Journal articles on the topic 'Elite team sport'
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McDougall, Michael, Mark Nesti, and David Richardson. "The Challenges of Sport Psychology Delivery in Elite and Professional Sport: Reflections From Experienced Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0081.
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The challenges encountered by sport psychologists operating within elite and professional sports teams have arguably been inadequately considered (Nesti, 2010). It has been suggested that this may be due to the inaccessibility of elite team environments (Eubank, Nesti, & Cruickshank, 2014; Nesti, 2010). The purpose of this research was to examine the challenges facing practitioners who operate in elite environments and to illuminate how these were experienced. Qualitative interviews with six experienced applied sport psychologists were conducted and a narrative themed analysis undertaken. Four main themes emerged as most prevalent and meaningful: challenges to congruence, a broader role: managing multiple relationships, the influence of elite sport cultures, and surviving and thriving were presented in narrative form. Practitioners provided experiential insight into how specific challenges were understood and dealt with, and how they are able to provide an effective service while managing themselves and the demands of the environment.
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Reid, Corinne, Evan Stewart, and Greg Thorne. "Multidisciplinary Sport Science Teams in Elite Sport: Comprehensive Servicing or Conflict and Confusion?" Sport Psychologist 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.2.204.
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Elite sport is following in the footsteps of other human service industries with the flurried development of multidisciplinary support teams. It is increasingly common for elite level teams to have several assistant coaches, team doctors (and medical specialist network), physiotherapists, physiologists, rehabilitation trainers, psychologists, and even more recently ACE (Athlete Career and Education) officers. While the potential for comprehensive athlete servicing is obvious, the potential for working at cross-purposes has also become apparent. This paper will reflect on the authors’ experiences of developing multidisciplinary sport science teams at the elite sporting level. Systems Theory is used as a framework for considering some of the pitfalls and challenges that confront “off-field teams” in facilitating excellence in sporting performance.
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Fletcher, David, and Sheldon Hanton. "Sources of Organizational Stress in Elite Sports Performers." Sport Psychologist 17, no. 2 (June 2003): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.2.175.
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This study extends recent research investigating organizational stress in elite sport. Fourteen international performers (7 men and 7 women) from a wide range of sports were interviewed with regard to potential sources of organizational stress. Consistent with Woodman and Hardy’s (2001a) theoretical framework of organizational stress in sport, four main categories were examined: environmental issues, personal issues, leadership issues, and team issues. The main environmental issues that emerged were selection, finances, training environment, accommodation, travel, and competition environment. The main personal issues were nutrition, injury, and goals and expectations. The main leadership issues were coaches and coaching styles. The main team issues were team atmosphere, support network, roles, and communication. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and in terms of their implications for sport organizations and personnel working with elite performers.
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Snape, Jeremy, and David Lavallee. "Elite leadership in sport: A tale of two captains." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 4, no. 1 (February 2008): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2008.4.1.39.
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This study investigated the leadership experiences of two elite sports captains. Leadership research has become prominent across several contexts especially sport, where traditionally the role of coaches as leaders has prevailed. Two captains were purposively sampled in this study for their captaincy experience of senior international sports teams. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive methods where the following key themes emerged: creating a team environment, personal attributes, communication, the leader’s own game and their particular era/style. Both captains provided experiences which supported key sports leadership research and contributed to the wider leadership context. Future studies are called for to further quantify and isolate the key leadership attributes.
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Burgess, Darren J. "The Research Doesn’t Always Apply: Practical Solutions to Evidence-Based Training-Load Monitoring in Elite Team Sports." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, s2 (April 2017): S2–136—S2–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0608.
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Research describing load-monitoring techniques for team sport is plentiful. Much of this research is conducted retrospectively and typically involves recreational or semielite teams. Load-monitoring research conducted on professional team sports is largely observational. Challenges exist for the practitioner in implementing peer-reviewed research into the applied setting. These challenges include match scheduling, player adherence, manager/coach buy-in, sport traditions, and staff availability. External-load monitoring often attracts questions surrounding technology reliability and validity, while internal-load monitoring makes some assumptions about player adherence, as well as having some uncertainty around the impact these measures have on player performance This commentary outlines examples of load-monitoring research, discusses the issues associated with the application of this research in an elite team-sport setting, and suggests practical adjustments to the existing research where necessary.
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Felipe, Jose Luis, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo, and Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. "Tracking Systems Used to Monitor the Performance and Activity Profile in Elite Team Sports." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 8251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248251.
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Ahonen, Aila. "Entrepreneurial growth in elite team sport SME’s in Finland." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 8, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2019-102.
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Purpose Entrepreneurship in the sport sector has become an important discussion topic amongst public policymakers in Finland, and the interface between entrepreneurial sport companies and the public sector is crucial in the development of sport entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the entrepreneurial growth of two elite team sport companies in Finland by describing the entrepreneurial characteristics and organizational development affecting their growth. This paper aims at giving new insights into the discussion of growth entrepreneurship in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME’s) in the team sport context. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study approach was chosen to best describe the phenomenon of entrepreneurial growth in top sport team SME’s. Findings The results indicate that the entrepreneurial growth in these two cases comes from entrepreneurial opportunities, growth orientation and growth ability. Industry-specific issues, organizational characteristics, a favorable operating environment, entrepreneurially oriented owner-entrepreneurs and the policymakers’ capability of supporting the growth have affected the success of these team sport enterprises. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to the Finnish sport context and these studied cases. Practical implications This paper explains the entrepreneurial growth of two successful Finnish team sport enterprises and offers interesting insights for sport management and similar entrepreneurial sport enterprises in the industry. Originality/value This paper contributes to the discussion of sport entrepreneurship, and, especially, offers further understanding of growth entrepreneurship in SME.
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Smith, Andy, David Haycock, and Nicola Hulme. "The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 3 (August 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3105.
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This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds are to be found within the structure of the wider society, rather than in elite sport, which is perhaps usefully conceptualized as ‘epiphenomenal, a secondary set of social practices dependent on and reflecting more fundamental structures, values and processes’ ( Coalter 2013 : 18) beyond the levers of sports policy. It is concluded that class, together with other sources of social division, still matters and looking to the process of schooling and education, whilst largely ignoring the significance of wider inequalities, is likely to have a particularly limited impact on the stubborn persistence of inequalities in participation at all levels of sport, but particularly in elite sport.
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Suppiah, Haresh T., Richard Swinbourne, Jericho Wee, Vanes Tay, and Paul Gastin. "Sleep Characteristics of Elite Youth Athletes: A Clustering Approach to Optimize Sleep Support Strategies." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0675.
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Purpose: Elite athletes experience chronic sleep insufficiency due to training and competition schedules. However, there is little research on sleep and caffeine use of elite youth athletes and a need for a more nuanced understanding of their sleep difficulties. This study aimed to (1) examine the differences in sleep characteristics of elite youth athletes by individual and team sports, (2) study the associations between behavioral risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea and caffeine use with sleep quality, and (3) characterize the latent sleep profiles of elite youth athletes to optimize the sleep support strategy. Methods: A group (N = 135) of elite national youth athletes completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and questions pertaining to obstructive sleep apnea, napping behavior, and caffeine use. K-means clustering was used to characterize unique sleep characteristic subgroups based on PSQI components. Results: Athletes reported 7.0 (SD = 1.2) hours of sleep. Out of the total group, 45.2% of the athletes had poor quality sleep (PSQI global >5), with team-sport athletes reporting significantly poorer sleep quality than individual-sport athletes. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that sport type significantly correlated with poor sleep quality. The K-means clustering algorithm classified athletes’ underlying sleep characteristics into 4 clusters to efficiently identify athletes with similar underlying sleep issues to enhance interventional strategies.Conclusion: These findings suggest that elite youth team-sport athletes are more susceptible to poorer sleep quality than individual-sport athletes. Clustering methods can help practitioners characterize sleep-related problems and develop efficient athlete support strategies.
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Medina, Daniel, Eduard Pons, Antonio Gomez, Marc Guitart, Andres Martin, Jairo Vazquez-Guerrero, Ismael Camenforte, Berta Carles, and Roger Font. "Are There Potential Safety Problems Concerning the Use of Electronic Performance-Tracking Systems? The Experience of a Multisport Elite Club." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 8 (September 2017): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0368.
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Despite approval of the use of electronic performance-tracking systems (EPTSs) during competition by the International Football Association Board, other team-sport organizations and leagues have banned their use due to “safety concerns,” with no evidence to support this assertion. The aim of the current brief report was to provide empirical evidence to support the widespread use of EPTSs across all sports by examining safety issues concerning their use in a multi-team-sport club. Five outdoor football teams (1st team, 2nd team, under 19 [U-19], under 18 [U-18], and 1st team female) and 3 indoor-sport (basketball, futsal, and handball) teams were monitored, accounting for a total of 63,734 h of training and 12,748 h of game time. A questionnaire was sent to all fitness coaches involved, and the clinical history was reviewed for every medical issue reported. Six minor chest contusions were recorded in female football goalkeepers wearing the frontal chest strap (3.17 episodes per 1000 training h). During training, 3 episodes of minor skin abrasion affecting the thoracic area due to wearing vests too tight were recorded in the U-19 football team (0.21 per 1000 h) and 2 episodes in U-18 (0.39 per 1000 h). It must be noted that none of these episodes resulted in lost days of training or games, and none required medical assistance. In conclusion, empirical evidence confirms that EPTSs are safe to use across team sports.
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BUDZISZ, ALEKSANDRA, and KRZYSZTOF SAS-NOWOSIELSKI. "Positive body image among Polish elite athletes." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity Supplement 1, no. 13 (September 30, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.2021.suppl.1.02.
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Background: This study aimed to analyze factors differentiating body appreciation among Polish elite athletes. Material and Methods: Participants were athletes, both men and women (N=408), who completed questionnaire BAS-2. Results: In general, men had a better perception of their body than women (p<0.01). Higher appreciation of the body was visible among women sprinters, opposite to volleyball players (p <0.03). Indirect competition for women was connected to higher body appreciation (p<0.05). Gender and individual/team sport also significantly differentiated appreciation of the body (p<0.02). Furthermore, training frequency in a week differentiated body appreciation (p<0.03), as well as characteristic of sports performance [indoor sports, and higher in water sports (p<0.02)]. Conclusions: Results suggest that not only the common category of the sport type – aesthetic, technical, strength – differentiates the body image. Equally important for differences in body appreciation is also gender, sport discipline, and background of sport training: frequency per week, the character of competition (direct-indirect), individual/non-individual competition, or characteristic of sports performance.
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Gould, Daniel, John Giannini, Vikki Krane, and Ken Hodge. "Educational Needs of Elite U.S. National Team, Pan American, and Olympic Coaches." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 9, no. 4 (July 1990): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.9.4.332.
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The present investigation was designed to develop a profile of the coaching education background and self-perceived coaching education needs of elite U.S. amateur sport coaches. In all, 130 national team, Pan American, and/or Olympic coaches representing more than 30 U.S. Olympic structure sports were surveyed. Results revealed that the coaches were extremely interested in coaching education workshops and seminars, initiating mentor coach programs for potential elite coaches, and participating in a variety of coaching science courses. Few consistent differences were found between the various categories of coaches (individual vs. team sport, open vs. closed sport, experienced vs. inexperienced, male vs. female, and physical education degree vs. non physical education degree) in terms of their coaching education background and needs. Implications for university based coaching education efforts are discussed.
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Williams, Craig A. "Elite Youth Sports." Pediatric Exercise Science 27, no. 1 (February 2015): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0029.
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Youth sport participation offers many benefits including the development of self-esteem, peer socialization, and general fitness. However, an emphasis on competitive success—often driven by goals of elite-level travel team selection, collegiate scholarships, Olympic and National team membership, and even professional contracts—has seemingly become widespread. This has resulted in increased pressure to begin high intensity training at young ages. Such an excessive focus on early intensive training and competition at young ages rather than skill development can lead to overuse injury and burnout.
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Thorpe, Robin T., Greg Atkinson, Barry Drust, and Warren Gregson. "Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, s2 (April 2017): S2–27—S2–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0434.
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The increase in competition demands in elite team sports over recent years has prompted much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of adaptation and fatigue in athletes. Monitoring fatigue and gaining an understanding of athlete status may also provide insights and beneficial information pertaining to player availability, injury, and illness risk. Traditional methods used to quantify recovery and fatigue in team sports, such as maximal physical-performance assessments, may not be feasible to detect variations in fatigue status throughout competitive periods. Faster, simpler, and nonexhaustive tests such as athlete self-report measures, autonomic nervous system response via heart-rate-derived indices, and to a lesser extent, jump protocols may serve as promising tools to quantify and establish fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes. The robust rationalization and precise detection of a meaningful fluctuation in these measures are of paramount importance for practitioners working alongside athletes and coaches on a daily basis. There are various methods for arriving at a minimal clinically important difference, but these have been rarely adopted by sport scientists and practitioners. The implementation of appropriate, reliable, and sensitive measures of fatigue can provide important information to key stakeholders in team-sport environments. Future research is required to investigate the sensitivity of these tools to fundamental indicators such as performance, injury, and illness.
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Orlowski, Johannes, Pamela Wicker, and Christoph Breuer. "Labor migration among elite sport coaches: An exploratory study." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 3 (June 2, 2016): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216649778.
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Coaches are critical to elite sport achievements because they represent the link between sport policies and athletes. Yet, labor migration of elite sport coaches challenges the competitiveness of the sport system of the sending country and brain drain is a concern for policy-makers. Previous research on labor migration in sport has focused on athletes in professional team sports. Based on the push–pull framework, this study seeks to explore the factors affecting labor migration of elite sport coaches in less commercialized sports. Semi-structured interviews with nine elite sport coaches employed in Germany were conducted. The following migration factors emerged from the analysis: job-related factors (salary, workload, financial planning security, pressure, politics within the sport federation, and recognition of the coaching job in society); social factors (family support, and children’s education); competitive factors (training environment, and sport equipment); and seeking new experiences (new culture/language, and challenging task). Networks were found to be critical to the reception of job offers. A combination of various push and pull factors from several levels (i.e., individual, household, organizational, and national level) is at work when examining potential coach migration. Policy- makers should consider these factors when they strive to create a more attractive working environment for coaches.
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Mota, Gustavo R., Izabela Aparecida dos Santos, Rhaí André Arriel, and Moacir Marocolo. "Is It High Time to Increase Elite Soccer Substitutions Permanently?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197008.
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Rules determine how team sport matches occur. Match-induced fatigue is specific to each sport, and may be associated with injury incidence. For example, the injury rate in soccer is distinctly higher during matches than in training sessions. Understanding the differences between team sports rules might be useful for enhancing rules (e.g., safer sport). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the rule-induced physical demands between soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball, focusing on substitution rules. Data from the elite team sports’ rules (e.g., absolute and relative court dimensions; the number of players, substitutions allowed, total game time, time-outs) were collected, including the changes due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in soccer substitutions, and comparisons were performed. The data showed that soccer has higher rule-induced physical demands: e.g., substantially lower substitution rate, higher dimensions in absolute (eight to fifteen times), and relative (four to eight times) values. Simulations also showed that soccer has extremely large differences, even considering COVID-19 substitution changes (from three to up to five). We conclude that elite soccer has remarkably higher overall rule-induced physical demands than elite futsal, basketball and handball, and increasing soccer substitutions permanently (e.g., unlimited) might mitigate overall soccer demands.
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Morgan, Paul B. C., David Fletcher, and Mustafa Sarkar. "Defining and characterizing team resilience in elite sport." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14, no. 4 (July 2013): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.01.004.
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Calleja-González, Julio, Stephen Bird, Thomas Huyghe, Igor Jukic, Francesco Cuzzolin, Francesc Cos, Diego Marqués-Jiménez, et al. "The Recovery Umbrella in the World of Elite Sport: Do Not Forget the Coaching and Performance Staff." Sports 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9120169.
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In the field of sports science, the recovery umbrella is a trending topic, and even more so in the world of elite sports. This is evidenced by the significant increase in scientific publications during the last 10 years as teams look to find a competitive edge. Recovery is recognized to be an integral component to assist athlete preparation in the restoration of physical and psychological function, and subsequently, performance in elite team sports athletes. However, the importance of recovery in team staff members (sports coaches and performance staff) in elite sports appears to be a forgotten element. Given the unrelenting intense nature of daily tasks and responsibilities of team staff members, the elite sports environment can predispose coaches to increased susceptibility to psycho-socio physiological fatigue burden, and negatively affect health, wellbeing, and performance. Therefore, the aim of this opinion was to (1) develop an educational recovery resource for team staff members, (2) identify organizational task-specific fatigue indicators and barriers to recovery and self-care in team staff members, and (3) present recovery implementation strategies to assist team staff members in meeting their organizational functions. It is essential that we do not forget the coaching and performance staff in the recovery process.
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Lima, Yavuz, Seçkin Şenışık, Nevzad Denerel, Onur Hurşitoğlu, Görkem A. Balcı, Gül Ü. Bolat, and Metin Ergün. "Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological states of youth and adult elite male athletes." Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine 57, no. 1 (December 11, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0597.
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Objective: Although the psychological states of athletes were negatively affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a lack of studies examining the psychological impact on athletes according to age, sports discipline, and contact requirement of the sport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on elite athletes according to age, sport discipline (team-individual), and contact requirements of the sports (contact and non-contact). Material and methods: Three questionnaires (Depression anxiety stress scale-21, Impact of events scale (IES), International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ)) were sent to participants’ smartphones, six weeks after professional football leagues were postponed. The online survey was completed by 440 athletes and 126 non-athlete volunteers. Athletes were divided into three groups as follows; team sports, individual contact, and individual non-contact-sports. Also, each group was subdivided into two age groups as youth and adult. Results: Depression, anxiety, and stress scores for the team sports were significantly lower than individual contact-sports (p<0.01 each) and individual non-contact-sports (p=0.02, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). IES score for the team sports was significantly lower than the individual contact sports, individual non-contact sports, and non-athlete volunteers (p<0.01, p=0.02, p=0.04, respectively). There was no other significant difference between the scale scores of the groups (athletes-control, or youth-adult) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mental health status of team sport athletes were relatively protected, whereas, individual contact sports athletes were highly affected. The psychological states of individual contact athletes should be monitored closely, and necessary psychosocial support should be provided to create coping strategies.
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Gábor, Géczi, Vincze Géza, Koltai Miklós, and Bognár József. "Elite Young Team Players' Coping, Motivation and Perceived Climate Measures." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0020-2.
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Elite Young Team Players' Coping, Motivation and Perceived Climate MeasuresThe purpose of this study was to compare and contrast coping skills, motivational profiles and perceived climate in elite young ice hockey, soccer, water polo and volleyball players. It was also our aim to examine how male and female athletes differ in the above mentioned psychometric measures. Men's soccer (n=23) and ice hockey (n=20), and also women's volleyball (n=15) and water polo (13) players ranged in age from 16 to 18 years (M age=17.17, SD=.85). Each team was a finalist in last year's national championship for their age group. The instruments used in this study included the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Cooperative learning does not tend to be high, as one would expect in elite team players. Ice hockey and soccer players usually had higher psychometric measures than water polo and volleyball players. Also, male athletes demonstrate better ACSI-28, PMCSQ-2, and SMS measures than their female counterparts in many of the variables. Amotivation seems to be the most important decisive factor both among team sports and male and female participants. Also, our results prove that there are major differences between young elite male and female team players, so coaches' work in most aspects of their work should be gender-specific. Coaches of youth teams have to understand the motivational factors and coping strategies their athletes demonstrate in order to optimally organize and plan the teaching-learning process in their exercises, especially focus on cooperative task-solving exercises.
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Cathcart, Stuart, Matt McGregor, and Emma Groundwater. "Mindfulness and Flow in Elite Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 8, no. 2 (June 2014): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0018.
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Mindfulness has been found to be related to improved athletic performance and propensity to achieve flow states. The relationship between mindfulness and flow has only recently been examined in elite athletes. To build on this literature, we administered the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Dispositional Flow Scale to 92 elite athletes. Psychometric analyses supported the validity of the FFMQ. Males scored higher than females on the FFMQ facet of Nonjudging of Inner Experience. Athletes from individual and pacing sports scored higher on the FFMQ facet of Observing than athletes from team-based and nonpacing sports. Correlations between mindfulness and flow were stronger in athletes from individual and pacing sports compared with team-based and nonpacing sports. Mindfulness correlated with different facets of flow in males compared with females. The results support the use of the five-facet mindfulness construct in elite athletes and suggest the relationship between mindfulness and flow possibly may vary by gender and sport type in this population.
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Spink, Kevin S. "Cohesion and Intention to Participate of Female Sport Team Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 17, no. 4 (December 1995): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.4.416.
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This study examined whether perceptions of team cohesiveness could be used to predict intention to participate during a following season. In Study 1, female participants in recreational ringette teams completed the Group Environment Questionnaire after completing the season. Intention to return for the next season also was assessed via questionnaire. Discriminant function analysis revealed that those intending to return for the next season held significantly greater perceptions of social cohesion. In Study 2, a replication of Study 1 using elite ringette team members, perceptions of social cohesion once again proved to be reliable predictors of intention to participate next season. Elite female athletes who indicated that they would return for another season were most likely to perceive the social cohesiveness with their team as high. Both studies support the conclusion that perceptions of social cohesiveness are positively related to the intention to continue to participate.
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Naboychenko, Evgeniya S., Marina V. Noskova, and Victor N. Shershnev. "Mental stability of elite athletes in individual and team sports as a key to successful sports activities." Perspectives of Science and Education 60, no. 6 (January 1, 2022): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2022.6.26.
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Introduction. Modern sport is associated with high intensity during training and competitive activities, competition is intensified on the playing field and the social importance of sport is growing. Sports activity is characterized not merely by high physical strain, but also mental stress, mental instability, which affects the performance of the athlete, his psychological health in general, so mental stability plays a central role in sport. The purpose of the study is to identify the levels and differences of mental stability parameters in athletes in individual sport and athletes in team sport. Materials and Methods. The study involved 1545 elite athletes aged 14-17. Of these, 482 athletes are engaged in team sports and 1063 people are engaged in individual sports. As psychodiagnostic methods, the athletes were offered: a questionnaire for assessing neuropsychic stability “Prognoz-2” by V.Yu. Rybnikov and a questionnaire for assessing mental activity, interest, emotional tone, tension, comfort by L.A. Kurgansky and T.A. Nemchin. Statistical analysis was carried out using the H-Kruskal-Wallace test. Results. According to the results of the study, athletes involved in both individual sports and team sports have good mental stability. Reliably significant differences were found in the parameter “emotional tone” (p=0.007) and “tension” (p=0.0308). Indicators of the severity of mental activation, interest and comfort are within the normative values. Conclusion. Mental stability is understood by the authors as an innate dynamic property of a person, the ability of an athlete to resist stressful factors through their self-regulation, while maintaining performance, reliability in sports activities and health in general. Mental stability develops and changes throughout life.
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Henriksen, Kristoffer, Greg Diment, and Jakob Hansen. "Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark." Sport Science Review 20, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2011): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0043-6.
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Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark The field of applied psychology has developed rapidly in Europe in the past four decades. In Denmark, the sports psychology profession has been characterized by a diversity of approaches with little overarching consensus on the professional philosophy and interventions strategies among consultants in the field. In 2008, Team Denmark established a sport psychology team with the aim to enhance the quality and consistency of applied sport psychology services. The team began their work by creating a professional philosophy. This paper describes the rationale, content, and implications of this philosophy, including: (a) basic beliefs and values; (b) theories of intervention and behaviour change; (c) objectives of the sport psychology intervention, (d) the content and focus of the interventions, and (e) sport psychological services and methods. High quality service requires coherence across all five levels of the philosophy. Implications of introducing the professional philosophy include a more unified service delivery across Denmark and the fact that sport psychology services are demanded more than ever in Danish elite sport.
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Sherlin, Leslie, Michael Gervais, Chris Talley, and Andy Walshe. "Comprehensive Sport Performance Program." Biofeedback 39, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-39.3.12.
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Physical and mental providers' interests in working with elite performers that have been traditionally dominated by clinical presentations are increasing. This leads many practitioners to wonder how the approach to the elite performer may differ from any other client. The Athlete High Performance team assembled by Red Bull North America demonstrates a model that has a comprehensive and integrative methodology to assess and work toward a goal of allowing an athlete to perform optimally. This brief article provides an introduction to the model.
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Di Corrado, Donatella, Maria Guarnera, Francesca Vitali, Alessandro Quartiroli, and Marinella Coco. "Imagery ability of elite level athletes from individual vs. team and contact vs. no-contact sports." PeerJ 7 (May 22, 2019): e6940. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6940.
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Background In the sport context, imagery has been described as the condition in which persons imagine themselves while executing skills to deal with the upcoming task or enhance performance. Systematic reviews have shown that mental imagery improves performance in motor tasks Methods The aim of the present study was to explore whether imagery vividness (i.e., the clarity or realism of the imagery experience) and controllability (i.e., the ease and accuracy with which an image can be manipulated mentally) differ by sport types (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact). Participants were athletes from team contact and non-contact sports (rugby and volleyball, respectively), and individual contact and non-contact sports (karate and tennis, respectively) between the ages of 20 and 33 years (M = 24.37, SD = 2.85). The participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2, and the Mental Image Transformation Tasks. Results A 2 ×2 × 2 (gender × 2 contact-no-contact × 2 sport type) between groups MANOVA showed differences in imagery ability by sport type. Practical indications deriving from the findings of this study can help coaches and athletes to develop mental preparation programs using sport-specific imagery.
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Scanlan, Tara K., David G. Russell, Larry A. Scanlan, Tatiana J. Klunchoo, and Graig M. Chow. "Project on Elite Athlete Commitment (PEAK): IV. Identification of New Candidate Commitment Sources in the Sport Commitment Model." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 5 (October 2013): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.525.
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Following a thorough review of the current updated Sport Commitment Model, new candidate commitment sources for possible future inclusion in the model are presented. They were derived from data obtained using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method. Three elite New Zealand teams participated: amateur All Black rugby players, amateur Silver Fern netball players, and professional All Black rugby players. An inductive content analysis of these players’ open-ended descriptions of their sources of commitment identified four unique new candidate commitment sources: Desire to Excel, Team Tradition, Elite Team Membership, and Worthy of Team Membership. A detailed definition of each candidate source is included along with example quotes from participants. Using a mixed-methods approach, these candidate sources provide a basis for future investigations to test their viability and generalizability for possible expansion of the Sport Commitment Model.
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Valtueña, Jara, Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza, Daniel Medina, Antonia Lizarraga, Gil Rodas, Marcela González-Gross, and Franchek Drobnic. "Vitamin D Status in Spanish Elite Team Sport Players." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041311.
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Low vitamin D is usual; however, data are limited for elite team players. The aim was to investigate the vitamin D levels in Football Club Barcelona (FCB) first division players of six sport modalities. Ninety-five elite male players (27.3 ± 4.6 y) belonging to FCB provided data for vitamin D throughout a season. In this study, 25(OH)D was measured in serum by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Outdoor/indoor training and supplementation were also considered. Total mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 91.9 ± 23.1 nmol/L in all players, with higher mean levels among supplemented players (94.7 ± 24.3 nmol/L). Around 25% of the team players were below optimal levels (<75 nmol/L), but none were below 50 nmol/L. Caucasian, supplemented football and handball players had the highest mean vitamin D concentrations over the whole year, whereas basketball players (indoor training) had the lowest ones. The highest rate of vitamin D insufficiency was found in spring (40%). A positive significant effect was observed for the interaction between indoor/outdoor training and supplementation with 25(OH)D concentrations (p < 0.05). Those team players training outdoors with supplementation had higher total vitamin D concentrations than those with indoors training and/or supplementation. A positive interaction of outdoor training with supplementation exists to determine 25(OH)D concentrations in team players.
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Morgan, Paul BC, David Fletcher, and Mustafa Sarkar. "Recent developments in team resilience research in elite sport." Current Opinion in Psychology 16 (August 2017): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.013.
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Gulyás, Erika, Tamás Sterbenz, and Eszter Kovacs. "Efficiency of Governmental Funding in Hungary." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 72, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2016-0027.
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AbstractThis paper presents the initial results of a significant research project conducted under the IOC PhD Student Research Grant Program with the support of the Hungarian Olympic Committee. Macro- and meso-level analyses were conducted within the framework of this research to analyze the competitive position of the Hungarian elite sport policy system. In the following, an essential part of the research will be presented with the aim of modeling the efficiency of the Hungarian sport funding system as the increasingly international sporting competition forces governments to invest more money in elite sport development just so they can maintain their elite sport success as the supply of medals remains basically constant. Due to these diminishing returns to the scale of investment, an elite sporting system with an efficient structure will be key in future sporting success. Data collection was based on information gained through a general questionnaire and interviews with the main stakeholders of national sport federations and the Hungarian Olympic Committee, which is the main governing body of Hungarian high-performance sport. Data collection focused on the sixteen prioritized sport federations and the five team sports that benefited from a tax relief system. Secondary data were collected regarding the national public funding for sport, elite sport, and sport by sport since 2006, and Gracenote’s database was used to analyze historical performance in the different disciplines and compare Hungarian performance with that of other countries. This research will provide information to policy makers about the competitive position of Hungary in elite sport and, in this respect, explore the critical success factors that will allow Hungary to assess how best to manage its future success in an increasingly competitive international environment.
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Bruner, Mark W., Mark Eys, Jeremie M. Carreau, Colin McLaren, and Rachel Van Woezik. "Using the Team Environment AssessMent (TEAM) to Enhance Team Building in Sport." Sport Psychologist 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0174.
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Team building (TB) is recognized as one of the most prevalent and promising group-development interventions applied in sport. However, most coaches lack the necessary information to effectively and efficiently target and enhance specific group characteristics and processes. The aim of this study was to develop and apply the Team Environment AssessMent (TEAM) to better inform a TB intervention. Twenty-three male adolescent athletes (mean age 17.9 years) from an elite hockey team completed the TEAM and measures of cohesion before and after a TB intervention. Based on initial TEAM scores, role acceptance and leadership were identified and purposefully targeted in the TB intervention. Athletes’ perceptions of role acceptance, leadership, and task cohesion were stronger after the TB intervention. Furthermore, follow-up interviews with team members and coaches provided additional empirical support for the utility of the TEAM to assess and enhance the efficiency of a TB intervention in sport.
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Kelly, Bridget, Louise A. Baur, Adrian E. Bauman, Lesley King, Kathy Chapman, and Ben J. Smith. "Views of children and parents on limiting unhealthy food, drink and alcohol sponsorship of elite and children's sports." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 1 (May 11, 2012): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012001188.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine parents’ and children's attitudes towards food, beverage and alcohol sponsorship of elite and children's sports and the acceptability of policies and alternative funding models to limit this sponsorship.DesignTelephone surveys were conducted with parents in February–May 2011. One child from each household was invited to complete an online survey. Surveys assessed parents’ perceptions about the influence of sponsorship on children and support for limiting sponsorship, and children's awareness of and attitudes towards sponsors.SettingRandomly sampled households in New South Wales, Australia.SubjectsParents (n 825) and children aged 10–16 years (n 243).ResultsThree-quarters of parents supported the introduction of policies to restrict unhealthy food, beverage and alcohol sponsorship of children's and elite sports. More parents (81 %) supported the introduction of alternative funding models to allow these companies to sponsor sport provided there was no visible branding. Two-thirds of children recalled sponsors of their favourite elite sports team/athlete, with 428 sponsors recalled. Of these, 11 % were food/beverage companies and 3 % were alcohol-related. For 39 % of sponsors, children reported feeling better about the company after it had sponsored a team/athlete.ConclusionsAustralian parents support restrictions on unhealthy food, beverage and alcohol sport sponsorship. Children's positive associations regarding sponsors are likely to be linked to brand preferences and usage.
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Zanatta, Thaís, Christoph Rottensteiner, Niilo Konttinen, and Marc Lochbaum. "Individual Motivations, Motivational Climate, Enjoyment, and Physical Competence Perceptions in Finnish Team Sport Athletes: A Prospective and Retrospective Study." Sports 6, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040165.
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Despite the high rates of participation in sports clubs among Finnish youth, only a few reach elite levels. This study investigated a number of motivational factors, enjoyment, and perceived physical competence perceptions of Finnish youth athletes in their adolescence and then four years later to help understand determinants of elite level attainment. The sample consisted of 824 young athletes born in 1995, who were playing soccer, ice hockey, or basketball in the Finnish sports club system. As youths, participants completed measurements of the perceived task and ego climates, task and ego goal orientations, autonomous and controlled motivations, amotivation, sport enjoyment, and perceived physical competence. Retrospectively, the same participants completed measurements of task, ego, social relatedness, and autonomy supportive climates four years later. All variables were compared to self-reported elite status attainment. Additionally, we examined some demographic characteristics. Prospectively, the self-reported elite athletes (n = 79) reported significantly (p < 0.05) higher perceptions of a task climate, perceived physical competence, sport enjoyment, and autonomous motivation and a lower level of amotivation compared to nonelite athletes. The meaningfulness (Hedges’ g) of the significant differences ranged from small to moderate. Retrospectively, elite athletes indicated significantly (p < 0.05) higher perception of a task climate and a social relatedness climate during their sporting career. Hedges’ g ranged from moderate to large in meaningfulness. The findings highlighted the importance of focusing on the positive aspects surrounding elite athletes’ perceptions to promote youth athletes’ development, while not discounting the importance of physical size and talent.
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Scanlan, Tara K., David G. Russell, T. Michelle Magyar, and Larry A. Scanlan. "Project on Elite Athlete Commitment (PEAK): III. An Examination of the External Validity across Gender, and the Expansion and Clarification of the Sport Commitment Model." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31, no. 6 (December 2009): 685–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.685.
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The Sport Commitment Model was further tested using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method to examine its generalizability to New Zealand’s elite female amateur netball team, the Silver Ferns. Results supported or clarified Sport Commitment Model predictions, revealed avenues for model expansion, and elucidated the functions of perceived competence and enjoyment in the commitment process. A comparison and contrast of the in-depth interview data from the Silver Ferns with previous interview data from a comparable elite team of amateur male athletes allowed assessment of model external validity, tested the generalizability of the underlying mechanisms, and separated gender differences from discrepancies that simply reflected team or idiosyncratic differences.
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Shaw, Gregory, Gary Slater, and Louise M. Burke. "Supplement Use of Elite Australian Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0182.
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This study examined the influence the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) Sport Supplement Program had on supplement practices of elite Australian swimmers, comparing those guided by the Program with others in the same national team. Thirty-nine elite swimmers (13 AIS, 26 Other; 20 female, 19 male; age 21.8 ± 3.3 y) completed a questionnaire investigating supplement use. Ninety-seven percent of swimmers reported taking supplements or sports foods over the preceding 12 months. AIS swimmers reported using more total brands (p = .02) and supplements considered Ergogenic (p = .001) than Other swimmers who used more supplements considered to be lacking scientific support (p = .028). Swimmers rated the risk of a negative outcome from the use of supplements available in Australia (Mdn = 3.0) as less than the risk of supplements from international sources (Mdn = 4.0; p < .001). AIS swimmers were more likely to report dietitians (p < .001) and sports physicians (p = .017) as advisors of their supplement use. Other swimmers more frequently reported fellow athletes as a source of supplement advice (p = .03). AIS swimmers sourced a greater percentage of their supplements from an organized program (94 ± 16%) compared with Other (40 ± 32%; p < .001) who sourced a greater percentage (30 ± 30%) of their dietary supplements from supermarkets. These findings suggest that swimmers influenced by this sport supplement program more frequently use supplements that are recommended by allied health trained individuals, classified as evidence based and provided by the program.
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Sherar, Lauren B., Mark W. Bruner, Krista J. Munroe-Chandler, and Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones. "Relative Age and Fast Tracking of Elite Major Junior ICE Hockey Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, no. 3 (June 2007): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.3.702-706.
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Investigations in a variety of chronologically grouped team sports have reported that elite young athletes were more likely born in the early months of the selection year, a phenomenon known as the relative age effect. The present study investigated the birth dates and developmental paths of 238 (15 to 20 years old) Major Junior ‘A’ hockey players from the Ontario Hockey League to determine if a relative age effect still exists in elite junior hockey and if the path to elite sport was accelerated (i.e., fast tracked). The results identified a relative age effect in elite hockey although it is only apparent among individuals who fast track.
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Lorains, Megan, Clare MacMahon, Kevin Ball, and Josh Mahoney. "Above Real Time Training for Team Invasion Sport Skills." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.4.537.
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Decision-making is identified as a key element of elite sporting success. There are many challenges, however, in the design and implementation of a decision-training tool. These include difficulty in recreating a scenario in which the simulation allows the participant to feel like they are performing in the ‘real game’, and creating a training tool that can complement an existing physical training regime. The main aim of this paper is to present arguments for the use of above-real-time training, as popularly used in military and pilot training, as a viable simulation training method in the sporting arena. Above-real-time simulations are simulations that are played above normal speed. The potential benefits of using traditional video simulations are discussed, especially with respect to the promotion of key characteristics of elite performance, such as automaticity. Furthermore, the possible practical applications of using above-real-time video simulations will be explored in relation to fast-paced invasion sports.
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Smith, Matthew J., Sean G. Figgins, Matthew Jewiss, and Philip E. Kearney. "Investigating inspirational leader communication in an elite team sport context." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117727684.
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Cruickshank, Andrew, and Dave Collins. "Change Management: The Case of the Elite Sport Performance Team." Journal of Change Management 12, no. 2 (June 2012): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2011.632379.
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Varley, Ian, Ryan Williams, Julie P. Greeves, Rachel Izard, and Craig Sale. "Seasonal Differences In Bone Characteristics In Elite Team Sport Players." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518231.86517.2c.
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Voight, Mike. "A Leadership Development Intervention Program: A Case Study With Two Elite Teams." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 4 (December 2012): 604–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.4.604.
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Most of the leadership training that team captains receive at the collegiate level consists of either receiving a list of books or articles about leadership or a list of responsibilities that they must do with little or no guidance or instruction. Still others will focus on this reading and/or responsibilities with active discussion in the off-season, yet when it matters the most, during the competitive season, time spent on leadership instruction and follow-ups becomes an afterthought at best. Due to the supposed benefits of improved leadership for sport teams, a leadership development intervention program was developed and applied to two NCAA Division I teams who were successful enough to make it to the NCAA National Championships in their sport. Program effectiveness was determined by the teams meeting not only their seasonal goals but exceeding the primary objectives of the leadership development program set by the leadership consultant and coaching staffs, in addition to the favorable feedback provided by the team to the captains during/after the season, and semistructured interviews of the captains postseason.
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Matic, Radenko M. "Marketing Concept in Elite Team Sports Clubs in Serbia: Impact of Leadership Styles, Organizational Learning Culture, and Climate for Innovation." Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.220309.
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This research tested the interactions among organizational learning culture, leadership styles, climate for innovation, and marketing concept of sports clubs in team sports. The study included elite sport managers (N=118), from four team sports (football, basketball, handball, and volleyball), who participated in the highest rank of national competition in Serbia. The organizational learning culture was measured with attitudes of respondents about the organizational learning culture at individual, team or group level, and organization as dichotomous variables, while leadership styles used the MLQ self-assessment questionnaire. The climate for innovation scale was measured with scales for assessing organizational support for creativity, maladaptation, support for innovation, and resource supply. The presence/absence of components of the different marketing mix aspects was measured as a four-dimensional variable for evaluation marketing concept. The results supported the mediation and path models. Direct effect to variable marketing concept is noticed only in the organizational learning culture, while climate for innovations and leadership style did not have a direct effect on the marketing concept. Indirect effects revealed that the status of the sports branch, the market position of each club in its sport competitive results, and the education background of managers' impact marketing concept in team sports in Serbia. The theoretical and practical contributions of obtaining results are discussed.
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Nideffer, Robert M. "Psychological Services for the U.S. Track and Field Team." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.4.350.
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This article describes the development and provision of psychological services to the U.S. Olympic Track and Field Teams for 1984 and 1988. It highlights the special problems encountered when attempting to provide services to elite level coaches and athletes. Helping athletes cope with the pressures generated by international travel, politics, elite level competition, drugs, and money provide the sport psychologist with a tremendous challenge and a moral dilemma.
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Austin, Michael W. "Sport as a Moral Practice: An Aristotelian Approach." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 73 (August 21, 2013): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246113000301.
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Sport builds character. If this is true, why is there a consistent stream of news detailing the bad behavior of athletes? We are bombarded with accounts of elite athletes using banned performance-enhancing substances, putting individual glory ahead of the excellence of the team, engaging in disrespectful and even violent behavior towards opponents, and seeking victory above all else. We are also given a steady diet of more salacious stories that include various embarrassing, immoral, and illegal behaviors in the private lives of elite athletes. Elite sport is not alone in this; youth sport has its own set of moral problems. Parents assault officials, undermine coaches, encourage a win-at-all costs mentality, and in many cases ruin sport for their children.
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Carron, Albert V., W. Neil Widmeyer, and Lawrence R. Brawley. "Group Cohesion and Individual Adherence to Physical Activity." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 1988): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.2.127.
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The general purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of group cohesion to individual adherence to physical activity. Two independent studies were conducted using present and former participants from organized sport programs, physical recreation programs, and physical exercise programs. The purpose of Study 1 was to determine if cohesiveness was related to adherence behavior in organized sport and exercise class settings. Study 2 explored the relationship of individual perceptions of group cohesion to absenteeism and lateness by summer recreation sport participants. The results from the two studies supported the conclusion that group cohesiveness is related to individual adherence behavior. This conclusion was supported across different group types including fitness classes, recreational team sports, and elite team sports. However, both the form and number of aspects of cohesion that were related to adherence were moderated by type of group. This underscores the necessity of conducting more comparative group research in future investigations.
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H Madou, Karel. "Physical demands and physiological aspects in elite team handball in Germany and Switzerland: an analysis of the game." MOJ Sports Medicine 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2020.04.00095.
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Team handball is one of the fastest indoor Olympic sports, played in over 150 countries all over the world, but especially in Europe and northern Africa. Players must be athletic, flamboyant, and inventive and, above all, must work together as a team. A team consists of seven players in the field and substitution of players is unlimited. The tasks of the individual players in the team are very specific, depending on their position in the field, but all act both as an attacker and a defender. The goal of this study was to detect the physical demands and physiological aspects of this sport.
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Chockalingam, Nachiappan, Nigel B. Thomas, and Lynne Duval. "Should preparation for elite sporting participation be included in the rehabilitation process of war-injured veterans?" Prosthetics and Orthotics International 36, no. 3 (August 22, 2012): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612447096.
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Background:Participation in sport and exercise training, while aiding in the reintegration and confidence building of wounded service personnel, also has potential to prepare them for elite sport competition. It is this encouragement of the war injured to use sport and recreational physical activity as a means of rehabilitation back into civilian life, which has become the worldwide phenomenon of Paralympic sport.Objectives:This paper evaluates existing research relating to the incidence of types of war injuries and the use of sport within the rehabilitation process.Study Design:Literature review.Methods:Initial searches were conducted in the electronic databases EBSCOHost, ScienceDirect and Pubmed using the keywords ‘veterans’ and ‘sport’ or ‘physical activity’. These searches were then supplemented by tracking all key references from the appropriate articles identified. A narrative literature review methodology was employed.Results:Although it is clear from the reported literature that further development of available rehabilitation services is necessary to provide the required level of care for the types of mental and physical injuries and the concept of ‘therapeutic recreation’ is becoming popular, there is still a need for the development of specific protocols to identify individuals who can participate and excel in a specific sport at an elite level.Conclusions:Drawing on the US military experience it can be argued that sport in the UK and other parts of the world should be more widely recognized as a component of rehabilitation. This is not just for the role that sport can play as a tool for rehabilitation but also for the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits that participation in elite sport can offer.Clinical relevanceBased on the findings, a clear protocol for the inclusion of elite sport training within rehabilitation process should be implemented. This protocol development and implementation should encompass a team of multidisciplinary rehabilitation professionals including rehabilitation medicine specialists, bioengineers, prosthetists, orthotists and physiotherapists along with sports and exercise scientists and Paralympic administrators.
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Arraya, Marco António, René Pellissier, and Isabel Preto. "Team goal-setting involves more than only goal-setting." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2012-0046.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research factors like task-orientation and collectivism and to examine the relationship between them and goal-setting as research construct. This research investigates the phenomena of team goal-setting in a selected sports organisation. Therefore 49 players from three Portuguese elite male handball team were selected for the study. Design/methodology/approach – Three well-known questionnaires were employed to determine the relationships between the above factors in a case setting. Task- and ego-orientation in Sport Questionnaire, the Jackson Psychological Collectivism Measure and the Goal-setting in Sport Questionnaire. Findings – The results reveal that the team and players are task-oriented, collectivist and possessing professional and personal goal habits. The correlations between questionnaire outcomes indicate that, when the team wants to set goals, it should consider the players’ orientation and the team’s collectivism. Thus team goal-setting is more than only goal-setting, because of the need for task-orientation and collectivism. Research limitations/implications – The research was conducted using three teams in a specific sports and thus cannot be generalised to the general sports environment. Yet, certainly the strength of the findings indicate that the results and conclusions may be used in a wider sports or business setting. Practical implications – This research paper should provide managers and coaches with insight into the complexity of team goal-setting. It also should provide insight into the chosen process related to human resources. Originality/value – The paper adds and demonstrates to the literature on team goal-setting the importance of task-orientation and collectivism as goal-setting mediators.
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Hodge, Ken, Graham Henry, and Wayne Smith. "A Case Study of Excellence in Elite Sport: Motivational Climate in a World Champion Team." Sport Psychologist 28, no. 1 (March 2014): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0037.
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This case study focused on the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team during the period from 2004 to 2011, when Graham Henry (head coach) and Wayne Smith (assistant coach) coached and managed the team. More specifically, this case study examined the motivational climate created by this coaching group that culminated in winning the Rugby World Cup in 2011. In-depth interviews were completed with Henry and Smith in March 2012. A collaborative thematic content analysis revealed eight themes, regarding motivational issues and the motivational climate for the 2004–2011 All Blacks team: (i) critical turning point, (ii) flexible and evolving, (iii) dual-management model, (iv) “Better People Make Better All Blacks,” (v) responsibility, (vi) leadership, (vii) expectation of excellence, and (viii) team cohesion. These findings are discussed in light of autonomy-supportive coaching, emotionally intelligent coaching, and transformational leadership. Finally, practical recommendations are offered for coaches of elite sports teams.
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Pettersson, Stefan, Marianne Pipping Ekström, and Christina M. Berg. "Practices of Weight Regulation Among Elite Athletes in Combat Sports: A Matter of Mental Advantage?" Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.04.
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Context The combination of extensive weight loss and inadequate nutritional strategies used to lose weight rapidly for competition in weight-category sports may negatively affect athletic performance and health. Objective To explore the reasoning of elite combat-sport athletes about rapid weight loss and regaining of weight before competitions. Design Qualitative study. Setting With grounded theory as a theoretical framework, we employed a cross-examinational approach including interviews, observations, and Internet sources. Sports observations were obtained at competitions and statements by combat-sport athletes were collected on the Internet. Patients or Other Participants Participants in the interviews were 14 Swedish national team athletes (9 men, 5 women; age range, 18 to 36 years) in 3 Olympic combat sports (wrestling, judo, and taekwondo). Data Collection and Analysis Semistructured interviews with 14 athletes from the Swedish national teams in wrestling, judo, and taekwondo were conducted at a location of each participant's choice. The field observations were conducted at European competitions in these 3 sports. In addition, interviews and statements made by athletes in combat sports were collected on the Internet. Results Positive aspects of weight regulation other than gaining physical advantage emerged from the data during the analysis: sport identity, mental diversion, and mental advantage. Together and individually, these categories point toward the positive aspects of weight regulation experienced by the athletes. Practicing weight regulation mediates a self-image of being “a real athlete.” Weight regulation is also considered mentally important as a part of the precompetition preparation, serving as a coping strategy by creating a feeling of increased focus and commitment. Moreover, a mental advantage relative to one's opponents can be gained through the practice of weight regulation. Conclusions Weight regulation has mentally important functions extending beyond the common notion that combat-sport athletes reduce their weight merely to gain a physical edge over their opponents.