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Journal articles on the topic 'Elvers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fekri, Latifa, Ridwan Affandi, M. F. Rahardjo, Tatag Budiardi, and Charles P. H. Simanjuntak. "Growth of stunted elver of the Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 rearing in semi-natural media." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v19i2.481.

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This study aimed to evaluate the growth of stunted elver Anguilla bicolor from three different periods of stunting process. Prior to experiment, the stunting process of elver was carried out by limiting the feeding rate at 2% of the fish biomass and temperature media with 24 oC for 2, 4, and 6 months period. The study used a completely randomized design with three different sources of stunted elvers (i.e., A = 2 months; B = 4 months; C = 6 months) as treatments with three replications. Measurement of RNA:DNA ratio, protein content, profile blood description and elver otolith growth was carried out at the beginning and end of rearing process. Post-stunting elvers were reared on artificial media designed according to elver habitat and controlled. Elver was stocked with 15 individuals in the artificial semi-natural media with a temperature of 28 oC and fed with 1 kg media-1 day-1 tubifex worm for three months. The results showed that the compensatory growth of stunted elvers increased two to three times with 100% of survival rate after three months of rearing process. Stunting has a significant effect on treatment B, indicated by the value of weight specific growth rates, RNA : DNA ratio, protein content, blood glucose levels and otolith growth of elvers. This study revealed that the growth performance of stunted elver reared in semi-natural media for four months is better than other treatments.

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2

Jessop, B. M. "Geographic and seasonal variation in biological characteristics of American eel elvers in the Bay of Fundy area and on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 2172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-169.

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Seasonal (April-July) patterns in the decline of length, mass, and condition and an increase in pigmentation stage of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) elvers collected during the estuarine commercial fishery and during entrance into fresh water varied among rivers in the Bay of Fundy and on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Elver mean length, adjusted to a mean collection date, varied among commercially fished rivers by up to 9%; mean mass varied by up to 27%. Within commercially fished rivers, mean length declined seasonally by 2-5%, mass by 0-60%, and condition by 0-44%. Elver condition declined 7-9% by the time 50% of the run (number of elvers) had entered the East River, Chester, and East River, Sheet Harbour, and by 21% at 95% of the run, while the mean pigmentation stage increased to 4.1-4.8 and 5.7-6.5, respectively, on a scale of 1-7. Such geographic variability in biological traits may result from the effect of varying annual and seasonal environmental conditions on the coastal distribution of elvers and on their run timing and physiological development in estuarine and stream habitats. The biological importance of the seasonal decline in elver length, mass, and condition is uncertain, but a seasonal decline in mass of 35% may be commercially important when elvers are sold by weight rather than count.

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3

Jellyman, Phillip G., Joshua T. Bauld, and Shannan K. Crow. "The effect of ramp slope and surface type on the climbing success of shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 7 (2017): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16015.

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Instream structures such as dams, weirs and culverts reduce diadromous fish (e.g. freshwater eels) biodiversity and abundance by restricting upstream migrations. Fish passes are used to facilitate fish passage around instream structures, but limited information is available about design aspects that influence the ability of fish to negotiate the structures. We used experimental ramps to evaluate the effects of surface type and slope on the climbing success of shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers (total length <155mm). Climbing success was examined for three surface types (smooth plastic, sand and gravel, Miradrain) at slopes of 30, 50 and 70°. Elver climbing ability differed among substrates, with the highest success observed on the Miradrain surface (a moulded plastic drainage product). Climbing success decreased with increasing ramp slope. The mean length of elvers successfully negotiating the ramps was longer than that of elvers that failed to climb because only larger elvers could climb the Miradrain surface as ramp slope increased. Results indicated that the optimal ramp-designed passage for climbing species would be lined with Miradrain and set at an angle close to 30° and not exceeding 50°. Elver passage will be detrimentally affected by steep surfaces, which will be exacerbated if suboptimal ramp-surface types are used.

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4

Sururi, Misbah, Gondo Puspito, and Roza Yusfiandayani. "PERBAIKAN KONSTRUKSI BUBU ELVER SKALA LABORATORIUM (Correction of Elver Trap Contruction in Laboratory Scale)." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 5, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.5.1.67-78.

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<p>ABSTRACT<br />PVC trap is used by fisherman in Java Island, southern waters to capture elver, or juvenile<br />eels measuring < 10 gr. The problems are that trap catches too less and elver in injured condition,<br />while buyers need a lot of good elvers for cultivating. This study tried to fix a trap construction so<br />that function more effective and doesn’t hurt elver. All experiments were conducted in the Fishing<br />Gear Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural University. Three sections of traps were examined were the<br />rear cover of trap construction, entrance of trap construction and application two doors of traps.<br />Furthermore, new traps made by three criteria were obtained. The entire test was conducted in the<br />experimental tank containing between 30-100 elvers. The test was done as much as 20-25 times<br />with 20 minutes soaking time. The results showed that more elvers enter the trap which does not<br />seal, the entrance was made from nets and had two doors of the trap. The construction trap based<br />on three criteria was more effective which could trap 355 elvers or 6.12 times more than the<br />fisherman’s trap (58 elvers).</p><p>Key words: elver, PVC traps, ijep, Java Island, laboratory</p><p>--------</p><p><br />ABSTRAK</p><p>Bubu paralon digunakan oleh nelayan di perairan selatan Pulau Jawa untuk menangkap<br />juvenil sidat (elver) berukuran < 10 g. Permasalahannya, jumlah tangkapan bubu tersebut sangat<br />sedikit dan elver yang tertangkap sering dalam kondisi terluka, padahal pembeli membutuhkan<br />sangat banyak elver yang sehat untuk dibudidayakan. Penelitian ini mencoba memperbaiki<br />konstruksi bubu agar lebih efektif dan tidak melukai elver. Seluruh penelitian dilaksanakan di<br />Laboratorium Bahan dan Alat Penangkap Ikan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tiga bagian bubu yang<br />diteliti adalah konstruksi tutupan bagian belakang bubu, konstruksi pintu masuk bubu dan<br />penggunaan dua pintu. Selanjutnya, bubu dibuat berdasarkan ketiga kriteria yang didapatkan.<br />Seluruh pengujian dilakukan di dalam tangki percobaan yang berisi antara 30-100 elver. Pengujian<br />dilakukan sebanyak 20–25 ulangan dengan lama perendaman 20 menit. Hasilnya menunjukkan<br />bahwa elver lebih banyak masuk ke dalam bubu yang tidak tertutup rapat, pintu masuk terbuat dari<br />jaring dan memiliki 2 pintu. Konstruksi bubu yang dibuat berdasarkan tiga kriteria tersebut dapat<br />memerangkap 355 elver, atau 6,12 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan bubu nelayan (58<br />elver).</p><p><br />Kata kunci: elver, bubu paralon, ijep, Pulau Jawa, laboratorium</p>

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5

Haro, Alexander J., and William H. Krueger. "Pigmentation, size, and migration of elvers (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)) in a coastal Rhode Island stream." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-375.

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Progressive pigmentation of Anguilla rostrata elvers was very similar to that described for A. anguilla. Pigmentation increased rapidly with the advancing season, while total length decreased. The increase in pigmentation was independent of the decrease in length and may have been influenced by increased contact with the substrate. Mean lengths showed significant differences within seasons and between years, and the range of variation was greater than that described by V. D. Vladykov (1966. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 16: 1007–1017) for elvers collected from Maryland to Quebec. We substantiate Vladykov's finding that elver size tends to increase with increasing distance from the spawning area, but reject his size/sex hypothesis. The main migration occurred in April and May and was related to decreasing water depth and rising stream temperature. Elvers took about 4 weeks to ascend 180 m above the tidal zone, probably because of a high stream gradient and the absence of tidal influence.

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6

Padgett, Thomas E., Robert E. Thomas, Duncan J. Borman, and David C. Mould. "Individual-based model of juvenile eel movement parametrized with computational fluid dynamics-derived flow fields informs improved fish pass design." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 191505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191505.

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European eel populations have declined markedly in recent decades, caused in part by in-stream barriers, such as weirs and pumping stations, which disrupt the upstream migration of juvenile eels, or elvers, into rivers. Eel passes, narrow sloping channels lined with substrata that enable elvers to ascend, are one way to mitigate against these barriers. Currently, studded eel tiles are a popular substrate. This study is the first to evaluate the flow fields within studded eel tiles and to model the swimming performance of elvers using cellular automata (CA) and individual- (or agent-) based models. Velocities and flow depths predicted by a computational fluid dynamics model of studded eel tiles are first validated against published values for a single installation angle–discharge combination. The validated model is then used to compute three-dimensional flow fields for eel passes at five different installation angles and three inflow discharges. CA and individual-based models are employed to assess upstream passage efficiency for a range of elver sizes. The individual-based model approximates measured passage efficiencies better than the CA model. Passage efficiency is greatest for shallow slopes, low discharges and large elvers. Results are synthesized into an easy-to-understand graphic to help practitioners improve eel pass designs.

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7

Dutil, J. D., M. Michaud, and A. Giroux. "Seasonal and diel patterns of stream invasion by American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-024.

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Seasonal and diel patterns of stream invasion by American eels (Anguilla rostrata) were monitored in a small stream located on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from 1981 to 1985. Glass eels and elvers migrated from the sea in late June and July. Glass eels made up only a small percentage of the migrants. Pigmentation progressed quickly in the estuary, but elvers grew very slowly. Migration from the estuary and through the lower reaches of the stream was slow; no glass eels or elvers occurred at a station located only 4 km from saltwater. Juvenile eels reached that station in their second summer of stream residence. Juvenile eels migrated in July and August. They ranged from 70 to 250 mm in length and included more than one age-class. Those less than 100 mm in length were most numerous. Relative abundance of glass eels and elvers decreased in the estuary from 1981 to 1985. This coincided with a decrease in the proportion of smaller sized eels in the stream migration over the same period. Juvenile eels migrated progressively later in summer as the proportion of smaller sized eels decreased. Stream migration was nocturnal. Movements mainly occurred between 21:00 and 23:00. The relationship between glass eel and elver abundance in the estuary and juvenile eel abundance in the stream 1 and 2 years later was not clear.

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8

Chen, YL, HY Chen, and WN Tzeng. "Reappraisal of the importance of rainfall in affecting catches of Anguilla japonica elvers in Taiwan." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 2 (1994): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940185.

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This paper relates daily mean seawater temperature and daily rainfall in northern Taiwan to the catches of A. japonica elvers during a two-year period. The results indicate a positive (P<O.05) relationship between rainfall and elver catches and a negative (P<O.05) relationship between seawater temperature and elver catches. Peaks in elver catches generally coincided with peaks in rainfall and minimums of temperature. Rainfall is clearly as important in affecting elver catch as is seawater temperature, which was previously regarded as the key factor.

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9

Degani, Gad, and Margie Lee Gallagher. "Effects of Dietary 17α-Methyltestosterone and Bovine Growth Hormone on Growth and Food Conversion of Slow- and Normally-Growing American Elvers (Anguilla rostrata)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-023.

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Dietary addition of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) had a significant effect on growth and food conversion in American elvers (Anguilla rostrata). Both MT (1 μg/g) and bGH (2 and 10 μg/g) significantly increased the mean weight of elvers compared with controls. Higher concentrations of MT (10 μg/g) increased mean body weight, but not significantly. The effects of MT were more pronounced in normally-growing elvers compared with slow-growing elvers. Reduction of water temperature had a much stronger influence on weight gain in slow-growing elvers receiving MT than with normally-growing eels receiving MT. Food conversion was improved by feeding either MT or bGH. Food conversion was generally lower in slow-growing than in normally-growing elvers. Total body protein was related to body weight and was significantly lower in elvers fed MT than in control elvers. However, there was no significant difference in total body protein elvers fed bGH compared with the control group.

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10

Chen, YL, and H. Chen. "Temperature selections of Anguilla japonica (L.) elvers, and their implications for migration." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 6 (1991): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910743.

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This study investigated the temperature selections of elvers of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (L.), that had been acclimatized to various temperatures and salinities. The results provide information needed to assess the possible effects of thermal effluents from power plants and of naturally occurring thermal gradients on the freshwater migration and fishery harvest of elvers. A 7.14-m-long plastic pipe (i.d. 11 cm) fitted with two stainless-steel heat-exchange tubes was used for the study. The countercurrent design of the system provided a thermal gradient ranging from 11� C at one end of the pipe to 31� C at the other. Elvers could swim free of obstacles inside the pipe. They were acclimatized to 13, 15, 17, 19 or 21� C before being subjected to the thermal gradient. The distribution of elvers in the pipe was studied during a 24-h period. The results indicate that the temperature to which the elvers gravitated was higher than their acclimatization temperature for acclimatizaion temperatures between 13 and 21�C. The thermal preference of elvers acclimatized to salinities of 10 or 32 did not differ. The temperature- selection pattern of the elvers suggests that thermal effluents from power plants may not adversely affect the immigration of elvers.

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11

Hein, Jennifer L., Isaure de Buron, William A. Roumillat, William C. Post, Allan P. Hazel, and Stephen A. Arnott. "Infection of newly recruited American eels (Anguilla rostrata) by the invasive swimbladder parasite Anguillicoloides crassus in a US Atlantic tidal creek." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv097.

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Abstract Little is known about the infection status of glass eel and elver stages of the American eel Anguilla rostrata by the invasive swimbladder parasite Anguillicoloides crassus. This study examined infection by adult and larval A. crassus in glass eels (n = 274) and elvers (n = 199) collected during March–December 2013 from an eel ladder at a dammed creek near Charleston, SC, USA. Among all the eels examined [total lengths (TLs), 34–156 mm], the prevalence (±SE), mean abundance, and mean intensity of A. crassus worms was 29.4 ± 2.1%, 0.88 ± 0.12, and 2.98 ± 0.34, respectively. Infection by A. crassus was not detected in the earliest glass eel development stages (pigment stages 1–3), but it was detected in more advanced stages (pigment stages 4–7) and fully pigmented elvers. From March to July, parasite prevalence increased significantly with eel TL, and all eels 125 mm or longer (n = 13) were infected. From August–December, when fewer eels were caught, parasite prevalence was generally lower and less dependent on the eel TL. Our study demonstrates the potential risk of spreading A. crassus to new areas by transporting live glass eels and elvers. This is of particular relevance because our study site was located in the Cooper River drainage, one of the few locations in the USA that permits a glass eel harvest.

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Dewi, Noviana, and Isti Koesharyani. "STUDIES ON Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIA DISEASES IN WILD AND CULTURED ELVER EEL (Anguilla bicolor)." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.12.2.2017.77-82.

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This study was performed to detect Aeromonas hydrophila infection in wild and cultured elver eel (Anguilla bicolor). In total, 20 live elvers (10 wild and 10 cultured) were collected and subjected to Aeromonas hydrophila tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done for an accurate identification of Aeromonas hydrophila using a universal primer and detection of the aerolysin gene in A. hydrophila using a specific primer. The virulence of A. hydrophila was determined using a pathogenicity test injection. The results showed that A. hydrophila could be detected using PCR and amplification of 685bp DNA. A. hydrophila could also be confirmed to contain the aerolysin gene of 290 bp DNA which could be a virulence indicator. Pathogenicity test revealed that LC50 was estimated to be 10.9 x 10 6.33. Histopathological changes were found in the abdominal and wounded muscles. Those changes were mainly in tissue ephitel cell hyperplasia. Based on the present study, A. hydrophila is a virulent bacteria in elver eel. A. hydrophila disease preventive measures need to be formulated. Elver eels should be tested for the A. hydrophila before restocking into farms.

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Haro, Alexander J., and William H. Krueger. "Pigmentation, otolith rings, and upstream migration of juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in a coastal Rhode Island stream." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-120.

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American eels of <250 mm total length were collected in late summer and fall from three stations on the coastal Annaquatucket River. All eels possessed the yellow–green pigmentation characteristic of the yellow phase. Transition of partially pigmented elvers to fully pigmented yellow eels occurred during the summer months following the spring entry into fresh water and was accompanied by significant growth. Mean total length and mean number of annulus-like otolith rings increased significantly with distance upstream, suggesting that elvers migrate a limited distance in the 1st year, but continue on for at least several years thereafter as yellow eels. Upstream progress of eels in this system may be impeded by low winter temperatures, high stream gradient, dams, and impoundments.

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Prilutzky, Alexander, Victor Birkan, and Samuel Appelbaum. "A universal inexpensive self-demand feeder for elvers." Aquacultural Engineering 12, no. 2 (January 1993): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(93)90021-3.

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15

Oliver, S. J., F. W. Grasso, and J. Atema. "Filament Tracking and Casting in American Elvers (Anguilla rostrata)." Biological Bulletin 191, no. 2 (October 1996): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv191n2p314.

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16

Wickins, J. F. "Growth variability in individually confined elvers, Anguilla anguilla (L.)." Journal of Fish Biology 27, no. 4 (October 1985): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb03194.x.

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17

Yahyaoui, A., A. Berraho, and R. Lecomte-Finiger. "Comparison of Growth Rate of Cultured Elvers (Anguilla anguilla)." Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 75, no. 6 (1990): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19900750644.

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18

Birrell, L., G. Cramb, and N. Hazon. "Osmoregulation during the development of glass eels and elvers." Journal of Fish Biology 56, no. 6 (June 2000): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02156.x.

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19

Sururi, Misbah, and Gondo Puspito. "RANCANG BANGUN BUBU ELVER SPIRAL (Desain of Elver Spiral Traps)." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.5.2.139-147.

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<p>ABSTRACT<br />PVC trap is used by fisherman in the southern Java Island waters to capture elver or juvenile eels measuring < 10 gr. One of some problems is how difficult the traps transportation in great quantities. This study tried to design a new trap from spiral little iron material as frame construction. The aim is toward easy tobe shorted so became simple transportation of traps. All experiments were conducted on the Fishing Gear Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural University. The study is divided into two stages, that are design of spiral traps and testing the effectiveness of a spiral trap with two pipe traps, that are elver traps modification (Sururi et al. 2014) and fisherman‘s traps as control. The entire test was conducted in the experimental tank containing between 60 elvers with 20 times repetition. The soaking time were done within 20 minutes of observation each. Spiral traps design giving simpler and easier in transporting traps, because ist weight is 0.24 kg or 3.25 time less weigh than elver traps modification and 2.16 time less weight than fisherman traps. Beside, spiral traps can be shorted to 6 cm, or 8.3 time shorter than elver traps modification and 5 time shorter than fisherman traps. The results showed that spiral traps construction caught 286 individuals or more than elver traps modification (165 individuals) and fishermen’s traps (43 individuals).</p><p>Keywords: PVC traps, elver, ijep, spiral traps</p><p>-------</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Bubu elver digunakan oleh nelayan di perairan selatan Pulau Jawa untuk menangkap elver atau juvenil sidat berukuran < 10 g. Salah satu permasalahannya, pengangkutan bubu dalam jumlah banyak cukup sulit dilakukan. Penelitian ini mencoba merancang bubu dari material kawat besi berbentuk spiral agar bubu dapat dipendekkan sehingga memudahkan dalam pengangkutan-nya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bahan dan Alat Penangkapan Ikan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Kegiatan terdiri atas 2 bagian, yaitu perancangan bubu dan pengujian bubu elver spiral dibandingkan dengan bubu elver modifikasi (Sururi et al. 2014) dan bubu elver milik nelayan sebagai kontrol. Pengujian dilakukan di dalam tangki percobaan yang berisi 60 elver sebanyak 20 ulangan. Lama perendaman bubu 20 menit per ulangan. Bubu elver spiral lebih simpel dan mudah dalam pengangkutannya, karena berat bubu hanya 0,24 kg atau 3,25 kali lebih ringan dari bubu elver modifikasi dan 2,16 kali lebih ringan dari bubu elver standar. Selain itu, bubu elver spiral juga dapat dipendekkan hingga 6 cm, atau 8,3 kali lebih pendek dari bubu elver modifikasi dan 5 kali lebih pendek dari bubu elver standar. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, bubu elver spiral memerangkap elver sejumlah 286 ekor, atau lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan bubu elver modifikasi 165 ekor dan bubu elver standar 43 ekor.</p><p>Kata kunci: Bubu elver, elver, ijep, bubu spiral</p>

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Hansen, H. J. M., and A. T. A. Fattah. "Long-term tagging of elvers, Anguilla anguilla, with radioactive europium." Journal of Fish Biology 29, no. 5 (November 1986): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04970.x.

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YATAYA, Kenichi, Mattashi IZUMI, Nobuyuki AZUMA, and Atsushi MARUI. "SWIMMING ABILITY OF JAPANESE EEL (Anguilla japonica) ELVERS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 76, no. 6 (2020): II_109—II_114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.76.6_ii_109.

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Opresko, Dennis M., Samantha L. Goldman, Raven Johnson, Katherine Parra, Marissa Nuttall, G. P. Schmahl, and Mercer R. Brugler. "Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of black coral from Elvers Bank, north-western Gulf of Mexico (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia: Aphanipathidae: Distichopathes)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 4 (June 2020): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531542000051x.

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AbstractThe continental shelf edge of the NW Gulf of Mexico supports dozens of reefs and banks, including the West and East Flower Garden Banks (FGB) and Stetson Bank that comprise the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS). Discovered by fishermen in the early 1900s, the FGBs are named after the colourful corals, sponges and algae that dominate the region. The reefs and banks are the surface expression of underlying salt domes and provide important habitat for mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCE) and deep coral communities to 300 m depth. Since 2001, FGBNMS research teams have utilized remotely operated vehicles (e.g. ‘Phantom S2’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Yogi’) to survey and characterize benthic habitats of this region. In 2016, a Draft Environmental Impact Statement proposed the expansion of the current sanctuary boundaries to incorporate an additional 15 reefs and banks, including Elvers Bank. Antipatharians (black corals) were collected within the proposed expansion sites and analysed using morphological and molecular methods. A new species, Distichopathes hickersonae, collected at 172 m depth on Elvers Bank, is described within the family Aphanipathidae. This brings the total number of black coral species in and around the sanctuary to 14.

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Warshafsky, Zoemma T., Troy D. Tuckey, Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Robert J. Latour, and Andrew R. Wargo. "Temporal, spatial, and biological variation of nematode epidemiology in American eels." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 10 (October 2019): 1808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0136.

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American eels (Anguilla rostrata) are infected by the non-native parasitic nematode Anguillicoloides crassus, which can cause severe swim bladder damage. We investigated epidemiology of A. crassus to better understand its population-level effects on American eels. Nematode prevalence, abundance, and intensity and swim bladder damage were quantified in glass eels, elvers, and yellow eels from the lower Chesapeake Bay and related to season of capture, river system, and total length. Age-variant force-of-infection and disease-associated mortality were estimated using a three-state irreversible disease model, which assumes recovery is not possible. Results showed glass eels have very low infection prevalence and severity compared with elvers and yellow eels. Nematode abundance varied by season, river, and eel length, whereas swim bladder damage varied by season and eel length. Nematode abundance and swim bladder damage were weakly positively correlated. Force-of-infection, based on swim bladder damage, peaked at age 2, and disease-positive eels had an estimated lower annual survival probability of 0.76 compared with disease-negative eels. Full understanding of American eel population dynamics will require broader knowledge of cryptic disease-associated mortality throughout North America.

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Bronzi, P., and P. Zaffignani. "Optimization of Weaning Elvers in a Closed Cycle System: Preliminary-Results." Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 75, no. 6 (1990): 883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19900750637.

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Lee, S. C., S. C. M. Tsoi, H. L. Cheng, and J. T. Chang. "Identification of Anguilla japonica and A. mavmovata elvers by allozyme electrophoresis." Journal of Fish Biology 51, no. 1 (July 1997): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02526.x.

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Martin, Michael H. "Validation of daily growth increments in otoliths of Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) elvers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-024.

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The presence of daily growth increments in otoliths was validated for Anguilla rostrata. Elvers were captured at the freshwater–seawater interface of the Annaquatucket River, Rhode Island, immersed in a tetracycline hydrochloride solution to mark their otoliths, and maintained in stream aquaria for 10 or 20 d. Increment counts outside the tetracycline mark generally underestimated the number of days since marking by less than 5%. This underestimation was probably due to the time required for tetracycline incorporation after administration.

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Chilmawati, Diana, Suminto Suminto, and Tristiana Yuniarti. "PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI BIOMASSA SIDAT (Anguilla bicolor) MELALUI PEMANFAATAN FERMENTASI PAKAN DAN TEPUNG CACING TANAH (Lumbricus sp) (Production increase of Anguila Biomass by using food fermentation and earth worms flour)." SAINTEK PERIKANAN : Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.12.2.86-92.

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ABSTRAK Sidat (Anguilla bicolor) merupakan jenis ikan yang pertumbuhan lambat, karena kemampuan daya cerna dan efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan sidat rendah. Salah satu usaha untuk mempercepat laju pertumbuhannya yaitu dengan memfermentasikan pakan buatan dan penambahan tepung cacing (Lumbricus sp.) untuk memperbaiki kandungan nutrisi pakan sehingga pertumbuhan sidat akan meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh dan menentukan kombinasi fermentasi pakan buatan dan penambahan tepung cacing tanah yang memberikan pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, dan kelulushidupan sidat (A. bicolor) terbaik. Elver sidat yang digunakan adalah 320 ekor dengan berat rata-rata 15±1,2 g yang dibudidayakan dalam enam belas akuarium berukuran 80 l yang diisi 40 L air dan diaerasi. Kepadatan awal 20 ekor/akuarium. Pergantian air dilakukan setiap hari 10% dari total air dan dilakukan pemberian pakan 5% dari biomassa sidat dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan 3 kali sehari, pakan yang diberikan mempunyai kadar protein >50%. Pola rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah A, B, C, dan D masing-masing ditambahkan dengan tepung cacing tanah 0%, 5%, 10%, dan 15% dari total pakan yang diberikan dalam pakan buatan yang telah difermentasi. Variabel yang diukur adalah PER, SGR, EPP, FCR, dan SR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi pakan buatan dan penambahan tepung cacing tanah dalam pakan berbentuk pasta berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan (RGR) ,efisiensi pakan (EPP) dan rasio konversi pakan (FCR) namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kelulushidupan (SR) sidat (A. bicolor) dan kombinasi fermentasi pakan buatan dan penambahan tepung cacing tanah dengan dosis 5% (perlakuan B) memberikan pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, dan rasio konversi pakan sidat (A. bicolor) terbaik. Kualitas air pada media pemeliharaan masih pada kondisi layak untuk budidaya sidat. Kata kunci: Anguilla bicolor, fermentasi pakan, tepung cacing tanah, budidaya ABSTRACT The elver of Anguilla bicolor is the kind of fish that the late growth, due to low in digestability and inefficiency to the feed utilization. One of the solutions to accelerate the growth rate is by adding earthworm powder (Lumbricus sp.) and the fermented artificial feed to improve feed nutrition content so the increasing growth. The obyective of this research was to know the effect of fermented artificial feed and the addition of earthworm powder in pasta artificial feed on the best of growth, feed utilization, and survival rate of A. bicolor in the culture. Elvers of 320 individuals with an average weight of 15 ± 1.2 g were cultivated in sixteen of the circular aquarium with 80 L in volume. Every aquarium was added 40 L of tap water and weekly aeration with initial density of 20 individuals/aquarium. Everyday was changed 10 % of tap water and added the pasta artificial feed 5 % of elver body weight for three time feeding habit per day with protein content of >50%. The treatments were designed by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The culture of treatments A was not added earthworm powder in the fermented pasta artificial feed. Treatments of B, C, and D were added by earthworm powder of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % in the fermented pasta artificial feed, respectively. The variables measured were PER, SGR, EPP, FCR, and SR. The result showed that the artificial feed with different protein levels highly significant influenced (P<0,05) on the RGR, EPP, and FCR, and there was no significant influences (P>0,05) on the SR of elver. The treatment B (5 % of earthworm) however showed the best one treatment dosage for elvers growth rate than the other treatments. Water quality in culture media was still in decent condition for the cultivation of eels. Keywords: Anguilla bicolor, feed fermentation, earthworm powder, culture

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Gómez-Mourelo, Pablo. "A model for the upstream motion of elvers in the Adour River." Comptes Rendus Biologies 328, no. 4 (April 2005): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2004.09.012.

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29

Jessop, B. M. "Ichthyophthirius multifiliisin Elvers and Small American Eels from the East River, Nova Scotia." Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007<0054:imieas>2.3.co;2.

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30

Vogel, Alexander. "Book Reviews: Handbook of Fuels: Energy Sources for Transportation. Edited by B. Elvers." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 36, no. 7 (July 2008): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200890031.

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31

Vogel, Alexander. "Book Review: Handbook of Fuels: Energy Sources for Transportation. By B. Elvers (Ed.)." Engineering in Life Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200890010.

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32

Alvarez-Cabrera, Cecilia Adriana. "Incertidumbre médica, compañera habitual en el cuidado intensivo pediátrico. Análisis a partir de un caso clínico." Revista de Bioética y Derecho, no. 48 (February 18, 2020): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/rbd2020.48.29225.

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En la complejidad de las unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico, en donde confluyen equipo médico, pacientes y familia, la pregunta por lo ético es ineludible, como lo son también, las situaciones de incertidumbre médica. Con el objeto de ofrecer un punto de partida para la comprensión y el manejo de la incertidumbre médica, se narra un caso clínico ficticio que pretende representar la situación, se trata la incertidumbre desde lo teórico, a partir del modelo de la Incertidumbre de Tannert, Elvers, Jandrig (2007), y la propuesta de McCullough (2013) para la resolución moral de la incertidumbre y finalmente, se plantea la resolución del caso desde la perspectiva bioética.

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33

JESSOP, B. M. "The management of, and fishery for, American eel elvers in the Maritime Provinces, Canada." Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, no. 349 (1998): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae:1998036.

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34

Naismith, I. A., and B. Knights. "Migrations of elvers and juvenile European eels, Anguilla anguilla L., in the River Thames." Journal of Fish Biology 33, sa (December 1988): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05570.x.

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Umezawa, A., and K. Tsukamoto. "Factors influencing otolith increment formation in Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica T. & S., elvers." Journal of Fish Biology 39, no. 2 (August 1991): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04357.x.

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Wasserman, RJ, LL Pereira-da-Conceicoa, NA Strydom, and OLF Weyl. "Diet ofAnguilla mossambica(Teleostei, Anguillidae) elvers in the Sundays River, Eastern Cape, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 37, no. 3 (November 2012): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.692320.

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37

OKAZAKI, Sachiko, Shinya YASUMOTO, Satoshi KOYAMA, Shinobu TSUCHIAKA, Yuki NAOI, Tsutomu OMATSU, Shin-ichi ONO, and Tetsuya MIZUTANI. "Detection of Japanese eel endothelial cells-infecting virus in Anguilla japonica elvers." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 78, no. 4 (2016): 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.15-0515.

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38

ARAI, TAKAOMI, HIROSHI SATO, TERUAKI ISHII, and KATSUMI TSUKAMOTO. "Alkaline earth metal and Mn distribution in otoliths of Anguilla spp.glass eels and elvers." Fisheries Science 69, no. 2 (April 2003): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00638.x.

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39

GUO, Hong-yi, Kai WEI, Zheng-li XIE, Wen-qiao TANG, Jia-min WU, and Wen-yin CHEN. "Daily age and hatching time of Japanese eel elvers from southeast coastal estuaries of China." JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OF CHINA 35, no. 7 (June 15, 2012): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1231.2011.17400.

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40

Ohta, Hiromi, and Kazunori Takano. "Testicular Maturation Induced by Methyltestosterone in Elvers of the Japanese Eel Anguilla japonica." Fisheries science 62, no. 6 (1996): 990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.62.990.

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41

Wickins, J. F. "Effects of size, culling and social history on growth of cultured elvers, Anguilla anguilla (L.)." Journal of Fish Biology 31, no. 1 (July 1987): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05215.x.

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De Silva, S. S., R. M. Gunasekera, G. Gooley, and B. A. Ingram. "Growth of Australian shortfin eel (Anguilla australis ) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels." Aquaculture Nutrition 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2001): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00156.x.

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HEINSBROEK, L. T. N. "Preliminary investigations on husbandry, nutrition and growth of glass eels and elvers, Anguilla anguilla L." Aquaculture Research 20, no. 1 (January 1989): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1989.tb00448.x.

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Sorensen, Peter W. "Origins of the freshwater attractant(s) of migrating elvers of the American eel,Anguilla rostrata." Environmental Biology of Fishes 17, no. 3 (1986): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00698197.

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Barbin, G. P., and W. H. Krueger. "Behaviour and swimming performance of elvers of the American eel, Anguitta rostrata, in an experimental flume." Journal of Fish Biology 45, no. 1 (July 1994): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01290.x.

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Barbin, G. "Behaviour and swimming performance of elvers of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, in an experimental flume." Journal of Fish Biology 45, no. 1 (July 1994): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1994.1111.

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Oliveira, K. "The occurence and pathological effects ofStephanostomum tenue(Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) metacercariae in elvers of the American eel." Journal of Fish Biology 53, no. 3 (September 1998): 690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1998.0730.

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Nilsson, P. Anders, Ivi J. Pettersson, Carl Tamario, Erik Degerman, Jonas Elghagen, Johan Watz, and Olle Calles. "Substrate‐size choice in European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) elvers is not altered by piscivore chemical cues." Journal of Fish Biology 96, no. 6 (April 23, 2020): 1534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14343.

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Sorensen, Peter W., and Marco L. Bianchini. "Environmental Correlates of the Freshwater Migration of Elvers of the American Eel in a Rhode Island Brook." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115, no. 2 (March 1986): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<258:ecotfm>2.0.co;2.

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Jessop, B. M. "Estimates of Population Size and Instream Mortality Rate of American Eel Elvers in a Nova Scotia River." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129, no. 2 (March 2000): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0514:eopsai>2.0.co;2.

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