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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Nottingham, Christopher J. "Recasting Bourgeois Britain?" International Review of Social History 31, no. 3 (December 1986): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008208.

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In Recasting Bourgeois Europe, his study of the responses of the major States of Western Europe to the conditions created by the First World War, Charles Maier makes only, according to his standards, passing reference to Great Britain. Initially this must appear quite reasonable, for if one compares the post-war situation of Britain with that of most of Continental Europe it must seem that Britain escaped, or at least experienced with a greatly reduced intensity, the disorder which beset other nations. It might therefore be assumed that the efforts of the British political elite to adjust to the post-war world are less worthy of attention than those of their Continental counterparts.

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2

Newton, Jacqueline A., and Paul S. Holmes. "Psychological characteristics of champion orienteers: Should they be considered in talent identification and development?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116684392.

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A range of cognitive skills that support the development of sport potential have been suggested to be important for athletes and coaches. This study explored performers’ psychological characteristics within orienteers. The psychological skills of World Elite orienteers and athletes in the National Junior Squads of both Great Britain and Switzerland were assessed using the six-factor Psychological Characteristics of Excellence Questionnaire. Data suggested that, as juniors, elite orienteers reported less support for long-term success than the Swiss juniors, perhaps because of the earlier adoption of self-coaching, but were not significantly different from either junior group on all other factors. British juniors were not significantly different from the other two groups on any factor. Follow-up qualitative approaches explored possible reasons for the World Elites’ early reliance on “self” rather than “other”, the role of the coach and the self-coaching phenomenon. The role of orienteering in developing these skills is also discussed along with unique psychological challenges faced by high performing orienteers.

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3

Smith, Andy, David Haycock, and Nicola Hulme. "The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 3 (August 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3105.

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This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds are to be found within the structure of the wider society, rather than in elite sport, which is perhaps usefully conceptualized as ‘epiphenomenal, a secondary set of social practices dependent on and reflecting more fundamental structures, values and processes’ ( Coalter 2013 : 18) beyond the levers of sports policy. It is concluded that class, together with other sources of social division, still matters and looking to the process of schooling and education, whilst largely ignoring the significance of wider inequalities, is likely to have a particularly limited impact on the stubborn persistence of inequalities in participation at all levels of sport, but particularly in elite sport.

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Eppel, Michael. "The Elite, theEffendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921–1958." International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 2 (May 1998): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800065880.

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One of the basic characteristics of the social conditions that marked political life in the Arab states in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s was the complex relationship between the politicians from among the elites of traditional notables of the Fertile Crescent cities and theeffendiyya, or Westernized middle stratum. These elites consisted not only of traditional notable families, but also of families newly risen since the Tanzimat reforms in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire. Since the end of World War I, these elites had stood at the center of the new states established by the Western powers—Great Britain and France—and it was now the politicians from within those elites who headed the struggle of those states for independence. This relationship, as well as the character of the elite of notables and theeffendiyya, constituted an important element in the social conditions characterizing the political and ideological environment in which the Iraqi politicians from the elite of notables had operated, and in which Arab nationalism and Pan-Arab ideology became a highly influential factor.

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5

Artemyeva, Tatiana. "The Making of Russian Intellectual Elites in the Age of Enlightenment." Odysseus. Man in History 28, no. 1 (October 28, 2022): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2022-28-1-117-139.

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During the age of Enlightenment, the processes of national elites' formation in Western Europe somewhat differed from country to country. While in Britain, especially in Scotland, intellectuals constituted a fairly homogeneous group of literati, which included university professors, educated priests, civil servants, and enlightened nobles, in France the ideological attitudes might have been shared by clerics, university professors, and "free thinkers," primarily "encyclopedists." In Russia, the situation was peculiar. At the beginning of the 18th century, the structure of the intellectual elite changed. The clerical Orthodox elite became segregated due to the restrictive decrees of Peter the Great. After the founding of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1724 and Moscow University in 1755, an academic elite emerged, and a noble intellectual elite took shape. While European intellectual elites developed within a single paradigm and built their internal oppositions most often along the lines of ideological irreconcilability (for example clericals and encyclopedists in France), Russian intellectual elites were barely connected to each other. They were formed in the context of different educational trajectories, shared no common intellectual institutions or communication platforms (it is not by chance that Russian universities had no theology departments: theological education existed in the framework of separate church schools), and they appealed to different authorities. All this contributed to the parallel existence of very different intellectual models and philosophical systems. The situation became even more complex in the 19th century with the emergence of the intelligentsia as a social group in its own right.

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6

Skocpol, Theda, and Gretchen Ritter. "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States." Studies in American Political Development 5, no. 1 (1991): 36–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0000016x.

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Comparative research on the origins of modern welfare states typically asks why certain European nations, including Great Britain, enacted pensions and social insurance between the 1880s and the 1920s, while the United States “lagged behind,” that is did not establish such policies for the entire nation until the Social Security Act of 1935. To put the question this way overlooks the social policies that were distinctive to the early twentieth-century United States. During the period when major European nations, including Britain, were launching paternalist versions of the modern welfare state, the United States was tentatively experimenting with what might be called a maternalist welfare state. In Britain, male bureaucrats and party leaders designed policies “for the good” of male wage-workers and their dependents. Meanwhile, in the United States, early social policies were championed by elite and middle-class women “for the good” of less privileged women. Adult American women were helped as mothers, or as working women who deserved special protection because they were potential mothers.

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Maďarová, Zuzana, Pavol Hardoš, and Alexandra Ostertágová. "What Makes Life Grievable? Discursive Distribution of Vulnerability in the Pandemic." Mezinárodní vztahy 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv-cjir.1737.

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This article examines Judith Butler’s concepts of vulnerability and grievability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and biopower practices introduced in the name of the protection of the people. An analysis of the elite political discourse in Czechia, Germany, Great Britain, and Slovakia in the first three months of the pandemic explores how vulnerability was constructed and distributed among the respective populations. We identified two prevailing discursive frames – science and security. Within the first, vulnerability was constructed in terms of biological characteristics, rendering elderly, disabled, and chronically ill bodies as already lost and ungrievable. Within the security frame, Roma or migrant populations’ vulnerability to the virus has been discursively shifted into being seen as a threat, while vulnerability itself was recognized more as a feature of institutions or society. Thus, despite the claims that ‘we are all in this together’, the pandemic has exposed how our vulnerability and interdependency are embedded within existing social structures.

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Mashevskyi, Oleh. "EUROPEAN UNION AND GREAT BRITAIN IS SEEKING NEW FORMS OF COOPERATION Review of the monograph by A.V. Grubinko, A. Yu. Martynov “The European Union after BREXIT: a continuation of history” (Ternopil – Kyiv, 2021. 258 p.)." European Historical Studies, no. 19 (2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.8.

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The authors of the monograph focused on the scientific analysis of an actual scientific and applied topic, which concerns the problem of adaptation of the European Union to the new conditions that have emerged since the UK left the EU. It is symbolic that this process coincided with the crisis of the globalization process due to the pandemic and its challenges to international security. The modern European Union is both an international and a state-like entity, which combines the features of at least three state unions: an international intergovernmental organization, a confederation and a federation. This not only determines the complexity of the subject of study, but also its inconsistency. In conditions of radical social change, it is always difficult to track and adequately analyze them. This titanic task is further complicated by the presence of an in-house methodological crisis in the family of social sciences. Therefore, given all these objective difficulties, we can only welcome attempts to find a new theoretical and methodological synthesis, which should help society to understand the essence of historical time and act in it as rationally and efficiently as possible. The pages of the monograph raise questions about the heuristic potential of the study of the problem of European historical experience; in addition, significant attention is paid to the coverage of a systematic approach to the social vector of European policy. It also addresses the issue of solving key social problems that stand in the way of qualitative deepening of European integration while maintaining the basic guidelines of social market economy. Among these issues, the authors highlight and analyze the most important aspects, which relate primarily to overcoming poverty and combating unemployment. The monograph outlines the range of methodological problems of transformational historical period, involved in its study synthesizing approach, which consists in the use of historical, socio-philosophical, economic, political science, legal approaches. This approach allows to restore the synthesis of scientific knowledge, which is often disrupted not only by the tendency to specialized fragmentation of complex objects of study, but also allows to take into account the specifics of the transitional historical period. In a geographical sense, not all European regions are equally developed, due to their different economic specialization, which has developed as a result of the historical division of labor. Eventually, there is a tendency to shifting responsibility for solving the problems of poor regions to themselves. The same German experience with the unification of East and West of the country has shown that even huge investments in infrastructure development, introduction of new technologies, efforts to increase productivity – all this together do not solve quickly enough the problem of social convergence. The leveling of the social space of richer and poorer federal states is rather slow. Last but not least, these problems became a good reason for the Great Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. The issue of the monograph is of practical importance for the foreign policy of Ukraine. After all, the European Union is an important neighbor, trade and political partner of Ukraine and accession to it is actually declared as a prototype of a strategic national idea. The European project is essentially postmodern, as it seeks to overcome the modernism with which nationalism is associated and to reach a level of tolerant agreement of different national interests. The intensification of the globalization process has prompted integration structures to perform functions that limit national sovereignty. Historiographical discourse of common foreign and defense policy of European Union proves that this strategic course of European integration depends on the ability of elites and peoples of Europe to find a common European identity and organize around it the process of determining the place and role of the European Union in the modern system of international relations. This process in the distant historical perspective remains an open possibility with an unguaranteed positive or negative result. Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union, which was unexpected for many researchers of European integration, matured gradually. The authors of the peer-reviewed monograph list the main trends that influenced this decision. First of all, we are talking about the unregulated EU development strategy, the fate of the common European currency, the imperfection of the system of decision-making in the field of common foreign and security policy, which led to an ineffective EU response to Russian and Chinese autocratic challenges. Despite the objective problems associated with mutual adaptation of old and new EU member states, the European integration project continues to be seen as the key to addressing the challenges of modern life and finding answers to the challenges of globalization. In particular, in the final sixth chapter, the author focuses on the theoretical, methodological and practical analysis of the problem of democracy. The authors of the monograph are looking for an answer to the question of what the European Union will be like after the exit of Great Britain. No less important is the question of whether Britain will become a “global” Britain after leaving the European Union. Of course, Britain is concerned about turning the EU into a superpower that has not only its own flag, anthem, currency, but also the germ of a common European army and tries to pursue a common foreign and defense policy. London advocates stronger resistance from China and ousting Russia from Europe. Changing regional influences in the EU may create a new structure of conflict of interest not only for individual countries but also for various regional groups. The issue of a clear division of powers between supranational and national authorities at all levels seems ripe. More adequate to this trend will be not so much a more centralized federalist Europe as a decentralized confederative one. By the way, the model of the latter looks more open for further expansion. This work is imbued with the spirit of realistic Europeanism. Therefore, not least because of this, the peer-reviewed monograph will become a notable phenomenon in domestic European studies.

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9

Turner, David. "Great expectations: The social sciences in Britain." Regions Magazine 248, no. 1 (November 2003): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714042090.

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10

Karužaitė, Daiva. "Higher Education Changes in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries." Pedagogika 117, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.064.

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The article reveals development and essential changes of higher education in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries. During last century Great Britain higher education system has changed dramatically – from elite higher education in the beginning of XX century, which was available for very small part of society, to mass higher education with variety of institutions and education programs. Nowadays there is almost half of Great Britain population (of certain age group) obtaining higher education certificate or diploma. The junction of XX and XXI centuries was signed with significant shift in the gender structure of higher education students: more women obtained fist university degree than men. Ten years later the same was recorded in higher degrees. The intense change of Great Britain higher education from elite to mass inevitably influenced the higher education finance sector. Great Britain used to cover all expenses of higher education from the budget. However, the financial crises occurred in the last decade of XX century, and the government was forced to seek for new financing models of higher education. First time in Great Britain higher education history the tuition fee was introduced. Striving to ensure the higher education accessibility for all social groups in Great Britain, the tuition fees were complemented with the grants and loans with special repayment (or without) conditions. Nevertheless, the financial reform, started in 1998, already was changed several times and has raised lots of critics. Along with the financial reform Great Britain deals with the higher education quality issues. There was no essential discussions about higher education quality in the beginning of the XX century as it was elite higher education. Moving to the mass higher education with variety of institutions and dramatically growing student number, the quality question becomes relevant. Despite the owning the largest number of worldwide level elite universities in Europe, Great Britain seeks to ensure the quality in all higher education institutions in the country. Therefore the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education was established. The Agency puts students and the public interest at the center of everything they do. Great Britain higher education quality policy is implemented basing on the Quality Code for Higher Education.

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11

Hartmann, Michael. "Die Rekrutierung von Topmanagern in Europa." European Journal of Sociology 38, no. 1 (May 1997): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007700.

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Seventy-five to eighty per cent of the ruling elites of the three main European nations (France, Great Britain and Germany) are drawn from the middle classes, and their social recruitment has hardly changed over the last 2j years. According to the author, Bourdieu's theory of class habitus and the role of cultural capital is thus strongly confirmed, refuting the common argument that the world of elites is opening up.

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12

Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.

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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.

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13

Morgan, David H. J. "Family Theory and Research in Great Britain." Marriage & Family Review 23, no. 1-2 (November 13, 1996): 457–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v23n01_05.

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14

Sousounis, Panos, and Gauthier Lanot. "Social networks and unemployment exit in Great Britain." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect employed friends have on the probability of exiting unemployment of an unemployed worker according to his/her educational (skill) level. Design/methodology/approach In common with studies on unemployment duration, this paper uses a discrete-time hazard model. Findings The paper finds that the conditional probability of finding work is between 24 and 34 per cent higher per period for each additional employed friend for job seekers with intermediate skills. Social implications These results are of interest since they suggest that the reach of national employment agencies could extend beyond individuals in direct contact with first-line employment support bureaus. Originality/value Because of the lack of appropriate longitudinal information, the majority of empirical studies in the area assess the influence of social networks on employment status using proxy measures of social interactions. The current study contributes to the very limited empirical literature of the influence of social networks on job attainment using direct measures of social structures.

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15

Cao, Cong. "Social Origins of the Chinese Scientific Elite." China Quarterly 160 (December 1999): 992–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000001417.

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The literature on China's social stratification and mobility has discussed the roles of family background and an individual's education attainment. This article aims to extend the existing literature by examining the interplay of these two aspects in fostering a homogeneous group of scientists, the members (yuanshi) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, Zhongguo kexueyuan). Since its establishment in 1955, honorific CAS membership has been awarded to outstanding Chinese scientists in their respective fields. As of the end of 1997, a total of 859 Chinese natural scientists, including 40 women, had been elected to the five Academic Divisions of the CAS – Mathematics and Physics, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Earth Sciences, and Technological Sciences (Table 1) – of whom 610 were alive. They have been renowned, nationally if not internationally, for their academic achievements and contributions, and they have a reputation and prestige similar to those enjoyed by their counterparts in other countries, such as members of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States and fellows of the Royal Society in Britain. Because the occupational prestige of scientists is very high in China, as it is in other countries, and following similar research on the scientific elite, it is reasonable to define CAS members as the Chinese scientific elite.

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16

Richards, Pamela Spence. "Great Britain and allied scientific information: 1939?1945." Minerva 26, no. 2 (1988): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01096695.

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17

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Social Science History 17, no. 2 (1993): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1171282.

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18

LEFSTEIN, NORMAN. "GREAT BRITAIN PROPOSES ABOLITION OF JUVENILE COURTS." Juvenile and Family Court Journal 16, no. 4 (July 30, 2009): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1966.tb00336.x.

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Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834." Social Science History 17, no. 2 (1993): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016849.

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A quick comparison of characteristic British struggles in 1758 and 1833 will show how greatly the predominant forms of popular collective action changed during the intervening 75 years. That change sets a research problem that I have been pursuing for many years: documenting, and trying to explain, changes in the ways that people act together in pursuit of shared interests—changes in repertoires of collective action. This interim report has two complementary objectives: first, to situate the evolving concept of repertoire in my own work and in recent studies of collective action; second, to illustrate its applications to the experience of Great Britain from the 1750s to the 1830s. It will do no more than hint, however, at explanations of the changes it documents.

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20

Vlasova, I. V. "UNIVERSITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: EXPERIENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN." Innovate Pedagogy 1, no. 50 (2022): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2663-6085/2022/50.1.39.

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21

Homan, Roger. "Elite Religiosity in Britain / La Religiosité des élites en Grande-Bretagne." Archives de sciences sociales des religions 67, no. 1 (1989): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/assr.1989.1374.

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22

Sinclair, Ian. "Social Work and Personal Social Services for the Elderly in Great Britain." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 12, no. 1-2 (July 5, 1988): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v12n01_05.

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23

GEORGE, STEPHEN. "Great Britain and the European Community." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 531, no. 1 (January 1994): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716294531001004.

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24

Clarkson, Elizabeth M. R. "Teaching overseas students in Great Britain." International Social Work 33, no. 4 (October 1990): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289003300407.

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25

Miers, David. "Situating and Researching Restorative Justice in Great Britain." Punishment & Society 6, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474504039089.

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26

Coulter, Rory, and Yang Hu. "Living Apart Together and Cohabitation Intentions in Great Britain." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 12 (December 3, 2015): 1701–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15619461.

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A growing number of studies examine how, why, and when people form and maintain living apart together (LAT) relationships. Although this literature shows that LAT is a diverse and ambiguous practice, little is known about whether people live apart together in particular ways under distinct constellations of life course circumstances. Moreover, it is unclear how intentions to convert LAT into cohabitation are configured by life trajectories. Drawing on data from an unprecedentedly large survey of people in LAT partnerships, we construct a fourfold typology of individuals in LAT relationships and show that each of the identified profiles is characterized by a distinctive position in the life course and different cohabitation intentions. These results indicate that LAT is a flexible way to practice partnership within the context of life course circumstances.

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27

Henley, Andrew. "On regional growth convergence in Great Britain." Regional Studies 39, no. 9 (December 2005): 1245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400500390123.

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Campbell, Lori Ann, and Toby L. Parcel. "Children’s Home Environments in Great Britain and the United States." Journal of Family Issues 31, no. 5 (October 15, 2009): 559–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09350441.

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29

Murphy, M. J. "Differential family formation in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 4 (October 1987): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017107.

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SummaryDifferentials in variables concerned with the timing, number, and distribution of fertility by a wide range of socioeconomic, attitudinal, inherited and housing characteristics from the British Family Formation Survey are reported. Variables associated with the couple's housing history and the wife's employment career are becoming more strongly associated with demographic differentials among younger cohorts than traditionally-based ones such as religion or region of residence. Cluster analysis techniques show which groups of family formation variables are strongly associated with particular types of non-demographic ones, and a natural grouping of explanatory variables is derived. The implications of these conclusions for data collection in demographic surveys are discussed.

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30

Wright, Robert E., John F. Ermisch, P. R. Andrew Hinde, and Heather E. Joshi. "The third birth in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (October 1988): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017612.

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SummaryThe relationship between female labour force participation, and other socioeconomic factors, and the probability of having a third birth is examined, using British data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, by hazard regression modelling with time-varying covariates. The results demonstrate the strong association between demographic factors, e.g. age at first birth and birth interval and subsequent fertility behaviour. Education appears to have little effect. Surprisingly, women who have spent a higher proportion of time as housewives have a lower risk of having a third birth. This finding is in sharp disagreement with the conventional expectation that cumulative labour force participation supports lower fertility. These findings are briefly compared with similar research carried out in Sweden.

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31

Melachroinos, Konstantinos A., and Nigel Spence. "Intangible Investment and Regional Productivity in Great Britain." Regional Studies 47, no. 7 (July 2013): 1048–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.684678.

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32

Moyes, A., and P. Westhead. "Environments for New Firm Formation in Great Britain." Regional Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1990): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409012331345844.

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33

Twomey, J., and J. M. Tomkins. "Supply Potential in the Regions of Great Britain." Regional Studies 30, no. 8 (December 1996): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409612331350078.

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34

Brain, Robert M. "Modernity: How Germany and Great Britain faced the early years of technology." Minerva 45, no. 3 (August 3, 2007): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-007-9051-1.

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DUTTA-BERGMAN, MOHAN J., and KENNETH O. DOYLE. "Money and Meaning in India and Great Britain." American Behavioral Scientist 45, no. 2 (October 2001): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957132.

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36

Criscuolo, Chiara, and Ralf Martin. "Multinationals and U.S. Productivity Leadership: Evidence from Great Britain." Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 2 (May 2009): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.2.263.

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37

Flere, Sergej, and Tibor Rutar. "Break-up of the Yugoslav political elite, 1962-1972." Sociologija 63, no. 3 (2021): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2103500f.

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The break-up of the Yugoslav communist elite, which came about in the period 1962-1972, is considered. The break-up came about under the elite?s disappointment due to the failure to achieve economic objectives it set for itself, bringing about internal dubiety and mutual suspicion, the political system moving towards consociation also contributed to fracturing. However, this is not sufficient as explanation. Cultural elites also contributed in the same direction. Economic growth was significant, considering the entire period 1945-1991, but it was always clouded by imbalances. Certain issues and discussions were indicative of the break-up. Political unity and communism was gradually replaced as objective by ?resolving the national question?, also a legitimate Marxist concern. It can be considered that by the break-up, a normalization of elite pattern came about, comparable to elites in the greatest number of European states, although the elites kept on being ?ideocratic?. Whereas elites may have become ?normal?, the functioning of the political system became ever more difficult. The ascending national communist elites never undertook steps at the direct dissolution of the Yugoslav state, although they entered into ceaseless disputes and finally paved the way to ethnic entrepreneurs and counter-elites to implement the dissolution. By the elite break-up a relation between elite and nation similar to the one existing in the great majority of European countries was achieved.

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Flere, Sergej, and Tibor Rutar. "Break-up of the Yugoslav political elite, 1962-1972." Sociologija 63, no. 3 (2021): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2103500f.

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The break-up of the Yugoslav communist elite, which came about in the period 1962-1972, is considered. The break-up came about under the elite?s disappointment due to the failure to achieve economic objectives it set for itself, bringing about internal dubiety and mutual suspicion, the political system moving towards consociation also contributed to fracturing. However, this is not sufficient as explanation. Cultural elites also contributed in the same direction. Economic growth was significant, considering the entire period 1945-1991, but it was always clouded by imbalances. Certain issues and discussions were indicative of the break-up. Political unity and communism was gradually replaced as objective by ?resolving the national question?, also a legitimate Marxist concern. It can be considered that by the break-up, a normalization of elite pattern came about, comparable to elites in the greatest number of European states, although the elites kept on being ?ideocratic?. Whereas elites may have become ?normal?, the functioning of the political system became ever more difficult. The ascending national communist elites never undertook steps at the direct dissolution of the Yugoslav state, although they entered into ceaseless disputes and finally paved the way to ethnic entrepreneurs and counter-elites to implement the dissolution. By the elite break-up a relation between elite and nation similar to the one existing in the great majority of European countries was achieved.

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Tilly, C. "The Rise of the Public Meeting in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Social Science History 34, no. 3 (August 25, 2010): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-2010-002.

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Tilly, Charles. "The Rise of the Public Meeting in Great Britain, 1758–1834." Social Science History 34, no. 3 (2010): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011275.

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This article conducts an analysis of public meetings in Great Britain between 1758 and 1834. The profound changes in frequency and character, the enormous increase of public meetings and the sharp decline in the relative frequency of violent gatherings, serve as an indicator of the expansion of the public sphere and its capacity to shape the social process. The article explains the rise of the public meeting and why it became so central to British political life during the nineteenth century through four intertwined changes: the development of British capitalism, the growing importance of Parliament, the multiplied opportunities for political entrepreneurs, and the effect of public contention itself.

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Braun, Dietmar. "Biomedical research in a period of scarcity: The United States and Great Britain." Minerva 31, no. 3 (1993): 268–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01098624.

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Durie, A. J., and M. J. Huggins. "Sport, social tone and the seaside resorts of Great Britain, c.1850–1914." International Journal of the History of Sport 15, no. 1 (April 1998): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714018.

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Benson, J. F., and K. G. Willis. "Implications of Recreation Demand for Forest Expansion in Great Britain." Regional Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1993): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409312331347345.

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Martin, R. L., and P. Tyler. "Real Wage Rigidity at the Local Level in Great Britain." Regional Studies 28, no. 8 (December 1994): 833–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409412331348736.

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Adelfinsky, Andrey. "Creating a Hero . . . Laughing at Clowns? Representations of Sports and Fitness in Soviet Fiction Films after the Olympic U-Turn in Politics." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 4 (2020): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-4-108-136.

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In the 1940s–1960s, the USSR made an ideological turn from leftist sports politics to the struggle for Olympic achievements. How has this U-turn affected the social order in Soviet sport and its artistic repre-sentation? The article offers a systematic review of Soviet sport fiction films. The study of sport and fit-ness imagination is conducted through a correlation between artistic performance and social context. Fo-cusing on the 1950s–1980s, we found three different types of representation: № 1 is the creating of a hero (for an elite athlete). This is the lion’s share of all sport movies where the “Myth of a Hero” in Olympic sport was constructed. In praising elite sport, modern Russian movies continue the well-known Soviet tradition; № 2 is the laughing at clowns (for mass sportsmen). These are mostly episodes in feature films on themes, where mass sport (i.e., non-elite, grassroots, recreational, fitness, and ordinary) is mentioned. Surprisingly, this sport is presented in a comic sense (except hiking and mountaineering); №3 is sport reality. This type comprises the tiniest selection of movies where art reflects the real situation inside the Soviet sport industry. Elite athletes are presented here as antiheroes with social adaptation problems; ad-ditionally, such issues as shamateurism are severely criticized. The conclusions are following: since the 1970s, sport films ceased to function as propaganda of fitness and recreational sport. On the contrary, elite sport (as an art branch), its representations in official arts and media jointly constructed the great “evan-gelical myth” about itself, which became the part of public consciousness. However, this myth had little to do with a new reality. Elite sport’s positive representation acted only as a propagandist tool that created a fictional social world. The existing social order’s irrationality was critically reflected only by the comedy genre.

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Swanson, Kara W. "“Great Men,” Law, and the Social Construction of Technology." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 03 (2018): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12313.

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Is Alexander Graham Bell's fame owed to law and lawyers? Two recent histories argue that some popular tales of invention originated with lawyers and judges as part of patent litigation battles (Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday, Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain[2013]; Christopher Beauchamp, Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America[2015]). Bringing law into the historical project of understanding the social construction of technology, the authors unsettle “great man” narratives of invention. A tale of a recent patent war is a case study in the persistence of such narratives, highlighting the uses of legal storytelling (Ronald K. Fierstein, A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War[2015]). Together, these works invite consideration of the cultural power possessed by invention origin stories, the role of narratives in law and history, and the judicial performance of truth finding in Anglo-American law.

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MAYHEW, K., and B. ROSEWELL. "IMMIGRANTS AND OCCUPATIONAL CROWDING IN GREAT BRITAIN*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1978.mp40003003.x.

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Skinner, C. J., P. Lynn, and D. Lievesley. "Drawing General Population Samples in Great Britain." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 155, no. 3 (1992): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2982905.

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Russell, Stephen T. "Life Course Antecedents of Premarital Conception in Great Britain." Journal of Marriage and the Family 56, no. 2 (May 1994): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353114.

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Murphy, Mike, Karen Glaser, and Emily Grundy. "Marital Status and Long-Term Illness in Great Britain." Journal of Marriage and the Family 59, no. 1 (February 1997): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353669.

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