Journal articles: 'Embryogenesis; stem cell'

1

Cumano, Ana, and Isabelle Godin. "Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell development during embryogenesis." Current Opinion in Immunology 13, no. 2 (April 2001): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00200-4.

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Aiba, Kazuhiro, Mark Carter, Ryo Matoba, and Minoru Ko. "Genomic Approaches to Early Embryogenesis and Stem Cell Biology." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 24, no. 5 (November 2006): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-952155.

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Gering, Martin, and Roger Patient. "Notch signalling and haematopoietic stem cell formation during embryogenesis." Journal of Cellular Physiology 222, no. 1 (January 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21905.

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Wang, Han, Xie Luo, and Jake Leighton. "Extracellular Matrix and Integrins in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation." Biochemistry Insights 8s2 (January 2015): BCI.S30377. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s30377.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells with great therapeutic potentials. The in vitro differentiation of ESC was designed by recapitulating embryogenesis. Significant progress has been made to improve the in vitro differentiation protocols by toning soluble maintenance factors. However, more robust methods for lineage-specific differentiation and maturation are still under development. Considering the complexity of in vivo embryogenesis environment, extracellular matrix (ECM) cues should be considered besides growth factor cues. ECM proteins bind to cells and act as ligands of integrin receptors on cell surfaces. Here, we summarize the role of the ECM and integrins in the formation of three germ layer progenies. Various ECM–integrin interactions were found, facilitating differentiation toward definitive endoderm, hepatocyte-like cells, pancreatic beta cells, early mesodermal progenitors, cardiomyocytes, neuroectoderm lineages, and epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes and melanocytes. In the future, ECM combinations for the optimal ESC differentiation environment will require substantial study.

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Jakobsson, Lars, Johan Kreuger, and Lena Claesson-Welsh. "Building blood vessels—stem cell models in vascular biology." Journal of Cell Biology 177, no. 5 (May 29, 2007): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701146.

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Spheroids of differentiating embryonic stem cells, denoted embryoid bodies, constitute a high-quality model for vascular development, particularly well suited for loss-of-function analysis of genes required for early embryogenesis. This review examines vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in murine embryoid bodies and discusses the promise of stem cell–based models for the study of human vascular development.

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Volotovski, I. D., D. A. Ermolenko, and N. I. Harokhava. "Epigenetic control of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells differentiation in liver." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-1-106-118.

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The recent data on epigenetic control of differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells to be the background of embryogenesis and regeneration process in organism are considered. Epigenetic control is bases on three intramolecular mechanisms – DNA methylation, structural modification of histone proteins and microRNA active on posttranscription and posttranslation levels. As an example, the issues of stem cell differentiation in the liver are considered.

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Long, Jeff A. "Specifying root/shoot stem cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis." Developmental Biology 331, no. 2 (July 2009): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.010.

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Parthibhan, S., M. Rao, J. A. Teixeira da Silva, and T. Kumar. "Somatic embryogenesis from stem thin cell layers of Dendrobium aqueum." Biologia plantarum 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-018-0769-4.

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Tung, Hoang Thanh, Hoang Thi Van, Huynh Gia Bao, Le The Bien, Hoang Dac Khai, Vu Quoc Luan, Do Manh Cuong, Truong Hoai Phong, and Duong Tan Nhut. "Silver nanoparticles enhanced efficiency of explant surface disinfection and somatic embryogenesis in Begonia tuberous via thin cell layer culture." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15872.

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In vitro culture establishment is one of the most important stages in micropropagation. The disinfectant effectiveness depends on the type of surface disinfectant, concentration and the time treatment. In this initial study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as a disinfectant for petioles, flower stalks and stems of Begonia tuberous. In addition, thin cell layer culture (TCL) technique has been applied for the purpose of somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that AgNPs were effective in eliminating infectious microorganisms on B. tuberous explants; which were identified included 4 species of fungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus aculeatus, Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium sp.) and 1 species of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.). At concentrations of 200 ppm and 300 ppm, AgNPs were not only effective in disinfection but also increased the induction rate of somatic embryogenesis in flower stalk TCL explants (approximately 40.00%); a similar effect was observed in stem TCL explants at the same concentration. Meanwhile, for petiole TCL explants, the induction rate of somatic embryogenesis was optimal when using AgNPs at a concentration of 100 - 300 ppm to disinfected the explant. In contrast, at high (400 ppm) or low (50 ppm) concentrations of AgNPs did not play a disinfecting role and stimulated somatic embryogenesis. In addition, explants derived from AgNPs sterilization did not show any abnormalities in somatic embryogenesis with shapes such as globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledon. AgNPs showed double efficacy in sterilization of explants and improved efficiency of somatic embryogenesis from TCL petioles, flower stalks and stems explants; thus increasing the efficiency micropropagation of B. tuberous.

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Traver, David, Julien Bertrand, Albert Kim, Jennifer Cisson, and Emily Violette. "Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology in the Zebrafish." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4160.4160.

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Abstract Over the past decade, the development of forward genetic approaches in the zebrafish system has provided unprecedented power in understanding the molecular basis of vertebrate blood development. Establishment of cellular and hematological approaches to better understand the biology of resulting blood mutants, however, has lagged behind these efforts. We have recently developed the means to identify zebrafish hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), transgenic lines to mark hematopoietic precursors and their progeny, and the assays to test these populations functionally. Like other vertebrates, zebrafish demonstrate differential waves of hematopoiesis during embryogenesis. These waves can be visualized directly by fluorescent transgenesis in living embryos. The earliest blood-forming cells in the zebrafish embryo express the scl and lmo2 genes. By directing expression of GFP to early blood precursors using the lmo2 promoter, we have isolated early hematopoietic cells by flow cytometry and tested them functionally by transplantation. Transplantation of lmo2::GFP+ cells isolated from embryos at 14 hours post-fertilization (hpf) resulted in only transient reconstitution of erythrocytes, suggesting that the earliest identifiable blood-forming cells are committed to the erythroid lineage. Later in embryogenesis, lmo2:GFP+ GATA-1:dsRED+ cells are found in the posterior blood island (PBI) from approximately 30–60 hpf. Molecular and functional characterization of these cells suggests that they possess limited myeloid and erythroid, but not lymphoid differentiation potentials. This suggests that committed progenitors with definitive hematopoietic potential arise in the embryo before HSCs can be identified. Additional studies have suggested that the first multipotent HSCs are born later in the zebrafish aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) region. We have visualized putative HSCs in the AGM by their expression of the lmo2 and cd41 transgenes. Using confocal timelapse imaging in living embryos, lmo2::GFP+ cells have been observed to emigrate from the AGM region into circulation. Transplantation studies are underway to test putative HSC populations for repopulation activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that at least three independent waves of blood cell precursors are formed during zebrafish embryogenesis.

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Yun, Chohee, Jonathan Mendelson, Tiffany Blake, Lopa Mishra, and Bibhuti Mishra. "TGF-βSignaling in Neuronal Stem Cells." Disease Markers 24, no. 4-5 (2008): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/747343.

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Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling has diverse and complex roles in various biological phenomena such as cell growth, differentiation, embryogenesis and morphogenesis. ES cells provide an essential model for understanding the role of TGF-βsignaling in lineage specification and differentiation. Recent studies have suggested significant role of TGF-βin stem/progenitor cell biology. Here in this review, we focus on the role of the TGF-βsuperfamily in neuronal development.

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12

Semino, Carlos E. "Can We Build Artificial Stem Cell Compartments?" Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2003, no. 3 (2003): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110724303208019.

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Animals carry stem cells throughout their entire life, from embryogenesis to senescence. Their function during development and adulthood consists basically of forming and sustaining functional tissues while maintaining a small self-renewing population. They reside in a complex three-dimensional environment consisting of other nearby cells extracellular matrix components, endogenous or exogenous soluble factors, and physical, structural, or mechanical properties of the tissues they inhabit. Can we artificially recreate tissue development such that stem cells can both self-renew and be instructed to mature properly? The main factors required to regulate the maintenance and differentiation of some types of stem cells are known. In addition, new bioengineered synthetic materials that mimic extracellular matrix components can be used as initial scaffolding for building stem cell microenvironments.

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Eini, Ronak, Lambert C. J. Dorssers, and Leendert H. J. Looijenga. "Role of stem cell proteins and microRNAs in embryogenesis and germ cell cancer." International Journal of Developmental Biology 57, no. 2-3-4 (2013): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.130020re.

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14

Hadjiantoniou, Sebastian V., David Sean, Maxime Ignacio, Michel Godin, Gary W. Slater, and Andrew E. Pelling. "Physical confinement signals regulate the organization of stem cells in three dimensions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 123 (October 2016): 20160613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0613.

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During embryogenesis, the spherical inner cell mass (ICM) proliferates in the confined environment of a blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the ICM, and mimicking embryogenesis in vitro , mouse ESCs (mESCs) are often cultured in hanging droplets. This promotes the formation of a spheroid as the cells sediment and aggregate owing to increased physical confinement and cell–cell interactions. In contrast, mESCs form two-dimensional monolayers on flat substrates and it remains unclear if the difference in organization is owing to a lack of physical confinement or increased cell–substrate versus cell–cell interactions. Employing microfabricated substrates, we demonstrate that a single geometric degree of physical confinement on a surface can also initiate spherogenesis. Experiment and computation reveal that a balance between cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions finely controls the morphology and organization of mESC aggregates. Physical confinement is thus an important regulatory cue in the three-dimensional organization and morphogenesis of developing cells.

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Al-Khawaga, Sara, Bushra Memon, Alexandra E. Butler, Shahrad Taheri, Abdul B. Abou-Samra, and Essam M. Abdelalim. "Pathways governing development of stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells: lessons from embryogenesis." Biological Reviews 93, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 364–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12349.

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16

Junyent, Sergi, Clare L. Garcin, James L. A. Szczerkowski, Tung-Jui Trieu, Joshua Reeves, and Shukry J. Habib. "Specialized cytonemes induce self-organization of stem cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 13 (March 17, 2020): 7236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920837117.

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Spatial cellular organization is fundamental for embryogenesis. Remarkably, coculturing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) recapitulates this process, forming embryo-like structures. However, mechanisms driving ESC–TSC interaction remain elusive. We describe specialized ESC-generated cytonemes that react to TSC-secreted Wnts. Cytoneme formation and length are controlled by actin, intracellular calcium stores, and components of the Wnt pathway. ESC cytonemes select self-renewal–promoting Wnts via crosstalk between Wnt receptors, activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), and localized calcium transients. This crosstalk orchestrates Wnt signaling, ESC polarization, ESC–TSC pairing, and consequently synthetic embryogenesis. Our results uncover ESC–TSC contact–mediated signaling, reminiscent of the glutamatergic neuronal synapse, inducing spatial self-organization and embryonic cell specification.

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Lukash, L. L. "Stem cells and genetics of development." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 24 (August 30, 2019): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v24.1104.

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Such issues of developmental genetics as preformism and epigenesis, potential totipotency of somatic cells of an organism, the role of stem cells (SCs) in differentiation, tissue formation and regeneration, homeotic genes that control these processes were reviewed. Signal regulatory systems (Wnt-signaling and others) take part in the realization of potential ability of stem and differentiated cells of an organism to reversible transmission paths or reprogramming from one stations to the others. The universal properties of the SCs (the ability to the selfrenewing by divisions, differentiation, transdifferentiation, etc.) were formed on the basis of homologous genes of the simple organisms in the course of a prolonged evolution of living forms. Structural, functional and regulatory systems of the simple and complex eukaryotic organisms have much in common, and, probably, their individual elements might be interchangeable. The implementation of these functions is based on the use of common signal regulatory systems which control the universal functions of the cell. A specific example of the regulation of myogenic differentiation during embryogenesis and tissue regeneration is considered. Keywords: developmental genetics, preformism, epigenesis, somatic cell totipotency, stem cells (SC), differentiation, reprogramming, embryogenesis, regeneration, homeotic genes, myogenesis.

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Ueno, Masaya, Machiko Itoh, Lingyu Kong, Kazushi Sugihara, Masahide Asano, and Nobuyuki Takakura. "PSF1 Is Essential for Early Embryogenesis in Mice." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 23 (December 1, 2005): 10528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.23.10528-10532.2005.

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ABSTRACT Psf1 (partner of sld five 1) forms a novel heterotetramer complex, GINS (Go, Ichi, Nii, and San; five, one, two, and three, respectively, in Japanese), with Sld5, Psf2, and Psf3. The formation of this complex is essential for the initiation of DNA replication in yeast and Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Although all of the components are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, the biological function in vivo is largely unknown. We originally cloned the mouse ortholog of PSF1 from a hematopoietic stem cell cDNA library and found that PSF1 is expressed in blastocysts, adult bone marrow, and testis, in which the stem cell system is active. Here we used the gene-targeting technique to determine the physiological function of PSF1 in vivo. Mice homozygous for a nonfunctional mutant of PSF1 died in utero around the time of implantation. PSF1 − / − blastocysts failed to show outgrowth in culture and exhibited a cell proliferation defect. Our data clearly indicate that PSF1 is required for early embryogenesis.

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Kwak, Dong Hoon, Byoung Boo Seo, Kyu Tae Chang, and Young Kug Choo. "Roles of gangliosides in mouse embryogenesis and embryonic stem cell differentiation." Experimental and Molecular Medicine 43, no. 7 (2011): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3858/emm.2011.43.7.048.

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Mahony, Christopher B., Richard J. Fish, Corentin Pasche, and Julien Y. Bertrand. "tfec controls the hematopoietic stem cell vascular niche during zebrafish embryogenesis." Blood 128, no. 10 (September 8, 2016): 1336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-04-710137.

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Rhee, Jerry, and Philip Iannaccone. "Understanding early stages of hematopoietic stem cell maturation during mouse embryogenesis." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (August 2011): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.322.

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Llorente, Vicente, Pedro Velarde, Manuel Desco, and María Victoria Gómez-Gaviro. "Current Understanding of the Neural Stem Cell Niches." Cells 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193002.

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Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells which give rise to all components of the central nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis, but also activate in response to injury and disease and maintain a certain level of neurogenic activity throughout adulthood. This activity takes place in specialized regions of the brain, the neurovascular niches, whose main role is to control the behaviour of the CNS. In adult mammals, two main “canonical” niches have been described: The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. This review discusses our current understanding of the neural stem cells and their canonical niches, as well as their structure, behaviours, and role in neural disease.

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Antel, Matthew, and Mayu Inaba. "Modulation of Cell–Cell Interactions in Drosophila Oocyte Development." Cells 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9020274.

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The Drosophila ovary offers a suitable model system to study the mechanisms that orchestrate diverse cellular processes. Oogenesis starts from asymmetric stem cell division, proper differentiation and the production of fully patterned oocytes equipped with all the maternal information required for embryogenesis. Spatial and temporal regulation of cell-cell interaction is particularly important to fulfill accurate biological outcomes at each step of oocyte development. Progress has been made in understanding diverse cell physiological regulation of signaling. Here we review the roles of specialized cellular machinery in cell-cell communication in different stages of oogenesis.

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Gerri, Claudia, Sergio Menchero, Shantha K. Mahadevaiah, James M. A. Turner, and Kathy K. Niakan. "Human Embryogenesis: A Comparative Perspective." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 36, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-022020-024900.

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Understanding human embryology has historically relied on comparative approaches using mammalian model organisms. With the advent of low-input methods to investigate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and efficient techniques to assess gene function, we can now study the human embryo directly. These advances have transformed the investigation of early embryogenesis in nonrodent species, thereby providing a broader understanding of conserved and divergent mechanisms. Here, we present an overview of the major events in human preimplantation development and place them in the context of mammalian evolution by comparing these events in other eutherian and metatherian species. We describe the advances of studies on postimplantation development and discuss stem cell models that mimic postimplantation embryos. A comparative perspective highlights the importance of analyzing different organisms with molecular characterization and functional studies to reveal the principles of early development. This growing field has a fundamental impact in regenerative medicine and raises important ethical considerations.

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Solis, Mairim Alexandra, Ying-Hui Chen, Tzyy Yue Wong, Vanessa Zaiatz Bittencourt, Yen-Cheng Lin, and Lynn L. H. Huang. "Hyaluronan Regulates Cell Behavior: A Potential Niche Matrix for Stem Cells." Biochemistry Research International 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/346972.

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Hyaluronan is a linear glycosaminoglycan that has received special attention in the last few decades due to its extraordinary physiological functions. This highly viscous polysaccharide is not only a lubricator, but also a significant regulator of cellular behaviors during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, migration, proliferation, and drug resistance in many cell types, including stem cells. Most hyaluronan functions require binding to its cellular receptors CD44, LYVE-1, HARE, layilin, and RHAMM. After binding, proteins are recruited and messages are sent to alter cellular activities. When low concentrations of hyaluronan are applied to stem cells, the proliferative activity is enhanced. However, at high concentrations, stem cells acquire a dormant state and induce a multidrug resistance phenotype. Due to the influence of hyaluronan on cells and tissue morphogenesis, with regards to cardiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and neurogenesis, it is now been utilized as a biomaterial for tissue regeneration. This paper summarizes the most important and recent findings regarding the regulation of hyaluronan in cells.

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Zaghloul, Norann A., Bo Yan, and Sally A. Moody. "Step-wise specification of retinal stem cells during normal embryogenesis." Biology of the Cell 97, no. 5 (May 2005): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bc20040521.

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27

Murray, Patricia, and David Edgar. "The topographical regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1446 (June 29, 2004): 1009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1460.

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The potential use of pluripotent stem cells for tissue repair or replacement is now well recognized. While the ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into all cells of the body is undisputed, their use is currently restricted by our limited knowledge of the mechanisms controlling their differentiation. This review discusses recent work by ourselves and others investigating the intercellular signalling events that occur within aggregates of mouse ES cells. The work illustrates that the processes of ES cell differentiation, epithelialization and programmed cell death are dependent upon their location within the aggregates and coordinated by the extracellular matrix. Establishment of the mechanisms involved in these events is not only of use for the manipulation of ES cells themselves, but it also throws light on the ways in which differentiation is coordinated during embryogenesis.

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Crawford, Brian C. W., Jared Sewell, Greg Golembeski, Carmel Roshan, Jeff A. Long, and Martin F. Yanofsky. "Genetic control of distal stem cell fate within root and embryonic meristems." Science 347, no. 6222 (January 22, 2015): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0196.

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The root meristem consists of populations of distal and proximal stem cells and an organizing center known as the quiescent center. During embryogenesis, initiation of the root meristem occurs when an asymmetric cell division of the hypophysis forms the distal stem cells and quiescent center. We have identified NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) and two closely related paralogs as being required for the initiation of the root meristem. All three genes are expressed in the hypophysis, and their expression is dependent on the auxin-signaling pathway. Expression of these genes is necessary for distal stem cell fate within the root meristem, whereas misexpression is sufficient to transform other stem cell populations to a distal stem cell fate in both the embryo and mature roots.

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De Felici, Massimo, Anna Di Carlo, and Maurizio Pesce. "Role of stem cell factor in somatic–germ cell interactions during prenatal oogenesis." Zygote 4, no. 04 (November 1996): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003373.

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During embryogenesis germ cells originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). The development of mammalian PGCs involves a number of complex events (formation and segregation of PGC precursors, PGC migration and proliferation) which lead to the differentiation of oocytes or prospermatogonia (for a review see De Feliciet al., 1992). During recent years developments in methods for isolation, purification and culture of mouse PGCs have led to significant progress in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of migration, proliferation and differentiation of these cells (for reviews see De Felici, 1994; and De Felici & Pesce, 1994a). In this paper we describe the key role played by stem cell factor (SCF) in PGC development and early folliculogenesis.

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Müller, Bruno, and Jen Sheen. "Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis." Nature 453, no. 7198 (May 7, 2008): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06943.

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Sheng, X. Rebecca, Trevor Posenau, Juliann J. Gumulak-Smith, Erika Matunis, Mark Van Doren, and Matthew Wawersik. "Jak–STAT regulation of male germline stem cell establishment during Drosophila embryogenesis." Developmental Biology 334, no. 2 (October 2009): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.031.

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Farahani, Ramin M., and Munira Xaymardan. "Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha as a Marker of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Development and Stem Cell Biology." Stem Cells International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/362753.

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Three decades on, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been intensively researched on the bench top and used clinically. However, ambiguity still exists in regard to their anatomical locations, identities, functions, and extent of their differentiative abilities. One of the major impediments in the quest of the MSC research has been lack of appropriatein vivomarkers. In recent years, this obstacle has been resolved to some degree as PDGFRαemerges as an important mesenchymal stem cell marker. Accumulating lines of evidence are showing that the PDGFRα+cells reside in the perivascular locations of many adult interstitium and fulfil the classic concepts of MSCsin vitroandin vivo. PDGFRαhas long been recognised for its roles in the mesoderm formation and connective tissue development during the embryogenesis. Current review describes the lines of evidence regarding the role of PDGFRαin morphogenesis and differentiation and its implications for MSC biology.

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Hohenstein, Kristi A., Shirley A. Lang, Tej Nuthulaganti, and Daniel H. Shain. "A Glutamine-Rich Factor Affects Stem Cell Genesis in Leech." Stem Cells International 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/145183.

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Leech embryogenesis is a model for investigating cellular and molecular processes of development. Due to the unusually large size of embryonic stem cells (teloblasts: 50–300 μm) in the glossiphoniid leech,Theromyzon tessulatum, and the presence of identifiable stem cell precursors (proteloblasts), we previously isolated a group of genes upregulated upon stem cell birth. In the current study, we show that one of these genes, designatedTheromyzonproliferation (Tpr), is required for normal stem cell genesis; specifically, transientTprknockdown experiments conducted with antisense oligonucleotides and monitored by semiquantitative RT-PCR, caused abnormal proteloblast proliferation leading to embryonic death, but did not overtly affect neuroectodermal or mesodermal stem cell development once these cells were born.Tprencodes a large glutamine-rich (∼34%) domain that shares compositional similarity with strong transcriptional enhancers many of which have been linked with trinucleotide repeat disorders (e.g., Huntington's).

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Huang, Hsuan-Ting, Katie Kathrein, Yue-Hua Huang, Zachary Gitlin, Abby Barton, Anhua Song, Yi Zhou, and Leonard I. Zon. "Chd7 Is a Cell Autonomous Regulator of Chromatin In Hematopoietic Stem Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1596.1596.

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Abstract Abstract 1596 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are specified during embryogenesis, and the induction process involves not only transcription factors but also epigenetic factors that modulate chromatin to regulate the hematopoietic transcriptional programs. Here, we performed a reverse genetic screen to identify all the chromatin factors that are required for HSC induction in zebrafish. The zebrafish homologs of 350 human chromatin factors were identified by reciprocal BLAST and knocked down by injecting morpholinos designed against each homolog into the single cell embryo. Morphants were then analyzed for changes in blood formation by in situ hybridization for β-globin e3 expression in primitive erythrocytes at 16 somite stage and for c-myb and runx1 in definitive stem cells at 36 hours post fertilization. From the screen, we have identified known regulators of hematopoiesis such as bmi1, in which knock down results in loss of stem cell formation. We have also identified one novel HSC regulator chd7. Chd7 is a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding domain family that functions at gene enhancer elements and in ribosomal RNA synthesis. Zebrafish embryos injected with chd7 morpholino had higher levels of β-globin e3 and c-myb/runx1 expression. Additional markers such as scl, gata1, fli1, and lmo2 were also upregulated, although vascular markers flk1 and ephrinB2 were downregulated. Early mesodermal markers eve1 and ntl expression appeared normal, suggesting that the effects of chd7 knock down occurs when the mesodermal precursor cell population becomes an HSC. Transplants of chd7 deficient Tg(c-myb:GFP) blastomeres into Tg(lmo2:DsRed) blastulas resulted in more chimeric embryos compared to controls, demonstrating that the phenotype is cell autonomous. In humans, haploinsufficiency for CHD7 is the main cause of CHARGE syndrome, and it has been recognized more recently that these patients are immunodeficient, though the etiology remains unknown. Our studies indicate a new role for chd7 in hematopoiesis in which it functions to repress HSC formation during embryogenesis. Disclosures: Zon: FATE, Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties; Stemgent: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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Dresselhaus, Thomas, and Gerd Jürgens. "Comparative Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Activation and Patterning of Embryonic Cell Lineages." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 641–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-082520-094112.

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Following fertilization in flowering plants (angiosperms), egg and sperm cells unite to form the zygote, which generates an entire new organism through a process called embryogenesis. In this review, we provide a comparative perspective on early zygotic embryogenesis in flowering plants by using the Poaceae maize and rice as monocot grass and crop models as well as Arabidopsis as a eudicot model of the Brassicaceae family. Beginning with the activation of the egg cell, we summarize and discuss the process of maternal-to-zygotic transition in plants, also taking recent work on parthenogenesis and haploid induction into consideration. Aspects like imprinting, which is mainly associated with endosperm development and somatic embryogenesis, are not considered. Controversial findings about the timing of zygotic genome activation as well as maternal versus paternal contribution to zygote and early embryo development are highlighted. The establishment of zygotic polarity, asymmetric division, and apical and basal cell lineages represents another chapter in which we also examine and compare the role of major signaling pathways, cell fate genes, and hormones in early embryogenesis. Except for the model Arabidopsis, little is known about embryopatterning and the establishment of the basic body plan in angiosperms. Using available in situ hybridization, RNA-sequencing, and marker data, we try to compare how and when stem cell niches are established. Finally, evolutionary aspects of plant embryo development are discussed.

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Ikeda, Wataru, Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Jun Miyoshi, Kenji Mandai, Hiroyoshi Ishizaki, Miki Tanaka, Atushi Togawa, et al. "Afadin." Journal of Cell Biology 146, no. 5 (September 6, 1999): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.5.1117.

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Afadin is an actin filament–binding protein that binds to nectin, an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule, and is colocalized with nectin at cadherin-based cell–cell adherens junctions (AJs). To explore the function of afadin in cell–cell adhesion during embryogenesis, we generated afadin−/− mice and embryonic stem cells. In wild-type mice at embryonic days 6.5–8.5, afadin was highly expressed in the embryonic ectoderm and the mesoderm, but hardly detected in the extraembryonic regions such as the visceral endoderm. Afadin−/− mice showed developmental defects at stages during and after gastrulation, including disorganization of the ectoderm, impaired migration of the mesoderm, and loss of somites and other structures derived from both the ectoderm and the mesoderm. Cystic embryoid bodies derived from afadin−/− embryonic stem cells showed normal organization of the endoderm but disorganization of the ectoderm. Cell–cell AJs and tight junctions were improperly organized in the ectoderm of afadin−/− mice and embryoid bodies. These results indicate that afadin is highly expressed in the ectoderm- derived cells during embryogenesis and plays a key role in proper organization of AJs and tight junctions of the highly expressing cells, which is essential for proper tissue morphogenesis.

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Pimanda, John E., Lev Silberstein, Massimo Dominici, Benjamin Dekel, Mark Bowen, Scott Oldham, Asha Kallianpur, et al. "Transcriptional Link between Blood and Bone: the Stem Cell Leukemia Gene and Its +19 Stem Cell Enhancer Are Active in Bone Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 2615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.7.2615-2625.2006.

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ABSTRACT Blood and vascular cells are generated during early embryogenesis from a common precursor, the hemangioblast. The stem cell leukemia gene (SCL/tal 1) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is essential for the normal development of blood progenitors and blood vessels. We have previously characterized a panel of SCL enhancers including the +19 element, which directs expression to hematopoietic stem cells and endothelium. Here we demonstrate that SCL is expressed in bone primordia during embryonic development and in adult osteoblasts. Despite consistent expression in cells of the osteogenic lineage, SCL protein is not required for bone specification of embryonic stem cells. In transgenic mice, the SCL +19 core enhancer directed reporter gene expression to vascular smooth muscle and bone in addition to blood and endothelium. A 644-bp fragment containing the SCL +19 core enhancer was active in both blood and bone cell lines and was bound in vivo by a common array of Ets and GATA transcription factors. Taken together with the recent observation that a common progenitor can give rise to blood and bone cells, our results suggest that the SCL +19 enhancer targets a mesodermal progenitor capable of generating hematopoietic, vascular, and osteoblastic progeny.

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Divisato, Giuseppina, Silvia Piscitelli, Mariantonietta Elia, Emanuela Cascone, and Silvia Parisi. "MicroRNAs and Stem-like Properties: The Complex Regulation Underlying Stemness Maintenance and Cancer Development." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081074.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the extraordinary properties to indefinitely proliferate and self-renew in culture to produce different cell progeny through differentiation. This latter process recapitulates embryonic development and requires rounds of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is characterized by the loss of the epithelial features and the acquisition of the typical phenotype of the mesenchymal cells. In pathological conditions, EMT can confer stemness or stem-like phenotypes, playing a role in the tumorigenic process. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation, found in the tumor tissues, with stem-like properties such as uncontrolled proliferation, self-renewal, and ability to differentiate into different cell types. ESCs and CSCs share numerous features (pluripotency, self-renewal, expression of stemness genes, and acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal features), and most of them are under the control of microRNAs (miRNAs). These small molecules have relevant roles during both embryogenesis and cancer development. The aim of this review was to recapitulate molecular mechanisms shared by ESCs and CSCs, with a special focus on the recently identified classes of microRNAs (noncanonical miRNAs, mirtrons, isomiRs, and competitive endogenous miRNAs) and their complex functions during embryogenesis and cancer development.

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Feng, Yuliang, Xingguo Liu, and Siim Pauklin. "3D chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation in cancer stem cells." Protein & Cell 12, no. 6 (January 16, 2021): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-020-00819-2.

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AbstractDedifferentiation of cell identity to a progenitor-like or stem cell-like state with increased cellular plasticity is frequently observed in cancer formation. During this process, a subpopulation of cells in tumours acquires a stem cell-like state partially resembling to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells that are temporarily present during early embryogenesis. Such characteristics allow these cancer stem cells (CSCs) to give rise to the whole tumour with its entire cellular heterogeneity and thereby support metastases formation while being resistant to current cancer therapeutics. Cancer development and progression are demarcated by transcriptional dysregulation. In this article, we explore the epigenetic mechanisms shaping gene expression during tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell formation, with an emphasis on 3D chromatin architecture. Comparing the pluripotent stem cell state and epigenetic reprogramming to dedifferentiation in cellular transformation provides intriguing insight to chromatin dynamics. We suggest that the 3D chromatin architecture could be used as a target for re-sensitizing cancer stem cells to therapeutics.

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Peng, Guangdun, Patrick P. L. Tam, and Naihe Jing. "Lineage specification of early embryos and embryonic stem cells at the dawn of enabling technologies." National Science Review 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx093.

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Abstract Establishment of progenitor cell populations and lineage diversity during embryogenesis and the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is a fascinating and intricate biological process. Conceptually, an understanding of this developmental process provides a framework to integrate stem-cell pluripotency, cell competence and differentiating potential with the activity of extrinsic and intrinsic molecular determinants. The recent advent of enabling technologies of high-resolution transcriptome analysis at the cellular, population and spatial levels proffers the capability of gaining deeper insights into the attributes of the gene regulatory network and molecular signaling in lineage specification and differentiation. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the emerging enabling genomic technologies that contribute to the study of development and stem-cell biology.

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Bao, Min, Jake Cornwall-Scoones, Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez, Dong-Yuan Chen, Joachim De Jonghe, Shahriar Shadkhoo, Florian Hollfelder, Matt Thomson, David M. Glover, and Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz. "Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension." Nature Cell Biology 24, no. 9 (September 2022): 1341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41556-022-00984-y.

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AbstractMammalian embryos sequentially differentiate into trophectoderm and an inner cell mass, the latter of which differentiates into primitive endoderm and epiblast. Trophoblast stem (TS), extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) and embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these three lineages can self-assemble into synthetic embryos, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that a stem cell-specific cadherin code drives synthetic embryogenesis. The XEN cell cadherin code enables XEN cell sorting into a layer below ES cells, recapitulating the sorting of epiblast and primitive endoderm before implantation. The TS cell cadherin code enables TS cell sorting above ES cells, resembling extraembryonic ectoderm clustering above epiblast following implantation. Whereas differential cadherin expression drives initial cell sorting, cortical tension consolidates tissue organization. By optimizing cadherin code expression in different stem cell lines, we tripled the frequency of correctly formed synthetic embryos. Thus, by exploiting cadherin codes from different stages of development, lineage-specific stem cells bypass the preimplantation structure to directly assemble a postimplantation embryo.

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Greer Card, Deborah A., Pratibha B. Hebbar, Leping Li, Kevin W. Trotter, Yoshihiro Komatsu, Yuji Mishina, and Trevor K. Archer. "Oct4/Sox2-Regulated miR-302 Targets Cyclin D1 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 20 (August 18, 2008): 6426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00359-08.

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ABSTRACT Oct4 and Sox2 are transcription factors required for pluripotency during early embryogenesis and for the maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity. Functional mechanisms contributing to pluripotency are expected to be associated with genes transcriptionally activated by these factors. Here, we show that Oct4 and Sox2 bind to a conserved promoter region of miR-302, a cluster of eight microRNAs expressed specifically in ESCs and pluripotent cells. The expression of miR-302a is dependent on Oct4/Sox2 in human ESCs (hESCs), and miR-302a is expressed at the same developmental stages and in the same tissues as Oct4 during embryogenesis. miR-302a is predicted to target many cell cycle regulators, and the expression of miR-302a in primary and transformed cell lines promotes an increase in S-phase and a decrease in G1-phase cells, reminiscent of an ESC-like cell cycle profile. Correspondingly, the inhibition of miR-302 causes hESCs to accumulate in G1 phase. Moreover, we show that miR-302a represses the productive translation of an important G1 regulator, cyclin D1, in hESCs. The transcriptional activation of miR-302 and the translational repression of its targets, such as cyclin D1, may provide a link between Oct4/Sox2 and cell cycle regulation in pluripotent cells.

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Goldman, Devorah C., Alexis S. Bailey, Dana L. Pfaffle, Azzah Al Masri, Jan L. Christian, and William H. Fleming. "BMP4 regulates the hematopoietic stem cell niche." Blood 114, no. 20 (November 12, 2009): 4393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-02-206433.

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Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for mesoderm commitment to the hematopoietic lineage during early embryogenesis. However, deletion of BMP4 is early embryonically lethal and its functional role in definitive hematopoiesis is unknown. Consequently, we used a BMP4 hypomorph to investigate the role of BMP4 in regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and maintaining steady-state hematopoiesis in the adult. Reporter gene expression shows that Bmp4 is expressed in cells associated with the hematopoietic microenvironment including osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and megakaryocytes. Although resting hematopoiesis is normal in a BMP4-deficient background, the number of c-Kit+, Sca-1+, Lineage− cells is significantly reduced. Serial transplantation studies reveal that BMP4-deficient recipients have a microenvironmental defect that reduces the repopulating activity of wild-type HSCs. This defect is even more pronounced in a parabiosis model that demonstrates a profound reduction in wild-type hematopoietic cells within the bone marrow of BMP4-deficient recipients. Furthermore, wild-type HSCs that successfully engraft into the BMP4-deficient bone marrow show a marked decrease in functional stem cell activity when tested in a competitive repopulation assay. Taken together, these findings indicate BMP4 is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment that regulates both HSC number and function.

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Peng, Guangdun, and Jing-Dong J. Han. "Regulatory network characterization in development: challenges and opportunities." F1000Research 7 (September 17, 2018): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15271.1.

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Embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, during which coordinated cell fate specification takes place in a spatial and temporal context, serve as a paradigm for studying the orderly assembly of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and the fundamental mechanism of GRNs in driving lineage determination. However, knowledge of reliable GRN annotation for dynamic development regulation, particularly for unveiling the complex temporal and spatial architecture of tissue stem cells, remains inadequate. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing technology, elucidating GRNs in development and stem cell processes poses both new challenges and unprecedented opportunities. This review takes a snapshot of some of this work and its implication in the regulative nature of early mammalian development and specification of the distinct cell types during embryogenesis.

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De La Garza, Adriana, Arpan Sinha, and Teresa V. Bowman. "Concise Review: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Origins: Lessons from Embryogenesis for Improving Regenerative Medicine." STEM CELLS Translational Medicine 6, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2016-0110.

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GLICK, BRUCE. "Embryogenesis of the Bursa of Fabricius: Stem Cell, Microenvironment, and Receptor-Paracrine Pathways." Poultry Science 74, no. 3 (March 1995): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0740419.

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Fitch, Simon R., Gillian M. Kimber, Nicola K. Wilson, Aimée Parker, Bahar Mirshekar-Syahkal, Berthold Göttgens, Alexander Medvinsky, Elaine Dzierzak, and Katrin Ottersbach. "Signaling from the Sympathetic Nervous System Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Emergence during Embryogenesis." Cell Stem Cell 11, no. 4 (October 2012): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.002.

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Wang, Jianbo, and Anthony Wynshaw-Boris. "The canonical Wnt pathway in early mammalian embryogenesis and stem cell maintenance/differentiation." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 14, no. 5 (October 2004): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2004.07.013.

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Mahony, Christopher B., Corentin Pasche, and Julien Y. Bertrand. "Oncostatin M and Kit-Ligand Control Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate during Zebrafish Embryogenesis." Stem Cell Reports 10, no. 6 (June 2018): 1920–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.016.

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Yu, Shanshan, Tao Jiang, Danna Jia, Yunqiao Han, Fei Liu, Yuwen Huang, Zhen Qu, et al. "BCAS2 is essential for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell maintenance during zebrafish embryogenesis." Blood 133, no. 8 (February 21, 2019): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-09-876599.

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Abstract Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) originate from the hemogenic endothelium via the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, are self-renewing, and replenish all lineages of blood cells throughout life. BCAS2 (breast carcinoma amplified sequence 2) is a component of the spliceosome and is involved in multiple biological processes. However, its role in hematopoiesis remains unknown. We established a bcas2 knockout zebrafish model by using transcription activator–like effector nucleases. The bcas2−/− zebrafish showed severe impairment of HSPCs and their derivatives during definitive hematopoiesis. We also observed significant signs of HSPC apoptosis in the caudal hematopoietic tissue of bcas2−/− zebrafish, which may be rescued by suppression of p53. Furthermore, we show that the bcas2 deletion induces an abnormal alternative splicing of Mdm4 that predisposes cells to undergo p53-mediated apoptosis, which provides a mechanistic explanation of the deficiency observed in HSPCs. Our findings revealed a novel and vital role for BCAS2 during HSPC maintenance in zebrafish.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Embryogenesis; stem cell'

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