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Journal articles on the topic 'Elitism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Higley, John, and Heinrich Best. "Democratic Elitism Reappraised." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 3 (2009): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x447558.

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AbstractDuring the postwar decades following Joseph Schumpeter's seminal Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, democratic elitism struck many as an apt and insightful description of how representative democracy works – even though convinced democrats detected an "elitist" thrust they found disturbing. But during the last several decades political elites and leaders have wielded more power and influence in Western democracies than Schumpeter and his early adherents acknowledged. If it is to retain relevance and utility, democratic elitism must incorporate the now more evident roles elites and leaders play.

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2

Knežević, Miloš. "Democratism and Elitism: Fragments on Elites, Democracy and Elitism." Serbian Political Thought 2, no. 1-2 (2010): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spt.2122011.6.

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3

Amuzu, Delali. "The Elite, Elitism, and Ensuing Conversations in Ghana’s Higher Education: Myth or Reality?" Journal of Black Studies 50, no. 8 (November 2019): 787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934719885630.

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Contemporary higher education in Ghana and many parts of Africa has European colonial antecedents. In spite of the many goals that it aspired to achieve, a preoccupation was to nurture an elite group. Though widely used, the concept of elite and elitism is vague and hardly conceptualized. It hoovers from status—occupants of the apex or top echelons of an organization/society, to consumption—people with immense wealth. Influence, on the other hand, seems to be a common denominator in both cases. But, does this capture the scope of the phenomenon? This article engages people who have worked in different capacities in Ghana’s higher education space to examine the deeper meanings that could be embedded in elitism, elicits conceptualizations of elitism, and further finds out how elitist higher education is in Ghana. Ultimately, the article intends to initiate a conversation on whether indeed there are elites being produced from the university system. This study was done with reference to an empirical study on decolonizing higher education in Ghana.

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4

Plowman, Paul D. "Elitism." Gifted Child Today Magazine 11, no. 3 (May 1988): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621758801100328.

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5

Plante, Courtney N., Stephen Reysen, Daniel Chadborn, Sharon E. Roberts, and Kathleen C. Gerbasi. "‘Get out of my fandom, newbie’: A cross-fandom study of elitism and gatekeeping in fans." Journal of Fandom Studies 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jfs_00013_1.

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In the present article we discuss three studies aimed at better understanding elitism in the context of fan groups. The studies assess different facets of elitism, predictors of elitism and the potential outcomes associated with holding elitist beliefs. The survey studies were conducted on members of three distinct fan groups: furries (fans of media featuring anthropomorphized animal characters), bronies (adult fans of the television series My Little Pony) and anime fans (fans of Japanese animation). Elitism was found to include both self-inflation and other-derogation and is predicted by two components of fan identity (fanship and fandom). Elitism was also significantly associated with pro-gatekeeping attitudes and behaviours. Practical and theoretical implications for fan culture are discussed. We also discuss the limitations of the studies and their ability to contribute to a discussion about creating inclusive fan spaces.

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6

Rowthorn, David. "Nietzsche’s cultural elitism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 47, no. 1 (2017): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2016.1233381.

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AbstractElitist readers, such as John Rawls, see Nietzsche as concerned only with the flourishing of a few great contributors to culture; egalitarian readers, such as Stanley Cavell, see Nietzschean culture as a universal affair involving every individual’s self-cultivation. This paper offers a compromise, reading Nietzsche as a ‘cultural elitist’ for whom culture demands that a few great individuals be supported in a voluntary, rather than state-mandated way. Rawls, it claims, is therefore misguided in worrying that Nietzsche’s elitism is a threat to justice. The paper focuses on Nietzsche’s Schopenhauer as Educator, the key text in the elitist-egalitarian debate.

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7

Bealey, Frank. "Democratic Elitism and the Autonomy of Elites." International Political Science Review 17, no. 3 (July 1996): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251296017003009.

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8

Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi. "The Icelandic power structure revisited." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 14, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2018.14.1.1.

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Political scientists have developed three main interpretations of the Icelandic power structure – namely, traditional elitism, competitive elitism and professional pluralism. These can be seen to some extent as successive regimes, with traditional elitism prevalent in the nineteenth century, competitive elitism for much of the twentieth century and professional pluralism in more recent decades. However, their relative strength at different times, and the extent to which they still predominate, remains uncertain. This article evaluates how the different models reflect on the position of the political elite over time and how helpful they are in understanding contemporary power structures. Data on the composition of the political elite on one hand, and eight contemporary elite groups on the other are analysed in order to evaluate elite openness, elite selection and network patterns. The results provide support for conventional interpretations, in that competitive elitism replaced traditional elitism in important respects during the twentieth century, but has itself been replaced in many respects by professional pluralism. Accordingly, professional pluralism is characteristic of the contemporary power structure, with relatively open access to elite groups, strong influence of meritocratic and professional criteria and network patterns which are concentrated within, rather than across, spheres of influence. Remnants of traditional elite privilege and competitive elitism, where political parties play a central role, can be found in a number of areas, and professional pluralism has important elitist features.

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9

Dang, Duc-Cuong, Anton Eremeev, and Per Kristian Lehre. "Escaping Local Optima with Non-Elitist Evolutionary Algorithms." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 14 (May 18, 2021): 12275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i14.17457.

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Most discrete evolutionary algorithms (EAs) implement elitism, meaning that they make the biologically implausible assumption that the fittest individuals never die. While elitism favours exploitation and ensures that the best seen solutions are not lost, it has been widely conjectured that non-elitism is necessary to explore promising fitness valleys without getting stuck in local optima. Determining when non-elitist EAs outperform elitist EAs has been one of the most fundamental open problems in evolutionary computation. A recent analysis of a non-elitist EA shows that this algorithm does not outperform its elitist counterparts on the benchmark problem JUMP. We solve this open problem through rigorous runtime analysis of elitist and non-elitist population-based EAs on a class of multi-modal problems. We show that with 3-tournament selection and appropriate mutation rates, the non-elitist EA optimises the multi-modal problem in expected polynomial time, while an elitist EA requires exponential time with overwhelmingly high probability. A key insight in our analysis is the non-linear selection profile of the tournament selection mechanism which, with appropriate mutation rates, allows a small sub-population to reside on the local optimum while the rest of the population explores the fitness valley. In contrast, we show that the comma-selection mechanism which does not have this non-linear profile, fails to optimise this problem in polynomial time. The theoretical analysis is complemented with an empirical investigation on instances of the set cover problem, showing that non-elitist EAs can perform better than the elitist ones. We also provide examples where usage of mutation rates close to the error thresholds is beneficial when employing non-elitist population-based EAs.

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10

Guay, Robert. "Transcendental Elitism." International Studies in Philosophy 39, no. 3 (2007): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil200739320.

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11

Millard, Richard M. "Misplaced Elitism." Design For Arts in Education 87, no. 5 (June 1986): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07320973.1986.9937380.

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12

Ma, John. "Elites, Elitism, and Community in the Archaic Polis." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 71, no. 03 (September 2016): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568218000079.

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This article explores the famously diverse and expressive political cultures of the “Archaic” Greek communities (650 – 450 BCE) in the light of recent work on public goods and publicness, to which the present essay partly responds. This contribution may also be considered as a fragment of the long history of the Greekpolis. The distinction between “elitist” or “aristocratic” styles and “middling” or “popular” styles, upon closer examination, turns out to be a set of political play-acting gestures, predicated on different political institutions and notably on access to public goods. The “middling” styles paradoxically reflect restricted political access, while “aristocratic” competition in fact responds to the stress and uncertainties of broad enfranchisement. The whole nexus of issues and gestures surrounding distinction is hence not socially autonomous, but immediately linked to political requirements and institutional pressures. This article thus argues not just for the centrality of public goods topolisformation in early Greece, but also for the centrality of formal access and entitlements to the “public thing”—in other words, for the centrality of the state and its potential development. Putting the “state” back in the early history of the Greek city-state: the exercise has its own risks (notably that of teleology), but it attempts to avoid problems arising in recent histories of thepolis, where the state is downplayed or indeed dismissed altogether, and thepolisitself reduced to a pure phenomenon of elite capture or elite constitution.

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13

CARPINSCHI, Anton. "The Elitism. Theoretical and Ideological Contribution to the Study of Political Elites." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Political Sciences and European Studies III, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenpses.2015.0301.07.

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14

Körösényi, András. "Beyond the Happy Consensus about Democratic Elitism." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 3 (2009): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x447576.

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AbstractA growing number of studies assign elites and leaders a larger role than democratic elitism assumes. Democratic elitism is not a coherent theory because it papers over three quite distinct models of political representation and democratic control: Robert Dahl's mandate model; the accountability model associated chiefly with John Plamenatz; and the authorization model set forth by Adam Przeworski and colleagues. This last model, wherein elites and leaders conceptualize and present voters' choices, best captures elite-voter relations in today's democracies. This authorization model is decidedly pessimistic about controlling elites and leaders in a democracy, but it is nonetheless compatible with a skeptical reading of Schumpeter.

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15

Paulsson, Jan. "Ethics, Elitism, Eligibility." Journal of International Arbitration 14, Issue 4 (December 1, 1997): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1997029.

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16

Dore, Ronald. "Elitism and Democracy." Tocqueville Review 14, no. 2 (January 1993): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.14.2.65.

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The East is having an impact on the West. No sooner has the great ideological divide between capitalism and socialism evaporated with the collapse of the controlled economics of Easter Europe, than a new debate arises about the conflict between different kinds of capitalism. In the World Bank and the IMF, Japanese delegates protest at the way in which developing countries and the ex-communist countries are being required to conform to American notions of capitalist efficiency -- as described and prescribed by neo-classical economists, a tribe within which Americans predominate1.

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17

Murav, Harriet. "Isolation and Elitism." Jewish Quarterly 61, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2014): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0449010x.2014.978604.

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18

Gannon, Frank. "Elitism and egalitarianism." EMBO reports 5, no. 4 (April 2004): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400138.

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19

Brunori, David. "Against Academic Elitism." Political Science and Politics 36, no. 02 (April 2003): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096503001951.

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20

Mukharji, Projit Bihari. "Embracing academic elitism." South Asian History and Culture 8, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2017.1350401.

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21

Brown, Benjamin. "“The People Do Not Understand”: R. Ḥayim Hirschensohn and Political Elitism in Modern Judaism (The Vilna Gaon, Rabbi N.Ts.Y. Berlin, I. B. Levinsohn, and Herzl)." Harvard Theological Review 115, no. 3 (July 2022): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816022000268.

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AbstractRabbi Ḥayim (Chaim) Hirschensohn (1857–1935) was one of only a handful of Jewish thinkers to work out a Jewish political theology, and on account of his progressive stances he became a favorite of liberal circles within contemporary Judaism. Therefore, a passage in his book Malki Bakodesh, in which he expresses clear opposition to universal suffrage, “invited” mitigating interpretations. Yet, a survey of Hirschensohn’s various writings reveals that they contain a trend of political elitism. Is this surprising? Hirschensohn’s progressiveness notwithstanding, the article argues that his elitist sentiments are rooted in three major intellectual trends within modern Judaism: Mitnagdism, Haskalah, and Zionism. In the writings of seminal thinkers in each of these movements, we find political elitism and reservations about government “by the people.” Hirschensohn’s personal history positioned him at the confluence of these trends, and so his elitist opinions should be viewed as the outgrowth of these intellectual traditions.

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22

Engelstad, Fredrik. "Democratic Elitism – Conflict and Consensus." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 3 (2009): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x447585.

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AbstractClassical elite theory stressed tensions between elites and democracy, whereas modern studies of elites take democracy as a point of departure – to a large extent under the heading of democratic elitism. This article discusses two strands of elite studies in a democracy perspective, one stressing elite conflict, the other focusing on elite consensus. As points of departure for empirical analysis both strands are valuable, but when linked to democratic theory they are insufficient. It is necessary to view elites in light of constitutional features that regulate their relationship with the state. Moreover, the public sphere must be taken into account as a constitutive element of democracy and as an arena for communication between elite groups and between them and citizenries.

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23

Gürpinar, Doğan. "The Reinvention of Kemalism: Between Elitism, Anti-Elitism and Anti-Intellectualism." Middle Eastern Studies 49, no. 3 (May 2013): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2013.783822.

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24

Tyler, Colin. "Review article: Elitism and Anti-elitism in Nineteenth Century Democratic Thought." History of European Ideas 32, no. 3 (September 2006): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2006.04.002.

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25

Parmar, Inderjeet. "Elites and American power in an era of anti-elitism." International Politics 54, no. 3 (May 2017): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0036-x.

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26

Howley, Aimee. "Gifted Education and the Spectre of Elitism." Journal of Education 168, no. 1 (January 1986): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205748616800108.

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This paper explains current practices in gifted education as they relate to the schools' role in legitimating existing patterns of social stratification. It discusses the way in which the anti-intellectual climate of public schools fosters the provision of noncognitive instruction to the most cognitively apt students. In particular, the paper presents arguments to support the thesis that schools provide noncognitive instruction to gifted students in order to thwart their development as intellectuals. This phenomenon is especially germane considering the historical antagonism between intellectuals and the ruling class. Finally, the paper evaluates the extent to which gifted education programs are elitist. It suggests that noncognitive programs for the gifted are necessarily elitist whereas challenging cognitive programs for such students may in fact threaten the elitism of the ruling class.

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27

DEMİR, Fatih. ""BUREAUCRATIC ELITISM" AS A MANAGERIAL PHENOMENON AND ELITIST TENDENCIES AMONG PUBLIC OFFICIALS." Journal of Academic Social Science Studies Volume 5 Issue 2, no. 5 (2012): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/jasss_48.

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28

Mebane, Bob. "A Degree of Elitism." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 7 (July 2000): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3521741.

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29

Hobbs, Jack A. "Is Beneficial Elitism Beneficial?" Studies in Art Education 29, no. 3 (1988): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1320809.

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30

Bate, Roger. "The Environment: Environmental elitism." Economic Affairs 18, no. 2 (June 1998): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00097.

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31

Gupta, Amit Kumar. "Elitism, Factionalism and Separatism." History and Sociology of South Asia 4, no. 2 (July 2010): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223080751000400202.

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32

Hellemans, Alexander. "France'sgrandes écolesaccused of elitism." Physics World 23, no. 02 (February 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/23/02/19.

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33

Svensson, Frans. "Virtue Ethics and Elitism." Philosophical Papers 37, no. 1 (March 2008): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568640809485216.

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34

Levitt, Morton. "The Offense of Elitism." Journal of Modern Literature 24, no. 3 (2001): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jml.2001.0008.

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35

Mebane, Bob. "A DEGREE OF ELITISM." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 7 (July 2000): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200007000-00006.

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36

Shusterman, Ronald. "In Defense of Elitism." Philosophy and Literature 18, no. 2 (1994): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.1994.0007.

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37

Curtin, Phyllis. "Elitism in Arts Education." Design For Arts in Education 87, no. 5 (June 1986): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07320973.1986.9937381.

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38

Smith, Ralph A. "The Question of Elitism." Design For Arts in Education 87, no. 5 (June 1986): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07320973.1986.9937382.

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39

Bazen, Stephen, and Patrick Moyes. "Elitism and stochastic dominance." Social Choice and Welfare 39, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 207–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-011-0551-4.

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40

Mijs, Jonathan J. B., and Mike Savage. "Meritocracy, Elitism and Inequality." Political Quarterly 91, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12828.

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41

Macilwain, C. "Excellence, Ja, Elitism, Non." Science 338, no. 6107 (November 1, 2012): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.338.6107.596.

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42

Skaggs and Hausman. "Toward a New Elitism." Journal of Aesthetic Education 46, no. 3 (2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jaesteduc.46.3.0083.

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43

Bhat, S. P. "India's Science: Elitism Prevails." Science 336, no. 6079 (April 19, 2012): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.336.6079.295-b.

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44

Maciejewski, Marek. "Zarys historii idei elitaryzmu. Od Platona do Czesława Znamierowskiego." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 65, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 17–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2013.65.2.01.

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The subject of this paper is political elitism (or the existence of political elites) and the shaping of that concept from the ancient times to the 20th century, on the example of the views of its main creators from Plato, through Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, Georges Sorel, or Max Weber to Czesław Znamierowski. Particular focus has been put on the ideas developed at the turn of the 19th century, including those of Robert Michels, Gaetano Mosca and Vilfredo Pareto, which the author considers to be the fullest and most original. All those ideas have been based on the presumption that the existence of elites is an obvious and indispensible fact since people are different and the natural inequality among them must be maintained to comply with intellectual, moral, or religious premises. Although, practically, all concepts of elitism have been critical of the Marxist theory or any other form of socialist ideology, most theorists hold an opinion that political elites should not isolate themselves in a closed circle, but allow at least some representatives of the other parts of society to join in. Only such ‘circulation’, they claim, can ensure durability of the elites and their survival. Some more recent concepts of political elites go further and propose that interests and aspirations of social masses be taken into account as broadly as possible. This view is a consequence of a conviction that elitism understood as a manner in which political structures function has disappeared and we are currently dealing with an objective process where different types of elites are emerging to create ‘lesser elites’, which – as the process of democratisation of public life continues – results in a gradual departure from the idea of government composed of excellent minds and personalities.

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45

Borchert, Jens. ""They Ain't Making Elites Like They Used To": The Never Ending Trouble with Democratic Elitism." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 3 (2009): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x447567.

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AbstractThis article identifies three central tenets of democratic elitism as developed by various authors. It then traces the fate of these ideas within democratic theory. Surprisingly, I find almost universal, if unacknowledged, acceptance of democratic elitism's principles in contemporary theories of democracy. In the public, however, there is still a strong yearning for a democracy that is closer to the ideal and more open to public participation. This is reflected in public criticisms of "detached" professional politicians. I argue that a conceptual solution to the tension between the state of democratic theory and the public's expectations may ironically be provided by one strand within the theory of democratic elitism, namely Robert Dahl's theory of polyarchy.

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46

Lecce, Steven. "Should Egalitarians be Perfectionists?" Politics 25, no. 3 (September 2005): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2005.00237.x.

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Political philosophers often worry about the potentially elitist implications of perfectionism as the basis of distributive justice. Richard Arneson challenges this familiar connection between perfectionism and elitism by developing an egalitarian theory of distributive justice with distinctively perfectionist grounds. In this article, I argue that Arneson's theory is implausible, because an egalitarian political morality renders perfectionism either irrelevant or arbitrary.

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47

Long, Qiang, Changzhi Wu, Xiangyu Wang, Lin Jiang, and Jueyou Li. "A Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Based on a Discrete Selection Procedure." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/349781.

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Multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is a direct search method for multiobjective optimization problems. It is based on the process of the genetic algorithm; the population-based property of the genetic algorithm is well applied in MOGAs. Comparing with the traditional multiobjective algorithm whose aim is to find a single Pareto solution, the MOGA intends to identify numbers of Pareto solutions. During the process of solving multiobjective optimization problems using genetic algorithm, one needs to consider the elitism and diversity of solutions. But, normally, there are some trade-offs between the elitism and diversity. For some multiobjective problems, elitism and diversity are conflicting with each other. Therefore, solutions obtained by applying MOGAs have to be balanced with respect to elitism and diversity. In this paper, we propose metrics to numerically measure the elitism and diversity of solutions, and the optimum order method is applied to identify these solutions with better elitism and diversity metrics. We test the proposed method by some well-known benchmarks and compare its numerical performance with other MOGAs; the result shows that the proposed method is efficient and robust.

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48

Best, Heinrich. "Associated Rivals: Antagonism and Cooperation in the German Political Elite." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 3 (2009): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x447602.

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AbstractThis article explores the failures and achievements of democratic elitism in Germany. I first outline the conditions in which concepts of leader democracy and democratic elitism were set forth by Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter during the first half of the twentieth century. I then argue that democratic elitism can usefully be reformulated in terms of principal-agent theory and William Sumner's theory of antagonistic cooperation. I present empirical findings from a study of elite conflict and consensus in re-unified Germany that are consistent with these theories, and I suggest that democratic elitism should incorporate both.

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49

Wineberg, Mark, and Samuel Opawale. "Increasing Population (μ + λ)-CMA-ES with Centre and Elitism (IPOP!+)." MENDEL 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2018.1.001.

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Elitism has previously been introduced to the CMA-ES family of algorithms, where the “’,’ selection operator is replaced by the “+” selection operator. Here we investigate in detailed the addition of elitism to IPOP. Furthermore, a new selection operator was added: the “!” operator (pronounced “bang” or “here”). This operator includes the results of ES recombination into the population for selection, unmodified by mutation, and evaluated separately. From the analysis, we noticed a remarkable improvement in the behavior of IPOP with or without elitism. Only one function (Levy) proved difficult when elitism was used. Under close examination, it was determined that for this function, the population under elitism converges prematurely, and stalled out. Currently we do not know what is the cause of this difference. Perhaps in the future this effect could be avoided or detected and remedial measures applied.

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50

Choudhary, Sunil K., and Partha Chatterjee. "The 'Elitism' of Nationalist Discourse." Social Scientist 16, no. 3 (March 1988): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3520198.

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