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Journal articles on the topic 'Emblems – History – 16th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Górska, Magdalena Kinga. "Status teoretyczny emblematu w polskiej dekoracji." Terminus 23, no. 3 (2021): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.21.010.13847.

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The Theoretical Status of the Emblem in Polish Decorative Art This paper argues that the theoretical status of the emblem in decorative art has methodological significance in emblem studies and art history, comparable to its status in the so-called book’s editorial frame. This claim is justified in the historical and theoretical tradition of defining emblems in the sources. The departure point for the author’s considerations comes from the findings of applied emblematics, and its foundation is provided by the theoretical sources describing symbolic genres (scil. emblema, symbolum, hierogliphicum) published in Poland from the 16th to the 18th century, including books of poetics, rhetoric, dictionaries and compendia. The first part of the article presents an overview of research on decorative emblems in Poland, together with factors responsible for the scarcity of such studies, including the lack of symbolic typology of the decorations, and the division into literary and non-literary studies, motivated by the philological roots of emblem studies. It is noted that the emblemata in the so-called book’s editorial frame and those in decorations should be studied separately, as the latter are of ornamental nature, and require a distinct order of perception, explication, and the recipient’s role. Besides, it is pointed out that the anachronism of the 16th-century formulae of emblema raises problems for the genological classification of Polish decorations, and so does the inter-genre, compendiumtype pattern of symbolism dominant in the 18th century. The second part of the article discusses the definition of the emblema, focusing on its details relevant for the artistic practice and present-day genre classification, such as technique, composition, the content of the image, which is confronted with Polish historical materials. The analysis carried out in the paper supports the claim that providing a genelogical definition of a work of art sheds light on its artistic rendition and aesthetic value. It also enhances the perspective on emblem studies, the workshop of an emblem artist and the reception of the emblem. Additionally, it enables the verification of synthetic accounts and research practice, offering a profound reflection on the chronology and previous conceptions of the emblem. Finally, it helps to formulate postulates, which can be useful for the met

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2

Pchelov, Evgeny V. "IMAGES OF REGALIA IN THE TITULAR HERALDRY OF THE MOSCOW KINGDOM. ICONOGRAPHY AND SEMANTICS." History and Archives, no. 4 (2022): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-4-12-25.

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The article analyzes the history of the using the regalia images of regalia in the titular heraldry of the Moscow Kingdom of the 16th – 17th centuries. Titular heraldry is a complex of coats of arms for the territories of which the names were part of the object title of the Russian sovereigns. The total number of titular coats of arms of the Moscow Kingdom is more than thirty. They were first recorded on the Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible in the late 1570s. On this seal, out of 24 titular coats of arms (emblems, “seals”), four had the images of certain regal objects. In two cases, these were the conditional crowns cresting the armorial figures and testifying to the royal status of the designated administrative territories (the Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms). In two cases, the images of a “place” were used, which meant a seat for the ruler (or an authorized officer). On the Novgorod seal, that place had the steps, which was, apparently, a more archaic version of such a seat on the Tver seal, the “place” looked like a throne. The pastoral staff in the Novgorod “place” and the princely cap in the Tver “place” testified to the local specifics of the management of these most important titular objects in the general context of the power system of Muscovy. Subsequently, the Astrakhan coat of arms had underwent a radical change, and the appearance of the crown began to resemble a royal crown of the Western European type. The same crown instead of a princely hat appeared on the Tver emblem by the end of the 17th century. In the “Titulyarnik” (title reference book) of 1672, two more coats of arms with the images of regalia appeared. In the Siberian coat of arms, the crown again symbolized the royal status of the titular object. In the Vladimir coat of arms, the crown cresting the lion apparently signified the special status of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir among the lands of northern and north-eastern Rus’. In general, the images of the regal objects in the titular coats of arms followed clear patterns, corresponded to the status of the analogous objects, as well as to their historical significance.

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Pchelov, Evgeniy V. "Sources on the Title Heraldry of the Tsardom of Muscovy of the 16th – the First Half of the 17th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2018): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-971-983.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of sources containing information on the land heraldry of the Tsardom of Moscovy, which reflected territorial title of the Russian rulers. The historiography usually mentions 5–6 artefacts and pictorial sources with images of such coats of arms. In fact, the complex of these sources can be significantly expanded. The author has managed to collect information about ten artefacts, two visual and four written sources, which allow to follow the evolution of the title heraldry in pre-Petrine Russia starting from the 16th century. Furthermore, two seals descriptions containing information about land coats of arms remain unpublished. The analysis of sources leads to the following conclusions. The beginning of the Russian title heraldry dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It was probably connected with refining of his territorial titles after the Livonian War. The Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible (late 1570s) has a set of title seals with images, most of them quite simple. These emblems reflect mainly natural or economic features of specific lands. Some emblems are purely symbolic, some borrow directly from Western European heraldry. These title emblems (called seals prior to the 18th century) continued up to the Romanovs’ reign. For instance, the front of the seal of Ivan the Terrible became a source for title emblems reproduced on the armor of Pseudo-Demetrius I, which was made by Western European masters. They probably took their cue from an imprint of the front side of the seal sent with the order. Emblems from the reverse side of the seal were not reproduced on the armor. Under Mikhail Fyodorovich (apparently, in late 1620s) the complex of title emblems underwent its first significant transformation. Some emblems continued to the end of the 16th century, some were formed anew. The new system of title emblems translated into a description of seals made after the Moscow fire of 1626. This document is also yet unpublished. The reform of the title seals may have been associated with making of a new complex of royal regalia in late 1620s. The new seals appeared in the composition of the cover for tsar’s saadak (quiver), which, apparently, was made at the same time.

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Treter, Anna. "Wybrane passusy z czternastowiecznego traktatu Summa de exemplis et rerum similitudinibus Giovanniego z San Gimignano. Możliwe źrodło inspiracji dla ośmiu emblematow z cyklu Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio (Braniewo: Jerzy Schonfels, 1612) Tomasza Tretera." Terminus 23, no. 3 (2021): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.21.012.13849.

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Chosen Passages from the 14th-Century Treatise Summa de exemplis et rerum similitudinibus by Giovanni da San Gimignano: A Possible Source of Inspiration for Eight Emblems from the Cycle Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio (Braniewo: Jerzy Schönfels, 1612) by Tomasz Treter In 1612, the Jerzy Schonfels’ printing house in Braniewo published Tomasz Treter’s posthumous work titled Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio. This cycle of ascetic and mystical reflections was considered by Janusz Pelc to be one of the most interesting emblem books written in the Polish Commonwealth. Also Tadeusz Chrzanowski, an art historian, referred to Treter’s work as quite a unique work of Polish emblem art. The same researcher quoted the originality of some of the concepts and ingenuity of many icons (lacking direct correlates among contemporary emblem collections). In 2018, Alicja Bielak wrote an article in which she identified the three 16th-century emblem works (i.e. Hadrianus Junius’ Emblemata, Claude Paradin’s Devises heroiques and Aneau Barthelemy’s Picta poesis) as graphic sources of Treter’s cycle. The main goal of this paper is to identify another, non-emblematic source of inspiration for the Polish author, namely the 14th-century encyclopaedia Summa de exemplis et rerum similitudinibus by the Italian Dominican Giovanni da San Gimignano. It is argued here that Treter might have come into contact with Giovanni’s treatise during his first stay in Rome (1569–1584) and transposed it into the language of emblems. The first section of the paper shortly discusses the life and work of the Italian Dominican, with the particular emphasis on his encyclopaedia. The core of the article consists of the comparison of Treter’s eight emblems with selected passages from Summa de exemplis and setting these emblems against the background of the European tradition. The following emblems are discussed in detail: Fides, Conversatio sancta, Spiritualis profectus, Humilitas, Poenitentia, Correctio fraterna, Fortitudo and Mansuetudo. The study concludes with the claim that even though Treter uses symbols rooted in contemporary emblem art, he interprets them in a different way than other creators did. On the other hand, one can observe a striking accordance between Treter’s interpretations and the ones by Giovanni da San Gimignano. Unlike other 16th and 17th century emblematists, the Polish priest provides a religious rather than a moral interpretation.

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Rokita, Jan Gustaw. "MEDAL UPAMIĘTNIAJĄCY KRÓLEWSKĄ KORONACJĘ JANA III SOBIESKIEGO I MARII KAZIMIERY W KRAKOWIE POCHODZĄCY Z 1676 ROKU. UWAGI IKONOGRAFICZNE." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 17 (June 15, 2018): 307–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2018.17.17.

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The author of the article discusses in depth ten works of art (prints, numismatic pieces, sculptures) which demonstrate iconographic consistency with the obverse or reverse of the said medal. As the author argues, the medallionist sought both to reflect current events in Cracow and commemorate the beginning of the propitious reign of Jan III Sobieski and Maria Kazimiera, which would benefit the people of the Commonwealth (bear fruits), which is why he used well-known representations from 17th-century compendia of emblems as well as 16th- and 17th-century coinage and medals.

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Pikli, Natália. "Rulership in Early Modern England: Shakespeare’s King Lear in Context." Theatron 16, no. 4 (2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55502/the.2022.4.143.

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This book review discusses Judit Mudriczki’s monograph, Shakespeare’s Art of Poesy in King Lear. An Emblematic Mirror of Governance on the Jacobean Stage (Budapest, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2020) in the light of Shakespeare studies. Mudriczki’s book analyses dramaturgical devices, rhetorical and political-philosophical concepts, appearing in Shakespeare’s King Lear and other 16th and 17th century texts of different status, from an early Tudor interlude, John Skelton’s Magnyfycence, to rhetorical and political treatises and emblems. The review emphasizes how the inspiring, but often insufficiently elaborated analyses in the monograph could have been made more precise and informative by considering achievements of recent scholarship in the field.

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Teixeira Anacleto, Marta. "Le chant bucolique dans le roman pastoral (ou les avatars d’une topique dissonante)." Topiques, études satoriennes 6 (February 15, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1096698ar.

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The article aims to analyze the ontological diffusion of bucolic songs in pastoral novels, taking in consideration the historical and aesthetic evolution of their writing. It demonstrates that shepherds’ songs, as original emblems of the Bergeries, evolve into various topical formulations of sound, within the framework of the complex evolution of pastoral romance in France, in the 16th and especially in the 17th century. Based on a fairly broad corpus (Sannazar, the first French Bergeries, Diana de Montemayor and its French translations, L'Astrée and its sequels), it highlights the formal vicissitudes and the dissonances suffered by pastoral song, in the temporal dynamic which marks these aesthetically hybrid Arcadian texts.

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Adamczewski, Marek. "W sprawie nowego herbu gminy i miasta Szadek." Biuletyn Szadkowski 12 (December 30, 2012): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1643-0700.12.01.

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The coat of arms for the town and commune of Szadek was designed and approved in 1990, in accordance with law in force at that time. It was, however, done without consulting heraldists and historians specializing in municipal coats of arms from the period of I Republic of Poland, or persons professionally designing emblems for contemporary municipalities. Consequently, a number of mistakes were made, the most important being that it only partly resembles the town’s heraldic arms from the mid-16th century or the coat of arms from the 17th century, which was incorporated in the altar of Szadek’s parish church to commemorate the citizens who donated funds for its equipment and decoration. According to current quidelines for re-creating coats of arms of urban communes, a municipality should have as its heraldic symbol the historic coat of arms of its capital town or city. Relevant sources indicate that the new emblem of the town and commune of Szadek should contain a city wall with an open gate and three battlemented towers, the exact shape depending on which tradition – 16th or 17th century – is recalled. As regards the heraldic colours, the new coat of arms should have red walls on a golden shield (like that from the 17th century), although a white background is also found for Szadek in publications on heraldic arms of Polish towns and cities.

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9

Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L., Colin Rowe, and Leon Satkowski. "Italian Architecture of the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477014.

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10

Pchelov, Evgeniy V. "Sources on the Title Heraldry of Muscovy of the Second Half of the 17th century." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2019): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2019-2-344-356.

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An important stage in creation and unification of title emblems of Muscovy is connected with the war between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and further changes of the title during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. At the turn of 1660s-1670s, a number of new title emblems appeared, while the old ones underwent yet another transformation. When creating new emblems, the Western European models were considered and in some ways the title emblems acquired a more pronounced heraldic character. Thus, some new emblems could have originated in the heraldry of the Scandinavian countries and the Holy Roman Empire, other, such as the Siberian coat of arms, combined heraldic symbols of the regions in the aggregate. In a number of earlier emblems Christian semantics were reinforced. Such Christian symbols as hand emerging from clouds, cross, gospel, banner with cross, etc. were added. Christian semantics of the titular heraldry are evident in the heraldic virsi (verses) written at the end of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Despite the fact that the finished complex of title emblems was presented in the “Titulyarnik” of 1672, the old or different versions persisted, which proves the variable nature of title heraldry in the second half of the 17th century. Images of the title coats of arms in three illustrated copies of the “Titulyarnik” display unity, but some differences in detail allow to work out ownership of each copy. “Titulyarnik” was probably the first Russian land coat of arms, even if images of title coats of arms on some regals (saadaks, plates) still retained features of the old visual tradition. The existing complex of the title coats of arms was recorded in the late 17th century in several written sources with heraldic images. The complex of preserved heraldic sources allows to reconstruct the history of the title heraldry in Muscovy in its entirety and to identify main stages in its evolution.

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11

Konstam, R. A. "16th century naval tactics and gunnery." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17, no. 1 (February 1988): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1988.tb00619.x.

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12

Kulbaka, Jacek. "From the history of disabilities (16th-19th century)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (October 11, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.2.

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The article presents various circumstances (social, legal, philosophical and scientific) connected with the care, upbringing and education of people with disabilities from the early modern era to the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention was to the history of people with disabilities in the Polish lands. The author tried to recall the activity of leading educational activists, pedagogues and scientists – animators of special education in Poland, Europe and the world. The text also contains information related to the activities of educational and upbringing institutions (institutional, organisational, methodological and other aspects).

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Sakhno, Irina M. "“Ut Pictura Poesis”: the Poetic and Pictorial Emblem of the Baroque." Observatory of Culture, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-5-94-101.

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The article describes parallelism of the two arts, poetry and painting, in the emblematic books of the Baroque epoch. In the Baroque art, an emblem, as a visual metaphor, formed stylistic singularity of the culture of the 16th-17th centuries. The emblem represented the principle of simultaneity, a picture with a brief motto coexisting with a didactic or spiritual text. Not only was the emblem an ornamental “insertion”, a piece of encrusted graphics, but it also reflected the Baroque principle of a witty game. A book of emblems could act as a visual dictionary of signified objects. The significance of finished emblems was not limited to their pictographical meanings, they could also include some symbolic senses. Such verbal pictures illustrating abstract notions can be found in the “Emblemata” (1531) by Andreas Alciatus. The synthesis of the verbal and the visual, as an allegorical way of defining the world and the exegesis of Biblical texts, provided wide opportunities for the emblematic signification. The Picta Poesis Baroque book “Graphical Poetry. Alchemy” (1552) by Barthélemy Aneau contained an alchemy symbolism reflecting the character of the Renaissance worldview. Dutch artists of the 17th century developed the theme of evanescence and vanity in their emblematic still-life painting.

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Germano Leal, Pedro. "‘Global Emblems’ and ‘Transmission and Intermediality: the impact of the emblematic culture on the early Americas’." Norba. Revista de Arte, no. 40 (December 27, 2020): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/2660-714x.40.113.

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This white paper briefly outlines two co-dependent research initiatives: ‘Global Emblems’ and ‘Transmission and Intermediality: the impact of the emblematic culture in Ibero-America’. Both projects are in their initial stage of development, at Brown University. ▪ ‘Global Emblems’ is set to map, document and study the presence of emblems in material culture, around the world, and cross-link these occurrences with pre-existing digital collections of emblem books. The database will be fed by an international network of specialists, which is already active, with members in over ten countries and the support of the Society for Emblem Studies. The platform will allow searches by concepts (using Iconclass classification system) and a number of locations will allow users to ‘visit’ them through Virtual Reality (360 annotated photos). The database will be systematically studied through ‘thematic clusters’. Although at first glance the focus on emblems may seem narrow, emblems have a broad geographical and historical spread, which can be traced, and that provides the necessary data for the kind of analytical and interpretative study required in the second research initiative, which illustrates the importance of emblems within the wider frame of Latin American cultural history. ▪ ‘Transmission and Intermediality: the impact of the emblematic culture on the Early Americas’ will analyse the data from ‘Global Emblems’ in order to understand the role of emblems in the colonial process in the Americas. More specifically, this project will look at the ‘pictorial dispute’ in the New World, by examining the ‘pictorial turn’ from the ‘catecismos jeroglíficos’ to the displayed emblems in the 17th-century (many of them resulting from the remediation of European prints), and the ideological, political and sociological implications around the presence of these emblems in buildings and early-modern festivals.

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Waddell, Peter J. A. "The disassembly of a 16th century galleon." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15, no. 2 (May 1986): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1986.tb00562.x.

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16

Noonkester, Myron C., and Boris Ford. "The Cambridge Cultural History, Volume 3: 16th Century Britain." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 3 (1993): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542161.

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Bach-Szczawińska, Cecylia. "On the history of Krynki in the 16th century." Studia Podlaskie, no. 20 (2012): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2012.20.01.

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Bołdyrew, Aleksander, and Karol Łopatecki. "Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.201.

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The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.

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19

Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 1 (2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109.

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Cram, David, and Ruth Campbell. "A 16th-century case of acquired Dysgraphia." Historiographia Linguistica 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.1.04cra.

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Summary The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the earliest historical reports, to the authors’ knowledge, of a specific acquired agraphia: the first-hand account of a man who lost his ability to use letters in writing as a result of a battle injury in 1536. The description occurs as an interpolation in Thomas Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique (1553), in the course of a discussion of the localisation of the memory in the head. The case is described in sufficient detail to allow a tentative identification of the sort of disorder that was involved.

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Lehmann, L. Th. "Underwater archaeology in 15th and 16th-century Italy." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, no. 1 (February 1991): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00290.x.

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22

Stagl, Justin. "The methodising of travel in the 16th century." History and Anthropology 4, no. 2 (January 1990): 303–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1990.9960802.

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23

Shokoohy, Mehrdad. "Sasanian Royal Emblems and Their Reemergence in the Fourteenth-Century Deccan." Muqarnas 11 (1994): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1523210.

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Shokoohy, Mehrdad. "SASANIAN ROYAL EMBLEMS AND THEIR REEMERGENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY DECCAN." Muqarnas Online 11, no. 1 (1993): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-90000333.

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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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Dehqan, Mustafa, and Vural Genç. "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers." Der Islam 96, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2019-0003.

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Abstract Sharaf Khān, author of the Sharaf-nāma, is the most energetic early modern champion of Kurdish history. One problem with the standard account of Sharaf Khān is that it organizes Kurdish history according to the author’s own classifications, rather than according to the administrative entities of the overlord empires, the Ottomans and Safavids; and that Sharaf Khān had access only to certain sources which are specific to the principalities. This indicates that one must be careful to use all claims of Sharaf Khān about particular Kurdish emirs, because not all that pertains to the understanding of 16th-century Kurdish emirs is included in the Sharaf-nāma. One way of resolving this inconsistency is to refer to the Ottoman archives. What we want to emphasize in this paper is the importance of the ruus registers for Kurdish history, which, we think, is less widely recognized. In what follows, we shall deal with the Kurdish materials given in the ruus registers.

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Dehqan, Mustafa, and Vural Genç. "The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609." Oriente Moderno 99, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340222.

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Abstract The Brādōst Kurdish emirate, ruling over Rawāndiz and adjoining areas including parts of Urmīya, is one of the numerous Kurdish ruling families of Kurdistan, which succumbed to the conquering Ottoman and Safavid arms in the 16th-century. While Ardalān, Ḥakkārī, Chamīšgazak, and many other Kurdish emirates were yielded to the several recent studies, Brādōst remained a neglected Kurdish emirate. By analyzing written documents produced during the 16th-century — from both Ottoman and Safavid sources — a better understanding can be had of what political interactions were possible at this emirate in Ottoman-Safavid frontier history. This paper critically contributes to scholarly discussions of 16th-century political history of Brādōst and Ottoman-Safavid borderlands.

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Rasmussen, Knud. "Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.2.

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Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.

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Rahman, Mushtaqur. "A History of Arab-Islamic Geography (9th-16th Century AD)." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i4.2223.

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“Everything you ever wanted to know about the Arab-Islamic contribution togeography (but have had no time to learn up to now),” aptly describes SayyidMaqbool Ahmad‘s A History of Arab-Islamic Geography, which is a descriptionof the Arab-Islamic contribution to geography between the sixth and nineth centuries.To the uninitiated reader, the book may seem like a spider’s web; there isa guiding thread to follow, but that thread is hard to find and easy to lose.Barring language difficulty and the insipid organization of the text, the book ismonumental. It clarifies a number of misconceptions and provides authenticdetails about Arab-Islamic geography.The book is based on over 50 years of painstaking research of Arabicpalimpsests and chronicles and their translations into English and otherEuropean languages. It was the late Professor Hamilton Gibb of St. JohnsCollege (Oxford University), a shining light among Western Orientalists, whoasked Ahmad in 1945 for research on the subject. Following his mentor, Ahmadhas done a remarkable job of distilling much of the chaotic and contentious mattersrelating to Arab-Islamic geography. Never before has anyone attempted toprovide detailed “basic data” on Arab-Islamic geography. Contrary to whatmany Western Orientalists believe, the Arabs-in addition to being inheritorsand preservers of Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge-made significant contributionsto geography. It was partly the contribution of Nasir al-Din Tusi(astronomy), al-Battani (astronomy), Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi (mathematics),Ibn al-Haytham (optics), Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni (astronomy, physics),Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Jazari (mechanics), Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (geography), Al-Masudi (geography), Ibn al-Nafis (blood circulation), Ibn Majid (magnetic compass),and others to science and technology.that motivated the IndustrialRevolution of Europe.The book is organized into two parts and twenty-two chapters to present thevast literature by subject and chronological order. Part I of the book has threesections and nine chapters, which discuss the origins of scientific geography,astronomical and philosophical literature, reports of the explorers and Arabembassies, and regional discussions. These chapters are conclusive that Arab-Islamic scientific geography began with Al-Ma’mun (813-833 AD), who establishedthe first academy, known as Bayt al-Hikmu (the House of Wisdom). As aresult, in Baghdad after the middle of the ninth century, general and descriptivegeographical works began appearing. Included in this section are also chapterson the Iraqi and Balkhi school of geography. Chapters 10 through 15 discuss theimportant regional, philosophical, and astronomical geography works whichappeared in Baghdad. lbn Khurdadbih was the fit writer on the subject andhence can be called the father of Arab-Islamic geography. His Kirub ul-Musalikwu ul-Mumulik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms) is a classic.Two appendices, one concerning the Waqwaq Islands and the other concerningModification of Ptolemy’s Geography by Al-Idrisi, are the most revealingparts of the book because the location of the Waqwaq Islands and Al-Idrisi’smodification of Ptolemy’s map have long baffled Orientalists. Waqwaq Islands(ul-Juzur al-Wuqwuq) were fit mentioned in Ibn Khurdashbih’s Kitab ul-Musulik wu a1 -Mamulik. Appendix 2, Al-Idris’s modification of Ptolemy’s map, ...

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Galtsin, Dmitrii D. "Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 578–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.216.

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The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.

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Kadir, Hatib Abdul. "History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity." Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1871.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have created unequal relations between the state and society

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Tremp, Kathrin Utz. "Preachers by Night. The Waldensian Barbes (15th–16th century)." Church History and Religious Culture 90, no. 1 (2010): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124110x506554.

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Benfatto, Miriam. "The Work of Isaac Ben Abraham Troki (16th Century)." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 17, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455197-01701006.

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The Jewish anti-Christian polemical literature includes in its arguments the figure of Jesus of Nazareth, since one of its main goals is to discredit certain attributes of the Christian Messiah. This literature, however, has been so far almost completely overlooked in the Leben-Jesu-Forschung. The present paper draws attention to the figure of Jesus that can be seen in the famous text of Isaac ben Abraham Troki, the Sefer Hizzuq Emunah (end of the 16th century), whose controversial deconstruction of the Christological figure of Jesus allows us to discover a particular type of historical construction.

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GOSZCZYŃSKI, Artur. "The Magnates of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 16th-18th century: towards Sejmiks. Ciechanowiec May 24-27, 2022." Historia i Świat 11 (September 10, 2022): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.25.

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Dibbets, Geert R. W. "Dutch philology in the 16th and 17th century." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.04dib.

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Summary Within a hundred years the first Dutch vernacular orthographies and grammars were published in the Netherlands, as contributions to the cultivation of the language. In a number of these books the authors assumed the independence of the several Dutch dialects; in other publications we find the tendency towards a cultivated language, or we see that the authors started from the existence of a Refined Standard Dutch. However that may be the orthographists and grammarians aimed at the cultivation of written and spoken Dutch. Generally the grammarians did not pay much attention to two traditional areas of the grammar: orthographia and prosodia, but the etymologia was stressed: the theory of the parts of speech, and – to a lesser degree – the syntaxis. The influence of Latin grammar on Dutch was enormous, but could not prevent particularly van Heule (1633) and Leupenius (1653) from following their own course, for the most part within the traditional framework. In doing so the grammarians based themselves on the language usage, in which the nature of the language was given a concrete form.

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Lyman, Marie, Amanda Stinchecum, Monica Bethe, and Margot Paul. "Kosode: 16th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection." Monumenta Nipponica 40, no. 4 (1985): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384842.

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Lowry, S. T. "Private Money and Public Currencies: The 16th Century Challenge." History of Political Economy 28, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-28-2-310.

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Metan, Saskia. "Editorische Verflechtungen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0029.

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Summary Among the various descriptions of „Sarmatia“ which have been printed in the 16th century, the works of Maciej z Miechowa, Marcin Kromer and Alessandro Guagnini possessed the largest distribution: Published between 1517 and 1578, their works – containing information about the geography, history and population of the eastern part of the European continent – were reprinted and translated several times at several places until the middle of the 17th century. With a focus on paratexts and metatextual comments, the present article considers the entangled history of their editions in the 16th and 17th century and deduces receptions of these texts.

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Santangelo, Paolo. "A Neo-Confucian Debate in 16Th Century Korea." T'oung Pao 76, no. 4 (1990): 234–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853290x00083.

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Essary, Kirk. "Passions, Affections, or Emotions? On the Ambiguity of 16th-Century Terminology." Emotion Review 9, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916679007.

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The history of emotions is notably fraught with semantic anxiety, and a great deal of ink has been spilt in attempts to clarify emotion terminology, with respect to both historical and contemporary usage. Because the 16th century is both a momentous time of linguistic change for European languages (including Latin), and often for some reason neglected by historians of emotion trying to tell a longer story about emotion terminology, this article provides an overview of how 16th-century lexicons and prominent humanist authors handle the basic Latin emotion terms affectus and passio. It suggests further that 16th-century usage confounds Thomas Dixon’s assertion that “classical Christian” usage consists of a generally firm distinction between the two terms.

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Jekele, Ilona. "Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 29, no. 1 (2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.105.

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The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.

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REGEV, Shaul. "The Attitude towards theconversosin 15th-16th Century Thought." Revue des Études Juives 156, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.156.1.519374.

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Медведь, А. Н. "GIOVAN BATTISTA BELLUZZI AND HIS «TREATISE ON FORTIFICATIONS OF EARTH»." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.376-387.

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Статья посвящена «Трактату о земляных укреплениях» (1554 г.) итальянского фортификатора XVI в. Джамбаттисты Белуцци. Описываются разделы трактата, отмечаются особенности создания земляных укреплений в Италии XVI в. Высказывается гипотеза о связи технологий создания итальянских земляных укреплений и подобных крепостей в Московском великом княжестве. The article is devoted to the «Treatise on earth Fortifications» (1554) written by the military architect of the 16th century Giovan Battista Belluzzi. It describes sections of the treatise, and highlights distinctive features of earthwork fortifications in Italy in the 16th century. According to the hypothesis presented in the paper, there is a link between the technology of building Italian earth fortifications and that of similar fortresses in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

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Spierenburg, Pieter. "H.C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in 16th-Century Germany." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.838.

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Albert, D. M. "The History of Ophthalmology: The Middle Ages, 16th and 17th Century." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130037012.

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Horn, Andrew. "Andrea Pozzo and the Jesuit “Theatres” of the Seventeenth Century." Journal of Jesuit Studies 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 213–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00602003.

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Considered within the context of Jesuit theatre and liturgy, and within the broader culture of spectacle and ritual in the era of Counter-Reform, the works of art and architecture commissioned by the Jesuits in the seventeenth century can be read as “theatres” of religious performance. This concept is given an ideal case study in the work of Jesuit artist Andrea Pozzo (1642–1709). In this essay I present Pozzo’s work within the context of ritual and prayer for which it was produced, focusing on two of his religious scenographies and two of his lesser-known painting projects. As I consider their use of allegory, emblems and symbols, visual narratives, spatial illusions, and architecture, I argue that both the scenographies and the permanent church decorations achieve persuasion through the engagement of the observer as a performer in a ritual involving both internal and external performance.

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Taylor, Larissa Juliet, and A. Lynn Martin. "Plague? Jesuit Accounts of Epidemic Disease in the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 1 (1999): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544981.

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Krajíc, Rudolf, Zdeněk Měřínský, and Pavel Vařeka. "Archaeology of the 16th–20th century in the Czech Republic." Archaeologia historica, no. 2 (2017): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ah2017-2-1.

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Norman, Corrie, and Kenneth Stow. "Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 3 (2002): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144103.

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Liseitsev, Dmitrii, and Richard Bland. "Reconstructing the Late 16th-and 17th-Century Muscovite State Budget." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 17, no. 1 (2016): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2016.0015.

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