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Books on the topic 'Emergency Airway Management'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Gorback, Michael S. Emergency airway management. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, 1990.

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2

Kovacs, George. Emergency airway management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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3

Burtenshaw, Andrew, Jonathan Benger, and Jerry Nolan, eds. Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107707542.

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4

Benger, Jonathan, Jerry Nolan, and Mike Clancy, eds. Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511544491.

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5

Berkow, Lauren C., and John C. Sakles, eds. Cases in Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139941471.

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6

Manual of emergency airway management. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Heath, 2012.

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7

Rich, James Michael. SLAM: Street-level airway management. Lexington, KY: Emeth Press, 2014.

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8

Atlas of airway management: Techniques and tools. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

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9

Atlas of airway management: Techniques and tools. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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10

Burtenshaw, Andrew. Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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11

Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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12

Jonathan, Benger, Nolan Jerry, and Clancy Mike, eds. Emergency airway management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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13

Young, Gary, Robert Dailey, Ronald D. Stewart, and Barry Simon. The Airway: Emergency Management. C.V. Mosby, 1992.

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14

1935-, Daily Robert H., ed. The Airway: Emergency management. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992.

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15

(Editor), Ron M. Walls, Robert C., Md. Luten (Editor), Michael F., Md. Murphy (Editor), Robert E., Md. Schneider (Editor), and Ron M., Md. Walls (Editor), eds. Manual of Emergency Airway Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

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16

M, Walls Ron, ed. Manual of emergency airway management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

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17

Cases in Emergency Airway Management. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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18

(Editor), Ron M. Walls, Michael F. Murphy (Editor), and Robert C. Luten (Editor), eds. Manual of Emergency Airway Management. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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19

Paramedic: Airway Management. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2011.

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20

Paramedic: Airway Management. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2003.

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21

Manual of emergency airway management - 3. ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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22

The Walls Manual of Emergency Airway Management. LWW, 2017.

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23

Levitan, Richard M. The Airway Cam Guide to Intubation and Practical Emergency Airway Management. Airway Cam Technologies, Inc., 2004.

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24

EMS Respiratory Emergency Management. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

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25

Law, J. Adam, and George Kovacs. Emergency Airway Management (Red & White Series) (Red & White Emergency Medicine Series). McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007.

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26

Larmon, Baxter, and Scott R. Snyder. Airway Management: Dynamic Lectures Series (Dynamic Lecture Series). Prentice Hall, 2006.

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27

Martinez-Hurtado, Eugenio Daniel, and María Luisa Mariscal Flores, eds. An Update on Airway Management. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898114323851200301.

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In recent years, there have been many advances in the safe management of the patient's airway, a cornerstone of anesthetic practice. An Update on Airway Management brings forth information about new approaches in airway management in many clinical settings. This volume analyzes and explains new preoperative diagnostic methods, algorithms, intubation devices, extubation procedures, novelties in postoperative management in resuscitation and intensive care units, while providing a simple, accessible and applicable reading experience that helps medical practitioners in daily practice. The comprehensive updates presented in this volume make this a useful reference for anesthesiologists, surgeons and EMTs at all levels. Key topics reviewed in this reference include: New airway devices, clinical management techniques, pharmacology updates (ASA guidelines, DAS algorithms, Vortex approach, etc.), Induced and awake approaches in different settings Updates on diagnostic accuracy of perioperative radiology and ultrasonography Airway management in different settings (nonoperating room locations and emergency rooms) Airway management in specific patient groups (for example, patients suffering from morbid obesity, obstetric patients and critical patients) Algorithms and traditional surgical techniques that include emergency cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy in ‘Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate’ scenarios. Learning techniques to manage airways correctly, focusing on the combination of knowledge, technical abilities, decision making, communication skills and leadership Special topics such as difficult airway management registry, organization, documentation, dissemination of critical information, big data and databases
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28

Pediatric Airway Management for the Pre-Hospital Professional. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 2005.

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29

Emlet, Lillian L., and James M. Dargin. Airway Equipment (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0029.

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Patients frequently require airway management during rapid response team (RRT) activations. Airway management during RRT activations frequently occurs in locations that are not well equipped or prepared to perform airway procedures. Therefore, it is important that RRTs arrive with the proper equipment and medications to safely secure the airway whenever necessary. An “airway bag” that is stocked by a hospital’s central supply department and carried by RRTs ensures the availability of functioning equipment and helps to standardize the process of airway management during RRT activation. In this chapter, we will review recommendations for equipment required in emergency airway management, including portable routine and difficult airway equipment and medications.
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30

Stacey, Victoria. Anaesthetics and pain management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592777.003.0003.

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Emergency airway care - Identifying the difficult airway - Emergency airway drugs - Rapid sequence induction (RSI) - Procedural sedation - Pain management - Local anaesthesia - Nerve blocks - Intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier’s block) - SAQ
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31

Schneider, Robert E., Ron M. Walls, Robert C. Luten, and Michael F. Murphy. Manual of Emergency Airway Management, Second Edition, for PDA: Powered by Skyscape, Inc. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

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32

Schneider, Robert E., Ron M. Walls, Robert C. Luten, and Michael F. Murphy. Manual of Emergency Airway Management, Second Edition, for PDA: Powered by Skyscape, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

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33

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Airway management and anaesthesia for ENT, maxillofacial, and dental surgery. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0011.

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This chapter covers airway assessment and management with the conduct of anaesthesia for ENT and maxillofacial procedures, both elective and emergency. Airway assessment allows some prediction of the difficult airway. Management of the anticipated difficult airway is discussed with techniques including awake fibreoptic intubation. Management of the unanticipated difficult airway and the obstructed airway is discussed following Difficult Airway Society algorithms. Emergency airway management includes cricothyroidotomy and jet ventilation. Indications for tracheostomy, descriptions of surgical and percutaneous procedures and guidelines for the emergency management of tracheostomy/laryngectomy airway emergencies are included. Anaesthesia for ENT covers the common anaesthetic considerations in the pre-assessment and perioperative period during management of patients for common ENT procedures. The special considerations for laser airway surgery and emergency surgery (such as bleeding tonsils and epiglottitis) are described. Most maxillofacial trauma is performed on a semi-elective basis and the airway management planning for lower, mid and upper-face fractures is included.
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34

Glick, David B., Richard M. Cooper, and Andranik Ovassapian. The Difficult Airway: An Atlas of Tools and Techniques for Clinical Management. Springer, 2016.

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35

Glick, David B., Richard M. Cooper, and Andranik Ovassapian. The Difficult Airway: An Atlas of Tools and Techniques for Clinical Management. Springer, 2012.

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36

Padmanabhan, Rajagopala, and Holt N. Murray. Emergency Vascular Access (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0025.

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Emergency resuscitation and stabilization of the critically ill patient is a cornerstone of patient care during a rapid response team (RRT) call. The establishment of vascular access, along with airway, breathing, and circulation management is pivotal for the delivery of fluid, blood products, and life-saving medications that can directly impact the morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients. Unfortunately, peripheral venous access may be difficult, if not impossible, to get in some patients. In these, and other select situations, excess time spent attempting to insert a peripheral line can delay essential therapies. In this chapter, the indications, types, and methods of establishing vascular access will be reviewed briefly.
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37

Cohen, Edmond. Upper airway obstruction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0079.

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Upper airway obstruction (UAO) from any cause should be considered a life-threatening emergency. In a conscious patient, UAO may present as respiratory distress, stridor, dyspnoea, altered voice, cyanosis, cough, decreased or absent breath sounds, wheezing, the hand-to-the-throat choking sign in the case of a foreign body, facial swelling, and distended neck veins. The cause of UAO should be identified and airway management devices must be immediately available prior to any airway manipulation CT scan, flexible bronchoscopy, and pulmonary function tests should be performed to evaluate the cause and the extent of the obstruction. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients are at increased risk of developing UAO. Endotracheal intubation, insertion of a supraglottic device, laser therapy, and endotracheal stents maybe life-saving
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38

Jacquet, Gabrielle, and Lawrence Page. Odontogenic Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0013.

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Odontogenic infections often arise from dental caries (usually the mandibular teeth) or from dental extraction. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is more common in immunocompromised patients. These infections may spread into the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces, involving the airway and mediastinum. Airway management is critical as odontogenic infections can compromise airways via mass effect. Complications include the following: abscess, facial or orbital cellulitis/abscess, intracranial invasion, Ludwig’s angina, Lemierre syndrome, carotid artery erosion, descending necrotizing mediastinitis, airway compromise, hematogenous dissemination to distant organs, intraoral or dentocutaneous fistula formation, and cardiovascular disease. Antibiotics are not a substitute for definitive airway management. In addition, many cases of odontogenic infection will require surgical drainage, either at the bedside in the emergency department or in the operating room. Prior to this, consider using a nerve block to obtain anesthesia to the affected area of the face. Patients with necrotizing infections need emergent surgery with wide local debridement.
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39

Modell, Jerome H., and Sean Kiley. Pathophysiology and management of drowning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0348.

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Drowning is a process beginning with airway submergence under a fluid medium, progressing to aspiration, and ultimately death in the absence of intervention. Aspiration of both fresh- and saltwater can cause pulmonary oedema, decreased compliance, intrapulmonary shunting, and severe hypoxia. Devastating neurological injury resulting from prolonged cerebral hypoxia is proportional to the duration of submersion and delay in effective resuscitation and oxygenation. Victims presenting to the emergency department awake and alert, or even stuporous, are likely to have a good neurological outcome with follow-up intensive care. Those presenting comatose are much more likely to have severe neurological deficits. Keys to survival are: timely rescue from the water, immediate initiation of aggressive supportive care regarding airway, cardiovascular and pulmonary function, and optimization of tissue oxygenation.
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40

Banerjee, Ashis, and Clara Oliver. Anaesthetics and pain management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786870.003.0003.

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Emergency medicine trainees are required to complete an anaesthetic placement and obtain basic anaesthetic competencies. This chapter is not intended to provide the practical skills for delivering an anaesthetic. Instead, this chapter focuses on the theory of managing and predicting a difficult airway in the emergency department, which is more likely to appear in the short-answer (SAQ) paper. It also focuses on procedural sedation which also may appear in the SAQ paper due to its growing use in the emergency department (ED). This chapter also covers pain management, for which the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) have introduced clinical standards. In addition, this chapter covers the use of peripheral nerve blocks such as a fascia iliaca block for neck of femur fractures. Due to the growing use of peripheral nerve blocks in the ED, such detailed knowledge is required.
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41

Radermacher, Peter, and Claus-Martin Muth. Pathophysiology and management of depth-related disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0351.

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Decompression illness comprises decompression sickness resulting from tissue inert gas super-saturation and pulmonary barotraumas due to alveolar or airway over-distension. Gas bubbles can cause vascular obstruction or tissue compression, resulting in tissue ischaemia and oedema. Interactions between the blood–gas interface and the endothelium will result in further tissue damage, and trigger an inflammatory cascade with capillary leakage and haemoconcentration. Decompression illness may mimic any other emergency pathology and any emergency coinciding with decompression is ‘due to’ decompression. Pulmonary barotrauma-induced arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness can be discriminated according to the onset of symptoms, with gas embolism predominantly developing within a few minutes after or even during decompression. Specific treatment consists of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, using several empirically-derived hyperbaric oxygen treatment schedules. Currently, there is no recognized pharmacological treatment, but fluid resuscitation is useful to counteract haemoconcentration and dehydration. Early treatment initiation is mandatory, and certain technical issues must be considered for the management of critically-ill patients in a hyperbaric chamber.
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42

Wecksell, Matthew, and Kenneth Fomberstein. Traumatic Brain Injury and C-Spine Management. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0020.

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Traumatic brain injury encompasses two different types of pathology: that caused at the time of the initial physical insult, called primary injury, and then further, secondary injury caused by either host cellular responses such as oxidative injury and inflammation or by physiological insults such as ischemia, hypoxia, hypo- or hypercapnia, intracranial hypertension, and hypo- or hyperglycemia. While primary injury falls to the realm of public health (e.g., encouraging helmet use for sports, discouraging impaired driving, etc.), many secondary injuries are avoidable with proper medical management. As the stem case for this chapter, an older patient experiences a fall and is incoherent on presentation to the emergency room. This case concerns her initial management, stabilization, diagnosis, and airway management. With progression of her traumatic brain injury, the authors discuss intracranial pressure management, surgical management, and resuscitation as well as likely postoperative sequelae.
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43

Frass, Michael. The difficult intubation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0081.

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Airway management in the intensive care unit differs from conventional controlled settings such as general anaesthesia in the operating room (OR). Due to adequate patient preparation and positioning in the OR, endotracheal intubation is usually easy to perform. However, in the intensive care setting, endotracheal intubation is often difficult or impossible because patients are not prepared and intubation is immediately necessary without sufficient time for putting together technical and pharmaceutical equipment. As an alternative, non-invasive alternate airway management may be performed. Besides non-invasive ventilation via mask or helmet, the use of Combitube®, EasyTubeTM, and different types of laryngeal mask airway are described, in order to alleviate decision-making in emergency situations such as difficult intubation, vomiting and bleeding patients, small interincisor distance, etc.
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44

Borron, Stephen W. Management of cyanide poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0326.

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Acute cyanide poisoning poses vital diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for emergency physicians and intensivists. While it presents certain unique clinical features, cyanide poisoning may be confused with other entities. Definitive, contemporaneous diagnosis at the bedside is impossible in most hospitals. A thorough anamnesis, rapid physical assessment, and evaluation of key laboratory indicators often point the clinician in the right direction. Smoke inhalation from structure fires represents the most frequent source of cyanide poisoning. Symptom onset may be gradual in the case of skin exposures to cyanide or ingestion of compounds that are metabolized to cyanide. However, acute cyanide poisoning presents as a syndrome of rapidly evolving and deteriorating vital signs, profound neurological and cardiovascular dysfunction, and if therapeutic interventions are not timely and adapted, death. There is little time for diagnostic testing: one must act! The sine qua non of treatment is excellent supportive care, with aggressive airway management, support of blood pressure, and correction of acidosis. Treatment of acidosis is particularly relevant in the case of cyanide. Rapid administration of specific cyanide antidotes may be lifesaving. While geographic variations exist in antidote availability, most commercially available antidotes have been demonstrated to be effective. Hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulphate, both safe in the setting of smoke inhalation, offer the highest therapeutic index, a critical consideration when the diagnosis is uncertain.
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45

Mesotten, Dieter, and Sophie Van Cromphaut. Management of diabetic emergencies in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0260.

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The three major diabetic emergencies comprise diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), and prolonged hypoglycaemia. These complications are preventable, treatable, and rather infrequently lead to prolonged intensive care (ICU) admission. Hyperglycaemic crises, whether DKA in type 1 diabetics, or HHS in type 2 diabetics, are characterized by moderate to severe hypovolaemia, electrolyte disturbances and a potentially life-threatening trigger. Hence, airway–breathing–circulation securement, diagnosis, and treatment of the underlying condition, as well as fluid resuscitation are the cornerstones of the acute management of DKA and HHS. Currently, a continuous, low (physiological) dose insulin scheme intravenously with omission of the priming bolus is advocated to avoid hypoglycaemia. An evidence-based treatment protocol, and reliable blood glucose and electrolyte measurements are compulsory to safely manage these crises until resolution of ketoacidosis or the hyperosmolar state. Profound hypoglycaemia should be suspected in every coma patient with an indistinct history or on a known regimen of insulin or sulphonylurea/meglitinide. This condition warrants immediate and sufficiently long administration of glucose orally or intravenously, as well as repeated monitoring of blood glucose levels. Alternatively, the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon may be injected intramuscularly in the emergency setting.
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46

Richardson, Michael G. STAT Caesarean Delivery. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0043.

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During emergency cesarean delivery (CD), indicated by immediate threat to fetal or maternal life, the anesthesiologist must quickly provide anesthesia that is rapid in onset and safe for both patients. Neuraxial anesthesia using well-functioning in-dwelling epidural catheters is achievable with early enough notification. Still, general anesthesia is often the most expedient method. Advanced airway devices and evolving difficult airway management algorithms have likely contributed to observed reductions maternal morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia. Long before the crisis arises, other measures can mitigate against risk, including early assessment and identification of at-risk patients, establishment of effective neuraxial labor analgesia in high-risk patients, and effective teamwork and communication. Establishing interprofessional labor and delivery unit goals and strategies, conducting team debrief sessions after each STAT CD, and identifying obstacles and generating case-specific strategies to overcome them constitute a resource-effective way to substantially reduce decision-to-delivery intervals and improve neonatal outcomes.
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47

Pirani, Tasneem, and Tony Rahman. Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0177.

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Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a medical emergency that may present with haematemesis and/or melena. An exhaustive history and careful examination aids in identifying the cause of bleeding and directing appropriate management. Validated scoring systems exist to guide the urgency of endoscopic therapy, although these should not be used in isolation, but in conjunction with complete patient assessment. The initial priority should be to resuscitate and stabilize the patient using the airway, breathing, circulation, and disability framework. Resuscitation should be guided by clinical and physiological parameters. Patients should be managed in an environment where vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, conscious level, and urine output are monitored at least hourly. Attempts should be made to correct coagulopathy. Specialist advice should be sought from haematologists for guidance on the most appropriate use of packed red cells and blood products. Over-transfusion should be avoided. Initiation of pre-endoscopy proton pump inhibitor therapy, in particular to avoid definitive endoscopic therapy, is not recommended. Diagnostic endoscopy and therapy should be conducted within 24 hours of presentation. Numerous endoscopic therapies exist—when epinephrine is used for local tamponade and vasoconstriction, application of dual modality treatment is recommended. In cases where endoscopic therapy fails or is not possible, radiological diagnosis, and embolization may become necessary. Occasionally, surgery is required for definitive treatment—close liaison with surgeons is therefore necessary, especially where initial endoscopy is considered suboptimal or re-bleeding occurs.
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48

Elkhateb, Rania, and Jill M. Mhyre. Difficult Airway: Special Considerations in Pregnancy. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0053.

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Pregnant patients are at increased risk of difficult airway management due to both anatomic and physiologic changes that occur with pregnancy and during the process of labor. While the majority of surgical procedures on labor and delivery are performed with neuraxial anesthesia, general anesthesia may be required at any time. As such, all anesthesia professionals must be prepared at all times for unplanned and emergent obstetric airway management, including management of the difficult airway in the parturient. Strategies include assessment of patient risk early in labor, maintaining difficult airway equipment in the labor and delivery suites, conducting simulation scenarios of difficult and failed airway management, and following difficult airway management algorithms.
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49

Frerk, Christopher, and Takashi Asai. The airway in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0048.

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This chapter provides a comprehensive review of current airway management set against its historical context and likely future developments in the field. Developments in equipment design are discussed against the background of a short review of the anatomy and physiology relevant to clinical airway management. An exploration of airway devices examines progress in design from the first facemasks and early hands-free delivery systems, through to current second-generation supraglottic airways and the future of providing improved protection against aspiration. Continuing advances in tracheal tube and cuff design are set alongside developments in techniques and equipment for laryngoscopy and possibilities for supplementing capnography in confirmation of correct tube placement within the trachea. The use of newer drugs to facilitate control of airway reflexes is also discussed. The importance of using optimal evidence-based techniques in airway management is highlighted in the reduction of complications. This covers preoperative evaluation of the airway, planning a strategy, induction of anaesthesia, and establishing a clear airway through to safe termination of anaesthesia, emergence, tracheal extubation, and recovery. Techniques for dealing with complications if they arise are described. Drawing on lessons from the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society ‘Major complications of airway management in the United Kingdom’ (NAP4) and the general literature, emphasis is placed on high-risk areas of airway management and areas where the existing knowledge base is not covered in depth in other texts.
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50

Freely Jr, John J., and Michel Sabbagh. Pyloric Stenosis. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0083.

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Pyloric stenosis is one of the most common surgical conditions affecting neonates and young infants. Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscular layers results in gradual gastric outlet obstruction. Persistent episodic projectile vomiting and dehydration as well as hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis are cardinal features. Definitive treatment is surgical pyloromyotomy, but it is not a surgical emergency. Emergency medical intervention is often required to correct intravascular volume depletion and electrolyte disturbances. Morbidity and mortality should be limited due to advancements in surgical and perioperative care. Morbidity can occur due to poor preoperative resuscitation, anesthetic management difficulties, or postoperative complications. The following manuscript is a review of current evidence-based perioperative care of infants with pyloric stenosis. It reviews the pathophysiology that results in metabolic disturbances and intravascular volume depletion. It focuses on preoperative assessment and correction of electrolyte abnormalities and anesthetic technique including airway management and postoperative analgesia.
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