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Journal articles on the topic 'Embodied Energy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Jurizat, Aldissain, and Try Ramadhan. "EMBODIED ENERGY PADA DINDING BAMBU ANYAMAN DAN PLESTER." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 3, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v3i2.25061.

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Abstract: Buildings consume high energy and cause an increase in CO2 gas emissions to the environment. This energy consumption is known as embodied energy where energy is used in the production and maintenance processes of buildings. In buildings, the largest consumption of embodied energy is contained in the walls. Among the various materials and construction of building walls, the trend of the plaster bamboo wall has been significantly increased because it has several advantages for the environment. This research was conducted to measure the embodied energy contained in bamboo wall construction located in Kampung Buyut Cipageran, Cimahi City. This research method uses Inventory Carbon and Energy (ICE) data from the University of Bath and Indonesian National Standard as the basics data for the calculation. The analysis has been conducted by calculating the basics data and the design drawings. The result showed that the embodied energy in the bamboo walls had a value of 230.61 MJ/m2. This result is lower than the known standard for brick wall with 440 MJ/m2. The bamboo wall is proved to be more efficient in energy use than conventional wall with brick as the main construction.Keywords: bamboo wall; embodied energy; Abstrak: Bangunan mengkonsumsi energi yang cukup tinggi dan mengakibatkan peningkatan emisi gas CO2 ke lingkungan. Penggunaan energi ini diketahui sebagai embodied energy dimana energi digunakan dalam proses produksi dan perawatan bangunan. Dalam suatu bangunan, penggunaan embodied energy terbesar terletak pada dinding. Dari berbagai material dan konstruksi pembentuk dinding bangunan, dinding bambu plester menjadi tren terbaru karena memiliki beberapa keunggulan dalam keramahan terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur embodied energy yang terdapat pada komponen dinding bambu di salah satu bangunan Kampung Buyut Cipageran, Kota Cimahi. Metode pengukuran menggunakan data Inventory Carbon and Energy (ICE) dari University of Bath dan petunjuk analisis pekerjaan konstruksi dari SNI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa embodied energy pada dinding bambu plester memiliki nilai 230,61 MJ/m2. Jika dibandingkan dengan dinding bata plester konvensional yang memiliki standar 440 MJ/m2, dinding bambu plester lebih efisien dalam penggunaan energi dalam siklus hidupnya.Kata Kunci: dinding bambu; embodied energy;.

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2

Adi, Alifiano Rezka. "KAJIAN PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BOYOLALI; Fokus pada Nilai Embodied Energy Bangunan." Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI 11, no. 6 (November 7, 2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jars.v11i6.1357.

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Abstract: Green architecture approach comes as a solution of solving the energy and environmental crises. Boyolali regency office became the research object by focusing on the value of embodied energy to determine and evaluate the energy consumed from the manufacturing of the material until the construction phase. This study uses a simulation method with modeling strategy at the masterplan area and the existing area to measure the embodied energy of the buildings. The results showed that the larger of the ground floor area, the greater of the embodied energy value of the building. In addition, a building which has more floors will save the value of the embodied energy compared to a one floor building with the same floor area. The existing condition showed the saving of the embodied energy value by 22.64% towards the masterplan because of its smaller total ground floor area. The impact of the floor area and floor number is used in determining the design recommendations by combining several buildings into one building to reduce the total floor area as well as to convert most buildings into two-story buildings. The simulation results from the proposed recommendation showed the efficiency of the embodied energy value, which is more optimal, by 21,76% towards the existing condition.Keywords: green architecture, embodied energy, office area, energy efficiencyAbstrak: Pendekatan arsitektur hijau hadir sebagai solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi dan lingkungan. Kantor pemerintahan Boyolali dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian dengan berfokus pada nilai embodied energy untuk menentukan dan mengevaluasi energi yang digunakan dari proses pengolahan material bangunan hingga fase konstruksi bangunan. Penelitian menggunakan metode simulasi dengan strategi pemodelan pada masterplan kawasan serta kondisi eksisting kawasan untuk mengukur nilai embodied energy bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar luas permukaan lantai bangunan, semakin besar nilai embodied energy pada bangunan tersebut. Selain itu, jumlah lantai yang lebih banyak akan menghemat nilai embodied energy jika dibandingkan dengan bangunan satu lantai dengan luas lantai dasar yang sama. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan penghematan nilai embodied energy sebesar 22,64% terhadap masterplan karena memiliki luas total lantai dasar lebih kecil. Dampak dari luas lantai dasar dan jumlah lantai digunakan dalam menentukan rekomendasi desain dengan menggabungkan beberapa bangunan menjadi satu untuk mengurangi luasan total lantai dasar sekaligus menjadikan bangunan-bangunan yang ada menjadi gedung berlantai dua. Hasil simulasi dari rekomendasi yang diusulkan menunjukkan efisiensi nilai embodied energy yang lebih optimal sebesar 21,76% terhadap kondisi eksisting.Kata kunci: arsitektur hijau, embodied energy, kawasan perkantoran, efisiensi energi

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3

Furtak, Marcin, and Michał Ciuła. "THE EMBODIED ENERGY OF ARCHITECTURE." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (December 3, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.b-01.

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This paper discusses the complex subject of embodied energy in the contemporary construction industry. The importance of embodied energy is shown in the global environmental context. The ecological relationship between embodied energy and operational energy is discussed. The history of embodied energy analyses is presented and modern computer solutions, which currently help in sustainable architecture design, are suggested.

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4

Asdrubali, Francesco, Marta Roncone, and Gianluca Grazieschi. "Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133788.

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The construction sector is one of the most energy-intensive in the industrialized countries. In order to limit climate change emissions throughout the entire life cycle of a building, in addition to reducing energy consumption in the operational phase, attention should also be paid to the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the building itself. The purpose of this work is to review data on embodied energy and GWP derived from EPDs of different types of windows, to identify the LCA phases, the most impacting materials and processes from an environmental point of view and to perform a critical analysis of the outcomes. The results show a strong dependence on the typology of the frame, with wooden windows having competitive performances: lower average primary energy non-renewable (1123 MJ/FU), higher average primary energy renewable (respectively 817 MJ/FU) and lower global warming potential (54 kgCO2eq/FU). More transparency and standardization in the information conveyed by the program operators is, however, desirable for a better comparability of windows performances. In particular, the inclusion of the operational impact in the EPD is sporadic, but strongly important, since it can be the most impactful phase.

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5

Rennie, Alastair. "Briefing: Embodied energy and emissions." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 164, no. 4 (November 2011): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ener.2011.164.4.139.

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6

Mantoam, Edemilson J., Marcos Milan, Leandro M. Gimenez, and Thiago L. Romanelli. "Embodied energy of sugarcane harvesters." Biosystems Engineering 118 (February 2014): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.12.003.

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7

Soga, Kenichi, Chris Chau, Duncan Nicholson, and Heleni Pantelidou. "Embodied energy: Soil retaining geosystems." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 4 (April 2011): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0013-7.

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8

Camaratta, Rubens, Tiago Moreno Volkmer, and Alice Gonçalves Osorio. "Embodied energy in beverage packaging." Journal of Environmental Management 260 (April 2020): 110172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110172.

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9

Samyn, Philippe. "Structural engineering and embodied energy." Steel Construction 12, no. 3 (August 2019): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201970304.

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10

Hu, Ming. "A Building Life-Cycle Embodied Performance Index—The Relationship between Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon and Environmental Impact." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081905.

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Knowledge and research tying the environmental impact and embodied energy together is a largely unexplored area in the building industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the practicality of using the ratio between embodied energy and embodied carbon to measure the building’s impact. This study is based on life-cycle assessment and proposes a new measure: life-cycle embodied performance (LCEP), in order to evaluate building performance. In this project, eight buildings located in the same climate zone with similar construction types are studied to test the proposed method. For each case, the embodied energy intensities and embodied carbon coefficients are calculated, and four environmental impact categories are quantified. The following observations can be drawn from the findings: (a) the ozone depletion potential could be used as an indicator to predict the value of LCEP; (b) the use of embodied energy and embodied carbon independently from each other could lead to incomplete assessments; and (c) the exterior wall system is a common significant factor influencing embodied energy and embodied carbon. The results lead to several conclusions: firstly, the proposed LCEP ratio, between embodied energy and embodied carbon, can serve as a genuine indicator of embodied performance. Secondly, environmental impact categories are not dependent on embodied energy, nor embodied carbon. Rather, they are proportional to LCEP. Lastly, among the different building materials studied, metal and concrete express the highest contribution towards embodied energy and embodied carbon.

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11

Chen, Jinghan, Wen Zhou, and Hongtao Yang. "Is Embodied Energy a Better Starting Point for Solving Energy Security Issues?—Based on an Overview of Embodied Energy-Related Research." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164260.

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Embodied energy is termed as the total (direct and indirect) energy required to produce economic or environmental goods and services. It is different from the direct energy measurement of energy consumption. Due to the importance of energy security, it has attracted increasing attention. In order to explore whether and to what extent embodied energy can provide a more innovative approach and competitive perspective to energy security issues, 2608 relevant pieces of literature from the Web of Science core collection are analyzed in this study. Results show that embodied energy has been taken seriously. Moreover, by reviewing the typical literature, this paper first summarizes the embodied energy calculation methods and models, then investigates how embodied energy provides a new perspective to energy issues, and lastly analyzes how to show value in energy security issues in its application of guiding policy-making and energy security studies. In summary, there is no doubt that embodied energy can provide a more integrated perspective on energy consumption and demand and provide a more scientific reference for policy-making to enhance energy security. However, because of data and application scope limitations, establishing a comprehensive energy security research and application system with embodied energy measurements needs hard work.

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12

Primasetra, Anjar, Dewi Larasati, Surjamanto Wonohardjo, and Iwan Sudradjat. "SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR EMBODIED ENERGY BUILDING CALCULATION: A REVIEW." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 49, no. 1 (July 28, 2022): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.49.1.53-64.

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There are two types of building energy consumption, namely embodied energy and building operational energy. Studies on operational energy have been widely discussed, while studies on building embodied energy are still quite rare to be studied, especially in Indonesia. In fact, the calculation of embodied energy, especially on embodied energy material, is important in the design phase of the building because it can be used as the basis for various determinations of building energy values and carbon emissions generated by buildings due to construction activities. By using the right tools in the embodied energy calculation, the building planner can determine the right embodied energy value so that it can support the building energy mitigation. This paper aims to explain the use of embodied energy building calculation software that have been developed with the aim of providing an overview and supporting research development of embodied energy building in Indonesia.

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13

Asdrubali, Francesco, Gianluca Grazieschi, Marta Roncone, Francesca Thiebat, and Corrado Carbonaro. "Sustainability of Building Materials: Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon of Masonry." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041846.

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The growing attention to sustainability and life cycle issues by European and international policies has recently encouraged the adoption, in the construction sector, of environmental labels able to quantify the impacts on environment associated with the fabrication of several building materials, e.g., their embodied energy and carbon. Within this framework, since walls represent a large percentage of building mass and therefore of embodied impacts, this article collects and analyzes nearly 180 Environmental Products Declarations (EPDs) of wall construction products such as masonry blocks and concrete panels. The data related to the primary energy (renewable and non-renewable) and the global warming potential extracted from the EPDs were compared firstly at the block level (choosing 1 kg as functional unit), enabling designers and manufacturers to understand and reduce the impacts from wall products at the early design stage. As the design progresses, it is therefore necessary to evaluate the environmental impacts related to the entire wall system. For this purpose, this paper proposes a further investigation on some simple wall options having similar thermal performance and superficial mass (the functional unit chosen in this case was equal to 1 m2 with R ≈ 5 m2K/W, Ms ≈ 260 kg/m2). The outcomes showed how the durability of the materials and the potential of disassembly of the wall stratigraphies can play a crucial role in reducing the environmental impact. This paper provides a methodological reference both for manufacturers to reduce impacts and for designers committed to the application of environmental labeling in the design process since they will now be able to compare their products with others.

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14

McTernan, Jesse K., and Sven G. Bilén. "Embodied Energy Repurposing via Energy-Harvesting Electrodynamic Tethers." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 54, no. 4 (July 2017): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a33783.

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15

Rauf, Abdul, Daniel Efurosibina Attoye, and Robert Crawford. "Embodied and Operational Energy of a Case Study Villa in UAE with Sensitivity Analysis." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091469.

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Extensive focus on operational energy research has positively impacted both academia and policymakers, facilitating new strategies that reduce the energy consumed by building occupants. Much less emphasis has, however, been given to embodied energy. Consequently, although studies now show that embodied energy can be responsible for up to 50% of a building’s life cycle energy, little is known about the embodied energy associated with the construction of buildings, materials, and components in the study context. The aim of this study is to investigate the current scenario in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) by calculating the embodied energy of a residential villa, and estimating the initial, recurrent, and demolition and disposal embodied energies over a 50-year building life span. A detailed assessment of the embodied energy associated with the construction of the case study villa was carried out using an input–output hybrid approach, followed by a sensitivity analysis focused on variations related to the energy associated and consumed, as well as the adoption of renewable energy sources. The findings show that the initial embodied energy was 57% of the life cycle embodied energy and 19% of the life cycle energy of the villa while the recurrent embodied energy was 43% of the life cycle embodied energy and 14% of the life cycle energy of the villa. The life cycle embodied energy of the villa, over a 50-year life span was 36% of the life cycle energy. This paper also highlights the impact of adding a solar PV system and lists multiple areas for future studies related to embodied energy and its benefit to stakeholders in the building industry.

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16

Yu, Runqing, Diandian Zhang, and Haichun Yan. "Embodied Energy and Cost Optimization of RC Beam under Blast Load." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1907972.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) structures not only consume a lot of resources but also cause continuing pollution. However, sustainable design could make RC structures more environmental-friendly. One important index for environmental impact assessment is embodied energy. The aim of the present study is to optimize the embodied energy and the cost of RC beam subjected to the blast loads. First, a general optimization procedure was described. Then, the optimization procedure was used to optimize the embodied energy and the cost of RC beams. Optimization results of the cost and the embodied energy were compared. It was found that the optimization results were influenced by the cost ratio nC (ratio of price of steel to price of concrete per unit volume) and the embodied energy ratio nE (ratio of embodied energy of steel to embodied energy of concrete per unit volume). An optimal design that minimized both embodied energy and cost simultaneously was obtained if values of nC and nE were very close.

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17

Wilson, Michael. "Embodied Energy in the Water Cycle." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 10 (January 1, 2009): 5515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793952729.

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18

Shukla, Ashish, G. N. Tiwari, and M. S. Sodha. "Embodied energy analysis of adobe house." Renewable Energy 34, no. 3 (March 2009): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.002.

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19

Stone, Clayton, Dušan Katunský, and Miloslav Bagoňa. "Embodied Energy of Stabilized Rammed Earth." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.151.

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The paper references a number of sources to create a compact account of the intrinsic energy, physical parameters and subsequent thermal potential of rammed earth that has been stabilized with Portland cement. The aim of this article is to show that a lower embodied energy does not necessarily reduce thermal comfort if careful consideration is given to design.

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20

., Mithra P. "EMBODIED ENERGY ASSESSMENT FOR BUILDING MATERIALS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 15 (April 25, 2015): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0415007.

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21

Kara, S., and S. Ibbotson. "Embodied energy of manufacturing supply chains." CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (January 2011): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2011.03.006.

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22

Longo, Sonia, Maurizio Cellura, Francesco Guarino, Vincenzo La Rocca, Giuseppe Maniscalco, and Massimo Morale. "Embodied energy and environmental impacts of a biomass boiler: a life cycle approach." AIMS Energy 3, no. 2 (2015): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2015.2.214.

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23

Orynycz, Olga, and Andrzej Wasiak. "Computer modelling of the effect of embodied energy on energetic effectiveness of biodiesel production." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925206013.

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The effect of embodied energy on energetic effectiveness of biodiesel production is studied. Embodied energy, i.e. energy consumed for production of a technical device, is gradually consumed during the life time of that device. The amount of embodied energy consumed during individual agricultural operation affects the energetic effectiveness of that operation, as well as that for the whole production process. The embodied energy in agriculture is associated with the use of machinery , transportation means, fertilizes, etc. The paper estimates the effect of embodied energy in the rapeseed biodiesel production basing on computer modelling.

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24

Sangngamratsakul, Nattaya, Kuskana Kubaha, and Siriluk Chiarakorn. "Embodied Energy Coefficient Quantification and Implementation for an Energy-Conservative House in Thailand." Sustainability 16, no. 10 (May 12, 2024): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16104045.

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The increasing rate of population growth and urban expansion has led to a higher demand for fossil fuels, which, in turn, directly generate greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. These emissions contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and climate change. This study aims to present the total life-cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of a single-family detached house designed with an energy conservation approach. Using a cradle-to-grave scope, this study quantifies the embodied energy in six stages of the building’s life cycle, i.e., initial, transportation, construction, operational, recurrent, and demolition. An input–output (IO)-based method was employed to construct a Thailand-specific embodied energy coefficient for 36 key building materials. This coefficient was then used to quantify both the initial embodied energy and the recurrent embodied energy in this study. The case-study house was broken down into 13 building materials. Concrete was the most consumed material, followed by fiber–cement, steel, and timber, in that order. However, the results of the embodied energy distribution for these materials revealed that fiber–cement ranked first, accounting for 29%. Steel was next, at 21%, followed by concrete at 18%, and, finally, aluminum at 12%. The case-study house had an initial embodied energy of 7.99 GJ/m² and a total life-cycle energy consumption of 0.66 GJ/m²/year. This study provides valuable information on LCEA for residential buildings, fostering public understanding of energy conservation in the Thai context. Furthermore, this study’s results can be applied to establish energy conservation guidelines for residential buildings. These guidelines can help reduce energy resource depletion, carbon emissions, and environmental problems, ultimately contributing to Thailand’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

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25

Yoon. "Sustainable Design Method of Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Embodied Energy Optimization Technique." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 4 (2014): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.4.1053.

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26

Rauf, Abdul, Daniel Efurosibina Attoye, and Robert H. Crawford. "Evaluating the impact of material service life on embodied energy of residential villas in the United Arab Emirates." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 31, no. 13 (March 22, 2024): 244–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2023-0514.

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PurposeRecently, there has been a shift toward the embodied energy assessment of buildings. However, the impact of material service life on the life-cycle embodied energy has received little attention. We aimed to address this knowledge gap, particularly in the context of the UAE and investigated the embodied energy associated with the use of concrete and other materials commonly used in residential buildings in the hot desert climate of the UAE.Design/methodology/approachUsing input–output based hybrid analysis, we quantified the life-cycle embodied energy of a villa in the UAE with over 50 years of building life using the average, minimum, and maximum material service life values. Mathematical calculations were performed using MS Excel, and a detailed bill of quantities with >170 building materials and components of the villa were used for investigation.FindingsFor the base case, the initial embodied energy was 57% (7390.5 GJ), whereas the recurrent embodied energy was 43% (5,690 GJ) of the life-cycle embodied energy based on average material service life values. The proportion of the recurrent embodied energy with minimum material service life values was increased to 68% of the life-cycle embodied energy, while it dropped to 15% with maximum material service life values.Originality/valueThe findings provide new data to guide building construction in the UAE and show that recurrent embodied energy contributes significantly to life-cycle energy demand. Further, the study of material service life variations provides deeper insights into future building material specifications and management considerations for building maintenance.

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27

Rahimifard, S., Y. Seow, and T. Childs. "Minimising Embodied Product Energy to support energy efficient manufacturing." CIRP Annals 59, no. 1 (2010): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2010.03.048.

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28

Balouktsi, Maria, and Thomas Lützkendorf. "Energy Efficiency of Buildings: The Aspect of Embodied Energy." Energy Technology 4, no. 1 (January 2016): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500265.

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VOURDOUBAS, JOHN. "Comparison of the embodied and operating energy in agricultural greenhouses and in residential buildings." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v12i2.21159.

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The increase of the energy efficiency in buildings and greenhouses is important for reducing the use of fossil fuels and the emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy efficiency evaluation requires the consideration of both the embodied and the operational energy. Many estimations regarding the embodied and the operational energy in various types of buildings have been reported so far. However, studies regarding the embodied energy in agricultural greenhouses are rare while there are many estimations regarding their operational energy. The goal of our study is the comparison of the embodied and the operational energy in residential buildings and in agricultural greenhouses. The embodied and operational energies are compared in greenhouses as well as in low-energy and in conventional residential buildings. Our results indicate that the ratio of embodied energy to life-cycle energy in low-energy residential buildings and in nearly-zero energy buildings varies in the range at 36% to 83% that is significantly higher than the ratio in conventional residential buildings which is in the range of 6% to 20%. The ratio of embodied energy to life-cycle energy in agricultural greenhouses, at 0.86% - 70.41%, varies significantly depending on many parameters. The importance of carbon emissions related to embodied energy in low-energy buildings, in net-zero energy buildings and in agricultural greenhouses is highlighted. Our work could be useful to policy makers who are willing to accelerate the green transition to a low carbon economy in the coming decades.

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30

Sun, Dong, and Chu Xia Tong. "Analysis of Embodied Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Chinese Manufacturing Industry." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1148.

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This paper attempts to discuss the embodied energy consumption and embodied greenhouse gas emissions in manufacturing industry. Based the on input-output theory, this paper establishes the calculation model, which gives the calculation of embodied energy consumption and embodied greenhouse gas emissions of 2002 and 2007 respectively. By comparison, it draws the conclusion that the total direct energy consumption of 2007 is much more than the year of 2002, while the total embodied energy consumption is less than the year of 2002. However, Non-metallic mineral products, Metal smelting and pressing and Electric equipment and machinery perform otherwise. The reason accounting for the calculation results is that the embodied energy intensity is greatly decreased.

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31

Anderson, Nicole, Gayan Wedawatta, Ishara Rathnayake, Niluka Domingo, and Zahirah Azizi. "Embodied Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector: A Case Study of Affordable Housing." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 5051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095051.

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Embodied energy has a significant effect on the total environmental impact of a project. However, emphasis is often placed primarily on operational energy, resulting in a knowledge gap about the current state of embodied energy use in affordable housing. To address this, the study investigates the level of embodied energy consumption in affordable housing, as well as the drivers, barriers, and techniques to reduce embodied energy. Based on a single embedded case study covering the period from cradle to end of construction, data were collected using embodied energy calculations of three affordable housing units in the project, semi-structured interviews with five design team members, and a cross-examination of findings with contract documents. The results were analysed using sensitivity analysis and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that all three house units fulfilled the baseline embodied carbon target of 800 kg CO2/m2 and both detached properties fell within the LETI (2020) target of 500 kg CO2/m2. However, all three properties would fail to meet the RIBA or 2030 LETI target of 300 kg CO2/m2. This suggests that improvements are necessary to achieve future targets. The results show that financial capabilities and operational energy prioritisation act as the main enabler and barrier for reducing embodied energy. Local contractors/suppliers, minimising material use or intensity, and modular construction were highlighted as the key reduction techniques that can be used to help achieve future targets concerning embodied carbon in residential developments. The study contributes significantly to understanding the current state of embodied energy use in affordable housing and provides new insights on how to deal with embodied energy if we are to meet future energy targets.

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Dixit, Manish K. "Life cycle embodied energy analysis of residential buildings: A review of literature to investigate embodied energy parameters." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 79 (November 2017): 390–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.051.

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Wu, Sanmang, Yalin Lei, and Li Li. "Resource Distribution, Interprovincial Trade, and Embodied Energy: A Case Study of China." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/910835.

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Based on data from 2007 input-output tables for each province, we estimated the energy embodied in China’s interprovincial trade through input-output analysis. The results show that a sizable transfer of energy is embodied in China’s interprovincial trade, and the transfer goes from the central and western provinces, which have higher energy endowments, to the eastern and coastal provinces, which have more developed economies. The provinces with the greatest net inflow of embodied energy via interprovincial trade were Zhejiang, Guangdong, Beijing, Shandong, and Jiangsu. The provinces with the greatest net outflow of embodied energy were Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, and Heilongjiang. To effectively reduce China’s energy consumption, it is vital to adhere not only to the producer responsibility principle but also to the consumer responsibility principle. In particular, the economically developed provinces with substantial net inflows of embodied energy in interprovincial trade should provide support to the provinces from which the embodied energy outflows come.

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Feng, Zhijun, Wen Zhou, and Qian Ming. "Embodied Energy Flow Patterns of the Internal and External Industries of Manufacturing in China." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020438.

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The Sino–US trade war has prompted China to re-examine the development of manufacturing, while the energy crisis restricts such development. Scientifically planning industrial energy allocation is important for supporting industrial transformation and the upgrading of manufacturing. The embodied energy flow in China’s manufacturing was investigated by reconstructing the energy flow network; taking a systems perspective, a fine-grained analysis of the emerging patterns and evolution of these flows in the internal and external manufacturing industries was performed, thus providing useful insights for energy planning. The results show that in the internal and external networks of Chinese manufacturing, most of the embodied energy convergence and transmission is concentrated in a few industries Moreover, it is clear that industries with stronger embodied energy convergence and conductivity are generally more likely to be associated with industries with weak convergence and conductivity. Preferential selection is an important mechanism for the generation of embodied energy flow paths. The choices of the embodied energy flow paths of various industries exhibit the preference that ‘the rich get richer,’ and newly generated flow paths are more likely to be chosen for connectivity to a path of strong convergence or conductivity. The embodied energy flow patterns of the internal network of manufacturing mainly include two-focus and multi-focus convergence patterns, while that of the external network of manufacturing is mainly a two-focus transmission pattern. Within in-edge networks, communities of high-end manufacturing have gathered most of the embodied energy, while in out-edge networks, communities of traditional manufacturing have been key in the transmission of embodied energy. The impacts of the internal and external network types, and of the in-edge and out-edge types on the stability of the embodied energy flow pattern are separate, and the embodied energy flow pattern is stable. Based on these findings, an ‘energy-related industrial cluster’ model is proposed here to aid in energy convergence and transmission, as well as to realize network cluster synergy.

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Adams-Hutcheson, Gail. "Embodied Vibrations." Transfers 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070304.

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This article contributes to debates that consider things (buildings) that have previously been assumed to be bounded and fixed. When thinking about how literally anything can become mobile, this article addresses how buildings “live on” through the bodies of participants. The notion of material affects is advanced to draw together a complex set of ideas on vibrant materialities. Material affects, then, entangle the earth, forces, embodiment, and micro mobilities to expose the vibrant matter of buildings. Empirical material is drawn from semistructured interviews with people who relocated out of Christchurch following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes and aftershocks. In relocation, acute spatial awareness and sensitivity to movement and vibration—that is, the minute shudders and flexes of buildings—colonized the bodies of participants. Material affects are able to challenge the distinction between vital energy (life) forces and materiality.

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Matard, Aude, Noorullah Kuchai, Stephen Allen, Paul Shepherd, Kemi Adeyeye, Nick McCullen, and David Coley. "An Analysis of the Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon of Refugee Shelters Worldwide." International Journal of the Constructed Environment 10, no. 3 (2019): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8587/cgp/v10i03/29-54.

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Ozoemena, Matthew, Wai M. Cheung, and Reaz Hasan. "Improving uncertainty analysis of embodied energy and embodied carbon in wind turbine design." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 94, no. 5-8 (January 18, 2017): 1565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9972-7.

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Ordoñez Duran, Julian Fernando, Josep M. Chimenos, Mercè Segarra, Paola Andrea de Antonio Boada, and Joao Carlos Espindola Ferreira. "Analysis of embodied energy and product lifespan: the potential embodied power sustainability indicator." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 22, no. 5 (April 21, 2020): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01848-5.

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Li, Zhao Dong, Yu Rong Yao, Geng Dai, and Yi Chu Ding. "The Life-Cycle Energy Consumption Distribution of Buildings in China." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.1320.

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In recent years, continues development of China urbanization gradually increases the energy consumption of buildings. Studies on the life cycle energy distribution of buildings have practical significance to determine energy policy formulation and adjustment. Based on previous studies and the composition of the life cycle energy consumption of buildings, this article constructed a life-cycle energy consumption model, and established the calculation methods of initial embodied energy, operational energy, reset embodied energy ,dismantle embodied energy and recycle embodied energy separately. Based on ICE material energy data and combined rating per machine per team, this article calculated the life cycle energy distribution of a building in Nanjing. We found that the life cycle energy of buildings obeyed normal distribution, the operational energy accounts for a large proportion and it decreases with the decreased life cycle of buildings. The recovery of operational energy can reduce the proportion of the initial embodied energy. Considering the studies, in order to meet the characteristic of the buildings in China which have short life cycle, we should focus on the development of building materials recycling and reusing.

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F.Henry, Abanda, Nkeng G.Elambo, Tah J.H.M., Ohandja E.N.Fabrice, and Manjia M.Blanche. "Embodied Energy and CO₂ Analyses of Mud-brick and Cement-block Houses." AIMS Energy 2, no. 1 (2014): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2014.1.18.

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Hammond, G. P., and C. I. Jones. "Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 161, no. 2 (May 2008): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87.

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Dixit, M. K., and P. Pradeep Kumar. "Analyzing Embodied Energy and Embodied Water of Construction Materials for an Environmentally Sustainable Built Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1122, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1122/1/012045.

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Abstract Buildings consume over 40% of global energy in their construction and operations contributing to over 39% of global carbon emission each year. This huge environmental footprint presents an excellent opportunity to reduce energy use and help deliver an environmentally sustainable built environment. Most of the energy is consumed by buildings as embodied energy (EE) and operational energy (OE). EE is used directly and indirectly during buildings’ initial construction, maintenance and replacement, and demolition phases through construction products and services. OE is used in the processes of heating, cooling, water heating, lighting, and operating building equipment. Most environmental optimization research has been centered on energy and carbon emission overlooking another critical sustainability aspect, water use. Each building also consumes a significant amount of freshwater as embodied water (EW) or virtual water in its initial construction, maintenance and replacement, and demolition phases. Since each primary and secondary energy source depletes water in its extraction, refinement or production, there is also a water expense associated with EE and OE use that must also be included in total EW use. The total EW, therefore, includes both non-energy and energy related water use. Research suggests that there are tradeoffs between EE and EW that may complicate design decisions such as material selection for environmental sustainability. In other words, a material selected for its lower EE may have higher EW and selecting such a material may not help reach environmental sustainability goals since water scarcity is becoming a grave problem. In this paper, we created an input-output-based hybrid (IOH) model for calculating and comparing EE and EW of building materials frequently used in building construction. The main goal is to examine and highlight any tradeoffs that may exist when selecting one material over another. The results reveal that there is a weak correlation between EE and total EW that is the sum of energy and non-energy water use, which means that a design decision made solely based on EE may conflict with EW. The share of energy related water use in total EW of construction materials also varies significantly (2.5%-31.2%), indicating that reducing energy use alone may not be sufficient to reduce freshwater use; additional efforts may be needed to decrease the use of materials and processes that are water intensive. The results of this study are significant to achieving the goal of creating a truly sustainable built environment.

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Ferreira, Ana, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Jorge de Brito, and Ricardo Mateus. "Embodied vs. Operational Energy and Carbon in Retail Building Shells: A Case Study in Portugal." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010378.

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(1) Background: The embodied energy of building materials is a significant contributor to climate change, in tandem with the energy use intensity (EUI). Yet, studies on the material impacts of European retail buildings, namely with relation to EUI, are missing. Hence, this study set out to: (i) evaluate the embodied energy and carbon emissions for a European retail building; (ii) quantify the material flow in terms of mass; (iii) compare the embodied aspects to the operational EUI and carbon use intensity (CUI); (iv) assess building materials with higher impacts; and (v) investigate strategies to mitigate materials’ impacts. (2) Methods: A Portuguese retail building was selected as a case study. A simplified LCA method was followed (cradle-to-gate), analysing the shell building materials in terms of primary energy demand and global warming potential. (3) Results: the embodied energy represented 32% of total lifecycle energy while the embodied carbon represented 94%. EUI was 1×kWh/m2/y while CUI was 21 kg CO2eq/m2/y. The embodied energy was 4248 kWh/m2, and the embodied carbon was 1689 kg CO2eq/m2. Cement mortar, steel, concrete, and extruded polystyrene were the most intensive materials. (4) Conclusions: The embodied impacts of the analysed store could decrease by choosing stone wool sandwich panels for the facades instead of extruded polystyrene panels and roof systems with metal sheet coverings instead of bitumen materials.

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Vukotic, L., R. A. Fenner, and K. Symons. "Assessing embodied energy of building structural elements." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 163, no. 3 (September 2010): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2010.163.3.147.

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Monika Shekhar Gupta, Monika Shekhar Gupta. "Strawbale Construction – A Least Embodied Energy Material." International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development 9, no. 2 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijcseierdapr20191.

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Aubin, Cameron A., Benjamin Gorissen, Edoardo Milana, Philip R. Buskohl, Nathan Lazarus, Geoffrey A. Slipher, Christoph Keplinger, et al. "Towards enduring autonomous robots via embodied energy." Nature 602, no. 7897 (February 16, 2022): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04138-2.

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deMonsabert, Sharon M., Ali Bakhshi, and Jamie L. Headley. "EMBODIED ENERGY IN MUNICIPAL WATER AND WASTEWATER." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 6 (January 1, 2008): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788808320.

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K. A.Uda, Subrata Aditama, Mochamad Agung Wibowo, and Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko. "Optimization of Embodied Energy in Bridge Construction." Civil Engineering and Architecture 8, no. 6 (December 2020): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2020.080602.

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Li, J. S., G. Q. Chen, X. F. Wu, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, and B. Ahmad. "Embodied energy assessment for Macao׳s external trade." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 34 (June 2014): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.038.

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Jiang, M. M., B. Chen, and S. Y. Zhou. "Embodied Energy Account of Chinese Economy 2002." Procedia Environmental Sciences 5 (2011): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.066.

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