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Journal articles on the topic 'Elysia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rasher, Douglas B., E. Paige Stout, Sebastian Engel, Tonya L. Shearer, Julia Kubanek, and Mark E. Hay. "Marine and terrestrial herbivores display convergent chemical ecology despite 400 million years of independent evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508133112.

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Chemical cues regulate key ecological interactions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly important in terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions, where they mediate both herbivore foraging and plant defense. Although well described for terrestrial interactions, the identity and ecological importance of herbivore foraging cues in marine ecosystems remain unknown. Here we show that the specialist gastropod Elysia tuca hunts its seaweed prey, Halimeda incrassata, by tracking 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reproductive prey. Foraging cues were predicted to be polar compounds but instead were nonpolar secondary metabolites similar to those used by specialist terrestrial insects. Tracking halimedatetraacetate enables Elysia to increase in abundance by 12- to 18-fold on reproductive Halimeda, despite reproduction in Halimeda being rare and lasting for only ∼36 h. Elysia swarm to reproductive Halimeda where they consume the alga’s gametes, which are resource rich but are chemically defended from most consumers. Elysia sequester functional chloroplasts and halimedatetraacetate from Halimeda to become photosynthetic and chemically defended. Feeding by Elysia suppresses the growth of vegetative Halimeda by ∼50%. Halimeda responds by dropping branches occupied by Elysia, apparently to prevent fungal infection associated with Elysia feeding. Elysia is remarkably similar to some terrestrial insects, not only in its hunting strategy, but also its feeding method, defense tactics, and effects on prey behavior and performance. Such striking parallels indicate that specialist herbivores in marine and terrestrial systems can evolve convergent ecological strategies despite 400 million years of independent evolution in vastly different habitats.

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2

Martín-Hervás, M. Rosario, Leila Carmona, Kathe R. Jensen, Cataldo Licchelli, Fabio Vitale, and J. Lucas Cervera. "Description of a new pseudocryptic species of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia, Sacoglossa) in the Mediterranean Sea." Bulletin of Marine Science 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0087.

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A new sacoglossan species of the genus Elysia Risso, 1818 from southern Italy is described based on its external morphology, color pattern, radular teeth, and reproductive system. Specimens of this new species were previously attributed to Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) because of morphological similarity, but maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses based on four genes (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA, nuclear 28S rRNA, Histone 3), including 28 additional species of Elysia from the Atlantic, showed that they are distinct. In addition, to determine the identity of these specimens, different species delimitation analyses [Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes, (bPTP)] were carried out. The molecular results support the validity of this new species of Elysia from the Mediterranean Sea, named Elysia rubeni sp. nov. This new species is characterized by a bright light greenish surface color due to the abundance of kleptoplasts. It can be distinguished by its bright blue specks and minute sparkling yellow dots scattered along the body, as well as its smooth and greyish rhinophores.

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3

WÄGELE, HEIKE, KRISTINA STEMMER, INGO BURGHARDT, and KATHARINA HÄNDELER. "Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology." Zootaxa 2676, no. 1 (November 15, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2676.1.1.

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Two new sacoglossan species, belonging to the genus Ercolania Trinchese, 1872 (Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov.) and the genus Elysia Risso, 1818 (Elysia asbecki sp. nov.) are described from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Anatomy of both species was reconstructed by analyzing histological serial sections. Radula morphology was investigated by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sequence analyses (NeighborNet; sequence divergence) and tree reconstructions showed for both species their distinction from con-generic species, but also two distinct mitochondrial lines in the new Ercolania species. Adults as well as freshly hatched juveniles of E. annelyleorum sp. nov. have been found in clusters of the ulvophycean alga Boodlea sp., which are sucked out by piercing the cell walls with their radular teeth. This new species differs from other, similar transparent, Ercolania species by its pattern of the green branches of the digestive gland and the presence of two distinct red patches, one in the anterior and the other in the posterior third of the dorsal body part. This coloration and furthermore the combination of following characters distinguishes the new species from all other described Ercolania species so far: rhinophores, elliptic in cross section, with one distinct branch of digestive gland running half way up; cerata not inflated; smooth cutting edge of sabot-shaped tooth; two-lobed prostate gland and presence of two allosperm receptacles with no re-opening of the receptaculum seminis to the outside. According to sequence divergence data of CO1, two mitochondrial lines seem to be present in the new species, which are clearly distinct from all other included Ercolania species. Elysia asbecki sp. nov. differs from other Elysia species by its whitish coloration with orange and dark brown dots and a distinct lighter spot in the neck region of the head. The rhinophores exhibit a black and yellow ribbon at the tip. The species has distinct reddish patches at the anterior base of the parapodia (at the conjunction with the head), one along the middle part of the parapodial edge on both sides and very distinct lateral patches at the end of the foot. CO1 sequences clearly distinguish this species from all closely related Elysia species. The food source of Elysia asbecki sp. nov. could not be verified yet. Measurements of photosynthetic activity within these two new species indicate that E. annelyleorum sp. nov. digests chloroplasts immediately after sequestration, whereas Elysia asbecki sp. nov. shows high maximum quantum yield values, similar to E. timida (Risso, 1818) and E. crispata (Mørch, 1863), both known as long term retention forms.

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4

Cartaxana, Paulo, Diana Lopes, Begoña Martinez, Patrícia Martins, and Sónia Cruz. "Aposymbiotic Specimen of the Photosynthetic Sea Slug Elysia crispata." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050313.

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Elysia crispata is a sacoglossan sea slug that retains intracellular, functional chloroplasts stolen from their macroalgal food sources. Elysia crispata juveniles start feeding on the algae following metamorphosis, engulfing chloroplasts and turning green. In laboratory-reared animals, we report one juvenile “albino” specimen unable to retain chloroplasts. Within 6 weeks post-metamorphosis, the aposymbiotic sea slug was significantly smaller than its chloroplast-bearing siblings. This evidence highlights that chloroplast acquisition is required for the normal development of E. crispata.

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5

Gavagnin, Margherita, Aldo Spinella, Francesco Castelluccio, Guido Cimino, and Arnaldo Marin. "Polypropionates from the Mediterranean Mollusk Elysia timida." Journal of Natural Products 57, no. 2 (February 1994): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50104a017.

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6

Rauch, Cessa, Gregor Christa, Jan de Vries, Christian Woehle, and Sven B. Gould. "Mitochondrial Genome Assemblies of Elysia timida and Elysia cornigera and the Response of Mitochondrion-Associated Metabolism during Starvation." Genome Biology and Evolution 9, no. 7 (July 2017): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evx129.

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7

Giménez–Casalduero, F., C. Muniain, M. González-Wangüemert, and A. Garrote-Moreno. "Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) three decades of research." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 34, no. 1 (2011): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2011.34.0217.

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During the last 30 years, studies on Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) have addressed various aspects related to food sources, photosynthetic efficiency of kleptoplasts, population genetics, chemical ecology and reproductive biology, both in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon. E. timida shows a strong specific interaction with Acetabularia acetabulum, retaining functional chloroplasts for at least 45 days and obtaining extra energy in periods when food resources are scarce. It shows control of parapodia, avoiding pigment photodestruction under oversaturated light conditions. The chemical ecological relationships established between E. timida and its potential predator fish, Thalassoma pavo, have also been evaluated, and it has been found that that the extracts of the mollusc contain repellent and unpalatable polypropionate compounds. Population genetics has demonstrated the genetic divergence between populations showing high and significant values of FST and genetic distances, and at least six privative alleles that are not shared with Mediterranean populations have been detected in lagoon populations. This sacoglossan is a poecilogonic species, and its lagoon populations show a greater reproductive output than Mediterranean populations; they produce a greater number of egg masses and embyros per individual, and the capsules have a wider diameter.

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8

REID, JOCELYN D. "THE REPRODUCTION OF THE SACOGLOSSAN OPISTHOBRANCH ELYSIA MAORIA." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 143, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 365–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb03869.x.

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9

Sirinupong, Pattanasuda, and Somsak Buatip. "COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF ELYSIABANGTAWAENSIS SWENNEN, 1998, ELYSIA LEUCOLEGNOTE JENSEN, 1990, AND ELYSIA SINGAPORENSIS SWENNEN, 2011 (GASTROPODA: SACOGLOSSA: PLAKOBRANCHIDAE)." Malaysian Journal of Science 39, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol39no1.4.

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10

Buatip, Somsak, Supaporn Saengkeaw, and Supakan Buatip. "Discovery of large mangrove-dwelling Elysia species in the newly-grown mangrove habitats, Pattani, Thailand." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v10i2.1002.

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The first report on the occurrence of the remarkable and highly ephemeral sap-sucking sea slugs Elysia bangtawaensis and E. leucolegnote from the newly grown mangrove forest in the Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand. Elysia was surveyed by exploring from the inner part to the floor front zone of the mangrove area. The various sizes and numbers of E. bangtawaensis were clumped distribution in some microhabitats throughout the area, while E. leucolegnote was distributed in the floor front zone of the area. Both species have similar external morphological characters with conspecifics previously reported in Pattani Bay, Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea, and elsewhere. E. bangtawaensis showed a surprisingly larger size than previously reported. This discovery is important in identifying the changes in ecosystems within the area to support the diversity of organisms that will come to use the area in the future.

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11

Teugels, B., S. Bouillon, B. Veuger, JJ Middelburg, and N. Koedam. "Kleptoplasts mediate nitrogen acquisition in the sea slug Elysia viridis." Aquatic Biology 4 (September 16, 2008): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00092.

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12

Pelletreau, Karen N., Andreas P. M. Weber, Katrin L. Weber, and Mary E. Rumpho. "Lipid Accumulation during the Establishment of Kleptoplasty in Elysia chlorotica." PLoS ONE 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2014): e97477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097477.

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13

Maugel, T. K., and S. K. Pierce. "Is the life cycle of Elysia chlorotica ended by disease?" Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169067.

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All of the individuals in populations of E. chlorotica (Opisthobranchia, Ascoglossa) in the Cape Cod region disappear during June or early July. Specimens collected from the field at varying times throughout the Fall, Winter and Spring, and held in aquaria, all die coincident with the disappearance of the field populations. This pattern has been attributed to the “normal” life cycle, the result of massive metabolic costs associated with Spring reproduction, senescence and aging, although individuals of all size classes die together. We have discovered, as part of an EM study of the slugchloroplast symbiosis, that the late Spring-early Summer animals are infected with viruses. The viruses are evident in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of several cell types and budding viruses are often present within the cytoplasm. The viruses are of at least three morphologic types with size ranges of 80-90 nm, 40-50 nm, and 20-30 nm. The viral infection could be the result of generalized immune failure in the aging animals. However, the possibility also exists that the massive viral infection is responsible for the synchronous death of the population each year. Supported by NSF-IBN-9117248.

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14

Ortega, Jesús, and Leopoldo Moro. "Descripción de una nueva especie del género Elysia Risso, 1818 (Mollusca: Sacoglossa) recolectada en las islas Canarias, nombrada en honor de César Manrique." Vieraea Folia scientiarum biologicarum canariensium 37, Vieraea 37 (2009): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31939/vieraea.2009.37.08.

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A partir de ejemplares recolectados en Lanzarote y Gran Canaria, islas Canarias, se describe una nueva especie del género Elysia Risso, 1818, con un carácter anatómico muy singular, los parapodios se pliegan formando seis lóbulos, tres a cada lado del eje principal y cada par a la misma altura.

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15

Mehrotra, Rahul, Manuel Caballer Gutierrez, Chad M. Scott, Spencer Arnold, Coline Monchanin, and Suchana Chavanich. "On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species." ZooKeys 969 (September 17, 2020): 85–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52941.

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Research in recent years have provided rapid advances in biogeographic and taxonomic documentation of sea slugs around the world. However, efforts are lacking in surveying most coastlines and habitats in South-East Asia. Recent studies from the Gulf of Thailand have indicated that a wealth of unexplored sea slug diversity and ecology may be gained from an investigation of soft sediment habitats beyond the reef slopes. Additionally, the waters of Koh Tao have been found to host regionally high levels of sea slug diversity with several species awaiting taxonomic clarification. In this work the initial findings of an expanded survey effort from the waters around Koh Tao are provided, with the identity of two soft sediment-associated sacoglossan species in the family Plakobranchidae being investigated. By integrating morphological and molecular analyses, the species Plakobranchus noctisstellatussp. nov. and Elysia aowthaisp. nov. are described and species complexes surrounding Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824 and Elysia japonica Eliot, 1913 are discussed. The topics of morphological variability and the cryptic species problem are also discussed.

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16

Burfeind, Dana D., Ian R. Tibbetts, and James W. Udy. "Grazing rates of Elysia tomentosa on native and introduced Caulerpa taxifolia." Hydrobiologia 632, no. 1 (June 27, 2009): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9845-2.

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17

WILLIAMS, MICHAEL L., and A. H. COBB. "Isolation of functional chloroplasts from the sacoglossan mollusc Elysia viridis Montague." New Phytologist 113, no. 2 (October 1989): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb04701.x.

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18

de Vries, Jan, Christian Woehle, Gregor Christa, Heike Wägele, Aloysius G. M. Tielens, Peter Jahns, and Sven B. Gould. "Comparison of sister species identifies factors underpinning plastid compatibility in green sea slugs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1802 (March 7, 2015): 20142519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2519.

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The only animal cells known that can maintain functional plastids (kleptoplasts) in their cytosol occur in the digestive gland epithelia of sacoglossan slugs. Only a few species of the many hundred known can profit from kleptoplasty during starvation long-term, but why is not understood. The two sister taxa Elysia cornigera and Elysia timida sequester plastids from the same algal species, but with a very different outcome: while E. cornigera usually dies within the first two weeks when deprived of food, E. timida can survive for many months to come. Here we compare the responses of the two slugs to starvation, blocked photosynthesis and light stress. The two species respond differently, but in both starvation is the main denominator that alters global gene expression profiles. The kleptoplasts' ability to fix CO 2 decreases at a similar rate in both slugs during starvation, but only E. cornigera individuals die in the presence of functional kleptoplasts, concomitant with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the digestive tract. We show that profiting from the acquisition of robust plastids, and key to E. timida 's longer survival, is determined by an increased starvation tolerance that keeps ROS levels at bay.

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19

Gowacki, William A., Susan S. Bell, and Sidney K. Pierce. "Correcting Taxonomic Confusion for the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia papillosa Verrill (1901)." American Malacological Bulletin 34, no. 2 (December 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.034.0204.

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20

Cartaxana, P., F. Rey, M. Ribeiro, ASP Moreira, MRM Domingues, R. Calado, and S. Cruz. "Nutritional state determines reproductive investment in the mixotrophic sea slug Elysia viridis." Marine Ecology Progress Series 611 (February 14, 2019): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12866.

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21

JENSEN, KATHE R. "LEARNING AS A FACTOR IN DIET SELECTION BY ELYSIA VIRIDIS (MONTAGU) (OPISTHOBRANCHIA)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 55, no. 1 (1989): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/55.1.79.

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22

Chan, Cheong Xin, Pavel Vaysberg, Dana C. Price, Karen N. Pelletreau, Mary E. Rumpho, and Debashish Bhattacharya. "Active Host Response to Algal Symbionts in the Sea Slug Elysia chlorotica." Molecular Biology and Evolution 35, no. 7 (April 5, 2018): 1706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy061.

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23

Carlini, David B., and James D. Regan. "Photolyase activities of Elysia tuca, Bursatella leachii, and Haminaea antillarum (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 189, no. 1-2 (June 1995): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00195-w.

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24

Cartaxana, Paulo, Luca Morelli, Bruno Jesus, Gonçalo Calado, Ricardo Calado, and Sónia Cruz. "The photon menace: kleptoplast protection in the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia timida." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 12 (June 6, 2019): jeb202580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202580.

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25

Waugh, G. R., and K. B. Clark. "Seasonal and geographic variation in chlorophyll level of Elysia tuca (Ascoglossa: Opisthobranchia)." Marine Biology 92, no. 4 (September 1986): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392508.

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26

Middlebrooks, Michael L., William A. Gowacki, Susan S. Bell, and Sidney K. Pierce. "Annual occurrence and algal preferences of the kleptoplastic sea slug, Elysia papillosa." Symbiosis 77, no. 3 (January 2, 2019): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-018-00592-1.

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27

Trowbridge, Cynthia D. "Local elimination of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides: indirect evidence of sacoglossan herbivory?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 6 (November 21, 2002): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402006586.

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A local population of the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides was investigated in Oban in the district of Argyll, western Scotland. Periodic surveys demonstrated that sacoglossan densities (Elysia viridis and Placida dendritica) were unusually high in 1997 and early 1998, slug herbivory noticeably damaged algal thalli, and the local algal population was decimated. These patterns provide indirect evidence of the significance of slug herbivory on the introduced alga.

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28

Krug, Patrick J., Katharina Händeler, and Jann Vendetti. "Genes, morphology, development and photosynthetic ability support the resurrection of Elysia cornigera (Heterobranchia:Plakobranchoidea) as distinct from the 'solar-powered' sea slug, E. timida." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 6 (2011): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is11026.

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Some groups of marine heterobranch sea slugs (formerly Opisthobranchia) have few discrete characters or hard parts and many ‘cosmopolitan’ species, suggesting an overly conservative taxonomy in need of integrative approaches. Many herbivorous sea slugs in the clade Sacoglossa retain algal chloroplasts that remain functionally photosynthetic for 1–2 weeks, but at least four species can sustain chloroplasts for several months. To better understand the origins of long-term kleptoplasty, we performed an integrative study of the highly photosynthetic species Elysia timida from the Mediterranean and Caribbean populations that were described as E. cornigera but later synonymised with E. timida. Nominal E. cornigera were distinct in their anatomy and aspects of larval development, and had dramatically reduced chloroplast retention compared with E. timida. Mean divergence at three genetic loci was determined for ten pairs of sister species in the genus Elysia, confirming that E. cornigera and E. timida have species level differences. Both taxa had a high degree of population genetic subdivision, but among-population genetic distances were far less than interspecific divergence. In an integrative taxonomic framework, E. cornigera is thus restored to species rank and fully redescribed, and baseline molecular data are presented for evaluating species level differences in the Sacoglossa.

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29

Klochkova, T. A., and G. H. Kim. "SENESCENCE AND PATHOHISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CELLS OF THE MARINE SACOGLOSSAN MOLLUSKS FROM THE GENUS ELYSIA RISSO, 1818." Bulletin оf Kamchatka State Technical University, no. 38 (2016): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17217/2079-0333-2016-38-63-73.

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30

Ciavatta, M., M. Lopez Gresa, Margherita Gavagnin, Emiliano Manzo, Ernesto Mollo, Lisette D’Souza, and Guido Cimino. "New Caulerpenyne-derived Metabolites of an Elysia Sacoglossan from the South Indian Coast." Molecules 11, no. 10 (October 25, 2006): 808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/11100808.

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31

Ortea, Jesùs, Angel A. Luque, and Josè Templado. "Elysia picta Verrill, 1901, and Geitodoris pusae (Marcus, 1955), two amphiatlantic opisthobranch gastropods." Journal of Molluscan Studies 54, no. 2 (May 1988): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/54.2.243.

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32

Ciavatta, M. Letizia, Prabha Devi, Marianna Carbone, Véronique Mathieu, Robert Kiss, Agostino Casapullo, and Margherita Gavagnin. "Kahalalide F analogues from the mucous secretion of Indian sacoglossan mollusc Elysia ornata." Tetrahedron 72, no. 5 (February 2016): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.003.

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33

Davis, Jeanette, W. Florian Fricke, Mark T. Hamann, Eduardo Esquenazi, Pieter C. Dorrestein, and Russell T. Hill. "Characterization of the Bacterial Community of the Chemically Defended Hawaiian Sacoglossan Elysia rufescens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 22 (September 6, 2013): 7073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01568-13.

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ABSTRACTSacoglossans are characterized by the ability to sequester functional chloroplasts from their algal diet through a process called kleptoplasty, enabling them to photosynthesize. The bacterial diversity associated with sacoglossans is not well understood. In this study, we coupled traditional cultivation-based methods with 454 pyrosequencing to examine the bacterial communities of the chemically defended Hawaiian sacoglossanElysia rufescensand its secreted mucus.E. rufescenscontains a defense molecule, kahalalide F, that is possibly of bacterial origin and is of interest because of its antifungal and anticancer properties. Our results showed that there is a diverse bacterial assemblage associated withE. rufescensand its mucus, with secreted mucus harboring higher bacterial richness than entire-E. rufescenssamples. The most-abundant bacterial groups affiliated withE. rufescensand its mucus areMycoplasmaspp. andVibriospp., respectively. Our analyses revealed that theVibriospp. that were highly represented in the cultivable assemblage were also abundant in the culture-independent community. Epifluorescence microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) were utilized to detect the chemical defense molecule kahalalide F on a longitudinal section of the sacoglossan.

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34

Curtis, Nicholas E., Steven E. Massey, and Sidney K. Pierce. "The symbiotic chloroplasts in the sacoglossan Elysia clarki are from several algal species." Invertebrate Biology 125, no. 4 (November 2006): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00065.x.

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35

Pelletreau, Karen N., Jared M. Worful, Kara E. Sarver, and Mary E. Rumpho. "Laboratory culturing of Elysia chlorotica reveals a shift from transient to permanent kleptoplasty." Symbiosis 58, no. 1-3 (October 17, 2012): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-012-0192-0.

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36

Honorato, Hercules Guimarães. "A interdisciplinaridade e o ensino superior militar: uma possibilidade atual e real / Interdisciplinarity and higher military education: a current and real possibility." Brazilian Applied Science Review 2, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34115/basr.v2i1.320.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o projeto interdisciplinar denominado "Elysia", implementado na Escola Naval a partir de 2016 com a participação de docentes e discentes voluntários. A abordagem desta investigação foi qualitativa, com pesquisa bibliográfica como técnica exploratória e entrevista com o docente responsável pelo projeto. A pergunta de pesquisa foi: em que medida é possível pensar uma prática interdisciplinar no Ensino Superior Militar? O projeto visa integrar a teoria a prática, diminuindo a fronteira entre diversas disciplinas componentes da matriz curricular dessa IES militar, onde pode-se observar um grande interesse dos alunos e professores das disciplinas que dão embasamento técnico e científico ao projeto, a saber: Eletrotécnica (baterias e funcionamento de motor elétrico), Eletricidade, Eletromagnetismo, Eletrônica (sistema de controle de carga das baterias), Mecânica (hidrodinâmica do casco, resistência dos materiais, transmissão do motor ao hélice) e Propulsão, além das disciplinas ligadas a formação profissional marinheira, agregando assim a participação de diversas áreas de conhecimento, desde a captação da energia solar pelas células fotovoltaicas até o funcionamento dos motores elétricos, passando pela gestão e organização da equipe e otimização dos recursos utilizados. Sendo articulada em diversos aspectos, no caso específico do "Elysia", onde a teoria ganhou ares de aplicabilidade e reconhecimento na prática dos docentes e discentes envolvidos, que culminou inclusive com um terceiro lugar na premiação do Desafio Solar Brasil, etapa de Búzios, em 2016.

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37

Pierce, S., R. Biron, and M. Rumpho. "Endosymbiotic chloroplasts in molluscan cells contain proteins synthesized after plastid capture." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 2323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.10.2323.

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Endosymbiotic chloroplasts within the cells of the ascoglossan slug Elysia chlorotica synthesize a variety of proteins including the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) and the photosystem II protein D1. In addition, the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors suggest that some chloroplast-associated proteins are synthesized in the animal cytosol and subsequently translocated into the chloroplasts. Thus, the plastids not only synthesize proteins during this long-lived association, but the host cell seems to play a role in plastid protein turnover.

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KRUG, PATRICK J., JANN E. VENDETTI, and ÁNGEL VALDÉS. "Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region." Zootaxa 4148, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1.

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39

Trowbridge, Cynthia D. "The missing links: larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 6 (December 2000): 1087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400003155.

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The stenophagous ascoglossan (=sacoglossan) opisthobranch Elysia viridis has long been a model organism for the study of endosymbiosis or kleptoplasty as well as one of the few herbivores to consume the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile on European shores. Larval and post-larval dynamics of the ascoglossan were investigated. Planktotrophic larvae of E. viridis grew at 5–10 μm d−1 (shell length) at 15°C on a unicellular algal diet (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas baltica); larvae became competent one month post-hatching. Effective feeding and chloroplast acquisition typically started within 2–3 d of metamorphosis. Slugs grew about 8 mm in the first month of post-larval life. During this period, juveniles held in the light did not grow faster or survive better than conspecifics held in the dark; thus, functional kleptoplasty did not occur during first three weeks of benthic life. While larval growth rates and the nature of metamorphic cues are consistent with those of many other opisthobranch species with planktotrophic larvae, measures of post-larval growth—particularly as it pertains to kleptoplasty—is a new contribution to opisthobranch biology.

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Klochkova, Tatyana A., Jong Won Han, Kyong-Hwa Chah, Ro Won Kim, Ju-Hyoung Kim, Kwang Young Kim, and Gwang Hoon Kim. "Morphology, molecular phylogeny and photosynthetic activity of the sacoglossan mollusc, Elysia nigrocapitata, from Korea." Marine Biology 160, no. 1 (October 10, 2012): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2074-7.

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Schwartz, Julie A., Nicholas E. Curtis, and Sidney K. Pierce. "Using Algal Transcriptome Sequences to Identify Transferred Genes in the Sea Slug, Elysia chlorotica." Evolutionary Biology 37, no. 1 (February 18, 2010): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-010-9079-2.

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Paul, Valerie J., and Kathryn L. Van Alstyne. "Use of ingested algal diterpenoids by Elysia halimedae Macnae (Opisthobranchia : Ascoglossa) as antipredator defenses." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 119, no. 1 (July 1988): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(88)90149-9.

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Middlebrooks, Michael L., Susan S. Bell, and Sidney K. Pierce. "The kleptoplastic sea slug Elysia clarki prolongs photosynthesis by synthesizing chlorophyll a and b." Symbiosis 57, no. 3 (July 2012): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-012-0187-x.

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Ferreira-Jr, Augusto Luiz, Iarema Carvalho, Susete Christo Wambier, and Theresinha Monteiro Absher. "New records of marine “sea slugs” (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) in the outlets of the estuary systems in Paraná, southern Brazil." Check List 11, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1548.

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Four species of shell-less marine gastropods, collectively called “sea slugs”, are newly recorded from outlets of estuarine systems, the Paranaguá estuarine complex and Guaratuba Bay, on the coast of Paraná state. These include a marine pulmonate slug, Onchidella indolens (Gould, 1852) (Eupulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidellidae); two species of sea hares, Bursatella leachii de Blainville, 1817 (Euthyneura: Sacoglossa: Aplysiidae) and Elysia serca Er. Marcus, 1955 (Euthyneura: Sacoglossa: Plakobranchidae); and one species of nudibranch, Spurilla braziliana MacFarland, 1909 (Nudipleura: Aeolidiidae). Egg mass shapes of E. serca and B. leachii are newly described.

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Quinn, R. H., and S. K. Pierce. "The ionic basis of the hypo-osmotic depolarization in neurons from the opisthobranch mollusc Elysia chlorotica." Journal of Experimental Biology 163, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.163.1.169.

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The resting potential of identified cells (Parker cells) in the abdominal ganglion of Elysia chlorotica (Gould) depolarizes by about 30 mV in response to a 50% reduction in osmolality and returns to the original potential in 20 min. Cell volume recovery requires approximately 2 h. Thus, recovery of the resting potential is not dependent on recovery of cell volume. The hypo-osmotic depolarization persists following inhibition of the electrogenic Na+/K(+)-ATPase with ouabain, and the levels of extracellular K+ and Cl- have little effect on the magnitude of the depolarization, while decreasing extracellular Na+ concentration produces a depolarization of only 10 mV. This suggests that the hypo-osmotic depolarization in Parker cells results mostly from increased relative permeability to Na+. Following transfer from 920 to 460 mosmol kg-1, Na+, Cl- and proline betaine leave the cells while intracellular K+ is conserved. Loss of intracellular Na+ and conservation of intracellular K+ are dependent on active transport by the Na+/K(+)-ATPase. Na+ and proline betaine leave the cells with a time course that is much longer than that of the hypo-osmotic depolarization. Unlike the other solutes, most of the reduction in intracellular Cl- concentration occurs coincidentally with the hypo-osmotic depolarization. However, unlike the hypo-osmotic depolarization, bulk loss of Cl- does not require the reduction in osmolality, only the reduction in extracellular ion concentrations. There is no apparent relationship between membrane depolarization and the regulation of intracellular osmolytes in Elysia neurons following hypo-osmotic stress.

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Furfaro, Giulia, Michele Solca, and Paolo Mariottini. "Crustaceans and Marine Heterobranchia: A New Symbiotic Relationship in the Mediterranean Sea." Diversity 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120613.

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The “solar-powered” Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) is an endemic Mediterranean sacoglossan living in rocky substrates at shallow water. During a scuba dive, one E. timida was photographed and collected. The observation revealed the presence of a small crustacean of the Pinnotheridae family. It was not possible to assign the crustacean to a genus, but it shares typical ecological and external morphological features with other Pinnotherinae species. This is the first report of a pea crab hosted by a non-shelled Heterobranchia and the first case of a symbiotic association between crustaceans and marine Heterobranchia reported in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Allen, RM, PJ Krug, and DJ Marshall. "Larval size in Elysia stylifera is determined by extra-embryonic provisioning but not egg size." Marine Ecology Progress Series 389 (September 4, 2009): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08157.

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Costa, J., F. Giménez-Casalduero, R. Melo, and B. Jesus. "Colour morphotypes of Elysia timida (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) are determined by light acclimation in food algae." Aquatic Biology 17, no. 1 (October 23, 2012): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00446.

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Middlebrooks, Michael L., Sidney K. Pierce, and Susan S. Bell. "Foraging Behavior under Starvation Conditions Is Altered via Photosynthesis by the Marine Gastropod, Elysia clarki." PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (July 20, 2011): e22162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022162.

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Oladi, Mahshid, Ali Nasrolahi, Faraham Ahmadzadeh, Omid Alizadeh, and Patrick J. Krug. "Molecular confirmation of the occurrence of Elysia cf. tomentosa (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) in the Persian Gulf." Zoology in the Middle East 64, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2018.1444571.

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