Journal articles on the topic 'Embedded stems'
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Johnson, M. P., A. J. Mueller, W. M. Harris, and K. S. Kim. "HISTOLOGY OF ANOMALOUS GROWTH AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ASSOCIATED WITH MAINSTEM GIRDLING BY THREECORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER, SPISSISTILUS FESTINUS (SAY) (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) ON SOYBEAN1." Journal of Entomological Science 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-23.4.333.
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Cell and tissue structure of undamaged soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, stems were compared with those from the swollen area immediately above (< 1 cm) threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), girdles. Examination of epoxy - resin embedded transverse sections from the swollen stems revealed growth that differed significantly from the normal dicot structure. The anomalous growth consisted of vascular bundles scattered in the secondary phloem surrounded by parenchyma cells. Examination of Paraplast® embedded transverse and longitudinal sections of adventitious root - like growths arising from or above the swollen hypocotyl area revealed normal root structure.
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Beyersmann, Elisabeth, Jonathan Grainger, and Anne Castles. "Embedded stems as a bootstrapping mechanism for morphological parsing during reading development." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 182 (June 2019): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.010.
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Mansfield, Edward D., and Nita Rudra. "Embedded Liberalism in the Digital Era." International Organization 75, no. 2 (2021): 558–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000569.
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AbstractIn recent years, the volume and intensity of attacks on globalization have been steadily rising. It is frequently argued that the antiglobalization backlash stems from strains that have been placed on the compromise of embedded liberalism. We argue that existing research underemphasizes how technological change and the digital revolution have contributed to these strains. Global value chains facilitated by the digital revolution have linked technology in advanced industrial countries to low-cost labor in developing countries, precipitating distributional losses for low-skilled labor in the industrial world. Further, the digital revolution has led to regulatory challenges involving both capital and labor. We argue that, as a result, governments face both mounting opposition to globalization and heightened difficulty in supporting the programs and policies necessary to buffer the adverse domestic effects of globalization and maintain support for embedded liberalism.
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Schulz, K. S., P. H. Kass, S. M. Stover, and D. R. Mason. "Effect of stem flattening on rotational stability of a canine femoral total hip component in polymethylmethacrylate cement." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 16, no. 04 (October 2003): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632786.
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SummaryThis study was designed to determine the effect of flattening the lateral aspect of a commercially available femoral prosthesis on its rotational stability in polymethylmethacrylate cement. Five standard design and five laterally flattened size 7 canine femoral components were evaluated. The stems were embedded in commercially available medical grade polymethylmethacrylate and rotated 15° while torque and angular displacement data were collected. The stiffness, yield and failure variables were compared between commercial and flattened stems. None of the mechanical testing variables were statistically different between commercial and flattened stems although all of the mean values for flattened stems were higher (1-30%) than mean values for commercial stems. Rotational stability of a canine total hip replacement femoral component was not significantly enhanced by the flattened component design modification evaluated by the testing protocol in this study.
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Wang, Mingyang, Eldad J. Avital, Xin Bai, Chunning Ji, Dong Xu, John J. R. Williams, and Antonio Munjiza. "Fluid–structure interaction of flexible submerged vegetation stems and kinetic turbine blades." Computational Particle Mechanics 7, no. 5 (December 13, 2019): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40571-019-00304-6.
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AbstractA fluid–structure interaction (FSI) methodology is presented for simulating elastic bodies embedded and/or encapsulating viscous incompressible fluid. The fluid solver is based on finite volume and the large eddy simulation approach to account for turbulent flow. The structural dynamic solver is based on the combined finite element method–discrete element method (FEM-DEM). The two solvers are tied up using an immersed boundary method (IBM) iterative algorithm to improve information transfer between the two solvers. The FSI solver is applied to submerged vegetation stems and blades of small-scale horizontal axis kinetic turbines. Both bodies are slender and of cylinder-like shape. While the stem mostly experiences a dominant drag force, the blade experiences a dominant lift force. Following verification cases of a single-stem deformation and a spinning Magnus blade in laminar flows, vegetation flexible stems and flexible rotor blades are analysed, while they are embedded in turbulent flow. It is shown that the single stem’s flexibility has higher effect on the flow as compared to the rigid stem than when in a dense vegetation patch. Making a marine kinetic turbine rotor flexible has the potential of significantly reducing the power production due to undesired twisting and bending of the blades. These studies point to the importance of FSI in flow problems where there is a noticeable deflection of a cylinder-shaped body and the capability of coupling FEM-DEM with flow solver through IBM.
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Heathcote, Lauren, Kate Nation, Anne Castles, and Elisabeth Beyersmann. "Do ‘blacheap’ and ‘subcheap’ both prime ‘cheap’? An investigation of morphemic status and position in early visual word processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (January 1, 2018): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1362704.
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Much research suggests that words comprising more than one morpheme are decomposed into morphemes in the early stages of visual word recognition. In the present masked primed lexical decision study, we investigated whether or not decomposition occurs for both prefixed and suffixed nonwords and for nonwords which comprise a stem and a non-morphemic ending. Prime–target relatedness was manipulated in three ways: (1) primes shared a semantically transparent morphological relationship with the target (e.g., subcheap-CHEAP, cheapize-CHEAP); (2) primes comprised targets and non-affixal letter strings (e.g., blacheap-CHEAP, cheapstry-CHEAP); and (3) primes were real, complex words unrelated to the target (e.g., miscall-CHEAP, idealism-CHEAP). Both affixed and non-affixed nonwords significantly facilitated the recognition of their stem targets, suggesting that embedded stems are activated independently of whether they are accompanied by a real affix or a non-affix. There was no difference in priming between stems being embedded in initial and final string positions, indicating that embedded stem activation is position-independent. Finally, more priming was observed in the semantically interpretable affixed condition than in the non-affixed condition, which points to a semantic licensing mechanism during complex novel word processing.
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Yang, Chaodong, Xia Zhang, Junkai Li, Manzhu Bao, Dejiang Ni, and James L. Seago. "Anatomy and Histochemistry of Roots and Shoots in Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.)." Journal of Botany 2014 (February 6, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/181727.
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Wild rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.) is a famous, perennial, emergent vegetable in China. The current work explores the anatomy and histochemistry of roots, stems, and leaves and the permeability of apoplastic barriers of wild rice. The adventitious roots in wild rice have suberized and lignified endodermis and adjacent, thick-walled cortical layers and suberized and lignified hypodermis, composed of a uniseriate sclerenchyma layer (SC) underlying uniseriate exodermis; they also have lysigenous aerenchyma. Stems have a thickened epidermal cuticle, a narrow peripheral mechanical ring (PMR), an outer ring of vascular bundles, and an inner ring of vascular bundles embedded in a multiseriate sclerenchyma ring (SCR). There is evidence of suberin in stem SCR and PMR sclerenchyma cells. Sheathing leaves are characterized by thick cuticles and fibrous bundle sheath extensions. Air spaces in stems and leaves consist of mostly lysigenous aerenchyma and pith cavities in stems. Apoplastic barriers are found in roots and stems.
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Hu, Yue, Kaili Jiang, Kim Meow Liew, and Lu-Wen Zhang. "Nanoarray-Embedded Hierarchical Surfaces for Highly Durable Dropwise Condensation." Research 2022 (August 10, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9789657.
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Durable dropwise condensation of saturated vapor is of significance for heat transfer and energy saving in extensive industrial applications. While numerous superhydrophobic surfaces can promote steam condensation, maintaining discrete microdroplets on surfaces without the formation of a flooded filmwise condensation at high subcooling remains challenging. Here, we report the development of carbon nanotube array-embedded hierarchical composite surfaces that enable ultra-durable dropwise condensation under a wide range of subcooling (ΔTsub=8 K–38 K), which outperforms existing nanowire surfaces. This performance stems from the combined strategies of the hydrophobic nanostructures that allow efficient surface renewal and the patterned hydrophilic micro frames that protect the nanostructures and also accelerate droplet nucleation. The synergistic effects of the composite design ensure sustained Cassie wetting mode and capillarity-governed droplet mobility (Bond number<0.055) as well as the large specific volume of condensed droplets, which contributes to the enhanced condensation heat transfer. Our design provides a feasible alternative for efficiently transferring heat in a vapor environment with relatively high temperatures through the tunable multiscale morphology.
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Puławska, Z. "The parenchymo-vascular cambium and its derivative tissues in stems and roots of Bougainvillaea glabra Choisy (Nyctaginaceae)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 42, no. 1 (2015): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1973.003.
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In the shoots and roots of <i>Bougainmllaea</i>, the parenchymo-vascular cambium produces thinwalled secondary parenchyma to one side and the secondary vascular bundles embedded in the "conjunctive tissue" to the other. Periclinal division of a single cambial cell in one radial row brings about periclinal divisions of the adjacent cells of the neighbouring rows. Anticlinal division of a single cambial cell at one level, on the other hand, causes anticlinal. divisions of the adjacent cells of the overlying and underlying tiers.
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Caridà, Angela, Bo Edvardsson, and Maria Colurcio. "Conceptualizing resource integration as an embedded process: Matching, resourcing and valuing." Marketing Theory 19, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593118772215.
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The strong linkage between the creation of value and the actors’ resource-integrating efforts forces academics and practitioners to understand how value stems from resource integration (RI). This article analyses RI as an embedded process within the wider process of interactive value formation. The study is conceptual in nature and adopts a qualitative research approach and an empirical contextualization strategy. It provides a granular perspective on RI and proposes a framework that depicts RI as a process that shapes and results from a complex service context through a sequence of three phases: matching, resourcing and valuing. The article, particularly the suggested new framework, contributes to the extant literature on RI in service research; it reconceptualizes RI as process per se that is embedded in actors’ value co-creation efforts and offers the opportunity to reflect on this process as a fundamental enabler in value-creating service ecosystems.
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Patil, Vidya S., Carmen R. Marcati, and Kishore S. Rajput. "Development of Intra- and Interxylary Secondary Phloem in Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae)." IAWA Journal 32, no. 4 (2011): 475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000072.
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Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investigated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Secondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicollateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), parenchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any secondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. vessel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.
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Byun, Yanga, and Kyungsook Han. "An efficient algorithm for planar drawing of RNA structures with pseudoknots of any type." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 14, no. 03 (June 2016): 1650009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720016500098.
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An RNA pseudoknot is a tertiary structural element in which bases of a loop pair with complementary bases are outside the loop. A drawing of RNA secondary structures is a tree, but a drawing of RNA pseudoknots is a graph that has an inner cycle within a pseudoknot and possibly outer cycles formed between the pseudoknot and other structural elements. Visualizing a large-scale RNA structure with pseudoknots as a planar drawing is challenging because a planar drawing of an RNA structure requires both pseudoknots and an entire structure enclosing the pseudoknots to be embedded into a plane without overlapping or crossing. This paper presents an efficient heuristic algorithm for visualizing a pseudoknotted RNA structure as a planar drawing. The algorithm consists of several parts for finding crossing stems and page mapping the stems, for the layout of stem-loops and pseudoknots, and for overlap detection between structural elements and resolving it. Unlike previous algorithms, our algorithm generates a planar drawing for a large RNA structure with pseudoknots of any type and provides a bracket view of the structure. It generates a compact and aesthetic structure graph for a large pseudoknotted RNA structure in O([Formula: see text]) time, where n is the number of stems of the RNA structure.
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Czajkowski, Robert, Waldo J. de Boer, Henk Velvis, and Jan M. van der Wolf. "Systemic Colonization of Potato Plants by a Soilborne, Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Strain of Dickeya sp. Biovar 3." Phytopathology® 100, no. 2 (February 2010): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-2-0134.
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Colonization of potato plants by soilborne, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Dickeya sp. IPO2254 was investigated by selective plating, epifluorescence stereo microscopy (ESM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Replicated experiments were carried out in a greenhouse using plants with an intact root system and plants from which ca. 30% of the lateral roots was removed. One day after soil inoculation, adherence of the pathogen on the roots and the internal colonization of the plants were detected using ESM and CLSM of plant parts embedded in an agar medium. Fifteen days post-soil inoculation, Dickeya sp. was found on average inside 42% of the roots, 13% of the stems, and 13% of the stolons in plants with undamaged roots. At the same time-point, in plants with damaged roots, Dickeya sp. was found inside 50% of the roots, 25% of the stems, and 25% of the stolons. Thirty days postinoculation, some plants showed true blackleg symptoms. In roots, Dickeya sp. was detected in parenchyma cells of the cortex, both inter- and intracellularly. In stems, bacteria were found in xylem vessels and in protoxylem cells. Microscopical observations were confirmed by dilution spread-plating the plant extracts onto agar medium directly after harvest. The implications of infection from soilborne inoculum are discussed.
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YUAN, MING-DENG, and RUI-JIANG WANG. "Involucrella lithophila (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): A new species from Guangxi, China." Phytotaxa 464, no. 1 (October 14, 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.1.4.
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Involucrella lithophila from the limestone area of Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here. It is most similar to Hedyotis kurzii and Involucrella chereevensis in having tetragonal stems, slender pedicels and loculicidally dehiscent capsules, but it differs from the former by its 3–5 (–7)-lobed stipules, heterostylous and white flowers and depressed seeds, and from the latter by its 2–4 secondary leaf veins and heterostylous flowers. The molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that this new species was embedded in the Involucrella clade and closely related to I. chereevensis. It is evaluated as Least Concern according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
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Smedslund, Jan. "From Hypothesis-Testing Psychology to Procedure-Testing Psychologic." Review of General Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.51.
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Psychologists do not analyze the conceptual relations between their independent and dependent variables. Hence, they fail to recognize that the plausibility of their hypotheses stems from the conceptual relatedness of the variables. The outcome is research that appears to test hypotheses but really tests only procedures, because the hypotheses involve conceptually related variables and are necessarily true. Domains in which this has been demonstrated are discussed. Psychologic is an axiomatic system intended to formulate the psychologically relevant conceptual relationships embedded in language and is an instrument for describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling intrapersonal and interpersonal processes.
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Hough, Monica Strauss, and Richard J. Klich. "Lip EMG Activity During Vowel Production in Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 4 (August 1998): 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4104.786.
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This investigation examined the timing relationships of EMG activity underlying vowel production in 2 normal individuals and in 2 individuals with marked-tosevere apraxia of speech of approximately two-and-one-half years duration. The timing of lip muscle activity was investigated in monosyllabic words embedded in phrases and in syllable word stems as a function of changes in word length. Specifically, the onset and offset of EMG activity of lip muscles used for production of /u/ in the monosyllables and word stems were examined. The results revealed that the relative amounts of time devoted to onset and offset of EMG activity for lip rounding are disorganized in apraxia of speech. Word length appeared to affect the timing of the onset of muscle activity for both the normal speakers and the speakers with apraxia of speech. Word length also influenced the offset of muscle activity, but its effect was less systematic for the speakers with apraxia of speech. The findings suggest that termination of EMG activity may be at least as disturbed as the initiation of EMG activity in apraxia of speech.
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Wilson, Mark A., Elizabeth A. Reinthal, and William I. Ausich. "Parasitism of a new apiocrinitid crinoid species from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of southern Israel." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 6 (November 2014): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/14-009.
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A new species of Apiocrinites is described from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic, upper Callovian) of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel. Apiocrinites feldmani n. sp. is a small species associated with the larger A. negevensis in a calcareous sponge and coral patch reef community. During life the columns of A. feldmani were commonly and preferentially infested with a soft-bodied parasite that grew with the crinoid and became embedded in its skeleton. These parasites embedded at the articulation between columnals, forcing the columnals to grow around them and producing with time a conical pit surrounded by swollen stereom. If the parasite died while the crinoid was still growing, the conical pit was roofed over by continued growth of columnals, resulting in a swelling with no external opening. Because the crinoids invested energy in forming extra skeleton around these parasites and because the crinoid stems were consequently deformed and likely lost flexibility, we consider these parasites to have caused significant harm. Curiously, these parasites apparently did not infect the larger and more common contemporaneous A. negevensis that lived in the same community.
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Harris, J. M., and A. P. Singh. "Unusual growth patterns in short shoots of Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-039.
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Short shoots and the needles that they bear usually persist for about 3 years on stems and branches of Pinus radiata D. Don. As the main axis thickens with secondary growth, short shoots may elongate by four times their original length, during which process xylem elements become embedded in the stem as "needle trances," although the external shoots appear to remain unchanged. This report describes how elongation in both xylem and phloem results from the insertion of new vascular elements derived from marginal cells of radial parenchyma bands. There was no evidence that the apical meristem contributes to this growth. Possible mechanisms for elongation of pith and cortex are also described.
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Fatima, Tayyaba, Raees Ul Islam, Muhammad Waqas Anwar, M. Hasan Jamal, M. Tayyab Chaudhry, and Zeeshan Gillani. "STEMUR: An Automated Word Conflation Algorithm for the Urdu Language." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3476226.
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Stemming is a common word conflation method that perceives stems embedded in the words and decreases them to their stem (root) by conflating all the morphologically related terms into a single term, without doing a complete morphological analysis. This article presents STEMUR, an enhanced stemming algorithm for automatic word conflation for Urdu language. In addition to handling words with prefixes and suffixes, STEMUR also handles words with infixes. Rather than using a totally unsupervised approach, we utilized the linguistic knowledge to develop a collection of patterns for Urdu infixes to enhance the accuracy of the stems and affixes acquired during the training process. Additionally, STEMUR also handles English loan words and can handle words with more than one affix. STEMUR is compared with four existing Urdu stemmers including Assas-Band and the template-based stemmer that are also implemented in this study. Results are processed on two corpora containing 89,437 and 30,907 words separately. Results show clear improvements regarding strength and accuracy of STEMUR. The use of maximum possible infix rules boosted our stemmer's accuracy up to 93.1% and helped us achieve a precision of 98.9%.
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Lázaro, Miguel, Víctor Illera, and Javier Sainz. "Priming effects in the recognition of simple and complex words and pseudowords." Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 198–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0009.
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AbstractWhether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo –witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing.
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Kumar, Manashvi. "Demand for Local Renewable Energy Systems: Evidence from North and Middle Andamans." Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, no. 2 (June 2019): 346–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119840908.
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Energy has an innate anthropogenic (human) dimension. Human beings are central to the theme of energy generation and its final consumption. Energy generation and its distribution as a resource governs every aspect of human life on a daily basis. This element necessitates critical understanding of demand aggregation and profiling across socio-cultural systems. The requirement of energy in terms of quantity and quality is emphatically embedded in the socio-cultural ethos of an end-user, the socio-cultural setting of which one is a part. Understanding this aspect is critical for scheduling the supply of energy. Policy issues related to demand side management arise from lack of understanding of behavioural issues of consumers. It stems from community alienation, in planning for generation, transmission and distribution of power. Any techno-economic mega system for power generation is embedded in local socio-cultural systems that comprise all beneficiaries, close or remote. The rural energy landscape needs to be located in different geo-climatic zones and physiographic (physical attributes of landforms such as plateaus, plains, hills, valleys, deserts, islands, etc.) divisions. The study provides an empirical approach for rural energy demand aggregation, drawn from specific socio-cultural system in India.
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Schiffer, S., S. Rösch, and A. Marchfelder. "Recombinant RNase Z Does Not Recognize CCA as Part of the tRNA and Its Cleavage Efficieny Is Influenced by Acceptor Stem Length." Biological Chemistry 384, no. 3 (March 14, 2003): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2003.039.
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Abstract One of the essential maturation steps to yield functional tRNA molecules is the removal of 3'-trailer sequences by RNase Z. After RNase Z cleavage the tRNA nucleotidyl transferase adds the CCA sequence to the tRNA 3terminus, thereby generating the mature tRNA. Here we investigated whether a terminal CCA triplet as 3'-trailer or embedded in a longer 3'- trailer influences cleavage site selection by RNase Z using three activities: a recombinant plant RNase Z, a recombinant archaeal RNase Z and an RNase Z active wheat extract. A trailer of only the CCA trinucleotide is left intact by the wheat extract RNase Z but is removed by the recombinant plant and archaeal enzymes. Thus the CCA triplet is not recognized by the RNase Z enzyme itself, but rather requires cofactors still present in the extract. In addition, we investigated the influence of acceptor stem length on cleavage by RNase Z using variants of wildtype tRNATyr. While the wild type and the variant with 8 base pairs in the acceptor stem were processed efficiently by all three activities, variants with shorter and longer acceptor stems were poor substrates or were not cleaved at all.
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Traas, Jan. "Organogenesis at the Shoot Apical Meristem." Plants 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8010006.
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Lateral organ initiation at the shoot apical meristem involves complex changes in growth rates and directions, ultimately leading to the formation of leaves, stems and flowers. Extensive molecular analysis identifies auxin and downstream transcriptional regulation as major elements in this process. This molecular regulatory network must somehow interfere with the structural elements of the cell, in particular the cell wall, to induce specific morphogenetic events. The cell wall is composed of a network of rigid cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix composed of water, polysaccharides such as pectins and hemicelluloses, proteins, and ions. I will discuss here current views on how auxin dependent pathways modulate wall structure to set particular growth rates and growth directions. This involves complex feedbacks with both the cytoskeleton and the cell wall.
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Bar-Kochva, Irit, Sebastian Peter Korinth, and Marcus Hasselhorn. "Effects of a morpheme-based training procedure on the literacy skills of readers with a reading disability." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 5 (September 2020): 1061–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000120.
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AbstractThe effect of a computerized morpheme-based training procedure on the reading and writing skills of reading-disabled participants (N = 30, mean age = 11.23 years, SD = 0.935) was examined. Considering that fast morphological analysis has been found to have a central role in written word processing of skilled readers, the following training was designed to enhance this process: it consisted of a visual lexical-decision task in which morphologically complex words were visually presented while the duration of the word-stems’ presentation was gradually restricted. A control intervention consisted of the same task, except that the duration of a nonmorphological unit’s presentation was manipulated. The children were divided into two groups: one underwent the morpheme-based intervention, and the other underwent the control intervention. The morpheme-based training procedure had a positive effect beyond that of the control procedure on the spelling of untrained word stems embedded in trained prefixes and suffixes. These results suggest a general improvement in retrieval of orthographic–morphological representations in spelling. Improvements in other measures could, however, not be ascribed to the morphological manipulation alone. These results emphasize the link between morphological processing and spelling. However, the morpheme-based training procedure appears to be less relevant to the improvement of reading.
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French, Ben J., Lynda D. Prior, Grant J. Williamson, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Cause and effects of a megafire in sedge-heathland in the Tasmanian temperate wilderness." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 6 (2016): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16087.
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The World Heritage wilderness of south-western Tasmania contains a complex vegetation mosaic of eucalypt forest, myrtaceous scrub and fire-sensitive rainforest embedded in highly flammable sedge–heathland. Aboriginal burning shaped this temperate region for millennia, and large, severe wildfires have prevailed since European settlement in the early 19th century. In 2013, the Giblin River fire burnt 45 000 ha of wilderness, most of which was sedge-heathland. We surveyed the fire footprint, and an adjacent management burn, to investigate the drivers of fire severity in sedge-heathland and to assess the regeneration response of woody vegetation and how these were influenced by antecedent fire histories. Analyses based on multi-model inference identified time since fire as the most important driver of sedge-heathland fire severity, as measured by diameter of burnt twigs. Mortality was high for both main stems (98%) and whole plants (91%), with only 16% of dead stems resprouting. Resprouting and seedling establishment were little affected by fire severity. The value of prescribed burning in reducing both the extent and severity of wildfires in the south-western Tasmanian landscape, and in maintaining stand-age heterogeneity, is illustrated by the wildfire having self-extinguished on the boundary of the management burn.
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Norman, D. J. "First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Cyclamen persicum in Florida." Plant Disease 81, no. 2 (February 1997): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.227c.
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Between March and April of 1996, an estimated 20% of the Cyclamen persicum Mill. grown in Florida were infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. Symptoms included extensive lesions on flowers, stems, and leaves. Acervuli containing masses of spores and dark setae were observed within lesions. The most severe damage was observed on the cultivar Red Delight. Infected tissues were dipped into 0.26% sodium hypochlorite for 5 s, blotted dry, embedded in water agar, and incubated at 27 ± 1°C. Hyphal tips that grew from lesions were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated under cool-white fluorescent lights. Developing colonies were gray and contained masses of orange conidia. Conidia were straight with rounded or bulbous ends and averaged 16.8 (SD 5.2) × 2.25 (SD 0.54) μm. Three isolates were selected to complete Koch's postulates. Conidia of each isolate were obtained from 3-day-old PDA cultures, and suspended in sterile, distilled water (SDW) to 104 conidia/ml. These suspensions were sprayed till runoff with hand sprayers onto C. persicum plants. Plants were incubated in plastic bags for 24 h at 27°C, then placed in a glasshouse. Within 3 days, lesions had developed on flowers; within 7 days, they were visible on stems and leaves. Lesion diameter varied from 2 to 5 mm; however, lesions soon coalesced, causing leaf, stem, and flower death. The fungus was reisolated from acervuli that developed on the flowers, stems, and leaves, following previously outlined procedures. Inoculation tests were repeated once. Symptoms did not appear on controls sprayed with SDW nor was the teleomorph stage of the pathogen observed.
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Hasenäcker, Jana, Olga Solaja, and Davide Crepaldi. "Food in the corner and money in the cashews: Semantic activation of embedded stems in the presence or absence of a morphological structure." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01664-z.
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Olalde Rangel, José A. "The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM: The Theory (Part II)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2, no. 2 (2005): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh093.
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This theory stems from observing the universe's ‘omniscient’ nature, manifested in flows of energy and information of its life plethora. A notorious example is the living cell's intelligent nature, which guides its basic goal: to maximize survival. This last motivated me to address the living system's intelligence, which constitutes a vital and controversial topic, its relationship with ‘incurable’ disease in general, including cancer, and to propose golden rules for therapeutics, as well as a definition of ideal medicine. The scientific confirmation of these findings is embedded in discoveries in cybernetics, biological theory of information and modern thermodynamic concepts, concerning energy and information exchange, within a living system. This approach's practical application, denominated Systemic Medicine, has been substantiated by treatment and results obtained in >300 000 patients suffering from chronic degenerative diseases.
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Savadogo, Mathias, Marie-Nathalie LeBlanc, and Muriel Gomez-Perez. "Young Men and Islam in the 1990s: Rethinking an Intergenerational Perspective." Journal of Religion in Africa 39, no. 2 (2009): 186–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006609x436021.
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AbstractInterest in the question of youth and Islam in West Africa stems from the overwhelming demographic weight of youth and their relatively recent incursion into the public domain, as well a wave of Islamic revivalism that has swept across Africa from the late 1970s on. In this paper, we propose to examine the sociopolitical role of young men in Islamic revivalist movements that occurred in urban centers in Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Senegal in the 1980-1990s. Such movements were particularly popular among secularly educated young men who attended French-speaking schools. While the role of young men in revivalist movements suggests new configurations of authority and charisma, their religious agency remains closely embedded within relationships that extend across generations. Here, we examine instances of conflicts between generations and pay attention to sites of negotiation, such as mosques and voluntary associations.
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Pal, Hemant, Vimal Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, and Nagesh Thakur. "Facile Synthesis and Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nanosilver Composite." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2012-0072.
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Metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become popular in industrial applications. Due to their excellent thermophysical and mechanical properties, CNTs are considered as attractive filler for the improvement in properties of metals. In the present work, we have synthesized noncovalently functionalized CNT reinforced nanosilver composites by using a modified molecular level mixing method. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of silver-CNT nanocomposites measured by the four-point probe method is found to be more than that of the pure nanosilver. The significant improvement in electrical conductivity of Ag=CNT nanocomposites stems from homogenous and embedded distribution of CNTs in a silver matrix with intact structure resulting from noncovalent functionalization. The low temperature sintering also enhances the electrical conductivity of Ag=CNT nanocomposites.
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Greene, Kai, and Gabriela Simon-Cereijido. "The Los Angeles Diversity Project: The Promotion of Cultural and Linguistic Competence via a University Community Learning Project." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 1531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_persp-19-00048.
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Purpose Community learning projects provide opportunities for students to become actively engaged in an educational process that extends beyond the classroom. The Los Angeles Diversity Project stems from a campus-based service learning program for undergraduate students enrolled in the Communication Disorders Program at California State University, Los Angeles. Although developed to specifically explore the cultural–linguistic diversity encountered in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, this project can be generalized to other large or small cities and urban or rural communities. Conclusions As a class assignment embedded in a requisite course on cultural and linguistic diversity and communication disorders, students learn how to develop an understanding of cultural competency skills applicable to our field. Furthermore, students find out how to integrate basic tenets of ethnographic research while exploring surrounding neighborhoods and local community resources. Additionally, implications aligned with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's cultural and linguistic competency requirements are addressed.
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Behtoui, Alireza. "Beyond social ties: The impact of social capital on labour market outcomes for young Swedish people." Journal of Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783315581217.
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This study makes use of a dataset which contains material relating to young Swedish people who have recently completed their studies and started working. It explores whether using social networks as such or using individuals’ resources which are accessible through social networks (social capital) provides relative advantages in the competition for better jobs. Interest in this topic stems from the recent development of sociological theories in this field. The results indicate that the use of social ties is a common way to find a job in the highly regulated Swedish labour market, but that informal recruitment methods per se provide no relative advantages in the competition for better jobs. On the other hand, given the same demographic characteristics, socioeconomic background and educational attainments, there is a positive association between resources embedded in an individual’s social network (social capital) and the quality of the jobs obtained.
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Burrows, G. E. "An anatomical study of epicormic bud strand structure in Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 2 (2000): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98075.
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Epicormic bud strands in Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. extended from the pith to the outer bark. In large-diameter stems (30 cm diameter, 2 cm bark thickness) the epicormic bud strands had their greatest anatomical complexity at the level of the vascular cambium. At this level the epicormic bud strand was about 3 mm wide × 5 mm high in transverse section and within it were 22–40 radially arranged strips of cells of meristematic appearance embedded in a mainly parenchymatous matrix. Well-developed buds with leaf primordia and vascular connections were never observed in intact trees, although when stimulated each meristem strip could produce numerous bud primordia. Toward the bark surface the epicormic bud strands became progressively simpler in structure. On the stem surface, the position of the epicormic bud strand was shown by a number of adjacent small protrusions which appeared to have no meristematic potential. From the outer secondary xylem to the pith the bud strand usually became slightly smaller in diameter and its cells, although nucleated, had thick lignified walls and the meristem strips were much reduced or were not present. In most previously investigated angiosperm tree genera epicormic shoots develop from suppressed buds embedded in the bark. Eucalyptus appears to be unique in that suppressed buds are not present in the bark and that each epicormic bud strand has the potential to form numerous bud primordia when stimulated to do so.
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Maltseva, Kateryna. "Linking social stress, health and social behavior through the lens of evolution." NaUKMA Research Papers. Sociology 5 (November 16, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-9067.2022.5.14-25.
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Stress has been systematically shown to affect health. Social life introduces additional sources of stress, and social stressors emerge as a particular kind of stressors. Living in groups and embedded into their social networks, humans live a complex life based on regular social interactions, elaborate cultural routines and mental life rooted in intersubjectivity, capacity for social learning and affiliative needs. Social Safety Theory and life history orientation approach use this ground to develop an evolutionary-based perspective on life stress and health. While life history orientation framework is already well established in social epidemiology, medical anthropology and sociology, Social Safety Theory is a novel approach building on the psychological ability embedded in human sociality to form and maintain lasting social bonds. It hypothesizes that threats to social safety are a critical feature of psychological stressors that increase risk for disease. By doing so it provides a link between social behavior, psychosocial stress and human health when considered in the light of evolution. Life history orientation approach stems from the evolutionary premises and expands its biologically-grounded reasoning into the realm of psychology as well as health sciences. Among other things, it contributes to sociological frameworks linking the effects of childhood adversity to patterns of disease and social behavior in adult life. Both these frameworks provide important conceptual junctures for the researchers of stress, health and social behavior by developing explanations of different avenues by which our social ecologies affect biological risks.
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Thireau, Isabelle. "Being Together at a Distance, Talking and Avoiding Talk: Making Sense of the Present in Victory Square, Tianjin." China Quarterly 246 (April 26, 2021): 428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741021000230.
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AbstractThis paper explores a “public gathering” which took place every evening from 1991 to 2017 in Victory Square (Shengli guangchang 胜利广场), a public square in Tianjin. The essay opens with an analysis of the type of publicness that stems from the way participants “do things together.” It then describes how a specific public realm appears through the way participants “talk together.” It finally suggests that even if they are overrun with doubt, indeterminacy and anxiety, or embedded in a specific distance-based sociality, the conversations on Victory Square are not a minor, secondary activity. On the contrary, they take place on a common stage where participants interact with one another, reveal themselves as unique individuals and discuss their everyday affairs and common practices. Grasped as an “intermediary public sphere,” this type of gathering engenders and reinforces not only shared meanings and evaluations but also practical knowledge whose validity goes beyond this situated gathering.
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Mohammed, Amjad Abdul-Hadi Mohammed, and Mozahim Kassim Al-Mallah Al-Mallah. "Efficient Regeneration of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants from cell suspension derived-callus." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2015.9.1.408.
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This study succeeded in establishment carrot cell suspension cultures from stem callus in liquidMS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1of each NAA and BA. Its density approach 3.4 ×105cell ml-1atthe third day of culture. These cells ,continued, when embedded in agar drop using MultipleDrop Array (MDA) technique, in division and forming cellular colonies which producingnumerous callus primordia that developed to callus cultures. When transferred to the soliddifferentiation medium (MS+ 1.0 mg L-1 NAA+ 1.5 mg L-1 BA), two hundreds and seventy-threeshoots produced. They readily rooted in agar-solidified MSO medium after three weeks andadapted in conditions of culture room. They were not transferred to field due to the unfavorableenvironmental conditions at that time. Cell suspension-derived callus tissues contained 82.62 μganthocyanin gm-1 of callus fresh weight, and 0.555 mg beta-carotene 100 gm-1of callus freshweight in the third period of extraction compared with their quantity calculated in stems calluswhich recorded 52.4 μg gm-1and 1.988 mg gm-1respectively.
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Sun, Jun, Xiaofei He, Xiao Ge, Xiaohong Wu, Jifeng Shen, and Yingying Song. "Detection of Key Organs in Tomato Based on Deep Migration Learning in a Complex Background." Agriculture 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8120196.
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In the current natural environment, due to the complexity of the background and the high similarity of the color between immature green tomatoes and the plant, the occlusion of the key organs (flower and fruit) by the leaves and stems will lead to low recognition rates and poor generalizations of the detection model. Therefore, an improved tomato organ detection method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) has been proposed in this paper. Based on the original Faster R-CNN algorithm, Resnet-50 with residual blocks was used to replace the traditional vgg16 feature extraction network, and a K-means clustering method was used to adjust more appropriate anchor sizes than manual setting, to improve detection accuracy. The test results showed that the mean average precision (mAP) was significantly improved compared with the traditional Faster R-CNN model. The training model can be transplanted to the embedded system, which lays a theoretical foundation for the development of a precise targeting pesticide application system and an automatic picking device.
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Bussmann-Holder, Annette, Hugo Keller, Arndt Simon, Gustav Bihlmayer, Krystian Roleder, and Krzysztof Szot. "Unconventional Co-Existence of Insulating Nano-Regions and Conducting Filaments in Reduced SrTiO3: Mode Softening, Local Piezoelectricity, and Metallicity." Crystals 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060437.
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Doped SrTiO3 becomes a metal at extremely low doping concentrations n and is even superconducting at n < 1020 cm−3, with the superconducting transition temperature adopting a dome-like shape with increasing carrier concentration. In this paper it is shown within the polarizability model and from first principles calculations that up to a well-defined carrier concentration nc transverse optic mode softening takes place together with polar nano-domain formation, which provides evidence of inhomogeneity and a two-component type behavior with metallicity coexisting with polarity. Beyond this region, a conventional metal is formed where superconductivity as well as mode softening is absent. For n ≤ nc the effective electron-phonon coupling follows the superconducting transition temperature. Effusion measurements, as well as macroscopic and nanoscopic conductivity measurements, indicate that the distribution of oxygen vacancies is local and inhomogeneous, from which it is concluded that metallicity stems from filaments which are embedded in a polar matrix as long as n ≤ nc.
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Isaac, G. H., J. R. Atkinson, D. Dowson, and B. M. Wroblewski. "The Role of Cement in the Long Term Performance and Premature Failure of Charnley Low Friction Arthroplasties." Engineering in Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1986_015_007_02.
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A number of polyethylene acetabular cups (59) and femoral stems (38) of Charnley hip prostheses were obtained following revision surgery and examined by scanning electron microscopy. In many cases, acrylic cement particles were embedded in the articulating surface of the cups. These particles caused surface pitting. The appearance of the articulating surfaces suggested that some cement had been present from the time of arthroplasty. In other cups there was evidence of cement ingress during the service life. Failure to use sufficient cement at arthroplasty resulted in cavities on the backs of the cups. Many femoral heads had become scratched in vivo, the surface roughness increasing from an initial value less than 0.02 μm Ra to a value on removal of 0.07 μm Ra. The increased roughness increases the amount of wear in the polyethylene sockets. Laboratory tests show that retrieved acrylic cement particles will scratch stainless steel, and it is our conclusion that entrapped cement will damage both components of the prosthesis and may cause premature failure.
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Biraghi, Silvia, Rossella C. Gambetti, and Stefania Romenti. "Stakeholder Engagement beyond the Tension between Idealism and Practical Concerns." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n2p14.
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This paper digs into the existing controversial literature on stakeholder engagement (SE) to understand and critically confront with ambivalence in the concept. This is done by exploring how SE is conceptually framed and pragmatically pursued in the representations of current business practices. The study is designed according to a qualitative interpretive approach based on depth interviews with a purposively selected theoretical sample of key informants with established expertise in stakeholder relationship management practices. According to our findings, SE appears torn between an idealistic impetus on the fringe of a utopian vision of the business, and its often trivial translation into practice urged by the pragmatic necessity to meet accountability requirements. This tension stems from corporate governance logics and organizational business models of firms, which are often not prone to guarantee the participatory and genuinely dialogic exchange between company and stakeholders advocated by the idealistic mandate of SE. In terms of contribution the paper provides a critical inductive reconstruction of current meanings and clashes embedded in enacting SE.
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Masiello, Mario, Stefania Somma, Chiara Lo Porto, Fabio Palumbo, Pietro Favia, Francesco Fracassi, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, and Antonio Moretti. "Plasma Technology Increases the Efficacy of Prothioconazole against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium proliferatum Contamination of Maize (Zea mays) Seedlings." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179301.
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The contamination of maize by Fusarium species able to produce mycotoxins raises great concern worldwide since they can accumulate these toxic metabolites in field crop products. Furthermore, little information exists today on the ability of Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium graminearum, two well know mycotoxigenic species, to translocate from the seeds to the plants up to the kernels. Marketing seeds coated with fungicide molecules is a common practice; however, since there is a growing need for reducing chemicals in agriculture, new eco-friendly strategies are increasingly tested. Technologies based on ionized gases, known as plasmas, have been used for decades, with newer material surfaces, products, and approaches developed continuously. In this research, we tested a plasma-generated bilayer coating for encapsulating prothioconazole at the surface of maize seeds, to protect them from F. graminearum and F. proliferatum infection. A minimum amount of chemical was used, in direct contact with the seeds, with no dispersion in the soil. The ability of F. graminearum and F. proliferatum species to translocate from seeds to seedlings of maize has been clearly proven in our in vitro experiments. As for the use of plasma technology, the combined use of the plasma-generated coating with embedded prothioconazole was the most efficient approach, with a higher reduction of the infection of the maize seminal root system and stems. The debated capability of the two Fusarium species to translocate from seeds to seedlings has been demonstrated. The plasma-generated coating with embedded prothioconazole resulted in a promising sustainable approach for the protection of maize seedlings.
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Mullaney, William. "From morning to mourning: Yanomami listening practices in A Queda do céu." Eutomia 1, no. 25 (March 26, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/1982-6850.2019.244647.
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In Davi Kopenawa and Bruce Albert’s A Queda do céu, listening, within the context of Yanomami shamanism, entails transposing the words of Omama, the creator god, and his spirits, the xapiri into the present, with the aim of establishing a livable future. This text, with its complex questions of co-authorship, demands of the reader a kind of listening in order to open up to Yanomami forms of sense-making. Shamanic listening depends on an initiation ceremony, which is a “listening lesson” as much for Kopenawa as for the reader. The undecidable nexus of hearing/imitating is the grounds for the discovery of the otherness of the self, a self-difference from which meaning stems. The shamanic listening practice is embedded within collective political struggles emerging in resistance to the colonizing incursions of market capitalism. Matihi is the name the Yanomami give to commodities, as they integrate them into a system of exchange involving affect and interdependence. Matihi, connected to mortality and the forest’s lived past, illustrates the renewal process born of shamanic listening.
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BIETA, VOLKER, UDO BROLL, HELLMUTH MILDE, and WILFRIED SIEBE. "THE NEW BASEL ACCORD AND THE NATURE OF RISK: A GAME THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE." Annals of Financial Economics 04, no. 01 (June 2008): 0850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495208500036.
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Basel II changes risk management in banks strongly. Internal rating procedures would lead one to expect that banks are changing over to active risk control. But, if risk management is no longer a simple "game against nature", if all agents involved are active players then a shift from a non-strategic model setting (measuring event risk stochastically) to a more general strategic model setting (measuring behavioral risk adequately) comes true. Knowing that a game is any situation in which the players make strategic decisions — i.e. decisions that take into account each other's actions and responses — game theory is a useful set of tools for better understanding different risk settings. Embedded in a short history of the Basel Accord in this article we introduce some basic ideas of game theory in the context of rating procedures in accordance with Basel II. As well, some insight is given how game theory works. Here, the primary value of game theory stems from its focus on behavioral risk: risk when all agents are presumed rational, each attempting to anticipate likely actions and reactions by its rivals.
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Ngo, An Thien, Pierre Karam, and Gonzalo Cosa. "Conjugated polyelectrolyte–lipid interactions: Opportunities in biosensing." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 1 (December 3, 2010): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-11-02.
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Fluorescent conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have attracted considerable interest over the past decade as novel materials for developing biosensing schemes and sensing devices for biomolecules. This interest stems from the exquisite polymer sensitivity to the presence of fluorescence quenchers, enabling amplified sensing of molecules of interest. Efficient energy transport along the polymer backbone is critical to their sensing capabilities. Considerable research efforts have thus gone into understanding and controlling energy transport along the polymer backbone. In particular, it has been shown that interactions between CPEs with either surfactants or lipid molecules may significantly reduce energy transport along the polymer backbone that in turn may provide for unique biosensing opportunities. In the first half of this review, we give a historical overview on energy transport in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes. In the second half, we summarize the most recent work on the interaction of CPEs with surfactants with an emphasis on our own work elucidating electronic energy transport in CPEs encapsulated into lipid vesicles or embedded within the membrane of lipid vesicles.
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Marschark, Marc. "Gesture and sign." Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 2 (April 1994): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400005336.
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ABSTRACTThe relationship of gesticulation to speech has received considerable theoretical and empirical attention from investigators interested in the verbal status of gesture, its use in prelinguistic children, and the role of gestures in social and pragmatic communication. The relationship of gesticulation to sign language, in contrast, has received less attention. Although the gestures of deaf children have been investigated in the contexts of language acquisition and linguistic flexibility, the functions of gestures used by deaf versus hearing individuals have not been examined. One difficulty for such a study stems from the fact that gesture and sign language occur in the same modality. Gesture and sign are considered here with an eye toward determining those aspects of manual communication that are specific to users of signed languages and those in common with users of oral languages. This examination reveals that gestures produced by deaf individuals can be distinguished from the sign language in which they are embedded, both in terms of their privilege of occurrence and their semantic and pragmatic functions.
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JANOW, MERIT E., and PETROS C. MAVROIDIS. "Digital Trade, E-Commerce, the WTO and Regional Frameworks." World Trade Review 18, S1 (April 2019): S1—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000526.
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The digitalization of trade is a reality, and yet the regulation of the world trading system as embedded in the World Trade Organization (WTO) only tangentially, if at all, touches upon this issue. True, digitalization of the economy, the fourth industrial revolution as it is colloquially referred to, is a recent phenomenon, and to some extent post-dates the conclusion of the Uruguay round agreements (1994). True also, however, is the reality that the world trading system has shown a remarkable inability to adjust to modern business realities in its multilateral rule architecture. To the extent these transformations are being reflected in new rules, they are being introduced in regional or bilateral frameworks, albeit in an incomplete fashion. It is also the case that the world is witnessing several different regimes around data and information economy developing in the world today – most notably in the US, Europe, and China. As always, part of the reason that international frameworks have not been born stems from the fact that international rules rarely occur before domestic regulatory and legal regimes are well developed.
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Hodel, Donald R. "Biology of Palms and Implications for Management in the Landscape." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.676.
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Comprising a natural and distinctive group, palms (Arecaceae) differ from other woody plants in their structure and growth features that require or offer unique and sometimes advantageous landscape management opportunities. Although palms are a mostly tropical group that lacks dormancy and cold tolerance, there are numerous species possessing sufficient cool or cold hardiness to be suitable for landscaping in subtropical and even some temperate areas. The habit of palms is largely dependent on the number of stems and the length to which they elongate. There are solitary or multistemmed palms and tree or shrub palms. Regardless of habit, there is typically only one growing point or apical meristem per palm stem. Thus, multistemmed palms may be especially versatile landscape subjects because in many instances, one is able to control height and density by judicious removal of stems. The uniquely constructed palm stem, with growth restricted to its extremities (leaves and inflorescences distally, roots proximally, and wholly the product of primary growth), is composed largely of numerous, dispersed, hard, fibrous-sheathed, vascular bundles embedded in a matrix of water- and carbohydrate-storing parenchyma cells. Often likened to a steel-reinforced concrete column and offering tremendous strength and resiliency, palm stems lack a peripheral vascular cambium and, thus, capability for secondary growth, meaning they do not thicken much once they elongate vertically and there is no ability to repair damaged tissue. Thus, care should be taken when performing horticultural tasks to avoid making wounds (which are permanent, unsightly, and potential entry sites for pests and diseases) and damaging the sole apical meristem. A palm's total photosynthetic and reproductive efforts are concentrated into relatively few but large organs (leaves and inflorescences respectively), offering a unique opportunity to capture an entire year's worth of potential leaf, flower, and fruit litter before it falls into the landscape. The palm root system is adventitious and composed of numerous, small- to medium-sized, nonwoody roots. All primary roots are of a more or less constant diameter and arise independently from an area at or near the base of the stem called the root initiation zone. Because of these root system characteristics and the ability of their trunks to store water and carbohydrates, palms are relatively easy to transplant—even large specimens with small root balls—resulting in instant, mature landscapes.
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Wisniewski, Michael, Ron Balsamo, and Tim Close. "Immunolocalization and in Vitro Cryoprotective Activity of PCA60: A Peach Dehydrin." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 514C—514. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.514c.
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Cold acclimation in temperate, woody plants is a complex phenomenon that involves distinct changes in gene activity and protein synthesis. In previous research, a 60-kDa protein (PCA60), belonging to the dehydrin family of stress-related proteins, was identified in peach bark, and its corresponding gene (ppdhn1) was cloned and characterized. Presently, we report on the results of immunolocalization studies and in vitro cryoprotection assays. Seasonal collections of current-year stems were embedded in LR White or epoxy resin and sections of bark were probed with either a polyclonal antibody directed against a 15 amino acid sequence consensus region of dehydrins or a polyclonal antibody directed against partially-purified PCA60. In vitro cryoprotection assays utilized lactose dehydrogenase (LDH), a cold-labile enzyme. Immunolocalization at the light level indicated that the dehydrin was confined to the cytoplasm and absent in organelles. This localization was preliminarily confirmed at the ultrastructural level. LDH assays indicated cryoprotective activity in total protein extracts collected from winter bark tissues but completely absent in extracts of summer bark tissues. Preliminary LDH assays utilizing purified PCA60 also demonstrated cryoprotective activity. In general, the data further support a role for dehydrins in cold acclimation of woody plants.
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Mongwaketsi, Nametso P., Lebogang Kotsedi, Zebib Y. Nuru, Raymond Sparrow, Gyozo Garab, and Malik Maaza. "Porphyrin nanorods-polymer composites for solar radiation harvesting applications." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 18, no. 12 (December 2014): 1145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424614500941.
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The interest in exploring porphyrin-based nanostructures for artificial solar radiation harvesting stems from their structural similarity to chlorophylls. In nature, the precise organization and orientation of the chlorophylls result in efficient absorption of light energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring architectures relevant optical studies including the dynamics of intermolecular and intra-molecular processes of the porphyrin nanorods were investigated. The design of artificial light harvesting systems requires several key factors, such as absorption in the UV-visible and near-infrared wavelengths, energy transfer ability and the selection of light absorbing pigments. Another key factor is the organizational structure through which the components will interact. We attempted to accomplish this by incorporating porphyrin nanorods into polymer matrices and this will also aid in achieving an arrangement where they can be directly used as devices. The nanorods were embedded in a polymeric matrix, using latex technology and electrospinning which gave the possibility of investigating the orientation of nanorods in the polymer. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies were conducted to investigate the optical and morphological properties of the porphyrin nanorods-polymer composites for applications in artificial solar radiation harvesting systems.
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Mohamedelhassan, Eltayeb, Kevin Curtain, Matt Fenos, Kevin Girard, Anthony Provenzano, and Wesley Tabaczuk. "Electrokinetic Treatment for Model Caissons with Increasing Dimensions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/153123.
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Electrokinetic treatment has been known in geotechnical engineering for over six decades, yet, the technique is rarely used. This stems from the absence of design guidelines and specifications for electrokinetic treatment systems. An important issue that need to be investigated and understood in order to devise guidelines from experimental results is the effect of the foundation element size on the outcome of the treatment. Also important is determining the optimum distance between the electrodes and estimating the energy consumption prior to treatment. This experimental study is a preliminary step in understanding some of the issues critical for the guidelines and specifications. Four model caissons with surface areas between 16000 and 128000 mm2were embedded in soft clayey soil under water and treated for 168 hr with a dc voltage of 6 V. From the results, a distance between the anode (model caisson) and the cathode equal 0.25 times the outside diameter of the model caisson was identified as optimum. Relationships between the surface area and axial capacity of the model caisson and the surface area and energy consumption were presented. The equations can be used to preliminary estimate the load capacity and the energy consumption for full-scale applications.