Mary E. Miller. "Designing for diverse classrooms: Using iPads and digital cameras to compose eBooks with emergent bilingual/biliterate four-year-olds." Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 16, no. 4 (July 25, 2016): 425–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468798415593622.

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This paper reports the findings of a two-year design study exploring instructional conditions supporting emerging, bilingual/biliterate, four-year-olds’ digital composing. With adult support, children used child-friendly, digital cameras and iPads equipped with writing, drawing and bookmaking apps to compose multimodal, multilingual eBooks containing photos, child-produced drawings, writing and voice recordings. Children took digital cameras home, and home photos were loaded onto the iPads for bookmaking. In Year 1, eBook activities successfully supported children’s multimodal composing. Children used similar writing forms on the page and screen, and explored the keyboard as an option for writing. Children used digital images as anchors for conversation and composing, and produced oral recordings extending and elaborating written messages. However, most dual-language recordings were created by Spanish-English bilinguals, with speakers of other languages rarely composing in their heritage languages. In Year 2, we redesigned eBook events to better support all children as multimodal, multilingual composers. Revised eBook activities included multilingual, demonstration eBooks containing all the children’s languages, with translations by bilingual adults known to the children. Beginning early in the school year, these eBooks were publicly shared in large group activities. The results showed that all emergent bilingual/biliterate children created dual-language recordings for their eBooks in Year 2. We concluded that: (a) the ability to integrate photos and voice recordings with print and drawings provided new opportunities for learning and teaching not available in page-based composing; (b) the affordances of iPads for children’s learning were shaped by local language and literacy practices.

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Harris, Leona, Niki Davis, Una Cunningham, Lia de Vocht, Sonja Macfarlane, Nikita Gregory, Saili Aukuso, Tufulasifa’atafatafa Taleni, and Jan Dobson. "Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges of the Digital World for Early Childhood Services with Vulnerable Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112407.

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Potentially addictive behaviours supported by the internet and mobile phones raise concerns in education services for early childhood. Although there is evidence that screen media can distract the attention of young children, there was a massive uptake of digital devices by early childhood centres (ECCs). We investigated practices of families (n = 85) and of six ECCs serving vulnerable children in New Zealand, many of whom are emergent bilinguals. Descriptions of the limited and exemplary choice of screen media of the ECCs include digital portfolios containing children’s learning stories in multiple languages illustrated with digital photos. This was facilitated by increasing partnership with the families and the inclusion of their languages in the physical and digital landscapes of the ECCs. However, these families and the ECCs are seeking additional guidance to face the complex challenges of the digital world. These early findings from our national research programme, A Better Start, E Tipu E Rea, already informed significant changes in the ECCs; we also identified the potential for young children to act as agents of change.

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Castro-Villarreal, Felicia, and Sharon L. Nichols. "Intersections of Accountability and Special Education: The Social Justice Implications of Policy and Practice." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 14 (November 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611801404.

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High-stakes testing accountability has wreaked havoc on America's public schools. Since the passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2001, virtually every public school student has experienced the pressures of preparing for, practicing, and taking standardized state exams, the results of which have had significant consequences for their schools, teachers, and themselves. These test-based pressures have altered educational practices in significant ways for all students, but especially for students with disabilities. The goal of this article is to briefly describe the educational climate for students with disabilities, focusing on emergent federal policies that have had the contradictory effect of expanding and narrowing learning opportunities for students. This article provides the backdrop for the volume by introducing the reader to the general characteristics of our special education population, discussing the past and current federal policies guiding their education, and offering implications for policy and practice.

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Fitzgerald, Jill, C. Melanie Schuele, and Joanne Roberts. "EMERGENT LITERACY: WHAT IS IT AND WHAT DOES THE TEACHER OF CHILDRENWITH LEARNING DISABILITIES NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IT?" Reading & Writing Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0748763920080108.

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Segal-Drori, Ora, Liron Ben Haim Kalmanovich, and Adina Shamir. "Electronic Book for Promoting Emergent Math: A Comparison Between Kindergarteners at Risk for Learning Disabilities and With Typical Development." Journal of Educational Computing Research 57, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 954–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633118769459.

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Shamir, Adina. "Expanding the Boundaries of Kindergartners’ E-book Reading: Metacognitive Guidance for E-book Support among Young Children at Risk for Learning Disabilities." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 13 (April 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711901315.

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The increasing range and number of electronic books (e-books) available in the children's book market has motivated educators and researchers to investigate how well these platforms can contribute to advancing emergent literacy. Such research has nonetheless been conducted on a much smaller scale in the area of self-regulated learning (SRL) with e-books targeted at young children at risk for learning disabilities. The article discusses recent research conducted with kindergartners 4.5 to 7.0 years old. In the research reported, the 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups of equal size: experimental (educational e-book with meta-cognitive guidance), experimental (educational e-book without metacognitive guidance), and control (the regular kindergarten program). The findings indicated that the metacognitive guidance embedded in the educational e-book supported phonological awareness (rhyming) but not vocabulary acquisition.

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Меліса Грабовач and Капранов Олександр. "Syntactic Complexity at the Intermediate Level in EFL Writing by Early Balanced Bilinguals." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.1.gra.

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The present article involves an empirical psycholinguistic study aimed at examining syntactic complexity in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) by early balanced Bosnian/Swedish bilingual EFL learners. 15 early balanced bilingual Bosnian/Swedish EFL learners were recruited for the study and matched with their respective control groups of intermediate EFL learners (15 speakers of Bosnian as their first language (L1) and 15 speakers of Swedish as their L1). The experimental task involved an unprepared writing assignment in English about the most significant invention of the 20th century. The corpus of the participants’ written assignments was analysed in L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer and SPSS software programs respectively. Data analysis involved measures of syntactical complexity. It has been found that the participants’ written assignments are characterised by statistically significant number of T-units scores in comparison with the Swedish L1 monolingual controls. These findings are further presented and discussed in the article. References Ahmadian, M. J., & Tavakoli, M. (2011). The effects of simultaneous use of careful onlineplanning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oralproduction. Language Teaching Research, 15(1), 35-59. Alotaibi, A. M. (2016). Examining the Learnability of English Relative Clauses: Evidencefrom Kuwaiti EFL Learners. English Language Teaching, 9(2), 57. Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Bofman, T. (1989). Attainment of syntactic and morphologicalaccuracy by advanced language learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11(01),17-34. Byrnes, H. (2009). Emergent L2 German writing ability in a curricular context: Alongitudinal study of grammatical metaphor. Linguistics and Education, 20(1), 50–66. Ben-Zeev, S. (1977). The influence of bilingualism on cognitive strategy and cognitivedevelopment. Child Development, 48(3), 1009–1018. Bialystok, E. (1988). Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness.Developmental Psychology, 24, 560–567. Bialystok, E., Majumder, S., & Martin, M.M. (2003). Developing phonological awareness:Is there a bilingual advantage? Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 27–44. Cenoz, J. (1998). Beyond bilingualism: multilingualism and multilingual education.Clevedon, England Multilingual Matters Cenoz, J. & Valencia, J. (1992). The role of bilingualism in foreign language acquisition:Learning English in the Basque country. Journal of Multilingual and MulticulturalDevelopment Cummins, J. (2000). Language, Power, and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in theCrossfire. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters Daiute, C.A. (1981). Psycholinguistic Foundations of the Writing Process. Research in theTeaching of English, 15, 1, 5–22 Dekydtspotter, L., & Renaud, C. (2014). On second language processing and grammaticaldevelopment: The parser in second language acquisition. Linguistic Approaches toBilingualism, 4(2), 131–165. Gaies, S. J. (1979). Linguistic input in formal second language learning: The issues ofsyntactic gradation and readability in ESL materials. TESOL quarterly, 41–50. Gaies, S. J. (1980). T-unit analysis in second language research: Applications, problemsand limitations. TESOL quarterly, 53–60. Grodner, D., Gibson, E., & Tunstall, S. (2002). Syntactic complexity in ambiguityresolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(2), 267–295. Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying Bilinguals. Journal of linguistics, 45, 3, 715–719. Herdina, P, & Jessner U. (2000). The dynamics of third language acquisition. In J. Cenozand U. Jessner (eds) English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language, (pp. 84–98).Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Ho-Peng, L. (1983). Using T-unit measures to assess writing proficiency of university ESLstudents. RELC Journal, 14(2), 35–43. Hunt, K. (1965). Grammatical structures written at three grade levels. NCTE Researchreport, 3. Champaign, IL. Hunt, K. W. (1970). Syntactic maturity in schoolchildren and adults. Monographs of thesociety for research in child development, 35(1), iii–67. Inoue, C. (2016). A comparative study of the variables used to measure syntacticcomplexity and accuracy in task-based research. The Language Learning Journal, 1–19. Iwashita, N. (2006). Syntactic complexity measures and their relation to oral proficiency inJapanese as a foreign language. Language Assessment Quarterly: An InternationalJournal, 3(2), 151–169. Kapranov, O. (2015). Self-Evaluation of Speech Fluency in English as a Second Languageby Korean Exchange Students Studying in Sweden. In L. Szymanski & M. Kuczynski(eds.) Language, Thought and Education: Exploring Networks. (pp. 61–77). Zielona Gora:Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielenogorskiego. Kapranov, O. (2013). Beginner Students’ Speech Fluency in a Second LanguageCompared across Two Contexts of Acquisition. In E. Piechurska-Kuciel & E. SzymanskaCzaplak (eds.) Language in Cognition and Affect (pp.81-95). Berlin: Springer. Kobayashi, H., & Rinnert, C. (1992). Effects of First Language on Second LanguageWriting: Translation versus Direct Composition. Language Learning, 42(2), 183–209. Lambert, W.E. (1974). Culture and language as factors in learning and education. Culturalfactors in learning and education. Bellingham, WA: Fifth Western WashingtonSymposium on Learning. Lu, X. (2010). Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing,International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(4), 474–496. Macnamara, B. N., & Conway, A. R. (2014). Novel evidence in support of the bilingualadvantage: Influences of task demands and experience on cognitive control and workingmemory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 21(2), 520–525. Molnár, T. (2011). Second language versus third language acquisition: A comparison ofthe English lexical competence of monolingual and bilingual students. Toronto WorkingPapers in Linguistics, 33(1). Navés, T., Torras, M. R., & Celaya, M. L. (2003). Long-term effects of an earlier start: Ananalysis of EFL written production. Eurosla yearbook, 3(1), 103–129. Norbert, F. (2012). Bilingual competence and bilingual proficiency in child development.Massachusetts: MIT Press. Ortega, L. (2003). Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2 proficiency:A research synthesis of college‐level L2 writing. Applied linguistics, 24(4), 492–518. Shaw, P., & Liu, E. T. K. (1998). What develops in the development of second-languagewriting?. Applied linguistics, 19(2), 225–254. Slavoff, G.R. & Johnson, J. S. (1995). The effects of age and the rate of learning a secondanguage. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17 (1), 1–16. Sotillo, S. M. (2000). Discourse functions and syntactic complexity in synchronous andasynchronous communication. Language Learning & Technology, 4(1), 82–119. Weissberg, B. (2000). Developmental relationships in the acquisition of English syntax:writing vs. speech. Learning and Instruction 10, 37–53. Wolfe-Quintero, K., Inagaki, S, & Kim, H-Y. (1998). Second Language Development inWriting: Measures of Fluency, Accuracy and Complexity Honolulu: University of Hawai'i,Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center. Wolff, D. (2000). Second language writing: a few remarks on psycholinguistic andinstructional issues. Bergische Universita¨t Gesamthochschule Wuppertal: Wuppertal,Germany. Xiaofei, L. (2010). L2 Syntactical Complexity Analyzer. Software program. Yau, M. S., & Belanger, J. (1984). The Influence Mode on the Syntactic Complexity ofEFL Students at Three Grade Levels. TESL Canada Journal, 2(1), 65–77. Youn, S. J. (2014). Measuring syntactic complexity in L2 pragmatic production:Investigating relationships among pragmatics, grammar, and proficiency. System, 42, 270–287.

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Kilgannon, David. "Public attention for private concerns: intellectual disability parents’ organisations in the Republic of Ireland, 1955–1970." Medical Humanities 46, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2019-011702.

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This article examines the influence of intellectual disability ‘parents and friends’ organisations in the Republic of Ireland between 1955 and 1970, a period that coincided with the emergence of parental disability activism internationally. Drawing on their publications and activities, it argues that Irish groups adopted a significant, if circumscribed, response to ‘learning disabilities’ that was reflective of a broader political and social policy approach during the midcentury, with local organisations supporting parents of ‘deficient’ children and establishing key services across the country. It highlights the way in which these pioneering actions align with existing norms in the state and explores the effect of this voluntary-driven response for the intellectually disabled. Approached in this way, the actions of these learning disability organisations complicate international research on postwar disability activism while furthering an emergent body of research into the complex realities that precluded transformative change in Irish society during the mid-20th century.

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Curry, Marnie W., and Steven Z. Athanases. "In Pursuit of Engaged Learning with Latinx Students: Expanding Learning beyond Classrooms through Performance-Based Engagements." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, no. 8 (August 2020): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200815.

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Background/Context Urban public high schools serving low-SES communities historically have underserved nondominant culturally and linguistically diverse students by divesting them of social and cultural resources and delivering impoverished curriculum and instruction. Associated with such subtractive schooling, many Latinx youth have suffered from academic disengagement and limited academic success and futures. Focus of Study This study investigates one school's efforts to promote Latinx students’ academic and intellectual engagement through a schoolwide system of performance-based assessments (PBAs) that featured meaningful, embodied, discourse-rich activities, many of which occurred beyond classrooms during after-school hours. We examine the scope of PBA opportunity across the school and the ways educators enacted PBAs to optimize nondominant students’ engagement. We also report the organizational structures that enabled the PBA system and some implementation challenges/tensions. Setting This study features Mario Molina High, a small urban Title 1 public California school serving 262 students, of whom 90% received free/reduced-price lunches, 76% were Latinx, and 33% were emergent bilinguals. MHS emphasized an explicit social justice mission and had a record of some success with Latinx students, as measured by graduation and college-going rates, course completion for admission to California universities, and standardized achievement tests. Research Design We treat MHS as a “critical case,” holding strategic importance to the problem on which the study focuses. Using qualitative methods, we employed a bi-level design to uncover links between school organization and instruction. Data Collection and Analysis We drew on 240 hours of school observations, with special attention to PBA enactments. We also drew on 45 interviews with key stakeholders; faculty survey responses; school documents; student work; and email list communications. Our analysis involved thematic coding, memos, metamatrices, and situated/discourse analyses. Findings/Results MHS's PBAs drew school actors out of the spatial/temporal boundaries of classrooms and fostered serious, spirited, interactive spaces for learning. Three aspects of PBAs—authentic audiences, embodied action, and dialogic argumentation—transformed these assessments into what we call performance-based engagements (PBEs). This shift enhanced students’ engagement and contributed to a schoolwide culture of engaged learning. We argue that sustained participation in PBEs encouraged students to experiment with and adopt expanded practice-based identities as critical thinkers and change agents. Conclusions/Recommendations Our study suggests how the schoolwide implementation of dynamic, innovative, and culturally sustaining forms of assessment can expand and revivify traditional school learning in ways that promote the academic and intellectual engagement of historically underserved students.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Emergent bilinguals with learning disabilities'

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