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Journal articles on the topic 'Elite (Social sciences) – Lithuania'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Crowther, William E., and Irmina Matonyte. "Parliamentary elites as a democratic thermometer: Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova compared." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.06.006.

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This article assesses how the character of emerging legislative elites conforms to the broader patterns of post-communist social transformation by comparing Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova. We argue that the pace and direction of change among MPs has been significantly shaped by the nature of regime change in each country. We first address the issue of pace and scope of elite replacement. Second, we examine whether and to what extent, over time, changes occurred in the parliamentary representation of major social categories (in particular, ethnic minorities, women, age groups). Third, we examine the dynamics of political professionalization.

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2

Aidukaite, Jolanta. "Transformation of the welfare state in Lithuania: Towards globalization and Europeanization." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.01.003.

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This paper is designed to shed some light on possible impacts of globalization and Europeanization on social security reforms in one of the new EU member state - Lithuania. The paper is based on 67 expert interviews conducted with the political elite, academics, journalists, senior civil servants, interest group representatives and the economic elite. The paper highlights the higher influence of globalization through the activities of such supranational agencies as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund compared to the impact of cognitive Europeanization on social security reforms.

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3

Ziober, Aleksandra. "The political attitudes of Krzysztof and Janusz Radziwill towards the election of Wladyslaw IV and Jan Kazimierz. Outline of the problem." Open Political Science 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0017.

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AbstractThe attitudes of the elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and especially of representatives of Radziwill family (Krzysztof and Janusz) towards the election of the last two Vasas are an interesting problem for deliberations and research, especially taking into account differences in the country’s internal and foreign situation in 1632 and 1648, which determined the activities of mentioned above. This article was mainly intended to discuss the problem connected with the attitudes of the Lithuanian nobility towards the election of a new king and also indicating the role of connections of Wladyslaw IV and Jan Kazimierz with the Jagiellonians in political games. Answering the question of what and how influenced the attitudes and moods among the nobility, their argumentation to support one or other candidate requires many years of research and use of methods developed by other humanities, such as sociology, social psychology or political science.

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4

Šedvydis, Laurynas, and Marius Sirutavičius. "All The Grand Duke’s Lenders: Creditors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1555 to 1569." Lithuanian Historical Studies 26, no. 1 (December 13, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02601001.

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This article gives an analysis of the borrowing statistics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the early part of the Livonian War (1555–1569), until the Union of Lublin, and the social characteristics of the people and groups of people who became the most prominent lenders. The borrowing in question was conducted via pledge lordships. For the examined period, we have registered 160 pledge-lordship contracts with a stated pledge amount totalling 515,667 sexagenas of Lithuanian groats. Of these, 149 pledge-lordship contracts totalling 496,709 sexagenas were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania proper. In comparison with the earlier period, between 1502 and 1522, revenue from pledges with a known face value increased ninefold. The total amount borrowed for this period was equal to approximately three times the yearly wartime treasury revenue. The most prolific lenders were members of the established elite. Altogether, members of eight noble houses provided 32.4% of the entire amount lent to the state using pledges. Compared to the earlier period in terms of lenders was the first appearance of burghers (Vilnius, Gdansk, Livonian) as lenders, as they were granted pledge-lordship contracts.

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Vanagaitė, Gitana. "Attitudes towards Emigration in Vincas Kudirka’s and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas’s Journalism." Colloquia 50 (December 30, 2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.22.50.05.

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Mass emigration to the United States of America began in the last decades of the 19th century. It has been estimated that about 500 thousand people left Lithuania before WWI. Lithuanian elite of that time perceived emigration as a problem. The article examines the views on emigration and its dangers for the individual and the country, as expressed in the articles of two of the most prominent intellectuals of the late 19th century who had a decisive influence on the formation of the national and civic consciousness, Vincas Kudirka and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas. It discusses the themes and problems of emigration highlighted by Kudirka and Vaižgantas, as well as similarities and differences in their attitudes towards emigration. Using the premise of cognitive linguistics that any type of discourse reflects the linguistic, social, ideological, and psychological attitudes of the author, the article shows that the language of Kudirka’s and Vaižgantas’s journalism is inseparable from their thinking and imagination, because language, as it exists in human consciousness, reveals the specificity of reasoning and the way of understanding the world. It concludes that the opposed worldviews of Kudirka and Vaižgantas determined the differences of the value-based attitude towards emigration manifested in their articles.

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Vaičiukynaitė, Justina. "Images of the Lithuanian Political Elite in the Eyes of Citizens." Politologija, no. 97 (May 19, 2020): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2020.97.2.

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The article aims to reconstruct the concept of the Lithuanian political elite from the citizens’ perspective, focusing on how the concept is perceived, how the political elite is recognized in social life, and what attributes are associated with this particular concept. Applied qualitative in-depth interview data gathering and inductive data analysis approaches demonstrate that the Lithuanian political elite concept consists of two images: legalistic and charismatic. Although these two images are completely divergent, they are intertwined and successfully coexistent in the minds of citizens. The citizens are tending to apply either a legalistic or charismatic image depending on the circumstances: the legalistic image is applied in recognizing and describing the political elite as an externally existing referent; meanwhile, the charismatic image is applied in building up the normative political elite portrait.

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7

Zhvinkliene, Alina. "Lithuania." Marriage & Family Review 28, no. 3-4 (July 29, 1999): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v28n03_11.

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8

Sarcevičienė, Jolita. "„Ieškau jūsų mylistos pono po visas keturias pasaulio šalis…“ Antano Kazimiero Sapiegos laiškai Merkinės administratoriui Vaitiekui Kuževskiui." XVIII amžiaus studijos T. 6: Personalijos. Idėjos. Refleksijos, T. 6 (January 2, 2020): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-006001.

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“I AM LOOKING FOR YOUR GRACE IN ALL FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD…” LETTERS OF ANTONI KAZIMIERZ SAPIEHA TO ADMINISTRATOR OF MERKINĖ WOJCIECH KURZEWSKI (1720–1732) Researchers have focused for decades on the epistolographic legacy of individuals from various social groups. Letters are a valuable ‘complement’ for other sources, serving as an ‘insight’, giving the narrative a multi-voice, and, depending on the author’s social position, can provide many valuable details unfelt in other types of sources. Correspondence of public officials usually receives most attention from the researchers, because it reveals the mechanisms of the functioning of power. However, letters of the social elite also reveal different aspects of everyday life, including administration of domains, which have gained importance. The basis for this article became the letters by the elder of Merkinė, Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha (1689–1739), to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, kept in the Manuscript section of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Due to his humble duties and difficult financial situation A. K. Sapieha cannot be considered one of the most prominent members of the Sapiehas family, although his persistent ambition to stay out of the “margins” of public life and, in particular, his involvement in 1733–1736 whirlwind of interregnum events, indicates that he was an extraordinary person. This is evidenced by his wide circle of correspondents, among whom we find not only close relatives but also a number of state officials and top hierarchs of the Church. Aspirations of the elder of Merkinė to participate in the political life of the state have already been noticed by the researchers, however his daily economic activities have not been researched at all. Analysis of the letters from the 1720–1732 period by the elder of Merkinė Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, reveal a significant part of A. K. Sapieha’s daily life, i.e. the nature of administration of the domain, which required considerable effort, attention and time from the elder of Merkinė. The article deals with the subject matter of letters, economic activities carried out in the eldership of Merkinė, and requirements for the administrator. All of this provides an opportunity not only to reconstruct the relationship between Sapieha and Kurzewski, but also to see the broader issues that each major landowner has faced (or may have faced). Keywords: eldership of Merkinė; Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha; Wojciech Kurzewski’s correspondence; domain administration.

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9

Padalinski, U. A. "The social biography of the Lublin Diet’s participant (1569): Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-10-21.

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The article explores the biographies of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka, who represented the Viciebsk district at the Diet of 1569 and directly participated in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. For a long time in historiography, attention was paid only to the most influential figures of this Diet. However, the simple, «unremarkable» representatives of the wide circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ nobility played their role in the negotiations on the union. Interests and ideas, conscious and values, and finally, the personal experience of these people directly determined their social and political position, and therefore, to one degree or another, the life of the entire state. The aim of research is to reflect the most important forms of social activity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ petty and middle nobility in the second half of the 16th century on the example of two Viciebsk noblemen’s unique destinies. It shows the influence of the military and political events of the 1560s on political activities of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka. The Livonian War’s experience definitely influenced their position on the conclusion of the union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Kingdom in 1569. The author concludes that it was the cardinal transformations of the 1560s (state reforms, the establishment of the Commonwealth) that allowed them to actively participate in a public life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It also enabled Kisel and Hurka noble families to take a firm place among the political elite of the Viciebsk district for a long time. It is emphasized that a detailed study of «unremarkable» noblemen’s biographies provides advanced research of the noble estate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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10

Bibó, István. "The Elite and Social Sensitivity." Review of Sociology 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.10.2004.2.8.

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11

Genzelis, Bronislovas. "Existentialism in Lithuania." Studies in East European Thought 61, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11212-008-9070-y.

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12

Sverdiolas, Arūnas, and Tomas Kačerauskas. "Phenomenology in Lithuania." Studies in East European Thought 61, no. 1 (February 2009): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11212-008-9071-x.

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13

Vaišnys, Andrius. "Transformation of Communist Media Content and Public Space According to the Discourse ‘39Pact: Exiting the “Labyrinth” as an Act of Communication." Informacijos mokslai 90 (December 28, 2020): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2020.90.50.

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This text is about one of the longest processes of political communication, which, decades on, influences politicians of various generations of the Central, Eastern and Western Europe, contents of media and self-awareness of the audience. The process isn’t over yet, this is obvious not only from the document adopted by the EP but also from an international political rhetoric. Analysis of consequences of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed on 1939 in media (D’39Pact) and related national and international decisions is the axis of information conflict between the East and the West concerning thousands of fates. Those thousands of people had and still have different historical narratives – some people justified the Pact and implemented it, others were fighting for the elimination of its consequences, yet others fell victims to it, with a death toll estimated in the millions. But not everybody’s narratives are based on true arguments.Let’s look at the way the system of propaganda collapsed and the public opinion was transformed in countries of Central and Eastern Europe in 1988-1989. Moving from a lie to (hopefully) the historical truth. Review of consequences of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the main axis of such transformation (protection of environmental and cultural valuables, choice of one’s viewpoint, legislative requirements and other rights were contextual aspects of this axis). During this period in the previously mentioned region the control of public space was on the decline.This view will be based on a single thematic discourse: the provision of consequences of the 1939 Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and criticism in communist model media of Lithuania and neighbouring countries. It may be called D’39Pact.D‘39Pact in general has several narratives (it may also be seen from the EP Resolution), but taking into consideration the interpretation of Jurgen Habermas’s Communicative Action, the analysis of transformation of 1988-1989 two of them would suffice, one of which is that of the authorities of the USSR and the other one – that of its opponents. Let’s call opponents USSR dissidents, protestors, underground press (samizdat) and press of public movements which was published legally.Narrative of the USSR authorities: the treaty was the inevitable and no annexes (secret protocols) exist.Narrative of the opponents: based on secret protocols of the treaty, the USSR and Nazi Germany divided the countries and destroyed their political, military, cultural elite and finally – their population of various social layers.Medias, as the main participant of the public space, most clearly disclose the collision of such narratives and transformation in D‘39Pact. The purpose of the article is to discuss the circumstances of transformation of MMPT from the historical perspective and of the public space and come across the factors, which influenced the strongest role of MMPT interpretative accomplishments. Considering the way out of the “labyrinth” regarding the D’39 Pact, we see some similarities with the situation that now exists in Russia.

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McNamara, Justin, and Marita P. McCabe. "Exercise Dependence and Elite Athletes: Perceptions of Coaches of Elite Athletes." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 1, no. 4 (December 2006): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795406779367792.

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15

Zvinkliene, Alina. "The State of Family Studies in Lithuania." Marriage & Family Review 22, no. 3-4 (November 11, 1996): 203–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v22n03_02.

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16

Keller, Brad S., Annette J. Raynor, Lyndell Bruce, and Fiona Iredale. "Technical attributes of Australian youth soccer players: Implications for talent identification." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2016): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116676108.

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Objectives To determine whether the technical ability of Australian youth soccer players could distinguish between various playing levels. Design A cross-sectional observational design was used with each player required to complete four technical tests. Methods Sixty-two participants were representatives of three cohorts of youth soccer in Australia: national elite ( n = 18), state elite ( n = 22) and sub-elite ( n = 22). The technical tests used were Loughborough Short Passing Test (LSPT), long passing test (LPT), shooting test and speed dribbling, with all players familiarised with the tests prior to data collection. Differences between cohorts were analysed using a multiple analysis of variance test with follow-up analyses of variance and Tukey Honest Significant Difference post-hoc test, which were subsequently used to inform a sensitivity analysis, more specifically a bootstrapped receiver operating curve to determine cut-off scores for each variable. Results The national elite cohort scored better than state- and sub-elite cohorts on the LSPT, however, the state elite produced the fastest time before penalties. The sub-elite cohort scored less points on the LPT compared to both national- and state-elite cohorts, on both feet. In regards to speed dribbling, national-elite players were faster than both the state- and sub-elite cohorts. Shooting accuracy and velocity were able to discriminate the national- and sub-elite cohorts on the dominant foot, with shooting velocity on the nondominant foot being faster for the national elite compared to both the state- and sub-elite cohorts. Conclusions A number of differences in technical ability were identified between varying levels of Australian youth soccer players. Youth soccer coaches and sports scientists should use the cut-off scores for the technical tests in the talent identification and development process, with aspiring players aiming to reach these levels.

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Keller, Brad S., Annette J. Raynor, Lyndell Bruce, and Fiona Iredale. "Physical and anthropometrical attributes of Australian youth soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5 (January 10, 2018): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117752904.

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Objectives To determine whether Australian youth soccer players of varying levels could be distinguished based on their anthropometrical and physical attributes. Design A cross-sectional observational design was used, involving six anthropometrical and physical tests for each player. Methods Participants represented three youth levels of competition, namely national elite (n = 18), state elite (n = 22) and sub-elite (n = 22). Anthropometrical and physical tests included standing height; body mass; 5, 10, 30 m sprint and 20 m ‘flying start’ sprint; zig-zag agility test; vertical jump and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1. A multiple analysis of variance for the main effect of cohort, with a follow-up ANOVA and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference were used to discern which attributes differed between each cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated, providing cut-off values between cohorts. Results The national elite cohort was significantly taller than the state elite cohort (ES = 0.94) and faster than the sub-elite athletes across 30 m (ES = 0.79) and 20 m with a flying start (ES = 0.77) (P < 0.05). The national elite cohort had a significantly higher level of intermittent endurance, compared to the state elite athletes who also performed better than the sub-elite cohort. The discrepancy between groups in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1 was exemplified by the receiver operating characteristic with 94.1% of national elite players running further than 1980 m, while 95.7% of state elite and 100% of sub-elite players failed to reach this distance (ES = 0.88–1.77). Conclusions It is evident that anthropometrical and physical attributes differ between youth cohorts, particularly intermittent endurance. It is important to use this knowledge to enhance the current processes used to identify future talent for success in Australian soccer.

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Cao, Cong. "Social Origins of the Chinese Scientific Elite." China Quarterly 160 (December 1999): 992–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000001417.

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The literature on China's social stratification and mobility has discussed the roles of family background and an individual's education attainment. This article aims to extend the existing literature by examining the interplay of these two aspects in fostering a homogeneous group of scientists, the members (yuanshi) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, Zhongguo kexueyuan). Since its establishment in 1955, honorific CAS membership has been awarded to outstanding Chinese scientists in their respective fields. As of the end of 1997, a total of 859 Chinese natural scientists, including 40 women, had been elected to the five Academic Divisions of the CAS – Mathematics and Physics, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Earth Sciences, and Technological Sciences (Table 1) – of whom 610 were alive. They have been renowned, nationally if not internationally, for their academic achievements and contributions, and they have a reputation and prestige similar to those enjoyed by their counterparts in other countries, such as members of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States and fellows of the Royal Society in Britain. Because the occupational prestige of scientists is very high in China, as it is in other countries, and following similar research on the scientific elite, it is reasonable to define CAS members as the Chinese scientific elite.

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Sirutavičius, Vladas. "Between National and Indigenous Communism. Some Broad Brushtrokes in the Political Biography of Justas Paleckis: 1944–1953." Lithuanian Historical Studies 23, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02301004.

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The article discusses the activities during the period of late Stalinism of Justas Paleckis, the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Soviet Lithuania. The paper puts forward the premise that from 1944 to 1953, Paleckis balanced between indigenous (local) communism and attitudes characteristic of some Central European national communists. To be more precise, he tried to emphasise the specifics of the historical development of Lithuania, and its differences from other Soviet republics, in which the formation of the Soviet regime started earlier. According to him, its tradition of statehood made Lithuania a unique republic, and this circumstance should be taken into account when making Lithuania Soviet. Paleckis was convinced that in order to make Soviet rule more attractive to the Lithuanians, it was necessary to cooperate with the nation’s cultural elite, that is, with the interwar Lithuanian intelligentsia. In his writings and speeches, he tried to merge organically the liberation of the Lithuanian nation from the ‘yoke’ of the exploiters, with the no less important liberation from the ‘national yoke’ or national revival of the Lithuanians. Social and national ‘liberation’, according to him, was crowned with the establishment of the socialist order in Lithuania. This ‘organic’ understanding of history was characteristic of other national communists in Central Europe. Finally, Paleckis tried to incorporate national elements into the system of symbols in Soviet Lithuania. The Lithuanianisation of symbols of Soviet rule was meant to strengthen the legitimacy of the authorities. However, this analysis shows that the Lithuanian Party leadership did not support Paleckis’ ideas and efforts. He was often strongly criticised in communist forums. It can be argued that in the period of late Stalinism, the ‘window of opportunity’ for national communism in Lithuania was finally closed. Tendencies towards unification and Russification became increasingly prevalent in politics. Thus, in this political-cultural context, Paleckis represented the type of communist that could be called an indigenous Lithuanian communist.

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Csite, András. "Towards a new elite model." Review of Sociology 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/revsoc.7.2001.1.13.

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21

Fonseca, Ana Mnica. "The Nazi ministerial elite: 193345." Portugese Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss.8.1.43_1.

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Lee, Elizabeth M. "Elite Colleges and Socioeconomic Status." Sociology Compass 7, no. 9 (September 2013): 786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12068.

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Menezes, Paulo. "Tropa de elite: perigosas ambiguidades." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 28, no. 81 (February 2013): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-69092013000100005.

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Levinger, George. "Uncovering Elite Crime: An Introduction." Journal of Social Issues 43, no. 3 (October 1987): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1987.tb02343.x.

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Johnstone (Translated by Arunas Jus, Peter. "Commissar‐General Vytautas Grigaravicius, Lithuania national police." Police Practice and Research 5, no. 4-5 (September 2004): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1561426042000281846.

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Juska, Arunas, and Vygandas Paulikas. "Rural Marginalization, Policing, and Crime in Lithuania." Police Practice and Research 7, no. 5 (December 2006): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614260601076066.

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Plečkaitis, Romanas. "The rise of philosophy in Lithuania." Studies in East European Thought 61, no. 1 (February 2009): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11212-008-9069-4.

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Šukys, Aurimas. "Citizenship and Unsystematic Action of Intellectuals in Soviet Lithuania." Lithuanian Historical Studies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2010): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01501008.

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The subject of this article is an assessment of unsystematic action by intellectuals in Soviet Lithuania according to the criterion of citizenship. Unsystematic action is understood as an everyday, institutional and theoretical activity that is at variance with Marxist-Leninist ideology and the Soviet totalitarian state that embodied it in one or another form. Our research is based on the premise that the form of the totalitarian state, which Lithuanian society endured after the Second World War and especially after Stalin’s death, changed ever-more considerably with time creating some favourable possibilities for independent social action. Another significant term ‘citizenship’ is used here in a republican rather than liberal sense underlying the participation of the inhabitants of the state ‘from below’ in the activity of the society being formed in which it was sought to defend the general public interest, and human rights, as well as the rights of a citizen. On the basis of a theoretical analysis of different authors, a general model of the functioning of civil society existing in Western society is presented here and on this basis the statement is made that there were three manifestations of such citizenship in Soviet Lithuania: anti-systematic, unsystematic and systematic. The practice of unsystematic action, which was initiated by informal groups of the cultural elite, is considered in more detail.

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Aidukaite, Jolanta. "Reforming family policy in the Baltic States: The views of the elites." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39, no. 1 (October 20, 2005): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.09.004.

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The aim of this paper is to explore the various views of the social policy elites in the Baltic States concerning family policy and, in particular, family benefits as one of the possible explanations for the observed policy differences. This study is based on semi-structured expert interviews from the three Baltic countries conducted in 2002. The qualitative analyses indicate that the Baltic States differ significantly with regard to the reasons behind their family policies. Lithuanian decision-makers seek to reduce poverty among families with children and enhance parents’ responsibility for bringing up their children. Latvian policy-makers act so as to increase the birth rate and create equal opportunities for children from all families. Policies that seek to create equal opportunities for all children and the desire to enhance gender equality was more visible in the case of Estonia in comparison with the other two countries. This study thus indicate how intimately the attitudes of top-level bureaucrats, policy-makers and researchers shape social policy.

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Laudel, Grit. "Migration Currents Among the Scientific Elite." Minerva 43, no. 4 (December 2005): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-005-2474-7.

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Földesi, Gyöngyi Szabó. "Social Status and Mobility of Hungarian Elite Athletes." International Journal of the History of Sport 21, no. 5 (November 2004): 710–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952336042000262015.

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Chen, Ilene, Hiroto Homma, Craig Jin, and Hong Yan. "Identification of Elite Swimmers' Race Patterns Using Cluster Analysis." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795407782233083.

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The identification of elite swimmers' race patterns at the same time is an important unresolved problem. This problem appears to be of fundamental importance for coaches in training promising elite swimmers. To address this problem, a system of cluster analysis for studying group structures on the basis of elite swimmers' race results and various available race components, such as lengths, speeds and times, is described that uses standard statistical algorithms to arrange elite swimmers according to similarity in their race patterns. The outputs are displayed graphically using tree-like dendrograms, conveying elite swimmers' race patterns in a form intuitive for coaches. As an illustration of this, we have used this method to uncover a number of key race components in connection with Ian Thorpe's race results in the men's 400m freestyle final at the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics

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Chizhova, Ksenia. "Vernacular Itineraries: Korean Letters from Family to National Archive." Journal of Korean Studies 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07311613-7686614.

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Abstract Vernacular Korean letters were exchanged routinely in the royal and elite families of Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910), and women were at least on one side of a letter’s itinerary. While male-centered literary Chinese learning held highest prestige, the patriarchal families of the time cherished their private archives, in which vernacular letters were sentimental mementos, testaments of women’s learning, and status symbols. This familial epistolary archive received varying elaborations as it transitioned into museums and departments of national literature in South Korea. While elite vernacular epistolary style (naeganch’e) embodies the core of tradition and national literature for such colonial-era intellectuals as Yi Pyŏnggi (1891–1968) and Yi T’aejun (1904–?), the anticolonial and antifeudal current of the post-1945 South Korean scholarship overlooks the elite tradition. This explains the persistent invisibility of women-centered elite vernacular culture in the contemporary scholarship of Chosŏn Korea. Developing the notion of itinerary—the transition, appropriation, and recoding of elite vernacular letters—this article ponders the implication of archival practices upon the study of the past, and highlights the knowledge systems that determined the visibility and meaning of elite vernacular culture in Korea’s modern era.

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Csurgó, Bernadett, and Luca Kristóf. "Narrative Identities and the Egalitarian Norm Among Hungarian Elite Couples." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 7 (November 16, 2017): 2107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x17741175.

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Our article aims to study the attitudes of the elite to family life and gender equality. This is a social group who still experiences significant gender imbalances. We focus on attitudes to family life, which has thus far been underresearched in elite literature. With the help of the analysis of 34 individual interviews with members of the Hungarian political, economic, and cultural elite, we identify and present three types of narrative identities: dominant, deferential, and egalitarian. The main finding from our qualitative content analysis is that egalitarian partnership norms which were discussed in every narrative and gender equality appear in most cases as a norm among the elite. However, there is a narrative tension between this norm and the couples’ actual experiences of their family life. We conclude our article with some comments on how the ideology of egalitarian essentialism strengthens gender inequalities reinforcing the underrepresentation of women in elite positions.

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de Lima, Antnia Pedroso. "Family Relations in Lisbon's Business Elite." Portugese Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2002): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss.1.2.89.

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Isaak ROZENTAL. "How the Academic Elite Was Formed." Social Sciences 49, no. 002 (June 30, 2018): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/ssc.51262193.

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Franceschini, Giordano, Mara Terzini, and Elisabetta M. Zanetti. "Learning curves of elite car racers." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117694929.

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This work is focused on racing cars driver’s training. Nine different tracks are considered and six drivers. Each driver drives on every track and performs consecutive trial sessions on each track; each session is made of various laps, and lap times are fitted using an exponential model, yielding an estimate of the initial performance, the learning constant, and the asymptotic performance. According to results, the learning curve varies significantly among pilots and among tracks; all pilots reach their session asymptotic performance in less than nine laps. The asymptotic performance in consecutive trial sessions improves significantly, and it is strongly correlated to the initial session performance (r2 > 0.99). As a conclusion, it is more profitable to perform separated sessions made of few laps (less than 10) rather than performing a smaller number of longer sessions. Whenever the initial lap time stops decreasing systematically, trial sessions should end because the asymptotic performance is not likely to improve further.

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Pritchard, Hayden J., Justin W. Keogh, and Paul W. Winwood. "Tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 5-6 (June 19, 2020): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120934924.

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This is the first study to document the training and tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes. Seventy-two CrossFit athletes (39 females, 33 males) (mean ±SD; 26.5 ± 3.6 y, 167.1 ± 9.5 cm, 74.5 ± 12.7 kg, 12.8 ± 6.5 y general training, 5.4 ± 1.7 y CrossFit training) who competed at the “Regionals” level or higher in the 2018 CrossFit Games season completed a self-reported 5-page online survey. Almost all athletes (98.6%) tapered before important competitions. Taper length was 5.4 ± 2.7 days, with the step and linear tapering styles being most commonly utilised. Strength training volume peaked 5.1 ± 4.6 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training volume peaked 4.0 ± 4.4 weeks before competition. Strength training intensity peaked 3.1 ± 2.4 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training intensity peaked 2.8 ± 2.2 weeks before competition. Almost all athletes (90.0%) reduced training duration during tapering, but changes to frequency and intensity were mixed. Training volume decreased by 41.2 ± 15.5% during the taper, all training ceased 2.0 ± 1.1 days before competition. Tapering was performed to achieve peak performance, recover (physically and psychologically), and reduce feelings of fatigue. Poor results from tapering were experienced when athletes tapered for too long or insufficiently. This observational data may be valuable for coaches and athletes engaged in CrossFit as well as other sports with concurrent training and competition demands.

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Boyd, Robert L. "Transformation of the Black Business Elite*." Social Science Quarterly 87, no. 3 (September 2006): 602–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00399.x.

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Connelly, John. "Internal bolshevisation? Elite social science training in stalinist Poland." Minerva 34, no. 4 (1996): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00127070.

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Keller, Brad S., Annette J. Raynor, Fiona Iredale, and Lyndell Bruce. "Tactical skill in Australian youth soccer: Does it discriminate age-match skill levels?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (February 26, 2018): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118760778.

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Objectives Football Federation Australia (FFA) has identified that Australian athletes are proficient physically, however often lack the technical and tactical skills to excel internationally. The aim of the current study was to assess if a video-based decision-making test could discriminate different age-matched skill levels of talent in Australian soccer. Design Cross-sectional observational. Methods Sixty-two youth male soccer players completed a video-based decision-making test. Results An ANOVA test showed that the video-based test significantly discriminated between all three groups, with the national elite athletes selecting more correct responses than the state elite (65.3 ± 8.1%; 56.0 ± 9.1%, respectively). The state elite were more accurate than the sub-elite (45.9 ± 8.8%). Conclusions Results suggest that a video-based test may be a suitable tool to use in the selection of athletes as a measure of decision-making skill. The low accuracy scores, even for the national elite cohort, suggest that decision-making skill at the youth level has room for improvement and should be prioritised as an area for development.

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Shang, I.-Wei, and Gordon Chih-Ming Ku. "How youth athletes satisfy their team? Identifying significant predictors of perceived coach leadership and team cohesion, team commitment: A hierarchical regression analysis." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (September 18, 2018): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118801133.

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The purpose of this study was to identify how youth athletes’ perceptions of coach leadership behavior, team cohesion, and team commitment influenced team satisfaction. Purposive sampling was used to select athletes from 77 athletic teams at 27 middle schools in Hualien County, Taiwan. Five-hundred questionnaires were distributed to students and 403 questionnaires were collected, representing an effective response rate of 80.6%. Descriptive analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were utilized to analyze the data. Results indicated that emotional commitment, coach training, and instructional behavior increased the team satisfaction for both elite and non-elite youth athletes. Moreover, the team satisfaction of elite youth athletes increased with camaraderie whereas that of non-elite youth athletes increased with positive feedback from coaches. We recommend that governments and school administrators conduct coaching workshops to improve instructional behavior.

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Leonards, Chris, and Nico Randeraad. "Transnational Experts in Social Reform, 1840–1880." International Review of Social History 55, no. 2 (August 2010): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000179.

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SummaryWho were the people at the cutting edge of social reform in Europe between 1840 and 1880, and how were they connected? This article proposes a method to locate a transnational community of experts involved in social reform and focuses on the ways in which these experts shared and spread their knowledge across borders. After a discussion of the concepts of social reform, transnationalization, and transfer, we show how we built a database of visitors to social reform congresses in the period 1840–1880, and explain how we extracted a core group of experts from this database. This “congress elite” is the focus of the second part of this article, in which we discuss their travels, congress visits, publications, correspondence, and membership of learned and professional organizations. We argue that individual members of our elite, leaning on the prestige of their international contacts, shaped reform debates in their home countries. We conclude by calling for further research into the influence that the transnational elite were able to exert on concrete social reforms in different national frameworks in order to assess to what extent they can be regarded as an “epistemic community in the making”.

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Nieva, Ricardo. "Heterogeneous coalitions and social revolutions." Rationality and Society 33, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 229–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10434631211001576.

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We have explained the presence of heterogeneous winning coalitions in social revolutions. In an overcrowded agrarian society, two almost identical non-productive enforcers, the landed political elite, collude and bargain over transfers with one of the two peasants to contest over a piece of land, as property rights for land are not well defined. In any other scenario, neither the grand coalition nor the coalition of two peasants and one enforcer forms, thereby deposing the other enforcer with positive probability. So, social revolutions never occur. If foreign wars weaken an enforcer, such as in China (1911), France, and Russia, adding one unit of capital makes the coalition of the peasant, the now worker, and one of the enforcers (now an industrial political elite) attractive: The excess labor can work with it; the weaker enforcer retaliates less and the stronger one more, if excluded. However, if the weaker one (the still-landed political elite) proposes first, a grand coalition forms in which he or she gets less than the other members do (desertion). There is conflict among peasants and among landed elites; thus, the concept of a coalition is more appropriate than that of a class.

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Hassmén, Peter, Göran Kenttä, Sören Hjälm, Erik Lundkvist, and Henrik Gustafsson. "Burnout symptoms and recovery processes in eight elite soccer coaches over 10 years." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119851246.

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Elite sport can be stressful, which increases the risk for burnout symptoms to develop, especially when not balanced with sufficient recovery. To study the burnout–recovery process, eight elite soccer coaches were followed for 10 years. All eight were active elite coaches at the inception of this study and reported elevated emotional exhaustion scores on Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The coaches completed MBI-ES three additional times (year 3, 7, and 10), and they were also interviewed on the same occasions. At the 3-year follow-up, seven of the eight coaches reduced their exhaustion scores. The coach presenting with unchanged scores both at the 3 - and 7-year follow-up was the only one still coaching at the elite level. All coaches revealed during the interviews that they struggled to manage their work–life balance well; some worked too many hours, some experienced difficulty in managing conflicting role-demands, and some wrestled with external pressures. Their approach to recovery was, however, similar. Apart from moving away from coaching at the elite level, they unanimously mentioned that they changed their approach to coaching to make recovery possible. They achieved the latter by, for example, increasing control and delegating responsibility. According to our longitudinal results, burnout frequently regarded as an end-state can decrease over time, provided that decisive action is taken to change situational factors and personal demands. This frequently meant withdrawing from coaching, which in turn explains why coach retention remains a serious challenge for most organizations with teams/athletes competing at the elite level.

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Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė, Daiva, and Viktorija Strazdauskienė. "Signs of a Manager’s Leadership in a Quality Educational Institution: Cases of the City and District Centre of Lithuania." Social Sciences 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030138.

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One of the problems in Lithuania is the shortage of heads of educational institutions; many schools are looking for teachers, and there is a constant shortage of teaching staff. In addition, the issue of quality education is often debated. The article analyses the concept of a quality educational institution: the attributes and personal qualities of a manager-leader. The research was conducted in two schools in Lithuania (a large city and a district centre), which are characterised as high-quality educational institutions. These schools in Lithuania are highly rated in terms of pupil achievement, external audit data, and statements made by school communities in public space and social networks. The aim of the study is to investigate the attributes of a leader of a quality educational institution and its leader. The study used a qualitative methodology: semi-structured interviews with school leaders, teachers, and parents of students belonging to the school council. Qualitative research was chosen because it would be difficult to reveal the meaning of the problem using a quantitative method, as each respondent has his or her own individual opinion, which depends on his or her experiences. The data were analysed according to coding categories. According to the study, it can be stated that for a leader of a quality educational institution, it is very important to follow such principles as respect for others, knowledge of others, democratic values, belief in colleagues and their abilities, and lifelong learning should be part of the daily life of the educational community.

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Linford, Sandra. "TEACHING IN LITHUANIA—THE PERSONAL AND THE PROFESSIONAL." Journal of Social Work Practice 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650530500071845.

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Gayo, Modesto, and María Luisa Méndez. "Fragmentación ideológica de la elite en Chile." Tempo Social 34, no. 2 (August 29, 2022): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2022.191178.

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Este artículo se titula “fragmentación ideológica de la elite en Chile”. Ofrece resultados de una investigación sobre los estratos más privilegiados de la sociedad chilena compuestos por empresarios, directivos y profesionales. En base a literatura sociológica y politológica, se indaga sobre la división política de las clases altas y medias altas. Para ello, se emplea una aproximación metodológica que combina técnicas cuantitativas (análisis de correspondencias múltiples), cualitativas (entrevistas en profundidad) y una lectura geográfica (mapas). Se concluye que la elite chilena está fuertemente dividida en torno a los cambios que el país enfrenta, mostrando una fragmentación interna de acuerdo a la edad y sobre todo la ideología política.

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Granberg, Donald, and Soren Holmberg. "A Mass-Elite Comparison of Wishful Thinking." Social Science Quarterly 83, no. 4 (December 2002): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00134.

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Reis, Elisa P. "Percepções da elite sobre pobreza e desigualdade." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 15, no. 42 (February 2000): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-69092000000100010.

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