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Journal articles on the topic 'Emergency nursing China Hong Kong'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhang, Di, Xiaming Wang, Xueru Yuan, Li Yang, Yu Xue, and Qian Xie. "Scientific publications in nursing journals from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: a 10-year survey of the literature." PeerJ 4 (March 14, 2016): e1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1798.

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Background:China has witnessed remarkable progress in scientific performance in recent years. However, the quantity and quality of nursing publications from three major regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of scientific research productivity from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in the field of nursing.Methods:Articles published in the 110 nursing journals originating from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong between 2005 and 2014 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The total number of articles published, the impact factor, and the citation count were analyzed.Results:There were 2,439 publications between 2005 and 2014 from China, including 438 from Mainland China, 1,506 from Taiwan, and 495 from Hong Kong. There was a significant increase in publications for these three regions (p < 0.05), especially for Mainland China, with a 59.50-fold increase experienced. From 2011, the number of publications from Mainland China exceeded that from Hong Kong. Taiwan had the highest total journal impact factor (2,142.81), followed by Hong Kong (720.39) and Mainland China (583.94). The mean journal impact factor from Hong Kong (1.46) was higher than that from Taiwan (1.42) and Mainland China (1.33). Taiwan had the highest total citation count (8,392), followed by Hong Kong (3,785) and Mainland China (1,493). The mean citation count from Hong Kong (7.65) was higher than that from Taiwan (5.57) and Mainland China (3.41). The Journal of Clinical Nursing was the most popular journal in the three regions.Discussion:Chinese contributions to the field of nursing have significantly increased in the past ten years, particularly from Mainland China. Taiwan is the most productive region in China. Hong Kong had the highest-quality research output, according to mean journal impact factor and mean citation count.

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Wong, Eliza Mi-Ling, and Ping Fat Lau. "Evolving towards professionalism in emergency nursing in Hong Kong." International Emergency Nursing 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2007.11.008.

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3

Kalinowski, Edward, and Frederick M. Burkle. "Emergency Medical Services System in Hong Kong: A Pearl in the South China Sea." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 1997): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00037377.

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AbstractEach Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system is unique in its development and scope of practice. In many instances, incorporates components of other models, It is important to the intellectual growth of the Emergency Medical Technicians that they visualize EMS design from an international perspective. This article describes the EMS system that exists in Hong Kong. It explores the changes that are occurring, defines the relationship between Hong Kong and China, and considers the influence that this evolving model might have on China after 1997.

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Lee, Ching-Hsing, Chung-Hsien Chaou, and Chih-Chuan Lin. "The Progress of Emergency Medicine in Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong: Perspective from Publications in Emergency Medicine Journals, 1992–2011." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/682375.

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Study Objective. The progress of emergency medicine (EM) in Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong was evaluated from the perspective of publications in EM journals.Methods. This was a retrospective study. All articles published from 1992 to 2011 in all journals in the EM category in the 2010 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) were included. A computerized literature search was conducted using the SciVerse Scopus database. The slope (β) of the linear regression was used to evaluate the trends in the numbers of articles as well as the ratios to the total number of EM journal articles.Results. The trends in the numbers of articles from Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong were 6.170, 1.908, and 2.835 and the trends in the ratios of their publication numbers to the total number of EM journal articles were 15.0 × 10−4, 4.60 × 10−4, and 6.80 × 10−4, respectively. AllP-values were <0.01. The mean, median, and 75th percentiles of the number of citations in all EM journals were greater than those of these three areas.Conclusions. The publications from Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong have increased at a higher rate than those of the overall EM field in the past 20 years and indicated the rapid progress in these three areas.

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5

Chan, Sally, and Frances Wong. "Development of basic nursing education in China and Hong Kong." Journal of Advanced Nursing 29, no. 6 (June 1999): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01015.x.

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6

Lam, HY, and PG Kan. "A Re-Emerging Ancient Disease: A Case Report." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 4 (October 2005): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790501200408.

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There have been repeated outbreaks of leptospirosis reported all over the world. Being one of the largest cities in the world, Hong Kong is no exception. We report a local case involved in an outbreak of the disease with a typical route of acquisition but rare complications. A brief account on the epidemiology of both Hong Kong and Southern China is given. Discussions on the pathophysiology of the disease and its complications are also presented.

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7

Hui, Elsie, and Jean Woo. "Telehealth for older patients: The Hong Kong experience." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 8, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/13576330260440808.

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summary We studied the feasibility, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of using telemedicine to provide geriatric services to residents of nursing homes. A local 200-bed nursing home supported by the community geriatric assessment team (CGAT) participated in a one-year study, during which videoconferencing was used to replace conventional outreach or clinic-based geriatric care. The feasibility of telemedicine was evaluated by participating specialists in a total of 1001 consultations. Other outcome measures included productivity gains, utilization of hospital emergency and inpatient services, and user satisfaction. Telemedicine was adequate for patient care in 60 99% of cases in seven different disciplines. The CGAT was able serve more patients and see them earlier and more frequently. Telemedicine was cheaper than conventional care, and well accepted by health-care professionals as well as clients. Substantial savings were achieved in the study period through a 9% reduction in visits to the hospital emergency department and 11% fewer hospital bed-days. Telemedicine was a feasible means of care delivery to a nursing home and resulted in enhanced productivity and cost-savings. Linking more such institutions to care providers would further increase cost-effectiveness.

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8

Chair, Sek Ying, Mary Miu Yee Waye, Kathleen Calzone, and Carmen Wing Han Chan. "Genomics education in nursing in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China." International Nursing Review 66, no. 4 (July 17, 2019): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.12537.

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9

Yuen, WC, WF Tang, and CH Chung. "Substance Abuse Patient Characteristics: A Scene from an Emergency Department near the Hong Kong – Shenzhen Border." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 8, no. 4 (October 2001): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790100800402.

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Objective Drug abuse is an escalating problem in Hong Kong, especially among teenagers and young adults. A study was conducted in order to obtain the characteristics of drug abusers presenting to the Accident & Emergency department of North District Hospital, which is located in the New Territories near the Hong Kong – Shenzhen border. Design Prospective study. Setting Accident and Emergency department of a public general hospital. Patients Drug abusers presenting to the Accident and Emergency department in a six-month period. Main outcome measures Epidemiological data including demographic data, types of drug taken, place of drug abuse and magnitude of cross-border drug abuse were collected and analyzed. Results The sex distribution was male 59 and female 13 (ratio=4.5:1). The mean age was 29.2 (range 14 to 67 years). Of interest, 29.2% abused drugs at home; 29.2% abused drugs in parties such as karaoke, rave and disco; 68% abused drugs in Hong Kong; 32% abused drugs in China and 6.9% claimed themselves first-time drug abusers. The commonest drug taken was ecstasy (40.3%) – the majority (55%) in China and the rest (45%) in Hong Kong. For organic solvent abusers, 57.1% were below 18 years of age. One patient died, resulting in a mortality rate of 1.4%. Conclusion Ecstasy was the commonest drug abused on both sides of the “border”. The majority of substance abusers were teenagers or young adult males. This study confirmed the significant magnitude of psychotropic substance abuse problem among the young population in the North District, indicating the urgent need for clinical and social intervention.

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Shao, Fei, Kit-Ling Fan, Colin Robertson, Marcus Ong, Nan Liu, Ling-Pong Leung, Reynold Leung, and Chun-Sheng Li. "Comparison of two emergency medical services in Beijing and Hong Kong, China." Chinese Medical Journal 132, no. 11 (June 2019): 1372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000252.

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11

Wong, Janet Yuen Ha, Luke Y. F. Luk, Tsz Fung Yip, Teddy Tai Loy Lee, Abraham Ka Chung Wai, and Joshua W. K. Ho. "Incidence of Emergency Department Visits for Sexual Abuse Among Youth in Hong Kong Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): e2236278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36278.

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Leung, Sylvie SH, and Ann TY Shiu. "Experience of Hong Kong patients awaiting kidney transplantation in mainland China." Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, no. 11c (November 2007): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02070.x.

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13

Lau, P. F., and C. C. Lau. "A disaster drill in Hong Kong." Accident and Emergency Nursing 5, no. 1 (January 1997): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-2302(97)90061-8.

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14

Kennedy, C., S. Kools, S. K. F. Kong, J. L. Chen, L. Franck, and T. K. S. Wong. "Behavioural, emotional and family functioning of hospitalized children in China and Hong Kong." International Nursing Review 51, no. 1 (March 2004): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2003.00204.x.

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15

Chung, JYM, JTS Chan, RSD Yeung, RCH Wan, and ST Ho. "Nurses' Attitude toward Alcoholic Patients in Accident and Emergency Department in Hong Kong." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790301000207.

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Few studies on the attitude of nurses toward alcoholic patients have been conducted in Hong Kong. The aim of this study was to understand the attitude of nurses toward alcoholic patients in local Accident and Emergency Departments (AEDs). Alcoholism is a stigmatized ‘disease’. Some studies revealed that nurses tended to have negative attitudes toward people with alcoholic problems. This can influence the quality of healthcare provided to this group of patients. As a result, alcoholic patients may not be properly treated. The researchers of this study employed a cross-sectional survey to gather data from the targeted sample. The Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ) was used to evaluate the attitudes of nurses toward alcoholic patients. In addition, relationships between therapeutic attitude toward alcoholic patients and various independent variables (including experience in specialty, education related to alcohol and alcoholic problems, the degree of support received from co-workers, and self-esteem of individuals) were analyzed. Six hundred nursing staff, including registered nurses, enrolled nurses and nursing officers working in AED, were invited to participate in the study. One hundred and ninety (31.6%) of them responded. The findings showed that nurses working in AEDs tended to have negative attitudes toward alcoholic patients. Most of those surveyed got low scores in role security, which indicated they perceived themselves inadequate in both skills and knowledge relating to problem drinkers. The findings also reflected that the degree of support received and self-esteem correlated with the overall attitude toward alcoholic patients. To conclude, providing more support and training opportunities to nursing staff are conducive to more positive attitude of nurses toward alcoholic patients.

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Chung, M. Y., T. W. Wong, and J. J. K. Yiu. "Wife battering in Hong Kong: Accident and emergency nurses' attitudes and beliefs." Accident and Emergency Nursing 4, no. 3 (July 1996): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-2302(96)90063-6.

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17

Cheung, N., C. H. Cheng, C. A. Graham, B. J. Gabbe, J. H. Yeung, T. Kossmann, R. T. Judson, T. H. Rainer, and P. A. Cameron. "246: Trauma Care Systems: A Comparison of Trauma Care in Victoria, Australia and Hong Kong, China." Annals of Emergency Medicine 51, no. 4 (April 2008): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.01.216.

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18

Chan, SSW. "Efforts to Help Develop Emergency Medicine in Rural Sichuan: A Brief Report." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 2 (April 2002): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900208.

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Emergency Medicine (EM) as a specialty discipline in China is gradually progressing to a mature status. However, emergency medical care development in large cities and in rural areas may have wide disparity. Rural hospitals need the same kind of support and development as hospitals in major cities. Assistance has come from many EM providers and faculties from western systems. The needs of a rural hospital in Sichuan, and the efforts of help provided from Hong Kong, is described.

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19

Ren, Lijie, Chao Li, Weiping Li, Yixuan Zeng, Shisheng Ye, Zhichao Li, Hongye Feng, et al. "Fast-tracking acute stroke care in China: Shenzhen Stroke Emergency Map." Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, no. 1119 (January 2019): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-136192.

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China has the largest stroke population and at-risk population in the world. However, it has a lower thrombolytic therapy rate and longer onset-to-needle time/door-to-needle time for patients who had an acute stroke compared with developed countries, which might be due to redundant procedures or inefficient systems. Things are changing due to some new initiatives. Two years ago, a new emergency system in China, Stroke Emergency Map, was first launched as a regional emergency system in Shenzhen, the bustling metropolis just north of Hong Kong. As a result of the Stroke Emergency Map in Shenzhen, the number of thrombolytic cases increased in the last 2 years, from 568 to 809 annually. The Stroke Emergency Map, first pioneered in Shenzhen and now spreading to the rest of China, is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary system. The benefits are not just the immediate improvements in the acute stroke care because the continuous data collection and audit allows for improvements in logistics and future strategies.

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20

Zhu, Xuehan, and Sooyeoun Sohn. "A Study of Hong Kong Movies Cultural Identity: Focus on Movies The Actress and The Golden Era." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.11.44.11.639.

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2022 is the 25th year of Hong Kong's return to China; the return implies that Hong Kong has transferred from colonial history to the new political environment of “one country, two systems.” Meanwhile, Hong Kong's cultural identity would be sharply reconstructed after the return. This study is based on movies and aims to understand whether the change in cultural identity is reflected in the culture and arts areas. Specifically, this paper compares two Hong Kong movies, “The Actress” and “The Golden Era.” The reason is that those two movies have similar background contexts, but they are produced in different periods (i.e., before and after Hong Kong’s return). This paper has the following findings: there have been great changes in the film industry, cultural identity and movie style. Overall, this study shed light on how the political environment changes affect the culture and arts field; moreover, our findings broaden the understanding of the Chinese and Hong Kong movie industries.

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Lam, K. K., P. Crow, K. H. L. Ng, K. C. Shek, H. T. Fung, G. Ades, A. Grioni, et al. "A cross-sectional survey of snake oral bacterial flora from Hong Kong, SAR, China." Emergency Medicine Journal 28, no. 2 (May 29, 2010): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2009.086694.

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22

Li, Serena P., Carmen W. H. Chan, and Diana T. F. Lee. "Helpfulness of nursing actions to suddenly bereaved family members in an accident and emergency setting in Hong Kong." Journal of Advanced Nursing 40, no. 2 (October 2002): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02359.x.

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23

Chen, Shao-xi, Karren Fan, and Ling-pong Leung. "Epidemiological characteristics and disease spectrum of emergency patients in two cities in China: Hong Kong and Shenzhen." World Journal of Emergency Medicine 11, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2020.01.007.

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24

Lin, Bing Bing. "A Snapshot of the Evolution of Pharmaceutical Regulations in China and Hong Kong." Drug Information Journal 44, no. 5 (September 2010): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286151004400510.

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Ying, S. Y., and W. S. Ho. "An Analysis of 550 Hospitalized Pediatric Burn Patients in Hong Kong." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 22, no. 3 (May 2001): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200105000-00008.

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26

Chung, Josephine Y. M. "An exploration of accident and emergency nurse experiences of triage decision making in Hong Kong." Accident and Emergency Nursing 13, no. 4 (October 2005): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaen.2005.08.003.

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Hung, Kevin KC, Eva CC Lam, Emily YY Chan, and Colin A. Graham. "Disease pattern and chronic illness in rural China: The Hong Kong Red Cross basic health clinic after 2008 Sichuan earthquake." Emergency Medicine Australasia 25, no. 3 (May 20, 2013): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12080.

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28

Karlberg, Johan, and Jo W. F. Lui. "The Current Status of Clinical Trials in Hong Kong Sar, People's Republic of China." Drug Information Journal 32, no. 1_suppl (October 1998): 1227S—1234S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00928615980320s111.

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29

Cui, Hong, Qin-qin Gao, and Ling-ling Gao. "Scientific publication in emergency medicine from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan: a 10-year survey of the literature." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 31, no. 5 (May 2013): 881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.01.032.

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30

Tang, Anson Chui Yan, and Meyrick Chum Ming Chow. "Learning Experience of Baccalaureate Nursing Students with Challenge-Based Learning in Hong Kong: A Descriptive Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126293.

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Nursing education has recently adopted challenge-based learning (CBL) to enhance nursing students’ competency in the 21st-century healthcare environment. Previous studies have not yet fully explored nursing students’ perceptions of CBL. This descriptive qualitative study aimed to investigate the learning experience of first-year baccalaureate nursing students engaging with CBL. Videotaped focus group interviews were conducted in a tertiary education institution in Hong Kong, China. The participants recruited for the study included ten Year 1 nursing students enrolled in a public health course delivered using CBL over the study period. The participants included four female and six male students. Five themes were identified: facilitation by teachers, familiarity with CBL, team communication, facilitating metacognitive development, and the application of theories into actual practices. The findings shed light on the potential application of CBL in nursing training as it can foster students’ metacognition, an important attribute for the modern-day workforce. Facilitating theoretical application into practice implies that CBL helps to fill the theory–practice gap that has long been a persistent issue in nursing training. Nonetheless, students encountered frustrating obstacles throughout the learning process, including ineffective group communication, unfamiliarity with the CBL process, and insufficient facilitation by teachers. Better preparation on the part of both teachers and students is critical to ensure that nursing students are gaining optimal benefits from the CBL process.

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Croll, P., B. Li, C. P. Wong, S. Gogia, A. Faud, Y. S. Kwak, S. Chu, et al. "Survey on Medical Records and EHR in Asia-Pacific Region." Methods of Information in Medicine 50, no. 04 (2011): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-02-0002.

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SummaryObjectives: To clarify health record background information in the Asia-Pacific region, for planning and evaluation of medical information systems.Methods: The survey was carried out in the summer of 2009. Of the 14 APAMI (Asia-Pacific Association for Medical Informatics) delegates 12 responded which were Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan.Results: English is used for records and education in Australia, Hong Kong, India, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan. Most of the countries/regions are British Commonwealth. Nine out of 12 delegates responded that the second purpose of medical records was for the billing of medical services. Seven out of nine responders to this question answered that the second purpose of EHR (Electronic Health Records) was healthcare cost cutting. In Singapore, a versatile resident ID is used which can be applied to a variety of uses. Seven other regions have resident IDs which are used for a varying range of purposes. Regarding healthcare ID, resident ID is simply used as healthcare ID in Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. In most cases, disclosure of medical data with patient’s name identified is allowed only for the purpose of disease control within a legal framework and for disclosure to the patient and referred doctors. Secondary use of medical information with the patient’s identification anonymized is usually allowed in particular cases for specific purposes.Conclusion: This survey on the health record background information has yielded the above mentioned results. This information contributes to the planning and evaluation of medical information systems in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Hung, K., E. Y. Y. Chan, E. Lam, T. Rainer, and C. Graham. "(P2-98) Disease Pattern in a Rural Setting Three Weeks After the 2008 Sichuan, China Earthquake—Hong Kong Red Cross Basic Health Clinic in Yanmen." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11005437.

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BackgroundThe Sichuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 with a magnitude of 8.0 killed > 87,000 people. The response of the Hong Kong Red Cross (HKRC) included a basic healthcare team to a small rural town called Yanmen three weeks after the earthquake. The objective of this study was to review HKRC's medical records to identify the disease pattern in the Chinese rural setting post earthquake.MethodsA cross-sectional, record-based study of all patients treated by the HKRC basic healthcare team from 01 June to 19 June 2008. This retrospective study studied the medical records collected during the clinical consultations, and descriptive analysis was performed for the demographic and clinical information. Blood pressure measurement was classified according to the JNC-7 classification, and the age- and gender-specific prevalence of hypertension was sought.ResultsA total of 2,034 cases were seen during the 19-day period with daily attendance ranging from 73 to 153 cases. Musculoskeletal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal problems were the top three categories and accounted for 30.4, 17.4, and 12.7% respectively. Trauma accounted for 5.4% of the cases attended, and 26.0% of the injuries were related to the earthquake. A total of 38.7% of the consultations were for medical problems that existed before the earthquake. A total of 43.4% patients with blood pressure measurements were above the recognized cutoff for hypertension.ConclusionsDue to the impact and time phase post disaster, trauma, and injuries directly resulting from the earthquake did not contribute to a large number of cases. However, the management of chronic illness was an important issue, especially with the excessive prevalence of high blood pressure found in this study. Further studies to investigate the relationship between chronic diseases including hypertension and post-earthquake conditions are needed.

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Chan, Emily, Zhe Huang, Kevin Hung, Gloria Chan, Holly Lam, Eugene Lo, and May Yeung. "Health Emergency Disaster Risk Management of Public Transport Systems: A Population-Based Study after the 2017 Subway Fire in Hong Kong, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020228.

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Background: Literature on health emergency disaster risk management (Health-EDRM) for urban public transport safety is limited. This study explored: (i) the confidence in public transport safety, (ii) the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and risk perception of transport safety and (iii) the association between previous first-aid training and response knowledge. Method: This is a population-based cross-sectional telephone survey conducted in March 2017, one month after a major subway incident in Hong Kong. Respondents were randomly selected with the Random Digit Dialing method among Cantonese-speaking population ≥15 years. Sociodemographic information, type of transport used and the corresponding worries, response knowledge and previous first-aid training experience (as a proxy for individual skills in Health-EDRM training proxy) were collected. Results: Among the 1000 respondents, 87% used public transport daily. The self-reported confidence in subway safety was 85.6% even after a subway fire accident. Female, those with lower income and people unmarried were more likely to express worry about transport safety. About 46.1–63.2% respondents had the correct fire related health response knowledge. Previous first-aid training (32%) was found to be associated with fire response knowledge in a mixed pattern. Conclusions: Despite inadequacy in fire response knowledge, previous first-aid training appeared to be a beneficial factor for emergency response knowledge. Emergency responses education should be provided to the public to reduce health losses during emergencies.

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Lee, Regina LT, and Alice Yuen Loke. "Lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial well-being of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional comparative survey." Journal of Clinical Nursing 20, no. 19-20 (June 27, 2011): 2733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03737.x.

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35

Wong, M., P. H. Chau, W. Goggins, and J. Woo. "A Geographical Study of Health Services Utilization among the Elderly in Hong Kong: From Spatial Variations to Health Care Implications." Health Services Insights 2 (January 2009): HSI.S3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/hsi.s3087.

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Introduction Levels of utilization of health services vary socially and geographically. Differences in the rates of usage are also associated with geographical aspects of health care systems. The purpose of this study was to capture spatial variations in hospital health services utilization in the elderly population in Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China. Materials and Methods We carried out a secondary analysis of a database from the Hospital Authority (HA) which covers 98% (N = 243,245) of the total registered deaths in Hong Kong during 1999 to 2005. Deaths at age 65y and above (N = 184,671) were included in the analysis. Age-sex weighted mean utilization ratio of hospital services was calculated by dividing the age-sex weighted mean usage of a particular service for each district by that for the whole territory. The variation in utilization by the seniors was analyzed in terms of four types of services: length of stay (LOS) in HA hospitals, number of inpatient admissions, number of visits to specialist outpatient department (SOPD), and attendances at accident and emergency department (AED). Results Deaths at age 65y and above contributed to 76% of the total registered deaths. Each district contributed 1.0% to 9.1% of the total number of deaths in Hong Kong. Spatial analysis of the age-sex weighted mean utilization ratio showed significant geographic variation in the use of hospital services: the range of difference in the LOS between the lowest and highest district was 44%, while some differences as high as 33%, 35% and 39% in utilization ratios were observed in relation to number of inpatient admissions, visits to SOPD, and attendances at AED respectively. However, the patterns of these variations were not consistent for the four types of service being analyzed. Conclusions Geographic variation in the utilization of hospital health services across the 18 districts in Hong Kong among the elderly population during the last three years before death was demonstrated. However, the patterns of variation were different for the types of services being examined. Further studies using primary data at an individual level are needed to explain the variations. Detailed analysis examining the relationship between service provision, accessibility and health outcomes are also indicated in order to inform the planning of health service delivery.

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Chang, BS, Crystal, Anthony Salerno, MSc, and Edbert B. Hsu, MD, MPH. "Perspectives on xenophobia during epidemics and implications for emergency management." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 7 (December 10, 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0521.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that traces its earliest known cases to the Hubei region of China in late 2019. As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe wreaking unprecedented disruption, increasing levels of xenophobia and racial discrimination have been documented against those of Asian descent. We investigate the historical connections between disease and rise of xenophobia as described in the peer-reviewed literature addressing prior epidemics, such as Ebola and the Hong Kong Flu, in conjunction with concurrent cases of prejudice toward certain groups of people. Attempts to better understand why such attitudes emerge are examined in the context of xenophobic actions during pandemics. Prevailing views suggest that xenophobia ultimately leads to increased stigmatization of those afflicted by disease, which in turn leads to decreased trust in the medical system, resulting in a negative feedback loop. Accurate disseminated information and improved public education on sources and modes of transmission of infectious diseases are essential to check xenophobic tendencies, reduce negative effects and foster greater cooperation.

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Parker, Judith M., and Martha N. Hill. "A review of advanced practice nursing in the United States, Canada, Australia and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China." International Journal of Nursing Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 2017): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2017.01.002.

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Teo, Kay-Cheong, William C. Y. Leung, Yuen-Kwun Wong, Roxanna K. C. Liu, Anna H. Y. Chan, Olivia M. Y. Choi, Wing-Man Kwok, et al. "Delays in Stroke Onset to Hospital Arrival Time During COVID-19." Stroke 51, no. 7 (July 2020): 2228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.030105.

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Background and Purpose: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents a global public health crisis, disrupting emergency healthcare services. We determined whether COVID-19 has resulted in delays in stroke presentation and affected the delivery of acute stroke services in a comprehensive stroke center in Hong Kong. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke admitted via the acute stroke pathway of Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, during the first 60 days since the first diagnosed COVID-19 case in Hong Kong (COVID-19: January 23, 2020–March 24, 2020). We compared the stroke onset to hospital arrival (onset-to-door) time and timings of inpatient stroke pathways with patients admitted during the same period in 2019 (pre–COVID-19: January 23, 2019–March 24, 2019). Results: Seventy-three patients in COVID-19 were compared with 89 patients in pre–COVID-19. There were no significant differences in age, sex, vascular risk factors, nor stroke severity between the 2 groups ( P >0.05). The median stroke onset-to-door time was ≈1-hour longer in COVID-19 compared with pre–COVID-19 (154 versus 95 minutes, P =0.12), and the proportion of individuals with onset-to-door time within 4.5 hours was significantly lower (55% versus 72%, P =0.024). Significantly fewer cases of transient ischemic attack presented to the hospital during COVID-19 (4% versus 16%, P =0.016), despite no increase in referrals to the transient ischemic attack clinic. Inpatient stroke pathways and treatment time metrics nevertheless did not differ between the 2 groups ( P >0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: During the early containment phase of COVID-19, we noted a prolongation in stroke onset to hospital arrival time and a significant reduction in individuals arriving at the hospital within 4.5 hours and presenting with transient ischemic attack. Public education about stroke should continue to be reinforced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Schofield, Irene, Debbie Tolson, David Arthur, Sue Davies, and Mike Nolan. "An exploration of the caring attributes and perceptions of work place change among gerontological nursing staff in England, Scotland and China (Hong Kong)." International Journal of Nursing Studies 42, no. 2 (February 2005): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.06.002.

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Chan, Emily Ying Yang, Zhe Huang, Eugene Siu Kai Lo, Kevin Kei Ching Hung, Eliza Lai Yi Wong, and Samuel Yeung Shan Wong. "Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113869.

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In addition to top-down Health-Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM) efforts, bottom-up individual and household measures are crucial for prevention and emergency response of the COVID-19 pandemic, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). There is limited scientific evidence of the knowledge, perception, attitude and behavior patterns of the urban population. A computerized randomized digital dialing, cross-sectional, population landline-based telephone survey was conducted from 22 March to 1 April 2020 in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Data were collected for socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and risk perception, and various self-reported Health-EDRM behavior patterns associated with COVID-19. The final study sample was 765. Although the respondents thought that individuals (68.6%) had similar responsibilities as government (67.5%) in infection control, less than 50% had sufficient health risk management knowledge to safeguard health and well-being. Among the examined Health-EDRM measures, significant differences were found between attitude and practice in regards to washing hands with soap, ordering takeaways, wearing masks, avoidance of visiting public places or using public transport, and travel avoidance to COVID-19-confirmed regions. Logistic regression indicated that the elderly were less likely to worry about infection with COVID-19. Compared to personal and household hygiene practices, lower compliance was found for public social distancing.

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Rainer, Timothy, Hui-lin Jiang, Yun-mei Li, Min Li, Pei-yi Lin, Xiao-hui Chen, and Colin Graham. "Management and mortality of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction presenting to two University Hospital Emergency Departments in China: Retrospective comparison between Hong Kong and Guangzhou." Resuscitation 85 (May 2014): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.053.

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Kreps, Sarah, Julie George, Noah Watson, Gloria Cai, and Keyi Ding. "(Mis)Information on Digital Platforms: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Content From Twitter and Sina Weibo in the COVID-19 Pandemic." JMIR Infodemiology 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): e31793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31793.

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Background Misinformation about COVID-19 on social media has presented challenges to public health authorities during the pandemic. This paper leverages qualitative and quantitative content analysis on cross-platform, cross-national discourse and misinformation in the context of COVID-19. Specifically, we investigated COVID-19-related content on Twitter and Sina Weibo—the largest microblogging sites in the United States and China, respectively. Objective Using data from 2 prominent microblogging platform, Twitter, based in the United States, and Sina Weibo, based in China, we compared the content and relative prevalence of misinformation to better understand public discourse of public health issues across social media and cultural contexts. Methods A total of 3,579,575 posts were scraped from both Sina Weibo and Twitter, focusing on content from January 30, 2020, within 24 hours of when WHO declared COVID-19 a “public health emergency of international concern,” and a week later, on February 6, 2020. We examined how the use and engagement measured by keyword frequencies and hashtags differ across the 2 platforms. A 1% random sample of tweets that contained both the English keywords “coronavirus” and “covid-19” and the equivalent Chinese characters was extracted and analyzed based on changes in the frequencies of keywords and hashtags and the Viterbi algorithm. We manually coded a random selection of 5%-7% of the content to identify misinformation on each platform and compared posts using the WHO fact-check page to adjudicate accuracy of content. Results Both platforms posted about the outbreak and transmission, but posts on Sina Weibo were less likely to reference topics such as WHO, Hong Kong, and death and more likely to cite themes of resisting, fighting, and cheering against coronavirus. Misinformation constituted 1.1% of Twitter content and 0.3% of Sina Weibo content—almost 4 times as much on Twitter compared to Sina Weibo. Conclusions Quantitative and qualitative analysis of content on both platforms points to lower degrees of misinformation, more content designed to bolster morale, and less reference to topics such as WHO, death, and Hong Kong on Sina Weibo than on Twitter.

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So, Eric H. K., N. H. Chia, George W. Y. Ng, Osburga P. K. Chan, S. L. Yuen, David C. Lung, W. C. Li, S. S. So, and Victor K. L. Cheung. "Multidisciplinary simulation training for endotracheal intubation during COVID-19 in one Hong Kong regional hospital: strengthening of existing procedures and preparedness." BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 7, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2020-000766.

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IntroductionIn early 2020, our hospital responded with high alertness when novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 appeared. A hospital-based training programme was rapidly arranged to prepare staff for the imminent threat.ObjectiveWe developed a hospital-wide multidisciplinary infection control training programme on endotracheal intubation for healthcare workers to minimise nosocomial spread of COVID-19 during this high-stress and time-sensitive risky procedure.MethodologyMajor stakeholders (Quality & Safety Department, Infection Control Team, Central Nursing Division, high-risk clinical departments and hospital training centre) formed a training programme task group. This group was tasked with developing high-fidelity scenario-based simulation training curriculum for COVID-19 endotracheal intubation with standard workflow and infection control practice. This group then implemented and evaluated the training programme for its effectiveness.Results101 training classes of 2-hour session were conducted from 5 February to 18 March 2020, involving 1415 hospital staff (~81% of target participants with training needs) either inside the hospital training centre or as in situ simulation training (intensive care unit or accident and emergency department). Learners’ satisfaction was reflected by overall positive response percentage at 90%. Opinions of participating staff were incorporated into the standard airway management and infection control practice for endotracheal intubation of adult patients with COVID-19. Thirty-five patients with COVID-19 were intubated with the current workflow and guideline without any nosocomial transmission.ConclusionAn early planned and well-structured multidisciplinary hospital-wide simulation training programme was organised expeditiously to provide extensive staff coverage. The insight and experience gained from this project is valuable for future infectious disease challenges.

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Relan, Pryanka, and Flavio Salio. "Introduction." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001509.

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Since its inception, the World Health Organization’s Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) Initiative has strived to save lives, preserve health, and alleviate suffering through inclusiveness, transparency, global cohesion, and regional adaptation of quality standards and methodology.1 The mission of the Global EMT Initiative is to enhance the surge capacity of countries through the promotion of rapid mobilization and efficient coordination of both national and international medical teams and health care workforce to reduce loss of life and prevent long-term disability because of disasters, outbreaks, and other emergencies.1Over the past decade, four EMT Global Meetings have been held and serve as a platform to foster collaboration and support among the global EMT community, which consists of clinicians and non-clinical providers, Member States, and partners. The gatherings in Geneva, Panama, Hong Kong, and Bangkok created momentum for the development of a global network and proved vital in guiding the direction of the initiative.Under the leadership of the EMT Strategic Advisory Group, the 2022 EMT Global Meeting in Yerevan convened over 500 participants from 110 countries and organizations. The event provided the network an opportunity to define a longer EMT strategy – EMT 2030 – which serves to strengthen national EMT and rapid response capacities as part of the global health emergency preparedness, response, and resilience (HEPR) architecture outlined by the 75th World Health Assembly in May 2022.2One of the four core objectives of the EMT 2030 strategy is to Strengthen information systems, evidence, and research. To further this objective, for the first time in 2022, the EMT secretariat introduced a research program into the EMT Global Meeting.The overall aim of research among EMTs is to support improvement of care provided to populations affected by emergencies, and therefore further the mission and vision of the EMT initiative. Even though the adoption of an experience-based strategy has had a positive impact in the past years, there is a need for an evidence-based generalizable guidance, aiming to increase predictability of response, strengthen advanced planning, and facilitate early actions. To this end, since late 2021, the EMT Secretariat has begun compiling a Global EMT Research Agenda, including documenting innovative solutions and products, deployments of national and international teams, and lessons learned from responses. The Secretariat also launched new platforms for advocacy and information exchange among the EMT Network.The 2022 EMT Global Meeting abstracts highlight the vast number of accomplishments that the EMT Network can and has already accomplished. From documenting the process of developing teams to modeling impact of effective responses, to demonstrating regional and sub-regional enhancements in knowledge sharing and after-action reviews of responses, there has been a wealth of experience presented in Yerevan. It is our pleasure to present them here.We look forward to strengthening the evidence base for EMT preparedness and response, with many of these abstracts developed further into manuscripts and more research to come.

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Deng, Renli, Jianghui Zhang, Liuliu Chen, Jiarui Miao, Jiazhong Duan, Yeyin Qiu, Doris Leung, Helen Chan, and Diana TF Lee. "The effectiveness of a modified advance care planning programme." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 1569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020922893.

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Background: Frailty is a natural consequence of the aging process. With the increasing aging population in Mainland China, the quality of life and end-of-life care for frail older people need to be taken into consideration. Advance Care Planning has also been used worldwide in long-term facilities, hospitals and communities to improve the quality of end-of-life care, increase patient and family satisfaction, and reduce healthcare costs and hospital admissions in Western countries. However, it has not been practiced in China. Research objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified Advance Care Planning intervention in certainty of end-of-life care, preferences for end-of-life care, quality of life concerns, and healthcare utilization among frail older people. Research design: This study used a quasi-experimental design, with a single-blind, control group, pretest and repeated posttest approach. Participants and research context: A convenience sample of 74 participates met the eligibility criteria in each nursing home. A total of 148 frail older people were recruited in two nursing homes in Zhejiang Province, China. Ethical considerations: The study received ethical approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee, the Faculty of Medicine, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CREC Ref. No: 2016.059. Findings: The results indicated the Advance Care Planning programme was effective at increasing autonomy in decision making on end-of-life care issues, decreasing decision-making conflicts over end-of-life care issues, and increasing their expression about end-of-life care. Discussion: This study promoted the participants’ autonomy and broke through the inherent custom of avoiding talking about death in China. Conclusion: The modified Advance Care Planning intervention is effective and recommended to support the frail older people in their end-of-life care decision in Chinese society.

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MALIK, YASHPAL SINGH, SHUBHANKAR SIRCAR, SUDIPTA BHAT, VINODHKUMAR O. R, RUCHI TIWARI, RANJIT SAH, ALI A. RABAAN, ALFONSO J. RODRIGUEZ-MORALES, and KULDEEP DHAMA. "Emerging Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a pandemic public health emergency with animal linkages: Current status update." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102316.

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After the appearance of first cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown origin’ in the Wuhan city, China, during late 2019, the disease progressed fast. Its cause was identified as a novel coronavirus, named provisionally 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, an official name was given as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study group. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the Coronavirus disease-2019 as COVID-19. The epidemics of COVID-2019 have been recorded over 113 countries/territories/areas apart from China and filched more than 4,292 humans, affecting severely around 1,18,326 cases in a short span. The status of COVID-2019 emergency revised by the WHO within 42 days from Public Health International Emergency (January 30, 2020) to a pandemic (March 11, 2020). Nonetheless, the case fatality rate (CFR) of the current epidemic is on the rise (between 2–4%), relatively is lower than the previous SARS-CoV (2002/2003) and MERS-CoV (2012) outbreaks. Even though investigations are on its way, the researchers across the globe have assumptions of animal-origin of current SARS-CoV-2. A recent case report provides evidence of mild COVID-2019 infection in a pet dog that acquired COVID-2019 infection from his owner in Hong Kong. The news on travellers associated spread across the globe have also put many countries on alert with the cancellation of tourist visa to all affected countries and postponement of events where international visits were required. A few diagnostic approaches, including quantitative and differential real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, have been recommended for the screening of the individuals at risk. In the absence of any selective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, re-purposed drugs are advocated in many studies. This article discourse the current worldwide situation of COVID-2019 with information on virus, epidemiology, host, the role of animals, effective diagnosis, therapeutics, preventive and control approaches making people aware on the disease outcomes.

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Sinha, Smita, and Rishita Chandra. "COVID 19 pandemic: Lesson learned by South Korea and its application with India’s perspective." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i03.028.

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A novel coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019, in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China, which got transmitted throughout the nation and even world. It was declared as a Public Health Emergency by WHO on January 30th 2020, due to the increase in the number of cases reported from various regions of WHO with the evidence of human to human transmission. (1) Spread of COVID-19 across the globe: China reported first COVID-19 death on January 11th 2020. After a few weeks, 830 cases were diagnosed in China along with 26 reported deaths. By January 20, Wuhan was placed under lockdown and China alerted other nations about its spread in various provinces. (2) This contagious disease had spread to 24 nations outside China-Hong Kong-Macau, by 2nd February. About 172 countries and regions were engulfed by this virus by March 25, 2020. (3) Globally over 3,308,643 cases have been confirmed, over 234,123 deaths have been reported, and around 1,042,981 have recovered as on 30th April 2020. (4) Controlling the Pandemic COVID 19: success story of the Republic of Korea: Initially, one country which successfully stood out from the rest of the world was South Korea. The country confirmed its first few cases in late January and then reported a surge in the cases a few weeks later. The country was exploded with cases in dozens to hundreds to thousands during late February and early March and launched drive-through testing centers and massive contact tracing. Almost 909 new cases were identified in a single day of February 29th 2020 and was reported at peak. This data brought the country with 50 million population on the verge of a deluge. But the number of new cases was halved within a time period of just a week. The number of cases reduced to half within four days, and it halved, again the following day. (5)

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Gill, Baljit Kaur. "Translation and validation of the traditional Chinese NLN educational practices questionnaire, simulation design scale and student satisfaction and self-confidence in learning." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 10, no. 8 (May 17, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n8p47.

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Background and objective: Globally, the use of clinical simulation has been incorporated in different nursing programs. It is important to evaluate simulation using reliable and valid instruments. Using the same instrument helps to evaluate simulation under the same criteria both nationally and internationally. The National League of Nursing developed three simulation scales which is widely used in different countries and demonstrates a good reliability and validity. Nevertheless, it is only available in English. The aim of the study was to translate the original NLN simulation evaluation scales into Traditional Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties.Methods: Beaton and colleague’s (2000) cross-cultural adaptation guidelines was adopted. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) and Corrected item-total correlation was used to determine the internal reliability. Haccoun’s single group technique was used to assess the equivalent of the scale in the original and the translated version. Lastly, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the factor structure and Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) to test the stability of translated scale.Results: Nine simulation experts from Hong Kong, Mainland China, Singapore and Taiwan confirmed translation of the NLN scales (EPQ-C, SDS-C, SSCL-C). Cronbach’s alpha of all subscales and overall scales were acceptable (0.72-0.89). The intra-language, inter-language and temporal inter-language cross correlations between the original and translated scales were correlated (p < 0.01). ICC of the translated scales ranges from good to excellent (0.78-0.91). Lastly, EFA also demonstrated the items were theoretically coherent (≥ 0.40) and have the same factor structure as the original English version.Conclusions: Traditional Chinese NLN simulation evaluation scales demonstrated strong validity and reliability.

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WEST, Justin, and Alfredo BAUTISTA. "Global Perspectives on Teacher Professional Development: Navigating the Pandemic." International Journal for Research in Education 46, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36771/ijre.46.2.22-pp1-27.

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Abstract Educational researchers, policymakers, and administrators agree that providing in-service teachers with high-quality professional development (PD) opportunities is essential to educational success. Despite the substantial sums invested in teacher PD by countries and jurisdictions, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious challenges to teacher learning around the world. As conventional face-to-face initiatives became impracticable (e.g., workshops, conferences, school-based PD) and the need to prioritize pandemic-specific topics intensified (e.g., emergency remote teaching), teacher PD was recast both formally (where and how teachers engaged in PD) and substantively (what teachers sought to learn from PD). Amidst the international upheavals caused by COVID-19, how have teacher PD infrastructures (policies, practices, theories) responded? For this Special Issue, we put this and other questions before a panel of PD scholars in six contexts: United States, Scotland (United Kingdom), Uruguay, Australia, United Arab Emirates, and Hong Kong (SAR China). In their respective contributions, authors discuss issues such as the limitations of PD systems based on compliance and external accountability mechanisms, the need to center teacher motivation in existing PD frameworks, matters of access and equity, the importance of developing technological infrastructures for online and hybrid learning, problems of online safety and wellbeing, and more. The Special Issue shows that the uncertainty of today’s times requires new, global perspectives on PD design, implementation, evaluation, theory, and scholarship. To nurture agentic, highly motivated, and effective teachers for the pandemic era and beyond, countries and jurisdictions should think more creatively about how to best support teacher learning. Keywords: Teacher professional development, in-service teachers, COVID-19, comparative education

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Sehgal, M. L. "From Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment: India Hopes to Contain China." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (October 4, 2020): 619–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.9103.

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In 1954, India did a ‘Himalayan Blunder’ of having fallen into China’s trap of accepting Tibet to be a part of China. In ‘1962 Indo- China War’, China’s biggest argument of its having claim over Ladakh was that since Ladakh was a part of Tibet and thus belongs to China. But the historical perspective, altogether, contradicts it. Having annexed Tibet and forcefully occupying Aksai Chin, there was no looking back for China; be it in 1965, 1967, 1987, 2013, 2017; and now in 2020. Every time, the Chinese rulers would invent one lie or the other. Xi Jinping, the present Chinese President, imbibes the qualities of both- Mao Tse Tung, Chinese ideologue, a protagonist of the ‘Expansionist Ideology’ and the philosopher- Sun Yat-sen who wrote “The Art of War” and believed that“The greatest victory is that which requires no battle”. Xi Jinping is an expert in both. He did ‘land grabbing’ not just of India and Tibet rather China has 17 territorial disputes with its neighbours, on land and sea. He has also applied ‘Debt- Diplomacy’; mostly on the nascent, economically weak, fragile democracies to subjugate them without firing a bullet. What to talk of entrapping India’s immediate friendly neighbours under his ‘Debt-net’ by using it as a political ideology called “String of Pearls” (weaning away friendly Indian neighbours with the money power), China has loaned over $ 1.5 trillion(5% of its GDP) to more than 150 countries that make it a bigger lender than even W.B. and IMF that compares it well with the USA. China's stance along LAC fits well with a larger pattern of the ‘Expansionist Ideology of Mao. Modi, unlike Nehru, chose to follow Multi-Alignment and befriended countries both the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the South China Sea lying in the periphery of China by garlanding China with a ‘Necklace of Diamonds’ which gave India the strategic access and fast-developing routes to Central Asians, East Asian and South-East Asian countries. Moreover, the USA, India, Australia and Japan formed ‘The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue QUAD’ in case of any emergency. India’s ‘Look East Policy; has paid it the dividends with the USA openly playing the role of a deterrent to China in South China; Australia gave a military base in Cocos Islands, France supplied Rafales and good-humoured Russia, unlike the Russia of 1962, is supplying India with the much needed Military pieces of Equipment while refusing the S-400 to China. The suspected role of China in the pandemic COVID-19 has made it ‘a persona non- grata’ in the eyes of many countries. The anti-democracy Security Law in Hong Kong and the USA’s open support to the ‘Independent Tibet’ and recognizing ‘Taiwan as a Sovereign State’ has threatened ‘One China Principle’ which has resulted in the taming China by India.

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