Relevant bibliographies by topics / Embryogenesis; stem cell

Academic literature on the topic 'Embryogenesis; stem cell'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Embryogenesis; stem cell"

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Cumano, Ana, and Isabelle Godin. "Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell development during embryogenesis." Current Opinion in Immunology 13, no. 2 (April 2001): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00200-4.

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Aiba, Kazuhiro, Mark Carter, Ryo Matoba, and Minoru Ko. "Genomic Approaches to Early Embryogenesis and Stem Cell Biology." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 24, no. 5 (November 2006): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-952155.

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Gering, Martin, and Roger Patient. "Notch signalling and haematopoietic stem cell formation during embryogenesis." Journal of Cellular Physiology 222, no. 1 (January 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21905.

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Wang, Han, Xie Luo, and Jake Leighton. "Extracellular Matrix and Integrins in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation." Biochemistry Insights 8s2 (January 2015): BCI.S30377. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s30377.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells with great therapeutic potentials. The in vitro differentiation of ESC was designed by recapitulating embryogenesis. Significant progress has been made to improve the in vitro differentiation protocols by toning soluble maintenance factors. However, more robust methods for lineage-specific differentiation and maturation are still under development. Considering the complexity of in vivo embryogenesis environment, extracellular matrix (ECM) cues should be considered besides growth factor cues. ECM proteins bind to cells and act as ligands of integrin receptors on cell surfaces. Here, we summarize the role of the ECM and integrins in the formation of three germ layer progenies. Various ECM–integrin interactions were found, facilitating differentiation toward definitive endoderm, hepatocyte-like cells, pancreatic beta cells, early mesodermal progenitors, cardiomyocytes, neuroectoderm lineages, and epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes and melanocytes. In the future, ECM combinations for the optimal ESC differentiation environment will require substantial study.
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Jakobsson, Lars, Johan Kreuger, and Lena Claesson-Welsh. "Building blood vessels—stem cell models in vascular biology." Journal of Cell Biology 177, no. 5 (May 29, 2007): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701146.

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Spheroids of differentiating embryonic stem cells, denoted embryoid bodies, constitute a high-quality model for vascular development, particularly well suited for loss-of-function analysis of genes required for early embryogenesis. This review examines vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in murine embryoid bodies and discusses the promise of stem cell–based models for the study of human vascular development.
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Volotovski, I. D., D. A. Ermolenko, and N. I. Harokhava. "Epigenetic control of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells differentiation in liver." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-1-106-118.

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The recent data on epigenetic control of differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells to be the background of embryogenesis and regeneration process in organism are considered. Epigenetic control is bases on three intramolecular mechanisms – DNA methylation, structural modification of histone proteins and microRNA active on posttranscription and posttranslation levels. As an example, the issues of stem cell differentiation in the liver are considered.
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Long, Jeff A. "Specifying root/shoot stem cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis." Developmental Biology 331, no. 2 (July 2009): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.010.

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Parthibhan, S., M. Rao, J. A. Teixeira da Silva, and T. Kumar. "Somatic embryogenesis from stem thin cell layers of Dendrobium aqueum." Biologia plantarum 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-018-0769-4.

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Tung, Hoang Thanh, Hoang Thi Van, Huynh Gia Bao, Le The Bien, Hoang Dac Khai, Vu Quoc Luan, Do Manh Cuong, Truong Hoai Phong, and Duong Tan Nhut. "Silver nanoparticles enhanced efficiency of explant surface disinfection and somatic embryogenesis in Begonia tuberous via thin cell layer culture." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15872.

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In vitro culture establishment is one of the most important stages in micropropagation. The disinfectant effectiveness depends on the type of surface disinfectant, concentration and the time treatment. In this initial study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as a disinfectant for petioles, flower stalks and stems of Begonia tuberous. In addition, thin cell layer culture (TCL) technique has been applied for the purpose of somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that AgNPs were effective in eliminating infectious microorganisms on B. tuberous explants; which were identified included 4 species of fungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus aculeatus, Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium sp.) and 1 species of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.). At concentrations of 200 ppm and 300 ppm, AgNPs were not only effective in disinfection but also increased the induction rate of somatic embryogenesis in flower stalk TCL explants (approximately 40.00%); a similar effect was observed in stem TCL explants at the same concentration. Meanwhile, for petiole TCL explants, the induction rate of somatic embryogenesis was optimal when using AgNPs at a concentration of 100 - 300 ppm to disinfected the explant. In contrast, at high (400 ppm) or low (50 ppm) concentrations of AgNPs did not play a disinfecting role and stimulated somatic embryogenesis. In addition, explants derived from AgNPs sterilization did not show any abnormalities in somatic embryogenesis with shapes such as globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledon. AgNPs showed double efficacy in sterilization of explants and improved efficiency of somatic embryogenesis from TCL petioles, flower stalks and stems explants; thus increasing the efficiency micropropagation of B. tuberous.
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Traver, David, Julien Bertrand, Albert Kim, Jennifer Cisson, and Emily Violette. "Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology in the Zebrafish." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4160.4160.

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Abstract Over the past decade, the development of forward genetic approaches in the zebrafish system has provided unprecedented power in understanding the molecular basis of vertebrate blood development. Establishment of cellular and hematological approaches to better understand the biology of resulting blood mutants, however, has lagged behind these efforts. We have recently developed the means to identify zebrafish hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), transgenic lines to mark hematopoietic precursors and their progeny, and the assays to test these populations functionally. Like other vertebrates, zebrafish demonstrate differential waves of hematopoiesis during embryogenesis. These waves can be visualized directly by fluorescent transgenesis in living embryos. The earliest blood-forming cells in the zebrafish embryo express the scl and lmo2 genes. By directing expression of GFP to early blood precursors using the lmo2 promoter, we have isolated early hematopoietic cells by flow cytometry and tested them functionally by transplantation. Transplantation of lmo2::GFP+ cells isolated from embryos at 14 hours post-fertilization (hpf) resulted in only transient reconstitution of erythrocytes, suggesting that the earliest identifiable blood-forming cells are committed to the erythroid lineage. Later in embryogenesis, lmo2:GFP+ GATA-1:dsRED+ cells are found in the posterior blood island (PBI) from approximately 30–60 hpf. Molecular and functional characterization of these cells suggests that they possess limited myeloid and erythroid, but not lymphoid differentiation potentials. This suggests that committed progenitors with definitive hematopoietic potential arise in the embryo before HSCs can be identified. Additional studies have suggested that the first multipotent HSCs are born later in the zebrafish aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) region. We have visualized putative HSCs in the AGM by their expression of the lmo2 and cd41 transgenes. Using confocal timelapse imaging in living embryos, lmo2::GFP+ cells have been observed to emigrate from the AGM region into circulation. Transplantation studies are underway to test putative HSC populations for repopulation activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that at least three independent waves of blood cell precursors are formed during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Embryogenesis; stem cell"

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Poirier, Luc. "The degradation of the stem-loop binding protein at the late 2-cell stage of mouse embryogenesis /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80351.

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The efficient processing of replication-dependent histone mRNA requires the Stem-Loop Binding Protein (SLBP). SLBP is also involved in regulating histone mRNA half-life, their nucleocytoplasmic transport, and their translation. Unlike somatic cells, where SLBP protein accumulates only in S-phase, SLBP protein is present throughout the first two embryonic cell cycles in mice. We report here that in late 2-cell mouse embryos there is a substantial, proteasome-dependent decrease in SLBP throughout the cell. Based on chromosome morphology, the degradation of SLBP protein in late 2-cell embryos is most likely a late G2-phase event. The degradation of SLBP protein is not simply a zygotic clock event, but requires development to the late 2-cell stage. Furthermore, SLBP protein degradation in 2-cell mouse embryos requires cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity, DNA replication, and zygotic genome activation. A model for SLBP protein degradation is proposed based on observations made in both early mouse embryos and somatic cells.
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De, Mot Laurane. "Mechanisms of cell differentiation during murine embryogenesis: model for specification in epiblast or primitive endoderm and experimental approach in embryonic stem cells." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209375.

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Dans la première partie de cette thèse effectuée en collaboration avec le groupe expérimental de C. Chazaud (Clermont Université), nous avons étudié théoriquement un processus de différenciation cellulaire intervenant avant l’implantation de l’embryon dans l’utérus. Il s’agit de la spécification des cellules de la masse cellulaire interne (MCI) en épiblaste (EPI) et en endoderme primitif (EPr), processus dans lequel les facteurs de transcription Nanog et Gata6 jouent un rôle essentiel. En effet, en absence de Nanog, les cellules de la MCI acquièrent toutes une identité EPr, tandis qu’en absence de Gata6, elles se différencient toutes en EPI. De plus, la voie de signalisation Fgf/Erk active l’expression de Gata6 et inhibe celle de Nanog. Enfin, Nanog active la sécrétion dans le milieu extracellulaire de Fgf4, une molécule qui active la voie de signalisation Fgf/Erk en se liant au FgfR2. Nous avons développé un modèle mathématique pour ce réseau de régulations, fondé sur des équations différentielles ordinaires décrivant l’évolution temporelle des niveaux de protéines Nanog, Gata6, Fgf4 et Fgfr2 et de l’activité de la voie Fgf-Erk. Nous avons validé ce modèle en montrant qu’il récapitule les résultats expérimentaux obtenus in vivo, dans les embryons wild-type et dans les mutants Nanog-/- et Gata6-/-. De plus, l’analyse des résultats du modèle permet de proposer un nouveau mécanisme pour l’émergence d’une population mixte de cellules EPI et EPr au sein de la MCI. Ce mécanisme repose sur le fait que le système décrit par notre modèle peut présenter trois états stationnaires stables, dont les niveaux d’expression de Nanog et Gata6 correspondent à l’EPI, l’EPr et la MCI non-différenciée, respectivement. De plus, le modèle a été utilisé afin d’interpréter des résultats expérimentaux récents et contre-intuitifs, concernant les embryons hétérozygotes Gata6+/-. Enfin, nous avons établi des prédictions théoriques, dont certaines ont été ultérieurement vérifiées en laboratoire.

Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, effectuée dans le laboratoire d’O. Pourquié (Université de Strasbourg), nous avons étudié un processus de différenciation in vitro, par une approche expérimentale. Il s’agit de la différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) en cellules de mésoderme paraxial, un tissu dont dérivent –au cours du développement embryonnaire– les cellules formant notamment les vertèbres, les côtes, la peau et les muscles squelettiques du dos.


Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Antonica, Francesco. "Modelling thyroid embryogenesis using embryonic stem cells." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209551.

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Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent of the rare endocrine diseases (e.g. Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.), which affects 1:2000 – 4000 newborns. If not immediately diagnosed after birth, thyroid hormones deficiency causes severe defects in brain and skeletal development leading to a complex clinical scenario called cretinism. CH can be due to a defective synthesis of thyroid hormones (dyshormonogenesis) or an abnormal embryonic development of the gland. Data obtained using knockout mouse models have shown the pivotal role of four specific transcription factors (NKX2.1, PAX8, FOXE1 and HHEX) for the correct organogenesis or function of the gland. Although mutations in those genes have been identified in few cases of CH patients, the pathogenetic mechanisms remain still elusive in the vast majority of CH cases (95%).

For the identification of new genes and molecular events controlling thyroid organogenesis it would be useful to develop an in vitro cellular model to recapitulate thyroid embryogenesis in a dish. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) have recently emerged as system model to recapitulate the embryogenesis of several tissues in vitro.

Induced overexpression of defined transcription factors has been shown to have a directing effect on the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into specific cell types. In this thesis I show that a transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2.1 and PAX8 is sufficient to direct the differentiation of murine ESCs into thyroid follicular cells (TFC) and promotes in vitro self- assembly of TFC into three-dimensional follicular structures, when associated to a subsequent thyrotropin (TSH) treatment. Cells differentiated by this protocol showed significant iodide organification activity, a hallmark of thyroid tissue function. Importantly, athyroid mice grafted with mESC-derived thyroid follicles show normalization of plasma T4 levels with concomitant decrease of plasma TSH. In addition, a full normalization of body temperature at 4 weeks after transplantation was observed. Together, these data clearly demonstrate that grafting of our mESC-derived thyroid cells rescues the hypothyroid state and triggers symptomatic recovery along with the normalization of plasma hormone concentrations. The high efficiency of TFC differentiation and follicle morphogenesis in our system will provide an unprecedented opportunity for future studies to decipher regulatory mechanisms involved in embryonic thyroid development, a major research need towards an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying congenital hypothyroidism, the most common congenital endocrine disorder in humans.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
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Marshall, Carolyn Jean. "The origin and regulation of haematopoietic stem cells during mammalian embryogenesis." Thesis, City University London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412734.

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Harrison, Sarah Ellys. "Utilising embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells to model early mammalian embryogenesis in vitro." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275424.

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Successful mammalian development to term requires that embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues communicate and grow in coordination, to form the body. After implanting into the uterus, the mouse embryo is comprised of three cell lineages: first, the embryonic epiblast (EPI) that forms the embryo proper, second, the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) which contributes to the foetal portion of the placenta, and third, the visceral endoderm (VE) that contributes to the yolk sac. These three tissues form a characteristic ‘egg-cylinder’ structure, which allows signals to be exchanged between them and sets the stage for body axis establishment and subsequent tissue patterning. The mechanisms underlying this process are difficult to study in vivo because a different genetically manipulated mouse line must be generated to investigate each factor involved. This difficulty has prompted efforts to model mammalian embryogenesis in vitro, using cell lines, which are more amenable to genetic manipulation. The pluripotent state of the EPI can be captured in vitro as mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Although mouse ESCs have been shown to contribute to all adult tissues in chimeric embryos, they cannot undertake embryogenesis when allowed to differentiate in culture. Previous studies have shown that ESCs formed into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates, called embryoid bodies, can become patterned and express genes associated with early tissue differentiation. However, embryoid bodies cannot recapitulate embryonic architecture and therefore may not accurately reflect what happens in the embryo. In this study, a new technique was developed to model early mouse development which is more faithful to the embryo. ESCs were co-cultured with stem cells derived from the ExE, termed trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), embedded within extracellular matrix (ECM). These culture conditions lead to the self-assembly of embryo-like structures with similar architecture to the mouse egg cylinder. They were comprised of an embryonic compartment derived from ESCs abutting an extra-embryonic compartment derived from TSCs, and hence were named ‘ETS-embryos’. These structures developed a continuous cavity at their centre, which formed via a similar sequence of events to those that lead to pro-amniotic cavity formation in the mouse embryo, and required active Nodal/Activin signalling. After cavitation, ‘ETS-embryos’ developed regionalised mesodermal tissue and primordial germ cell-like cells originating at the boundary between embryonic and extra-embryonic compartments. Inhibitor studies revealed that this occurred in response to endogenous Wnt and BMP signalling, pathways which also govern these tissue specification events in the early mouse embryo. To demonstrate that ‘ETS-embryos’ were comparable to mouse embryos at the global transcriptional level, RNA-sequencing was then performed on different tissue regions of ‘ETS-embryos’ and the resulting transcriptomes were compared to datasets from mouse embryos. These data showed that ‘ETS-embryos’ were highly similar to mouse embryos at post-implantation stages in their overall gene expression patterns. Taken together, these results indicate that ‘ETS-embryos’ are an accurate in vitro model of mammalian embryogenesis, which can be used to complement studies undertaken in vivo to investigate early development.
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Choudhary, Meenakshi Khetaram. "Elucidating the role of Hyaluronan in early human embryogenesis and embryonic sten cell characterisation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506550.

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Fei, Liwen. "Towards automating micropropagation: from cells to shoots to plants in one step." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/195.

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A mist reactor was used to study plant growth and development under various environmental conditions towards the production of healthy plantlets ready for soil transplant in one step from inoculation. In addition, a 3D type of cultivation via surface attachment of explants to vertically hanging strips inside the mist reactor was also investigated to maximize productivity with minimal footprint. Using carrot as the model species, pre-embryogenic cell suspensions were successfully spray-inoculated onto hanging poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated nylon mesh to which they then attached and remained for several weeks while they developed into rooted plantlets. To study single step micropropagation from shoot explants to fully acclimatized plantlets, Artemisia annua was used as the model species. Nodal cuttings of A. annua were inoculated onto PLL-coated mesh strips by briefly immersing the strips in the suspension of nodal cuttings. Investigation of medium, phytohormones, CO2, ventilation level and humidity ensued resulting in selection of a preferred final process that reduced physiological aberrations like hyperhydricity and was time efficient. The nodal cuttings that attached to the strips were first misted with half strength shooting medium for 7 days to develop new shoots. Then the new shoots were misted with the rooting medium supplemented with NAA for 12 days to develop roots. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in the same rooting medium for 9 days to acquire fully functional stomata prior to planting into soil. Taken together this study suggested that fully developed plantlets ready for planting into soil could be obtained in a single step in a bioreactor from embryogenic cells or from nodal explants.
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Peralta, Oscar Alejandro. "Developmental Regulation of Prion Expression in Cattle and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28584.

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The host encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC) is an N-linked glycoprotein tethered to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Under certain conditions, PrPC can undergo conversion into a conformationally-altered isoform (PrPSc) widely believed to be the pathogenic agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Thus, tissues expressing PrPC are potential sites for conversion of PrPSc during TSE pathogenesis. Although much is known about the role of PrPSc in prion diseases, the normal function of PrPC is poorly understood. Lines of mice and cattle in which PrPC has been ablated by gene knockout show no major phenotypical alterations other than resistance to TSE infection. However, recent reports using Prnp-null mouse models have suggested the participation of PrPC in neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. The first objective in our study was to map the expression of PrPC in twenty six somatic and reproductive tissues in ruminants. Our second objective was to characterize the ontogeny of PrPC expression during bovine embryonic and early fetal development. Finally, we used a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) model to study the potential role of PrPC during neurogenesis. In adult tissues, intense expression of PrPC was detected in the central nervous system (CNS), thymus and testes, whereas the liver, striated muscle and female reproductive tissues showed the lowest expression. We observed that PrPC was associated with tissues undergoing cellular differentiation including spermatogenesis, lymphocyte activation and hair follicle regeneration. Analyses in bovine embryos and fetuses indicated peaks in expression of PrPC at days 4 and 18 post-fertilization, stages associated with the maternal-zygote transition and the maternal recognition of pregnancy and initiation of placental attachment, respectively. Later in development, PrPC was expressed in the CNS where it was localized in mature neurons of the neuroepithelium and emerging neural trunks. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that PrPC was involved in neurogenesis. We tested this hypothesis in a murine embryonic stem cell model (mESC). mESC were induced to form embryoid bodies (EBs) by placing them in suspension culture under differentiating conditions and allowed to differentiate in vitro for 20 days. We detected increasing levels of PrPC starting on day 12 (8.21- fold higher vs. day 0; P < 0.05) and continuing until day 20 (20.77-fold higher vs. day 0; P < 0.05). PrPC expression was negatively correlated with pluripotency marker Oct-4 (r= -0.85) confirming that mESC had indeed differentiated. To provide a more robust system for assessing the role of PrPC in neural differentiation, mESC were cultured with or without retinoic acid (RA) to encourage differentiation into neural lineages. Induction of EBs with retinoic acid (RA) resulted in an earlier up-regulation of PrPC and nestin (day 12 vs. day 16; P < 0.05). In addition, immunofluorescence studies indicated co-expression of PrPC and nestin in the same cells. The results of these experiments suggested a temporal link between PrPC expression and expression of nestin, a marker of neural progenitor cells. We next tested whether PrPC was involved in RA-enhanced neural differentiation from mESC using a PrPC knockdown model. Plasmid vectors designed to express either a PrP-targeted shRNA or scrambled, control shRNA were transfected into mESC. Stable transfectants were selected under G418 and cloned. PrP-targeted and control shRNA clones, as well as wild-type mESC, were differentiated in presence of RA and sampled as above. PrPC expression was knocked down in PrP-targeted shRNA cultures between days 12 and 20 (62.2 % average reduction vs. scrambled shRNA controls). Nestin expression was reduced at days 16 and 20 in PrPC knockdown cells (61.3% and 70.7%, respectively vs. scrambled shRNA controls). These results provide evidence that PrPC plays a role in the neural differentiation at a point up-stream from the stages at which nestin is expressed. In conclusion, the widely distributed expression of PrPC in ruminant tissues suggests an important biological role for this protein. In the present work we have provided evidence for the participation of PrPC in the differentiation of mESC along the neurogenic pathway.
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Brock, Ryane Schmidt [UNESP]. "Retalho ósseo neo-fabricado de gálea e periósteo preenchido com células-tronco mesenquimais, plasma rico em plaquetas, pó de osso e ácido hialurônico: estudo em coelho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148751.

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As deformidades craniofaciais decorrentes de traumas, ressecções de tumores ou malformações congênitas são freqüentes na prática médica e o tratamento destas necessitam de cirurgia reparadora, com técnicas especializadas e profissionais qualificados para corrigir os defeitos e proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida, aprimorar a fala, respiração, mastigação e deglutição. Há diversas técnicas descritas para corrigir os defeitos ósseos, cada uma com vantagens e desvantages, escolhidas de acordo com o tipo de deformidade. Este estudo avaliou a formação óssea em um retalho tubular vascularizado, gáleo-periostal, enriquecido com o uso de pó de osso, plasma rico em plaquetas, células-tronco mesenquimais e ácido hialurônico, em coelhos, que tenha capacidade de substituir o enxerto ósseo nas reconstruções, principalmente nos defeitos faciais. No estudo, utilizou-se 98 coelhos divididos em doze grupos, submetidos à cirurgia para confecção do retalho em calota craniana. Foram realizados retalhos tubulares com o periósteo voltado para dentro e preenchidos com pó de osso, plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP), células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) e ácido hialurônico. O Grupo 1 não foi manipulado. No Grupo 2 foi realizado o retalho tubular e mantido vazio. O Grupo 3 teve o retalho preenchido com pó de osso, no Grupo 4 o retalho foi mantido vazio. O Grupo 5 teve o retalho preenchido com PRP. No Grupo 6 o retalho foi preenchido com PRP e pó de osso. O Grupo 7 foi preenchido com CTM. O Grupo 8 teve o retalho preenchido com CTM e pó de osso. O Grupo 9 teve o retalho preenchido com CTM e PRP. No Grupo 10, o retalho tubular foi preenchido com PRP, CTM e pó de osso. O Grupo 11 foi mantido vazio e o Grupo 12 foi preenchido com ácido hialurônico. Os resultados foram avaliados através de métodos de imagem e avaliação histológica. Os resultados demonstraram que, no modelo experimental utilizado, os grupos com apenas periósteo, isto é, retalho tubular vazio, apresentaram formação óssea pequena e irregular. No grupo com PRP também houve a formação óssea irregular e imatura. Quando o PRP foi associado ao pó de osso houve uma formação mais regular e organizada. O grupo com célula-tronco mesenquimal também apresentou formação óssea, com características teciduais organizadas, próprias do tecido ósseo maduro. Quando associada ao pó de osso e ao PRP, as características histológicas apresentaram-se com tecido organizado, regular, maduro com células bem formadas e organizadas. O uso de materiais com fatores de crescimento celular ósseo melhoram a qualidade e organização do tecido neoformado. Quanto maior o número de fatores de enriquecimento usados, melhores foram os resultados quanto a qualidade tecidual neoformada.
Craniofacial deformities caused by traumas, tumor ressections or congenital malformation are frequent in medical practice, and their treatment with reconstructive surgeries are common, especially in plastic surgery, which aim to provide the patients with better quality of life and functional improvement of speach, breathing, chewing and swallowing. Many different techniques are described to correct bone defects. They have advantages and disadvantages, chosen according to the type of deformity. This study evaluated a vascularized galeal and periosteum flap filled with bone fragments, platelet rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid, using rabbits, which could possibily substitute the bone graft in reconstructive surgery, especially for facial defects. It was an experimental study, with 98 rabbits divided into twelve groups, submitted to a surgical procedure to construct a calvaria flap. A tubular flap with the periosteum inside was constructed and filled with bone fragments, platelet rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and hyaluronic acid. Group 1 was not manipulated. In Group 2, the tubular flap was maintained empty. Group 3 had the flap filled with bone fragments, in Grupo 4 the flap was maintained empty. Group 5 had the flap filled with PRP. In Group 6 the flap was filled with PRP and bone fragments. The Group 7 was filled with MSC. Group 8 had the flap filled with MSC and bone fragments. The Group 9 had the flap filled with MSC and PRP. In Group 10, the tubular flap was filled with PRP, MSC and bone fragments.The Group 11 was maintained empty and Group 12 was filled with hyaluronic acid. The results were evaluated using image methods and histological analysis. The results demonstrated that, in the experimental model used, the groups with only periosteum, this is the empty tubular flap, presented small and irregular bone formation. In the group with PRP, it also had irregular and imature bone formation. When the PRP was associated to bone fragments it had a more regular and organized formation. The group with mesenchymal stem cell also presented bone formation, with organized tissue characteristics, proper of mature osseous tissue. When associated to bone fragments and PRP, the histological characteristics presented organized, regular, mature tissue with organized and well formed cells. The use of materials with osseous cellular growth factors improves the quality and organization of the neoformed tissue. The more enrichment factor used, the better the neoformed tissue quality result was.
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Storer, Mekayla 1981. "Investigating the roles of cellular senescence in embryogenesis and aging." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289617.

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Cellular senescence is an irreversible form of proliferative arrest, historically linked to tumour suppression and aging. Recent discoveries, however, have extended its known role to include complex biological processes such as tissue repair, tumour promotion and age-related disorders. These new insights are redefining our view of cellular senescence, that unlike a static endpoint, senescence represents a collective phenotype, composed of complex networks of effector programs. The biological outcome of these effector programs varies depending on the cellular context and nature of the stress. Here, we investigated the functional role of senescence in two polar contexts: first, within the epidermal stem cell population during the aging process, and second, during embryonic development. We identified that the primitive Keratin-15 positive (Krt-15) hair follicle stem cell population increases in number in an age-dependent manner, but exhibits decreased functional capacity and an inability to tolerate stress. While there was no evidence of Krt-15 stem cells entering directly into senescence, we identified an age-associated imbalance in epidermal Jak-Stat signalling surrounding the stem cells, reminiscent of extrinsic senescent cells that inhibit stem cell function. These findings suggest that epidermal stem cell decline contributes to the aging phenotype of tissue, and that this may be directed by extrinsic senescence. Conversely, we also describe cellular senescence as a normal developmental mechanism that occurs during mammalian embryonic development, specifically in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the roof plate of the hindbrain neural tube. Interestingly, developmental senescence is strictly dependent on p21, wherein mice deficient in p21 present with defects in embryonic senescence, AER maintenance and abnormal limb patterning. Additionally, we found significant gene-expression overlap between developmental and oncogene-induced senescence in the adult, suggesting a commonality in function. Furthermore, we found that the underlying mesenchyme is a source for senescence instruction, while the fate of senescent cells is both apoptosis and immune-mediated clearance. These findings indicate that senescence also functions in non-pathological states and plays an instructive role during embryonic development, and suggests that senescence may have evolved initially as a developmental mechanism that was subsequently adapted for its role in adult life.
La senescencia celular es una forma irreversible de paro proliferativo ligado históricamente a la supresión tumoral y al envejecimiento. Sin embargo, estudios recientes han demostrado que también juega un papel en complejos procesos biológicos como reparación tisular, promoción tumoral y desórdenes relacionados con la edad. Estos nuevos conocimientos están redefiniendo nuestra visión de la senescencia celular, no tanto como un proceso estático sino como un fenotipo colectivo compuesto por una compleja red de programas efectores. El resultado biológico de estos programas efectores varía dependiendo del contexto celular y la naturaleza del estrés. Aquí, hemos investigado el papel funcional de la senescencia en dos contextos antagónicos: primero, en la población de células madre del epidermis durante el proceso de envejecimiento, y segundo, durante el desarrollo embrionario. Hemos demostrado que la población de células madre del folículo piloso que expresan queratina 15 aumenta en número en función de la edad, pero presenta una disminución de la capacidad funcional y una incapacidad de tolerar el estrés. Si bien no hemos encontrado ninguna evidencia de que las células madre que expresan queratina 15 entren directamente a senescencia, hemos identificado un desequilibrio en la vía de señalización de Jak-Stat alrededor de las células madre, posiblemente procedente de células senescentes extrínsecas que inhiben la función de las células madre. Estos descubrimientos sugieren que el declive de las células madre epidérmicas contribuye al envejecimiento del tejido y que puede estar dirigido por la senescencia extrínseca. Por otra parte, también hemos descrito el proceso celular de la senescencia como un mecanismo normal en el desarrollo embrionario de los mamíferos, específicamente en la cresta ectodérmica apical (AER) y en la placa del techo del tubo neural. Cabe notar que la senescencia del desarrollo es estrictamente dependiente de p21. Así, los ratones deficientes de p21 presentan defectos en la senescencia embrionaria, el mantenimiento del AER y la formación de las extremidades. Además, hemos visto que hay un solapamiento importante en la expresión génica de la senescencia del desarrollo y la senescencia inducida por oncogenes en los adultos, sugiriendo una similitud en la función. Asimismo, hemos descubierto que el mesénquima subyacente actúa como instructor de la senescencia, y que el destino de las células senescentes es entrar en apoptosis y ser eliminadas por el sistema inmunitario. Estos hallazgos indican que la senescencia también tiene lugar en estados no patológicos y que juega un papel instructivo durante el desarrollo embrionario. Hacen pensar que la senescencia podría haber evolucionado inicialmente como un mecanismo del desarrollo que fue adaptándose para su papel en la vida adulta.
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Books on the topic "Embryogenesis; stem cell"

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Atwood, Craig. Embryonic stem cells: The hormonal regulation of pluripotency and embryogenesis. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2011.

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Atwood, Craig, ed. Embryonic Stem Cells: The Hormonal Regulation of Pluripotency and Embryogenesis. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/589.

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Melchers, Fritz. Lymphoid Organogenesis. Springer, 2012.

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Lymphoid Organogenesis: Proceedings of the Workshop Held at the Basel Institute for Immunology 5th-6th November 1999 (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology). Springer, 2000.

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Melchers, Fritz. Lymphoid Organogenesis: Proceedings of the Workshop Held at the Basel Institute for Immunology 5th-6th November 1999. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Embryogenesis; stem cell"

1

Yagui-Beltrán, Adam, Biao He, and David M. Jablons. "Wnt Signaling in Cancer: From Embryogenesis to Stem Cell Self-Renewal." In Stem Cells and Cancer, 39–57. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-933-8_4.

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Genevière, Anne-Marie, Antoine Aze, Yasmine Even, Maria Imschenetzky, Clara Nervi, and Luigi Vitelli. "Cell Dynamics in Early Embryogenesis and Pluripotent Embryonic Cell Lines: From Sea Urchin to Mammals." In Stem Cells in Marine Organisms, 215–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2767-2_9.

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Muramatsu, Hisako, Peng Zou, and Takashi Muramatsu. "Stem Cells and Midkine." In Midkine: From Embryogenesis to Pathogenesis and Therapy, 203–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4234-5_18.

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James, Daylon, Marco Seandel, and Shahin Rafii. "Endothelial Ontogeny During Embryogenesis: Role of Cytokine Signaling Pathways." In Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells, 319–28. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-227-8_27.

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Zon, Leonard I. "Derivation of Adult Stem Cells during Embryogenesis." In The Harvey Lectues, 117–32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470593042.ch6.

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Samoilina, N. L., A. L. Medvinsky, O. I. Gan, and T. E. Manakova. "Hemopoietic Stem Cells in Embryogenesis of the Mouse." In Modern Trends in Human Leukemia IX, 106–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76829-3_20.

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Doetschman, T., A. Gossler, and R. Kemler. "Blastocyst-Derived Embryonic Stem Cells as a Model for Embryogenesis." In Future Aspects in Human In Vitro Fertilization, 187–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71412-2_27.

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Irene Yan, C. Y., Felipe M., Tatiane Y., Jos Antonio O. Turri, and Mirian A. F. Hayashi. "Gene Expression in Embryonic Neural Development and Stem Cell Differentiation." In Embryogenesis. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/38067.

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Tsuji-Tamura, Kiyomi, Hiroshi Sakamoto, and Minetaro Ogaw. "ES Cell Differentiation as a Model to Study Cell Biological Regulation of Vascular Development." In Embryonic Stem Cells: The Hormonal Regulation of Pluripotency and Embryogenesis. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/14101.

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Ortuno-Sahagun, Daniel, Argelia E., Antoni Camins, and Merce Pallas. "Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Differentiation to Aldynoglia Induced by Olfactory Bulb Ensheathing Cell-Conditioned Medium." In Embryonic Stem Cells: The Hormonal Regulation of Pluripotency and Embryogenesis. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/15239.

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Conference papers on the topic "Embryogenesis; stem cell"

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Engle, DD, J. Lin, B. Spike, S. Cheung, and G. Wahl. "Abstract PD02-02: Characterization of Mammary Stem Cells during Embryogenesis." In Abstracts: Thirty-Third Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 8‐12, 2010; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-pd02-02.

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Spike, Benjamin T., Dannielle D. Engle, Jennifer C. Lin, Justin La, Samantha K. Cheung, and Geoffrey M. Wahl. "Abstract 1015: Mammary stem cells increase late in embryogenesis, facilitating their characterization and revealing links to breast cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1015.

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Lonardo, Enza, Patrick C. Hermann, Maria-Theresa Mueller, Irene Miranda-Lorenzo, and Christopher Heeschen. "Abstract B45: Embryogenesis meets tumorigenesis: Nodal/activin signaling drives self-renewal and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer stem cells." In Abstracts: Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research--Sep 14-18, 2011; San Francisco, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr11-b45.

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Kruithof, E. KO, W. D. Schleuning, and F. Bachman. "PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644764.

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Plasminogen activator (PAs) are enzymes that convert the zymogen plasminogen into the trypsin-like protease plasmin, which degrades extracellular matrix proteins and fibrin in the course of fibrinolysis, embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and in tumor metastasis. Plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs) are important modulators of PA activity. Several proteins have been identified which inhibit at fast rates urokinase (u-PA) and tissue-type PA (t-PA). In the order of inhibition rate constants these are: a) PAI-1, present in human plasma and platelet extracts and purified from human endothelial cell, fibrosarcoma cell and melanoma cell conditioned media; b) PAI-2, first identified in extracts of human placenta and later also in extracts and conditioned media of human granulocytes and monocytes; and c) protease nexin, a broad specificity protease inhibitor that was first identified and purified from human fibroblasts. We have chosen to use phorbol myristate acetate (30 ng/ml) stimulated histiocytic lymphoma cells (U-937) for the purification of PAI-2. The concentration of PAI-2 in the conditioned media after three days culture in the absence of fetal calf serum is 5 mg/1 and PAI-2 represents 3% of total protein. PAI-2 was purified by a two step procedure consisting of isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatography on Cibacron-Blue agarose. Two forms of PAI-2 were identified: a 47 kDa, nonglycosylated, pi 5.0 form and a 60 kDa glycosylated, pi 4.4 form. Immunctolot analysis and in vivo protein labeling studies under culture conditions that assure 100% viability of the cells showed that the glycosylated Torn is secreted, whereas the 47 kDa, nonglycosylated form remains intracellular. The glycosylation does not affect the activity of the inhibitors since both forms of PAI-2 react with the same rate with u-PA. PAI-2 is a fast inhibitor of u-PA (kl=9×l05M−1s−1) and two-chain t-PA (kl=2×l05) and a rather slow inhibitor of one chain t-PA (kl=l×l02) and of plasmin (kl×l02), but does not inhibit glandular and plasma kallikrein or thrombin. The inhibition spectrum and the kinetics of inhibition clearly distinguish PAI-2 from PAI-1 (kl of reaction with u-PA and two and one chain t-PA above 107) and from protease nexin, that is an efficient inhibitor also of thrombin and plasmin.We have cloned a 1880 Ip fragment of PAI-2 cDNA and determined its nucleotide sequence. The derived acid sequence reveals that PAI-2 is like PAI-1 and protease nexin a member of the serpin family of proteins and contains arginine at its putative active site. In an attenpt to identify parts of the inhibitor proteins that are responsible for conferring PA specificity to PAI-1 and PAI-2 we have compared the primary structures of PAI-1 and PAI-2 with each other and with antithrombin III (AT III). Surprisingly, PAI-2 exhibits no homology with PAI-1 in the region close to the active site except for the active site arginine, whereas, in that region, AT III showed three and seven conserved aminoacids when compared to PAI-1 and PAI-2, respectively. This finding suggests that other regions than those close to the active site contribute to the specificity of PAIs.Plasma concentrations of PAI-2 were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in over 50 healthy individuals, PAI-2 levels were below detection limit (15 ng/ml) in half of the saitples. Maximal concentrations encountered were in the 30 ng/ml range. PAI-2 measurements in over 300 hospitalized patients demonstrated significantly elevated PAI-2 concentrations only in pregnant women. Measurements in various stages of pregnancy showed a steady increase of PAI-2 from below detection limit in nonpregnant women to values of 250 ng/ml at term and of PAI-1 frcm 25 ng/ml to 150 ng/ml. Unlike to PAI-1 concentrations that normalize rapidly after delivery, PAI-2 concentrations remain significantly elevated for several days.
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