Relevant bibliographies by topics / Embalming – Egypt

Academic literature on the topic 'Embalming – Egypt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Embalming – Egypt"

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Koller, Johann, Ursula Baumer, Yoka Kaup, Mirjam Schmid, and Ulrich Weser. "Effective Mummification Compounds Used in Pharaonic Egypt: Reactivity on Bone Alkaline Phosphatase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-0518.

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In Pharaonic Egypt from the Old Kingdom up to the Ptolemaic Period the deceased were pre-treated in the course of the mummification process using a wealth of embalming components including resins and many different wood tars. GC/MS studies allowed the elucidation of a great number of clearly separated compounds found in the ancient embalming material. Phenols, guaiacols, naphthalenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, oxidised diterpene resin acids and triterpenoids were noticed. These results and particularly the detection of an unused embalming material shed some new light on the possible way as to how the different embalming materials might have been prepared and applied. It was striking to see the accordance of the present data with the well-known treatises by Herodotus (490-425 B. C.) and by Pliny the Elder (23/24-79 A. C.). The impact of the historical observations on modern science and in return the dramatic promotion of ancient texts stimulated by the present study is intriguing. An enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, bound inside mummified bones was a useful tool to reveal the efficacy of the embalming materials. Initial data showed that alkaline phosphatase isolated from embalmed bones from the Old Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Period was significantly more abundant and displayed a higher activity compared to the properties of the corresponding enzyme from non-treated mummified bones. Additionally, in a model study porcine ribs were pre-treated with four selected embalming compounds - guaiacol, limonene, α-pinene and p-cymene - and subsequently air-dried. Among the four selected compounds guaiacol was the most reactive species in the course of the preservation process. The specific activity of bone alkaline phosphatase rose 12-fold compared to that of the control. The enzyme itself remained unharmed as the observed relative molecular mass was surprisingly identical with the contemporary enzyme. It was again striking that the guaiacol derivatives were richly abundant in the unused embalming material mentioned above.
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Counts, Derek B. "Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature and Function of Embalming in Rome." Classical Antiquity 15, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011039.

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Although embalming is traditionally considered an Egyptian custom, ancient sources suggest that in imperial Rome the practice was not employed by Egyptians or Egyptianized Romans alone. The mos Romanorum in funerary ritual encompassed both cremation and inhumation, yet embalming appears in Rome as early as the first century AD and evidence points to its limited use during the first three centuries AD. Within the social structure of Rome's dead these preserved corpses certainly occupied a distinct place. Yet who were they and why were they embalmed? It is argued here that various factors allowed for the occasional use of embalming by Romans: (1) an apparent shift in attitudes towards Egypt, (2) the manipulation of death ritual for social distinction, and (3) the flexibility of the traditional Roman funeral, which was able to incorporate deviations in methods of body disposal. Although embalming has been largely ignored as a significant aspect of Roman funerary history, its patrons come from the classes of highest status, including even the imperial household. This fact alone makes it worthwhile to examine this small corpus of evidence. For example, the emperor Nero embalmed his wife Poppaea; such a deviation from standard disposal methods reflects imperial fashion, but also requires us to re-evaluate Nero's reign and, especially, the societal constructs of Neronian Rome. This study attempts to contextualize embalming within Roman society and offer some likely causes and effects of its use.
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Weser, Ulrich, Yoka Kaup, Hedwig Etspüler, Johann Koller, and Ursula Baumer. "Peer Reviewed: Embalming In The Old Kingdom Of Pharaonic Egypt." Analytical Chemistry 70, no. 15 (August 1998): 511A—516A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac981912a.

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Brockbals, Lana, Michael Habicht, Irka Hajdas, Francesco M. Galassi, Frank J. Rühli, and Thomas Kraemer. "Untargeted metabolomics-like screening approach for chemical characterization and differentiation of canopic jar and mummy samples from Ancient Egypt using GC-high resolution MS." Analyst 143, no. 18 (2018): 4503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01288a.

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Marković, Milan, Elodie Mezzatesta, Stéphanie Porcier, Cathy Vieillescazes, and Carole Mathe. "Rethinking the Process of Animal Mummification in Ancient Egypt: Molecular Characterization of Embalming Material and the Use of Brassicaceae Seed Oil in the Mummification of Gazelle Mummies from Kom Mereh, Egypt." Molecules 27, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051532.

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The study of animal mummification in ancient Egypt has recently received increasing attention from a number of modern scholars given the fact that this part of ancient Egyptian funerary and religious history is a practice yet to be fully understood. In this study, nine samples of embalming matter were extracted from six gazelle mummies from the archaeological site of Kom Mereh (modern village of Komir), dated to the Roman period of dominance in ancient Egypt. All samples were analyzed for the presence of inorganic and organic matter applying a multi-analytical approach based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, in order to identify more specific compounds such as bitumen and beeswax in studied balms, each sample was subjected to a solid phase extraction (SPE) and saponification separation process, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the majority of the analyzed embalming substances sampled from six gazelle mummies from Kom Mereh were complex mixtures of plant oils, animal fats, conifer resin, and beeswax. In this regard, this study was able to report a practice until now unmentioned in the scientific literature, namely, the use of cruciferous oil, derived from seeds of Brassicaceae plants, in animal mummification.
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Weser, Ulrich, and Yoka Kaup. "Borate, an Effective Mummification Agent in Pharaonic Egypt." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2002-0715.

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Mummification salts and mummified bones were assayed for borate. In two samples of mummification salt one from Deir el-Bahari (26th Dynasty, 700-600 BC) and salt from the embalming material of Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty, 1370-1335 BC) 3.9 and 2.1 μMol borate/ gram were found, respectively. Six mummified bone fragments from the Old Kingdom contained up to 1.2 μMol/gram. It is suggested that borate containing salt was used during mummification. The reactivity of borate on bone alkaline phosphatase, which is known to survive mummification for more than 4000 years, was examined. Borate forms high relative molecular mass adducts of this enzyme being temperature resistant and functionally distinct.
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Harter, Stéphanie, Matthieu Le Bailly, Francis Janot, and Françoise Bouchet. "First paleoparasitological study of an embalming rejects jar found in Saqqara, Egypt." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98, suppl 1 (January 2003): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762003000900017.

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Rühli, Frank, Salima Ikram, and Susanne Bickel. "New Ancient Egyptian Human Mummies from the Valley of the Kings, Luxor: Anthropological, Radiological, and Egyptological Investigations." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/530362.

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The Valley of the Kings (arab.Wadi al Muluk; KV) situated on the West Bank near Luxor (Egypt) was the site for royal and elite burials during the New Kingdom (ca. 1500–1100 BC), with many tombs being reused in subsequent periods. In 2009, the scientific project “The University of Basel Kings’ Valley Project” was launched. The main purpose of this transdisciplinary project is the clearance and documentation of nonroyal tombs in the surrounding of the tomb of Pharaoh Thutmosis III (ca. 1479–1424 BC; KV 34). This paper reports on newly discovered ancient Egyptian human mummified remains originating from the field seasons 2010–2012. Besides macroscopic assessments, the remains were conventionally X-rayed by a portable X-ray unitin situinside KV 31. These image data serve as basis for individual sex and age determination and for the study of probable pathologies and embalming techniques. A total of five human individuals have been examined so far and set into an Egyptological context. This project highlights the importance of ongoing excavation and science efforts even in well-studied areas of Egypt such as the Kings’ Valley.
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Maurer, Joachim, Thomas Möhring, Jürgen Rullkötter, and Arie Nissenbaum. "Plant Lipids and Fossil Hydrocarbons in Embalming Material of Roman Period Mummies from the Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt." Journal of Archaeological Science 29, no. 7 (July 2002): 751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0773.

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Barnes, Kate M., Ashleigh L. Whiffin, and Mark T. Bulling. "A preliminary study on the antibacterial activity and insect repellent properties of embalming fluids from the 18th Dynasty (1550–1292 BCE) in ancient Egypt." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 25 (June 2019): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.032.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Embalming – Egypt"

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Chapman, Sarah Lynn. "The embalming ritual of late period through Ptolemaic Egypt." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7771/.

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This thesis explores the embalming ritual of the Egyptian Late Period through Ptolemaic era (664 – 30 BC). Using an interdisciplinary approach, I incorporate primary and secondary texts, Egyptian funerary art and archaeological remains into my study. I utilize these lines of evidence to reconstruct the embalming ritual to the degree possible and analyze the ways in which its various stages were believed to fulfill the ultimate goal of this rite: preservation of the physical body and eternal life for the deceased. I focus particularly on the archaeological material and explore the visibility of religious practice in the archaeological record. I identify key changes and developments in the embalming ritual from the Late Period through the Ptolemaic Period in order to highlight religious significance placed on embalming during this time period. Funerary art, literature, and archaeological material of the Late through Greco-Roman Periods illustrate an increased focus on the integrity of the corpse as well as the manifestation of decay, the liquid \(rDw\). I examine these ancient sources in order to better understand the nature and development of body-centered funerary practices during this period of Egyptian history.
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Barraclough, Alexa K. "The origins, rise, and demise of mummification in ancient Egypt." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/220.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
History
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Pappas, Adlerburg Nickolas. "Unwrapping the Past : A chemical analysis of context lacking artefacts from the Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt in correlation with the process of mummication." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100019.

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This paper deals with the chemical identification of artefacts correlated with the process of ancient Egyptian mummification dating to the Graeco-Roman period. The samples were harvested from two artefacts belonging to the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm. The original description of the said samples defined them, as natron filled linen bags and bee product (honey?). To identify the true nature of the samples, advanced methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and powder X-ray Diffractometry were used. The results were correlated with previous made analyses regarding embalming materials to discover similarities. Furthermore, the research revealed that the previous sample identifications were false, while providing hypotheses based on the new results.
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Bornholm, Johanna. "Egyptens balsameringsteknik : en kemisk analys av organiska lämningar." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-87213.

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This paper deals with the embalming process in ancient Egypt. Samples were collected from six objects from Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm. The objects were one supposed ladle and five different contents from pottery. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas- chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize the components of the materials. The result was then correlated with previously made analysis of embalming materials to discover similarities. The results show complex mixtures mainly consisting of resin from Pinaceae origin, also beeswax, vegetable oil and Castor oil. Some samples show differences in the mixture, one dominated by cholesterylacetat. The results of the ladle samples is comparable to previous samples from other analysis and can therefore be confirmed as an embalming ladle.
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Biström, Freij Felicia. "De levandes gåvor och de dödas efterlämningar : -En kemisk analys på harts och ökendadel (Balanites aegyptiaca) från två egyptiska kärl." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100139.

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This paper aims to investigate the embalming process and the Balanites aegyptiaca from two pottery originated in ancient Egypt. The two objects were from Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm. Samples were collected and analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify which components the samples contained. The results show complex mixtures mainly consisting of resin origin from Pinaceae and the vegetable oils from the Balanites aegyptiaca.
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Books on the topic "Embalming – Egypt"

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Douglas, James. Two mummies from Thebes in Upper Egypt. [Quebec?: s.n.], 1985.

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Unwrapping a mummy: The life, death and embalming of Horemkenesi. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.

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Pipe, Jim. Ancient Egypt: The art of embalming : mummy, myth and magic : with added mushy bits. Brighton, England: Book House, 2009.

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The mummy-makers of Egypt. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press, 2015.

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Les instruments d'embaumement de l'Égypte ancienne. Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 2000.

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ill, Hayman Peter, ed. Mummy. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000.

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Putnam, James. Eyewitness mummy. London: DK Pub., 2009.

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ill, Hayman Peter, ed. Mummy. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1993.

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Putnam, James. Eyewitness mummy. London: DK Pub., 2004.

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Putnam, James. Eyewitness mummy. London: DK Pub., 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Embalming – Egypt"

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Dodson, Aidan Mark. "Embalming in Egypt." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_8562-2.

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Dodson, Aidan. "Embalming in Egypt." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1602–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_8562.

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Hamdy, Rim, and Ahmed G. Fahmy. "Study of Plant Remains from the Embalming Cache KV63 at Luxor, Egypt." In Plants and People in the African Past, 40–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_3.

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Loynes, Robert, and Judith Adams. "Mummification Methods Used on Takabuti." In Life and Times of Takabuti in Ancient Egypt, 100–106. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348585.003.0018.

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Although Egyptian mummies from the Predynastic and Byzantine (or Coptic) periods were natural mummies, those from other eras were usually anthropogenic in type. That is, a specific set of processes was used to preserve the body of the deceased for use in the afterlife. The contemporary records from ancient Egypt do not contain many details of how mummification/embalming was performed. Limited archaeological evidence – the so-called embalmers’ caches – provides some information about the embalming process. An inscribed text known as the ...
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Connolly, Robert, and Glenn Godenho. "Further thoughts on Tutankhamun’s death and embalming." In Mummies, magic and medicine in ancient Egypt. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781784997502.00032.

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"11. In the Sign of the Enemy: The Protective Wake in the Place of Embalming." In Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, 260–79. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801464805-013.

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Wothers, Peter. "Of Ashes and Alkalis." In Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652723.003.0011.

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The name azote, proposed by Lavoisier and his colleagues, did not gain wide acceptance; nitrogen, meaning ‘nitre-former’, is the name now familiar to us. Modern chemists understand ‘nitre’ to mean ‘potassium nitrate’, one of the key ingredients of gunpowder, containing the elements potassium, oxygen, and nitrogen. However, although it dates back to antiquity, the name nitre initially referred to a completely different compound containing no nitrogen at all. It is the Latinized name, natrium, derived from this original use, that gives us the modern chemical symbol Na, for the element Humphry Davy named sodium. Travellers to modern-day northern Egypt may find themselves in a region known as the Nitrian Desert, or the Natron Valley—Wadi El Natrun. Here, ancient Egyptians would collect crude salt mixtures from certain lakes and use them for a variety of purposes, such as cleaning, making glass, embalming, and the preparation of medicines. The Egyptian word for the salt may be written ‘nṭry’ or ‘ntr’ (‘neter’), and it has survived for over three thousand years through variations including ‘neter’ (Hebrew), ‘nitron’ (Greek), ‘nitrum’(Latin), and more modern modifications ‘nether’, ‘niter’, ‘nitre’, ‘natrun’, and ‘natron’. Bartholomeus Anglicus, the thirteenth-century monk and author of De proprietatibus rerum (‘On the Properties of Things’), quotes Isidore of Seville from five hundred years earlier saying: ‘Nitrum hath ye name of the countrey of Nitria that is in Aegypt. Thereof is medicine made, & there with bodies and clothes be cleansed and washed.’ Whether the salt was actually named after the region or vice versa is not clear. Although its composition varied enormously, what distinguished nitre from common salt was the presence of significant proportions of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate). In addition to these carbonates, analyses of ancient samples, including that used in the embalming of the pharaoh Tutankhamun, who died in 1352 BC, also reveal large proportions of common salt (sodium chloride), sodium sulfate, and silica (silicon dioxide), with smaller proportions of calcium and magnesium carbonates and other minor impurities.
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