Journal articles on the topic 'Elite/professional sport'
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Houston, John M., David Carter, and Robert D. Smither. "Competitiveness in Elite Professional Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1447.
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This study examined sport and interpersonal competitiveness between 92 tennis club players and 155 professional players (131 active and 24 retired) and also considered sex differences, differences in stage of career, and performance. Analysis indicated that tennis professionals scored higher on both sport and interpersonal measures of competitiveness than amateur tennis players and that competitiveness remains stable across stages of career. In addition, female tennis professionals scored higher on sport competitiveness than males. Neither measure of competitiveness was significantly related to professional ranking.
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McDougall, Michael, Mark Nesti, and David Richardson. "The Challenges of Sport Psychology Delivery in Elite and Professional Sport: Reflections From Experienced Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0081.
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The challenges encountered by sport psychologists operating within elite and professional sports teams have arguably been inadequately considered (Nesti, 2010). It has been suggested that this may be due to the inaccessibility of elite team environments (Eubank, Nesti, & Cruickshank, 2014; Nesti, 2010). The purpose of this research was to examine the challenges facing practitioners who operate in elite environments and to illuminate how these were experienced. Qualitative interviews with six experienced applied sport psychologists were conducted and a narrative themed analysis undertaken. Four main themes emerged as most prevalent and meaningful: challenges to congruence, a broader role: managing multiple relationships, the influence of elite sport cultures, and surviving and thriving were presented in narrative form. Practitioners provided experiential insight into how specific challenges were understood and dealt with, and how they are able to provide an effective service while managing themselves and the demands of the environment.
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Black, Sarah, Kevin Black, Aman Dhawan, Cayce Onks, Peter Seidenberg, and Matthew Silvis. "Pediatric Sports Specialization in Elite Ice Hockey Players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118800446.
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Background: Pediatric sports specialization, defined as intense year-round training in a single sport as a result of excluding other sports for more than 8 months per year, is common in the United States. There are demonstrated physical and social risks to early pediatric sports specialization (defined as before age 12 years). While thought to be needed to acquire appropriate experience and excel in a given sport, there remains little information on when athletes at the highest levels of their sport specialized. This study aimed to define when professional and collegiate ice hockey players specialized. Hypothesis: Early sports specialization before age 12 years will not be common among elite-level (professional and collegiate) ice hockey players. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional survey study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Male professional and collegiate ice hockey players within 1 National Hockey League organization and 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) organizations who were 18 years of age or older completed a survey at training camp detailing their history of sports participation and specialization. Results: A total of 91 athletes participated in the study (mean age, 22.8 years; range, 18-39 years). The mean age at the start of any sports participation was 4.5 years, and the mean age of sports specialization was 14.3 years. The mean age of specialization in the professional group, the NCAA Division I group, and the NCAA Division III group was 14.1, 14.5, and 14.6 years, respectively. Conclusion: Early pediatric sports specialization is not common in elite-level (professional and collegiate) ice hockey players. Clinical Relevance: Early pediatric sports specialization before age 12 years is not necessary for athletic success in professional and collegiate ice hockey. This study provides further evidence supporting the recommendations of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine against early sports specialization.
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Stieger, Raphael, Romano Meier, Grazia Lang, and Siegfried Nagel. "Professionalisation and its consequences for the governance of sports clubs in semi-professional team sports." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 034. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss034.
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Sports clubs in semi-professional team sports professionalise their management particularly often due to expectations from internal and external stakeholders. Likely, they separate their elite section from other sections at some point during their professionalisation process. Promoting factors are the entrepreneurial risks and the high use of resources of the elite section. However, there are different approaches regarding the legal form of the separated elite section. While some sports clubs organise the elite section as a separated club, others choose a profit oriented legal form, like a limited liability company (LLC) or a stock company. Here, the following question arises: What are the consequences of the varying approaches for the governance of the sports clubs?
Nagel et al. (2015) use a multi-level framework for the analysis of professionalisation in sports federations, which can be similarly used to analyse professionalisation processes in sports clubs. The framework shows, that professionalisation forms can lead to positive and negative consequences, such as changes in the governance structures. However, the chosen legal form and its (non) profit orientation leaves room for club-specific governance structures (Lang et al., 2019).
This study is part of an international project on professionalisation processes of sports clubs. The research design is a case study design. It analyses two Swiss sports clubs that engage in a men’s semi-professional team sports league. Both sport clubs separated their elite and amateur sections. The volleyball club organised the elite section as a member association, just like the amateur section. The handball club chose a LLC for their elite section. Data collection consisted of three parts: documentary analysis, expert interviews with decision-makers and focus groups with club members. The data was analysed using causation coding and visualisation strategies.
The results show, that the elite section of the volleyball club employed a full-time paid CEO, while the management of the handball club’s LLC relied exclusively on voluntary work. This might be explained by more financial resources of and higher demands on the international playing volleyball club. For both sports clubs, a decreasing identification of the amateur section with the elite section was a challenge at the beginning of the separation. Although both clubs believe that they have overcome this challenge thanks to joint events, the recruitment of volunteers for the elite sports is still a challenge.
In conclusion, the professionalisation processes and the separation of elite and amateur sports led to changes in the governance of the sports clubs. However, the assumption that profit oriented legal forms tend to employ more paid staff could not be confirmed. Future research is needed to challenge these findings and to discover further approaches of governance structures.
References
Lang, G., Ströbel, T., & Nagel, S. (2019). Professionalization forms in mixed sport industries: is it time to rethink the stereotypes of non-profit and for-profit sport organizations? Managing Sport and Leisure, 24(4), 208-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1611470
Nagel, S., Schlesinger, T., Bayle, E., & Giauque, D. (2015). Professionalisation of sport federations: A multi-level framework for analysing forms, causes and consequences. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(4), 407-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1062990
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Zimmermann, Paul, Jan Wüstenfeld, Lukas Zimmermann, Volker Schöffl, and Isabelle Schöffl. "Physiological Aspects of World Elite Competitive German Winter Sport Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095620.
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Nine Ski mountaineering (Ski-Mo), ten Nordic-Cross Country (NCC) and twelve world elite biathlon (Bia) athletes were evaluated for cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance as the primary aim of our descriptive preliminary report. A multicenter retrospective analysis of CPET data was performed in 31 elite winter sports athletes, which were obtained in 2021 during the annual medical examination. The matched data of the elite winter sports athletes (14 women, 17 male athletes, age: 18–32 years) were compared for different CPET parameters, and athlete’s physique data and sport-specific training schedules. All athletes showed, as estimated in elite winter sport athletes, excellent performance data in the CPET analyses. Significant differences were revealed for VE VT2 (respiratory minute volume at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)), highest maximum respiratory minute volume (VEmaximum), the indexed ventilatory oxygen uptake (VO2) at VT2 (VO2/kg VT2), the oxygen pulse at VT2, and the maximum oxygen pulse level between the three professional winter sports disciplines. This report provides new evidence that in different world elite winter sport professionals, significant differences in CPET parameters can be demonstrated, against the background of athlete’s physique as well as training control and frequency.
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Macleod, A. D. "Sport Psychiatry." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (December 1998): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809073876.
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Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the literature on psychiatry for elite athletes. Method: Relevant literature was presented to the general psychiatrist. Results: The prevalence of drug misuse, eating disorders and brain injury in elite and professional athletes is stressed. The uniquely troublesome adverse effects of psychopharmacology in this group of subjects is commented upon. Conclusions: Elite athletes may require competent and informed psychiatric opinion and management.
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Buerba, Rafael A., Stefano Zaffagnini, Ryosuke Kuroda, and Volker Musahl. "ACL reconstruction in the professional or elite athlete: state of the art." Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2020-000456.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are on the rise at all levels of sport, including elite athletics. ACL injury can have implications on the athlete’s sport longevity, as well as other long-term consequences, such as the development of future knee osteoarthritis. In the elite athlete, ACL injury can also have ramifications in terms of contract/scholastic obligations, sponsorships and revenue-generating potential. Although the goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to return any athlete to the same preinjury level of sport, management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete come with the additional challenge of returning him or her to an extremely high level of physical performance. Despite outcome studies after ACLR in elite athletes showing a high return-to-sport rate, these studies also show that very few athletes are able to return to sport at the same level of performance. They also show that those athletes who undergo ACLR have careers that are more short-lived in comparison to those without injury. Thus, returning an elite athlete to ‘near peak’ performance may not be good enough for the athletic demands of elite-level sports. A possible explanation for the variability in outcomes is the great diversity seen in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete in terms of rehabilitation, graft choices, portal drilling and reconstruction techniques. Recently, the advent of anatomical, individualised ACLR has shown improved results in ACLR outcomes. However, larger-scale studies with long-term follow-ups are needed to better understand the outcomes of modern ACLR techniques—particularly with the rise of quadriceps tendon as an autograft choice and the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures. The purpose of this article was thus to provide an up-to-date state-of-the-art review in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete.
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Gouttebarge, Vincent, Abhinav Bindra, Cheri Blauwet, Niccolo Campriani, Alan Currie, Lars Engebretsen, Brian Hainline, et al. "International Olympic Committee (IOC) Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) and Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1): towards better support of athletes’ mental health." British Journal of Sports Medicine 55, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102411.
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ObjectivesTo develop an assessment and recognition tool to identify elite athletes at risk for mental health symptoms and disorders.MethodsWe conducted narrative and systematic reviews about mental health symptoms and disorders in active and former elite athletes. The views of active and former elite athletes (N=360) on mental health symptoms in elite sports were retrieved through an electronic questionnaire. Our group identified the objective(s), target group(s) and approach of the mental health tools. For the assessment tool, we undertook a modified Delphi consensus process and used existing validated screening instruments. Both tools were compiled during two 2-day meeting. We also explored the appropriateness and preliminary reliability and validity of the assessment tool.Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 and Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1The International Olympic Committee Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) was developed for sports medicine physicians and other licensed/registered health professionals to assess elite athletes (defined as professional, Olympic, Paralympic or collegiate level; aged 16 years and older) potentially at risk for or already experiencing mental health symptoms and disorders. The SMHAT-1 consists of: (i) triage with an athlete-specific screening tool, (ii) six subsequent disorder-specific screening tools and (iii) a clinical assessment (and related management) by a sports medicine physician or licensed/registered mental health professional (eg, psychiatrist and psychologist). The International Olympic Committee Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1) was developed for athletes and their entourage (eg, friends, fellow athletes, family and coaches).ConclusionThe SMHAT-1 and SMHRT-1 enable that mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes are recognised earlier than they otherwise would. These tools should facilitate the timely referral of those athletes in need for appropriate support and treatment.
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Douglas, Kitrina, and David Carless. "Performance, Discovery, and Relational Narratives among Women Professional Tournament Golfers." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 15, no. 2 (October 2006): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.15.2.14.
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The dominant narrative within the literature on elite sport is characterised by a total focus on performance. Scholars in other areas have noted how although alternatives to the dominant narrative exist they are often silenced and fail to reach the public domain. Drawing on interviews with seven women professional tournament golfers, we explored the narratives women use to make sense of their experiences in elite sport. We present three narratives which illustrate the existence of alternatives to the dominant performance narrative among Europe’s most outstanding women golfers. Two alternatives are identified: a discovery narrative and a relational narrative. These findings suggest that diverse routes to success are possible in women’s professional sport. We discuss the educational and social implications of the alternative narratives in an effort to encourage discussion and debate among athletes, administrators, coaches, sports psychologists, and educators.
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Zimmermann, Paul, Othmar Moser, Max L. Eckstein, Jan Wüstenfeld, Volker Schöffl, Lukas Zimmermann, Martin Braun, and Isabelle Schöffl. "Athlete’s Heart in Elite Biathlon, Nordic Cross—Country and Ski-Mountaineering Athletes: Cardiac Adaptions Determined Using Echocardiographic Data." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9010008.
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Twelve world elite Biathlon (Bia), ten Nordic Cross Country (NCC) and ten ski-mountaineering (Ski-Mo) athletes were evaluated for pronounced echocardiographic physiological cardiac remodeling as a primary aim of our descriptive preliminary report. In this context, sports-related cardiac remodeling was analyzed by performing two-dimensional echocardiography including speckle tracking analysis as left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS). A multicenter retrospective analysis of echocardiographic data was performed in 32 elite world winter sports athletes, which were obtained between 2020 and 2021 during the annual medical examination. The matched data of the elite world winter sports athletes (14 women, 18 male athletes, age: 18–35 years) were compared for different echocardiographic parameters. Significant differences could be revealed for left ventricular systolic function (LV-EF, p = 0.0001), left ventricular mass index (LV Mass index, p = 0.0078), left atrial remodeling by left atrial volume index (LAVI, p = 0.0052), and LV-GLS (p = 0.0003) between the three professional winter sports disciplines. This report provides new evidence that resting measures of cardiac structure and function in elite winter sport professionals can identify sport specific remodeling of the left heart, against the background of training schedule and training frequency.
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Orlowski, Johannes, Pamela Wicker, and Christoph Breuer. "Labor migration among elite sport coaches: An exploratory study." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 3 (June 2, 2016): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216649778.
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Coaches are critical to elite sport achievements because they represent the link between sport policies and athletes. Yet, labor migration of elite sport coaches challenges the competitiveness of the sport system of the sending country and brain drain is a concern for policy-makers. Previous research on labor migration in sport has focused on athletes in professional team sports. Based on the push–pull framework, this study seeks to explore the factors affecting labor migration of elite sport coaches in less commercialized sports. Semi-structured interviews with nine elite sport coaches employed in Germany were conducted. The following migration factors emerged from the analysis: job-related factors (salary, workload, financial planning security, pressure, politics within the sport federation, and recognition of the coaching job in society); social factors (family support, and children’s education); competitive factors (training environment, and sport equipment); and seeking new experiences (new culture/language, and challenging task). Networks were found to be critical to the reception of job offers. A combination of various push and pull factors from several levels (i.e., individual, household, organizational, and national level) is at work when examining potential coach migration. Policy- makers should consider these factors when they strive to create a more attractive working environment for coaches.
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Davis, Gavin A., Michael Makdissi, Paul Bloomfield, Patrick Clifton, Charlotte Cowie, Ruben Echemendia, Eanna C. Falvey, et al. "Concussion Guidelines in National and International Professional and Elite Sports." Neurosurgery 87, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyaa057.
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Abstract The Berlin statement on sport-related concussion was published in 2017 using evidence-based recommendations. We aimed to examine (1) the implementation of, distribution and education based on the Berlin recommendations, and the development of sport-specific protocols/guidelines among professional and elite sports, (2) the implementation of guidelines at the community level, (3) translation of guidelines into different languages, and (4) research activities. Senior medical advisers and chief medical officers from Australian Football League, All Japan Judo Federation, British Horseracing Authority, Cricket Australia, Fédération Equestre Internationale, Football Association, Gaelic Athletic Association, International Boxing Association, Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board, Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, National Rugby League, and World Rugby completed a questionnaire. The results demonstrated that all 14 sporting organizations have published concussion protocols/guidelines based on the Berlin recommendations, including Recognize, Removal from play, Re-evaluation, Rest, Recovery, and Return to play. There is variable inclusion of Prolonged symptoms. Prevention and Risk reduction and Long-term effects are addressed in the guidelines, rules and regulations, and/or sport-specific research. There is variability in education programs, monitoring compliance with guidelines, and publication in other languages. All sporting bodies are actively involved in concussion research. We conclude that the Berlin recommendations have been included in concussion protocols/guidelines by all the sporting bodies, with consistency in the essential components of the recommendations, whilst also allowing for sport- and regional-specific variations. Education at the elite, community, and junior levels remains an ongoing challenge, and future iterations of guidelines may consider multiple language versions, and community- and junior-level guidelines.
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Carless, David, and Kitrina Douglas. "“In the Boat” but “Selling Myself Short”: Stories, Narratives, and Identity Development in Elite Sport." Sport Psychologist 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.27.
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Through narrative methodology this study explores the processes and consequences of identity development among young elite athletes, with particular reference to the influence of sport culture. We focus on life stories of two elite male athletes, recounting significant moments from their lives analyzed through the lens of narrative theory. Our findings offer insights into three strands of sport psychology literature. First, responding to calls for a cultural sport psychology, our study reveals how elite sport culture shapes psychological processes of identity development. Second, it shows how the origins of a potentially problematic athletic identity are seeded in early sport experiences, shedding light on how athletic identity is developed or resisted. Finally, it extends previous narrative research into the lives of female professional golfers, documenting how comparable processes unfold among male athletes in other sports, deepening understanding of how cultural narratives influence behavior and life choices.
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Wu, Ping. "Who Is Ignorant." Sport Science Review 19, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2010): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0030-y.
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Who Is Ignorant This article studies dispute between Chinese sports journalists and Chinese sports elites in a socio-cultural context. Based upon a number of case studies, the professional features of Chinese sports journalism and Chinese elite sport are elaborated and the different characteristics of Chinese sports journalists and Chinese sportspeople are examined. The study then investigates how the cultural differences between Chinese sports journalists and Chinese sportspeople affect their understandings of news values and the duty of the news media and concludes that the different understandings of the media's duty are often the trigger of dispute.
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Dean, Francesca, Emma Kavanagh, Amanda Wilding, and Tim Rees. "An Examination of the Experiences of Practitioners Delivering Sport Psychology Services within English Premier League Soccer Academies." Sports 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10040060.
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Sport psychology has become increasingly recognized and accepted within professional sports, including soccer. To date, there is a lack of research that examines the provision of sport psychology within elite soccer, particularly from the experience of applied practitioners working within the field. The current study adopted a qualitative, inductive approach, to examine the experiences of practitioners responsible for sport psychology delivery within elite soccer academies in England. Seven participants (four females; three males), working within academies in the English Premier League, took part in semi-structured interviews about their experience of delivering sport psychology services within elite soccer academies. Results demonstrated that the provision of sport psychology is continually evolving, yet there are a number of factors that appear to inhibit the full integration of the discipline into academy soccer. Six key themes were identified: The breadth of sport psychology provision; what is sport psychology; the stigma surrounding sport psychology services; psychological literacy; the elite youth soccer environment; and the delivery of sport psychology under the Elite Player Performance Plan. Participants identified a lack of psychological literacy among coaches and academy staff, as well as a low level of guidance regarding the provision of psychology within the England Football Association’s guiding document—the Elite Player Performance Plan—leading to considerable variation in the nature of the sport psychology provision. Future research would do well to also sample from a range of staff working within English soccer academies, in order to assess their perception of the level of provision and understanding of psychology.
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Gallo, Valentina, Kim Motley, Simon P. T. Kemp, Saba Mian, Tara Patel, Laura James, Neil Pearce, and Damien McElvenny. "Concussion and long-term cognitive impairment among professional or elite sport-persons: a systematic review." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-321170.
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IntroductionUnderstanding whether concussion in sport is associated with worsening cognitive function in later life will likely have immediate repercussion on sports concussion prevention and management policy and sporting rules and regulations. This systematic review aims to summarise the evidence on the association between concussion sustained by professional/elite athletes and long-term cognitive impairment.MethodsEmbase, PubMed and Web of Science were used to search for eligible studies. Studies including professional/elite athletes from any sport were considered. Three comparison groups were considered: internal comparison (concussed vs non-concussed athletes within the same sample); between-sport comparison (contact sport athletes vs non-contact sports ones); external comparison (athletes vs samples of the general population or population norms).Results14 studies were included (rugby, American football, ice hockey players, boxers and marital art fighters). The general quality of the evidence was poor. The overall evidence, weighted for type of comparison and study quality, points towards an association between sustaining a sport-related concussion and poorer cognitive function later in life in rugby, American football and boxing, although it is unclear to what extent this is clinically relevant. Data on ice hockey and martial arts were too sparse to allow conclusions to be drawn.ConclusionHigh-quality, appropriately designed and powered epidemiological studies are urgently needed to assess the association between sustaining a sport-related concussion and cognitive impairment later in life. Particular emphasis should be put on the clinical translational value of findings.
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Ronkainen, Noora Johanna, and Violetta Oblinger-Peters. "Life in elite sport." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 072. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss072.
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Empirical research which aims to investigate elite sport from a holistic perspective (Magnusson & Stattin, 2006; Wylleman, 2019) is necessary to inform the ethical discussions surrounding issues such as performance and optimization. This symposium, therefore, intends to capture the complex trajectories of athlete’s lived experience from multiple angles and disciplines within the area of sport science. Starting from a psychological understanding, Philip Röthlin will introduce the prevalence of mental health disorders among Swiss elite athletes along with relevant contributing factors such as need satisfaction and organizational support. Colm Hickey will unearth how professional elite athletes are affected by abuse disguised as jokes in their daily lives from a sociological perspective. Helena Hlasová will explore retirement from elite sport through the lens of Dialogical Self Theory (Hermans & Kempen, 1993) and uncover the implicit ways in which elite athletes may or may not engage in “identity work” while transitioning out of their careers. Finally, Violetta Oblinger-Peters will present on how Olympic athletes find and create personal meaning(s) in their sport and discuss how the scientific concept translates into tangible support for athletes. Overall, the symposium intends to generate transferable knowledge of athletes’ lived reality in elite sport. References Hermans, H. J. M., & Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. Academic Press. Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (2006). The person in context: A holistic-interactionistic approach. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 400–464). Wiley. Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & De Knop, P. (2013). A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In P. Sotiriadou & V. De Bosscher (Eds.), Managing high performance sport (pp. 159–182). Routledge.
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Henriksen, Kristoffer, Greg Diment, and Jakob Hansen. "Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark." Sport Science Review 20, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2011): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0043-6.
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Professional Philosophy: Inside the Delivery of Sport Psychology Service at Team Denmark The field of applied psychology has developed rapidly in Europe in the past four decades. In Denmark, the sports psychology profession has been characterized by a diversity of approaches with little overarching consensus on the professional philosophy and interventions strategies among consultants in the field. In 2008, Team Denmark established a sport psychology team with the aim to enhance the quality and consistency of applied sport psychology services. The team began their work by creating a professional philosophy. This paper describes the rationale, content, and implications of this philosophy, including: (a) basic beliefs and values; (b) theories of intervention and behaviour change; (c) objectives of the sport psychology intervention, (d) the content and focus of the interventions, and (e) sport psychological services and methods. High quality service requires coherence across all five levels of the philosophy. Implications of introducing the professional philosophy include a more unified service delivery across Denmark and the fact that sport psychology services are demanded more than ever in Danish elite sport.
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Williams, Craig A. "Elite Youth Sports." Pediatric Exercise Science 27, no. 1 (February 2015): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0029.
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Youth sport participation offers many benefits including the development of self-esteem, peer socialization, and general fitness. However, an emphasis on competitive success—often driven by goals of elite-level travel team selection, collegiate scholarships, Olympic and National team membership, and even professional contracts—has seemingly become widespread. This has resulted in increased pressure to begin high intensity training at young ages. Such an excessive focus on early intensive training and competition at young ages rather than skill development can lead to overuse injury and burnout.
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Cotterill, Stewart. "Experience of working in an elite sports academy: A case study in professional cricket." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2012): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2012.8.1.45.
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Over the past 10 years there has been a significant increase in the number of sports adopting a more formalised, and increasingly well-funded, approach to talent development through professional sports clubs. As a result there are increasing opportunities for sport psychologists to work at this level. The purpose of this article is for the author to both share and reflect on experiences of providing sport psychology support in a professional cricket academy over a four-year period. In particular, the approaches adopted, and the effectiveness of the profiling techniques and tools used are explored. This article also seeks to explore the challenges that face a practitioner working in this developmental environment and the importance of developing good working relationships with other members of the support staff and coaching teams.
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Morse, Kyle W., Ajay Premkumar, Andrew Zhu, Rachelle Morgenstern, and Edwin P. Su. "Return to Sport After Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 232596712110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211003521.
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Background: Femoroacetabular impingement and degenerative hip osteoarthritis (OA) affect athletes across a wide variety of sports. Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) has emerged as a surgical treatment for active individuals with end-stage hip OA to provide pain relief and allow return to high-impact activities. Return to professional sports after HRA has not been well characterized. Purpose/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to report on a series of elite athletes in a variety of sports who underwent HRA. We hypothesized that professional and elite-level athletes would be able to return to sports after HRA for end-stage hip OA. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective case series was conducted on professional athletes who underwent HRA at a single institution between 2007 and 2017. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using the posterolateral approach. Athletes’ return to play and sport-specific performance statistics were obtained using self-reported and publicly available data sources. Athletes were matched to an age- and performance-based cohort to determine changes in performance-based metrics. Results: Eight professional athletes were identified, including 2 baseball pitchers, 1 ice hockey defenseman, 1 foil fencer, 1 men’s doubles tennis player, 1 basketball player, 1 ultramarathoner, and 1 Ironman triathlete. All 8 patients returned to sports; 6 of 8 (75%) patients were able to return for at least 1 full season at a professional level after surgery. There were no significant differences between performance statistics for athletes who returned to play and their preoperative performance measures for the years leading up to surgery or the age- and performance-matched cohort. Conclusion: HRA remains a surgical alternative for end-stage hip OA in young, high-impact, active patients. While the primary goals of surgery are pain control and quality of life improvement, it is possible to return to elite-level sporting activity after HRA.
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Warren, Ian, Darren Palmer, and Chad Whelan. "Surveillance, Governance and Professional Sport." Surveillance & Society 11, no. 4 (February 5, 2014): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i4.4754.
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The surveillance capacities of professional sports clubs and Leagues are directly related to their modes of governance. This paper identifies how private sports clubs enact surveillance through processes of inclusion and exclusion. Using three examples to demonstrate these processes, we argue that the surveillance mechanisms associated with sports governance at times replicate, at other times contradict, and at other times influence those associated with broader law enforcement and security developments. These examples also suggest potential increases in surveillance activities that emerge in club governance often flow from external concerns regarding allegations of crime, national security breaches and corruption. These context-specific case studies (Flyvbjerg 2001) demonstrate how surveillance and identity authentication are closely tied to the complex, multi-tiered governance structures and practices in three distinct sports. We then explore how these patterns can be interpreted as either connected to or distinct from equivalent developments involving the surveillance surge (Murakami Wood 2009) and concepts of inclusion and exclusion under the criminal law. We conclude by discussing how both internal and external regulatory forces can shape interrelated facets of surveillance, governance and exclusion in elite sports.
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Hickey, Colm. "When jokes are not funny – Humour and abuse in elite sport." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 074. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss074.
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Joking and humour are central to the daily lives and lived experiences of professional elite athletes (Hickey, 2016; Roderick, 2006). Traditionally within sport, such discourses have been accepted as back and forth joking between teammates, athletes, and coaches, and should not be taken seriously by either the recipient or antagonist (Magrath, 2016). Although joking relations are widely assumed to be harmless (Plester, 2016), their characteristics and constant presence in the lives of professional and elite athletes share unmistakable similarities to forms of abuse (Jacobs et al., 2017; Mountjoy et al., 2016). Professional sport is an environment in which abuse is often present and condoned. More recently, the different forms of abuse that athletes are, and have been, exposed to have become more widely known (McMahon & McGannon, 2019). Examining professional football specifically, abusive practices are traditionally accepted and positioned as part of the cultural norms within footballing work environments (Kelly & Waddington, 2006). As part of their lived experiences in these environments, professional players both participate in and are the recipients of such abuse. Data were collected from 10 male participants (aged 18–30) by means of qualitative semi-structured vignette interviews. Each participant was interviewed on three separate occasions (30 interviews). The data and subsequent analysis illustrate how banter is an accepted and legitimised discourse within professional football, but promotes considerable anxiety, stress and unhappiness in work environments. Utilising a theoretical framework that combines elements of Goffman’s (1959) Dramaturgy with notions of Possible Selves (Markus & Nurius, 1986), this investigation illustrates the impact of such abuse on English Premier League players. It illustrates how joking and humour, is better understood as a form of psychological emotional abuse, that it is normalised as workplace putdown humour and carries with it many elements that players find marginalising, deliberate and threatening to their identities and sense of professional security. This research offers a new critical perspective that provides a better understanding of the distinctive and intricate social discourses in the daily lives of professional footballers. Its findings offer insights that will prove helpful to officials, team managers and other relevant stakeholders involved in player care and athlete well-being. References Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of the self in everyday life. Anchor Books. Hickey, C. (2016). Performing of the Pitch: An investigation of identity management strategies of professional footballers as part of their career transitions from the Premier League [Doctoral Thesis]. Durham University. Jacobs, F., Smits, F., & Knoppers, A. (2017). ‘You don’t realize what you see!’ The institutional context of emotional abuse in elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20(1), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1124567 Kelly, S., & Waddington, I. (2006). Abuse, intimidation, and violence as aspects of managerial control in professional soccer in Britain and Ireland. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690206075417 Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954 Magrath, R. (2016). Inclusive masculinities in contemporary football: Men in the beautiful game. Routledge. McMahon, J., & McGannon, K. R. (2019). Acting out what is inside of us: Self-management strategies of an abused ex-athlete. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.008 Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S., Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., & Starr, K. (2016). International Olympic committee consensus statement: Harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121 Plester, B. (2016). The complexity of workplace humour. Springer. Roderick, M. (2006). The work of professional football – A labour of love? Routledge.
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Messner, Michael A., and Michela Musto. "Where Are the Kids?" Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2014): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0111.
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Huge numbers of children participate in sports. However, kids and sports are rarely seen, much less systematically studied by sport sociologists. Our survey of the past decade of three major sport sociology journals illustrates a dearth of scholarly research on children and sport. While noting the few exceptions, we observe that sport studies scholars have placed a disproportionate amount of emphasis on studying sport media, and elite amateur, college, and professional athletes and sport organizations, while largely conceding the terrain of children’s sports to journalists and to a handful of scholars whose work is not grounded in sport sociology. We probe this paradox, speculating why sport scholars focus so little on such a large and important object of study in sport studies. We end by outlining a handful of important scholarly questions for sport scholars, focusing especially on key questions in the burgeoning sociological and interdisciplinary fields of children and youth, bodies and health, and intersectional analyses of social inequality.
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Cotterill, Stewart T., and Richard Cheetham. "The experience of captaincy in professional sport: The case of elite professional rugby." European Journal of Sport Science 17, no. 2 (November 2016): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1245788.
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Ojala, Anna-Liisa, and Holly Thorpe. "The Role of the Coach in Action Sports: Using a Problem-based Learning Approach." International Sport Coaching Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2014-0096.
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Action sports (e.g., snowboarding, skateboarding, windsurfing, BMX) have traditionally celebrated antiauthoritarian, do-it-yourself and anticompetition cultural values. With the institutionalization and commercialization of action sports over the past two decades, and the introduction of mega-sports events such as the X Games, and the inclusion of some action sports into the Olympic Games (i.e., snowboarding, freestyle skiing, BMX), action sport athletes are increasingly working with coaches, psychologists, agents, managers and personal trainers to improve their performances. In this Insights paper we consider coaching in action sports via the case of Finnish professional snowboarders’ attitudes to coaches. Drawing upon conversations with elite freestyle snowboarders we briefly present insights into their perceptions of the various positions of coaches in professional snowboarding before we offer suggestions built upon a Problem-based learning approach for coaches interested in working with action sport athletes.
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Ushotanefe, U., F. E. Mbajiogu, and A. O. Sanya. "Physiotherapy utilisation by sports physicians for musculoskeletal injuries in selected elite sports in Nigeria." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 56, no. 3 (August 31, 2000): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v56i3.538.
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In Nigeria, the majority of injured athletes seen in sports physiotherapy units are referred by sports physicians. The extent to which a physician utilises the services of physiotherapy in sport depends largely on the level of awareness or knowledge of physiotherapy services that such physicians have. This survey evaluated the degree of utilisation of physiotherapy services for the treatment of injuries during preparation for multi-sports events by sports physicians in selected elite sporting events in Nigeria.One hundred and twenty-eight athletes, coaches, sports administrators, scientists, medical doctors and physiotherapists located at four different camping sites, were sampled. The responses between different professional groups on the non-utilisation of physiotherapy services by sports physicians during preparation for multi-sport events, was not significant. However, Nigerian professionals who were surveyed, accepted the hypothesis that sports physicians did not utilize physiotherapy services for the management of musculoskeletal injuries during training and pre-games preparation in selected elite sports in Nigeria.This retrospective study of the actual referral records at the clinic of the sports medicine centre revealed that 20 (91%) different types of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by volley ball players were referred for physiotherapy. Nine (56.3%) injuries sustained by basketball players, 62 (87.3%) by track and field athletes, and 6 (74%) by football players were referred for physiotherapy between 1992 and 1995. The majority of the injuries sustained were ligamentous sprain and muscular strain with joints of the lower limbs and the back mostly affected.
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Cotterill, Stewart. "Developing Leadership Skills in Sport: A Case Study of Elite Cricketers." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2016-0004.
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Effective leadership in sport at the elite level can make the difference between success and failure. However, although the importance of leadership is acknowledged there is little published evidence regarding how the required skills could or should be developed. The current case study reports the implementation of a leadership development program with elite professional cricketers. The intervention itself was focused at three levels: (a) captaincy development, (b) leadership skill development, and (c) personal growth and leadership development. Program effectiveness was determined through the feedback provided by the individual players on the program, the reflections of the sport psychology consultant, and feedback from the professional staff. Evaluation and reflection of the program suggest that a formal development program can be both beneficial and impactful in enhancing the leadership capabilities of elite players.
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Mohamadi Turkmani, Ehsan, Hamid Reza Safari Jafarloo, and Amin Dehghan Ghahfarokhi. "Elite athletes’ lifestyles: Consumerism to professionalism." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e0269287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269287.
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Today, elite athletes form an important social group, and the non-sport facets of their lives matter as much as their sports performances. However, there has been little empirical research on the lifestyles of elite athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to develop knowledge about the Iranian elite athletes’ lifestyle. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach in two phases. Glaserian grounded theory was used in the first phase, and thematic analysis was used in the second phase. Participants of the first phase included 19 sports experts, such as sports sociologists, sports psychologists, and sports coaches, who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods for holding unstructured in-depth interviews. The data were simultaneously analyzed using a set of open, theoretical, selective coding and memos. The codes were grouped into three different categories with different natures. The emerged theory advanced our understanding of the lifestyle shaping structures of elite athletes, lifestyle indicators, and even professionalization of their lifestyles. According to the results, the Iranian elite athletes’ lifestyles include indicators, such as professional mindset, competencies, life vision, financial literacy, responsibility, consumption, leisure, personal issues, and religious behavior. Subjects of the second phase were 44 Iranian athletes in the national levels who participated voluntarily in the study. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis method, and lifestyles typologies were identified. Based on results, five dominant lifestyles among the Iranian elite athletes were identified: consumerist, easy going, socially useful, profit-oriented, and professional. Finally, the features of each lifestyle were discussed.
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Casagrande, Pedro de Orleans, Danilo Reis Coimbra, and Alexandro Andrade. "BURNOUT IN ELITE TENNIS PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT JUNIOR CATEGORIES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 2 (March 2018): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182402181208.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Burnout syndrome manifests in athletes in the form of three main symptoms/characteristics: emotional and physical exhaustion, sport devaluation, and reduced sense of accomplishment. Faced with the need to achieve optimum performance, young tennis players are exposed to several stressors than can lead to burnout, yet few reports on burnout in tennis have been researched. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze burnout in elite tennis players in different junior categories (CAT14, CAT16, CAT18). Methods: A total of 130 athletes, including 102 men (x=15.14±1.3) and 28 women (x=15.04±1.13), were selected for this cross-sectional study. Burnout was measured using a version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Results: CAT18 tennis players had higher rates of overall burnout and sport devaluation compared with CAT16 and CAT14 players. CAT14 and CAT16 players had higher scores for “reduced sense of accomplishment,” in association with sport devaluation. Conclusion: Differences found in CAT18 players may reflect the demands of transition from the junior to the professional circuit. Reduced sense of accomplishment should be monitored in athletes, to prevent burnout and cessation of sports activities. Level of Evidence III; retrospective comparative.
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Yermilova, Anna. "Professional Age: On the Issue of Sociological Conceptualization (On the Example of Professional Athletes)." Logos et Praxis, no. 2 (December 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2021.2.19.
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The article presents a sociological conceptualization of the category "professional age" in relation to the field of professional sports. Based on the interpretation of the terms "age" and "professional athlete", the author's vision of the category "professional age" is proposed. The interpretation of the concept of "professional age" is carried out through the prism of chronological, biological, social, and psychological ages, as a result of which the specifics of professional age are determined on the example of professional athletes. The specific features of integration of athletes into the professional environment, which is associated with the specific functioning of this sphere of activity that affects the process of formation of their professional age, are shown. In turn, the professional age of athletes is determined, firstly, by the earlier entry of the individual into the professional sports environment and, consequently, by a faster entry into professional age; secondly, a shorter work experience depending on the sport compared to other areas of work and, accordingly, a faster completion of professional age. Factors leading to the formation of perceptions of professional age are established: discrepancy between the chronological and social functioning of the individual; effects of biological ageing on the course of professional age; effect of psychological aging on the duration of professional age. The characteristics of the professional age of athletes that have a changeable nature of existence are revealed: heterochronicity, variability, normativity, multidimensionality, linearity and cyclicality. The professional age of athletes is analyzed as a multivariate social phenomenon, in particular, the significance of biographical, ideological, social-stratificational, ethnological, historical, aesthetic research aspects is revealed. The socio-cultural features of the professional age of the representatives of elite sport are for egrounded, firstly, the construction of the sports self-awareness of the individual / community, which is specific depending on the kind of sport; secondly, the construction of a sports subculture based on a constant stressful situation. On the basis of theoretical developments, the author's conceptualization of the professional age of athletes is proposed.
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Wendling, Elodie, Meredith Flaherty, Michael Sagas, and Kyriaki Kaplanidou. "Youth athletes' sustained involvement in elite sport: An exploratory examination of elements affecting their athletic participation." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5 (February 5, 2018): 658–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118757436.
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In this exploratory study, we first intended to identify the underlying structure of components affecting the sport participation of 1258 elite youth athletes from the USA through a principal component analysis of 23 items related to motives and barriers to participation and created for this study. A six-component solution was proposed, including college and professional aspirations and competence beliefs, coach and peer relationships, pressures from parents and coach, intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivation, external barriers, and non–self-determined extrinsic motivation. Noteworthy differences by age, gender, and race on those retained components were also reported. Lastly, results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that 28% of the variance in sport enjoyment was explained by all retained components. Given the rapid growth of travel teams, this study provides a timely cross-sectional and multisport assessment of the state of elite youth sport in the USA. In consideration of optimistic outcomes observed in this study compared to alarming attrition trends commonly found in the elite youth sport environment, this study may serve as a reference as to the elements that influence sustained participation that is indispensable in today's youth sport landscape. Results also provided important theoretical contributions with respect to motivational processes underlying elite sport participation. Practical implications with regards to the influence of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and barrier elements on elite sport participation are also presented.
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Zafeiroudi, Aglaia, Asterios Patsiaouras, Athanasios Dalamitros, Alexandra Bekiari, and Charilaos Kouthouris. "Dual Career of Elite Athletes in Greece." Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v7i2.17409.
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In the past 30 years, there has been extended research on athletes’ career development toward a promising dual career. Present research was focused on the description of the legal and educational framework about dual career athletes in Greece, as well as on identifying the obstacles, needs and challenges of elite young and former athletes, and stakeholders in the development of their dual careers. A survey was conducted on a total of eighty-four athletes and stakeholders residents of northern, southern, and central sport destinations of Greece. Young athletes, former athletes and stakeholders completed three different questionnaires. Demographics, attitudes, preferences and actual experiences about their athletic life and career were recorded in parallel with their educational life and professional career. Data analysis supported that elite athletes in Greece neither seemed to follow a common model proposed by the state or national policy nor seemed to be supported by national legislation leading to dual-career practices. It was remarkable that sport stakeholders in Greece indicated that dual-career program remained at an early stage and more effort from all participants was required. A SWOT analysis pointed out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the dual-career status in Greece. Results focused on the lack of support by the government, sports institutions, educational and market structures to link all forces successfully for a sustainable dual career program. Comparing to European sport system and strategies, the study revealed similar weaknesses and mainly the absence of an official national legislation.
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Davidson, Nicholas P., James Du, and Michael D. Giardina. "Through the Perilous Fight: A Case Analysis of Professional Wrestling During the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0224.
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The rapidly escalating COVID-19 pandemic has forced the sport industry into unchartered territory. Beginning on March 11, 2020, when the National Basketball Association suspended its season, the American sports landscape has consequently encountered an unprecedented number of temporary suspensions, postponements, and cancellations. Although most major leagues and their pertaining sports have halted to a sudden stop, professional wrestling has surprisingly continued on, including World Wrestling Entertainment’s WrestleMania 36, which was held without fans in attendance. The maintenance of professional wrestling during the COVID-19 crisis has presented a unique situation, in which fans and companies involved in the sport have rallied on social media platforms behind the sport’s relative normality in a time of global uncertainty. Leveraging publicly trackable Twitter data, we analyzed public sentiments toward two of the largest companies (e.g., World Wrestling Entertainment and All Elite Wrestling) in the professional wrestling industry and related trends during the widespread onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The results represent exploratory insights surrounding the continuation of professional wrestling during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Marín-González, Fabián Humberto, Iago Portela-Pino, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, and María José Martínez-Patiño. "Relationship between Sports and Personal Variables and the Competitive Anxiety of Colombian Elite Athletes of Olympic and Paralympic Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 7791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137791.
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Background: Anxiety is one of the most complex and the most studied constructs in psychology, and it is extremely frequent in high-level sportsmen and women. The main goal was to study the influence of sex, age, type of sport, sport modality, other professional occupation, and competitive level on the competitive anxiety symptoms and self-confidence of elite athletes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with Colombian elite athletes who were members of the “Support to the Excellence Coldeportes Athlete” program. The total population studied included 334 Colombian elite athletes: mean age 27.10 ± 6.57 years old with 13.66 ± 6.37 years practicing his/her sports modality. The precompetitive anxiety symptoms of the participants were assessed using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2R (CSAI-2R). Results: Men showed higher levels of self-confidence than women. Younger athletes had a higher cognitive and somatic anxiety. The athletes of individual sports had a higher mean somatic anxiety than those of collective sports. The higher-level athletes had lower values of cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher levels of self-confidence. Finally, the values of anxiety symptoms positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with self-confidence. Conclusion: Individualised psychological intervention programs adapted to elite athletes are needed, considering the divergent results found in various variables of scientific interest.
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Sport – In Praise of Doping on its Usefulness and Necessity." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 76, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0024.
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AbstractThe author points out that in contemporary competitive, record oriented, professional, spectacular, top-level sport, elite sport, marketability sport or Olympic sport – whose beginnings should be dated to the turn of the 19th and the 20th century – mistaken decisions, which inhibited development of the abovementioned forms of sport, took place.Primarily it was restricted to circle of financially well-off gentlemen, women’s participation was forbidden, participation of professional athletes was also forbidden to a considerable degree (and during the Olympic games – totally). The need of commercialization of sport was negated and definite forms of doping were banned.When talented persons from the lower social strata – workingmen (as well as women) and athletes earning money by practicing sport – were permitted to participate in sports competition and commercialization of sport was accepted, sport started to develop more rapidly and it became more attractive and spectacular. It contributed to intensification of investment in sport, to enrichment and modernization of its infrastructure, to optimization of research, technologization, production of better equipment and a considerable increase in athletes’ and coaches’ remuneration.Another radical qualitative leap in sport can be contributed to by abolition of a ban on doping. It is going to implicate necessary and competent medical and pharmacological care, to facilitate maximization of results, to increase interest in sports spectacles. Skillful application of doping is going to release athletes’ considerable capacity, endurance and proficiency potentials which have not been used yet.
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Richardson, Lee, Ricardo Lugo, and Andrea Firth. "Investigating an Online Course for Player Psychosocial Development in Elite Sport (Professional Football)." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.125418.
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The scope of this study was to examine the perceived effectiveness of an online course based on an applied psychological model (The Four Pillars ©). The course was developed for the Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA) for young professional players, to assist in the process of transition into the professional game and to promote psychosocial development. We investigated how an online course might assist in the process of professional and psychosocial development by providing contextually relevant and evidence-based sport psychological concepts and principles that are relevant for maintaining a career in elite sport (football) and transitioning into the professional game. A total of n=219 16-18-year-old professional players and n=18 club staff members completed the eight modules of the online course. A post-course online survey was completed by both sets of participants and data was collected online. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. Qualitative data was based on thematic analysis of experiences given by the participants while quantitative data explored associations and differences between coaches and players. Findings indicate that both coaches and players found the online course beneficial in raising awareness of the demands that elite professional football can place upon mental health, and providing the potential to develop psychological literacy around relevant psychological coping and performance skills that may promote improved performance and provide a protective mechanism for mental health. Future studies should focus on the real-world efficacy of the online course in the development of psychological skills and the protection of mental health. Keywords: Psychological literacy, Psycho-social development, Professional football, Elite sport, Academy, Mental health
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Verner, Daryl, Charlotte Chandler, and Philip Clarke. "Exploring the Contribution of Personal Qualities to the Personal and Professional Development of Trainee Sport Psychology Practitioners’ Within the Individuation Process." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 92, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2021-0024.
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Abstract Since the person behind the practitioner has been recognised as a core foundation of professional practice in sport psychology, research attention has diffused to focus on navigating the ‘rocky road’ towards individuation. As such, this study extended the literature by illuminating the importance of developing personal qualities during the embryonic stages of supervised experience (SE) in sport psychology to help support the individuation process occurring throughout the training journey. Specifically, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of personal qualities to the personal and professional development of trainee sport psychology practitioners, within the individuation process. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with probationary sport and exercise scientists (psychology) working in a range of elite and professional sports (i.e., premier league football, rugby league, golf, gymnastics, swimming, and several other Olympic sports). The interview schedule was refined following a pilot study. Interview transcripts were content analysed and trustworthiness criteria applied. Interpretative phenomenological analysis identified three main superordinate themes, labelled ‘self-development of personal qualities’, ‘facilitators of supervisee individuation’, and ‘initial consulting experiences of practitioners’. This study extends the literature by illuminating the importance of developing personal qualities during the embryonic stages of SE to help support the individuation process occurring throughout the training journey, thus better preparing sport psychologist’s for self-governed practice once accredited. Considerations are given in relation to how sport psychology education and training programmes could aid the individuation process via the development of personal qualities.
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Ford, Paul R., and A. Mark Williams. "The Effect of Participation in Gaelic Football on the Development of Irish Professional Soccer Players." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 6 (December 2008): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.6.709.
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The developmental model of sport participation (DMSP) was proposed by Côté (1999). First, we examined whether the participation profiles of two groups of professional soccer players in Ireland who either had or had not played Gaelic football to an elite level in adolescence provided support for this model. Both groups commenced participation in soccer around 6 years of age and on average participated in two other sports between 6 and 18 years of age, excluding soccer and Gaelic football. A reduction in the number of other sports and an increase in hours devoted to the primary sport were observed between 6 and 18 years of age, as per the predictions of the DMSP. Second, we examined whether players who demonstrated early diversification required fewer soccer-specific hours to achieve expert performance in that sport compared with players who demonstrated less diversification or did not participate in Gaelic football. No significant relationships or differences were reported, which did not provide support for the DMSP, possibly due to the low sample size employed in this study.
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Nesti, Mark. "Sporting Recommendations for Spiritual Encounters: Delivering Sport Psychology inside the English Premier League." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 52, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0010-z.
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Sporting Recommendations for Spiritual Encounters: Delivering Sport Psychology inside the English Premier LeagueSport psychologists rarely discuss religious belief or spirituality in their work. Where they do, this is most usually in relation to flow and positive experiential states linked to optimal performance. This article argues that other spiritual dimensions, such as courage, sacrifice and suffering can also be encountered in sport, especially at elite and professional levels. By drawing on broader and more holistic approaches to identity in sport it becomes possible to recognise that for some athletes, religious faith and other sources of spirituality are a major source of meaning in their lives. Applied experiences of the author delivering sport psychology counselling inside several English Premier League teams over 9 seasons is used to highlight how spirituality can be encountered in work with elite professional footballers. Existential phenomenological psychology and philosophical personalism are offered as ways in which sport psychology might be able to find a suitable theoretical framework that can accommodate spiritual ideas and renew focus on the person of the athlete.
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Rist, Billymo, Tony Glynn, Anthea Clarke, and Alan Pearce. "The Evolution of Psychological Response to Athlete Injury Models for Professional Sport." Journal of Science and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37714/josam.v2i4.53.
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Elite competitive sport is linked with a unique collection of stressors distinct from the general population. While there have been advancements in understanding the role that stressors play within the elite sporting environment, uncertainty still exists around a clear process for measuring stressors, and their specific relationship to injury. A number of models have been proposed as useful frameworks for investigating and describing the role of stress and its interaction with the psychological response to athletic injury. While these models provide evolving points of view drawing on different theoretical backgrounds regarding their interpretation of athletic stress and injury, they offer little application to the applied elite sporting environment, and no detail of how they these models support athletes, and high performance staff in the applied setting. This narrative review will present two popular theoretical psychological models of sports injury rehabilitation. We argue that these models could be better applied in the current sporting environment if they utilized biological markers such as cortisol measures of personality. Extending from the Biopsychosocial model of injury, we present an updated model of injury quantifying the psychophysiological response for athletes [1]. This model is aligned with the current applied sporting landscape, incorporating the implementation of measurement practice guidelines, and offering high-performance staff an example that can be applied to their unique setting by assessing individuals' distinct measures of cortisol and personality in response to stress and injury.
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King, D. Brett, Brittany L. Raymond, and Jennifer A. Simon-Thomas. "History of Sport Psychology in Cultural Magazines of the Victorian Era." Sport Psychologist 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.4.376.
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The 19th century can be characterized as a time of avid public interest in team and spectator sports. As diverse and challenging new sports were developed and gained popularity, many articles on a rudimentary sport psychology began to appear in cultural magazines in the United States and Great Britain. Athletes, physicians, educators, journalists, and members of the public wrote on topics such as profiles and psychological studies of elite athletes, the importance of physical training, exercise and health, and the detrimental effects of professional sports to the role of age, gender, and culture in sports. Although a scientific foundation for such observations was largely absent, some of the ideas expressed in early cultural magazines anticipate contemporary interests in sport psychology.
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McLellan, Maddison, Sachin Allahabadi, and Nirav K. Pandya. "Youth Sports Specialization and Its Effect on Professional, Elite, and Olympic Athlete Performance, Career Longevity, and Injury Rates: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 232596712211295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221129594.
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Background: Limited data are available on the long-term consequences of early sports specialization in high-level athletes. Purpose: To evaluate the existing literature on the effects of sports specialization among professional, Olympic, and other elite athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies from 1990 to 2021 on youth sports specialization in professional, elite, and/or Olympic athletes following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. An elite athlete was defined as one who performed at the highest level of his or her sport, beyond college level. Data were summarized according to 6 objectives: (1) definitions of specialization, age at specialization, and participation in other sports; (2) motivation for specialization; (3) athlete perspectives on specialization; (4) performance data; (5) specialization and injury risk; and (6) career longevity. Results: From 8756 articles, 29 studies were included, of which 17 (58.6%) were survey-based studies. Of the 8 articles that commented on injury risk, all demonstrated reduction in injury risk in athletes who delayed specialization. Performance benefits were apparent with later specialization in 7 of 9 articles; the remaining 2 showed benefit with earlier specialization in marathon runners and soccer players. There were less definitive results on career longevity, with 5 of 9 articles finding no association between career longevity and sports specialization. Conclusion: Although current data on sports specialization in elite, professional, and Olympic athletes are mostly retrospective and survey-based evidence, most sports demonstrate better performance after youth multisport engagement, and youth sports specialization was linked with increased injury risk in athletes at the highest levels of competition.
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Donahue, Eric G., Paule Miquelon, Pierre Valois, Claude Goulet, André Buist, and Robert J. Vallerand. "A Motivational Model of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use in Elite Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28, no. 4 (December 2006): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.4.511.
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Very little research has been done so far on the psychological determinants of performance-enhancing substance use in sports. The purpose of this study was to propose and test a motivational model of performance-enhancing substance use with elite athletes (N = 1,201). The model posits that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation toward sport predict, respectively, positive and negative sportspersonship orientations, which in turn negatively predict the use of performance-enhancing substances. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation toward sport, sportspersonship orientations, and performance-enhancing substance use in the last 12 months. Findings supported the motivational model. The present findings support the role of intrinsic motivation and sportspersonship orientations in preventing athletes from engaging in unethical behavior such as the use of performance-enhancing substances. Future research should seek to replicate this model with professional and Olympic athletes.
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Kleiber, Douglas A., and Stephen C. Brock. "The Effect of Career-Ending Injuries on the Subsequent Well-Being of Elite College Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 1 (March 1992): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.1.70.
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In a previous investigation of the factors that make for a satisfying “exit” from organized sport (Kleiber, Greendorfer, Blinde, & Samdahl, 1987), it was determined that the only predictor of life satisfaction in the years following departure from formal participation was whether one had sustained a career-ending injury. By examining degree of investment in playing professional sports and the academic orientation of that earlier sample, it was possible in the current study to refine the profile of those vulnerable to subsequent depression of well-being (as reflected in lower life satisfaction and self-esteem). Of athletes who had been injured, only those who had an investment in playing professional sport were likely to show lower selfesteem and life satisfaction 5 to 10 years later. The disruption to a “life narrative” that is suggested by these findings argues for a more interpretive approach to research on and treatment of injury and illness among athletes and others.
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Gillett, Alex G., and Kevin D. Tennent. "Shadow hybridity and the institutional logic of professional sport." Journal of Management History 24, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 228–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-11-2017-0060.
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Purpose Existing studies of the finance of English Association Football (soccer) have tended to focus on the sport’s early years, or on the post-1992 Premiership era. The authors examine a case from the turbulent 1980s charting the struggle for economic survival of one club in a rapidly changing financial, economic, political and demographic landscape. The purpose of this paper is to examine not only the financial management of a football club during this time, but also the interventionist role of the local authority during this turbulent period. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the financial difficulties of a sport business, Middlesbrough Football and Athletic Company Limited, examining the broader economic context, drawing on unseen archival sources dating from the 1980s to analyze the relationship between club, local and national government and the regional economy. Findings They not only examine the financial management of the football club but also analyse the interventionist role of the local authority in supporting the club which had symbolic value for the local community. Practical implications This paper is relevant to policymakers interested in the provision of local sports facilities and the links between elite sport and participation. Originality/value The authors show that professional sports clubs are driven by a different institutional logic to state organizations and the findings enable them to define these differences, thereby refining Thornton et al.’s (2012) typology of institutional orders. Furthermore, the case study highlights practices involving informal partnership between state and sport that the authors label as shadow hybridity.
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Travers, Ann. "The Sport Nexus and Gender Injustice." Studies in Social Justice 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2009): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v2i1.969.
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Male-dominated and sex segregated elite professional and amateur sport1 in North America constitutes a "sport nexus" (Burstyn, 1999; Heywood & Dworkin, 2003) that combines economic and cultural influence to reinforce and perpetuate gender injustice. The sport nexus is an androcentric sex-segregated commercially powerful set of institutions that is highly visible and at the same time almost completely taken for granted to the extent that its anti-democratic impetus goes virtually unnoticed. The sport nexus’s hegemonic role in defining sporting norms (Coakley & Donnelly, 2004) means that its role in shaping lower level amateur and recreational sporting institutions and cultures is highly significant. Fraser (2007) defines gender justice, and hence democracy, in terms of "participatory parity," that is, material and cultural equality for women. The sport nexus itself is characterized by highly gendered occupational segregation (Coventry, 2004). It further contributes to gender injustice, homophobia and transphobia by promoting the ideology of the two sex system (Fausto-Sterling, 2000) and gendering citizenship as fundamentally male (Burstyn, 1999). Feminist strategies for sport reformation attempt to reduce or eradicate the role of the sport nexus in legitimating and perpetuating gender injustice. In this article I consider the potential of these strategies and conclude with a set of recommendations for transforming organized sport at both elite and recreational levels.
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Antunovic, Dunja, and Andrea Bundon. "Media Coverage of the Paralympics: Recommendations for Sport Journalism Practice and Education." International Journal of Sport Communication 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2021-0061.
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Researchers have extensively documented the issues in quantity and quality of media coverage of the Paralympic Games. The lack of coverage and stereotypical representations can be attributed to a variety of structural and cultural factors, notably including journalistic norms and values. This scholarly commentary proposes a reconsideration of journalistic values in order to argue that sports journalists have a professional responsibility to cover the Paralympics and issues of disability for at least three reasons: (a) The Paralympics are an elite-level, international sporting event and thus merit sport-focused coverage, (b) sport journalists have an ethical obligation to include diverse perspectives in reporting and to challenge stereotypes, and (c) sport is intertwined with social issues and requires contextualized reporting. The commentary concludes with recommendations for sport communication and journalism education.
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Barker, Jamie B., Paul J. McCarthy, and Chris G. Harwood. "Reflections on consulting in elite youth male English cricket and soccer academies." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 7, no. 2 (September 2011): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2011.7.2.58.
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This article shares a joint reflection of two psychoeducation programmes delivered to athletes aged 13 to 18 years at two professional academies – cricket and soccer. These season-long programmes followed a cognitive-developmental framework, changing and adapting cognitive-behavioural techniques to benefit elite youth athletes. Initial elements of the programme focused on the 5C’s: commitment, communication, concentration, control, and confidence (Harwood, 2008) which also included team building sessions and one-to-one consultations. Feedback from players and academy directors revealed that the work was suitable and effective for their needs. We have reflected on the delivery of the programme and the challenges encountered, especially: time, funding, specific youth sport psychological intervention frameworks, credibility, confidentiality, determining effectiveness, professional boundaries, and relationships. Finally, we offer future directions on how to integrate psychoeducation programmes for professional sport academies.
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Wicker, Pamela, and Bernd Frick. "Sustainable Financing of Elite Athlete Development: An Empirical Analysis of Winter Sports in Austria." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 9664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229664.
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This study examines the value of professional winter sports to the Austrian resident population in the context of three major sporting events (the 2017 World Championships in Alpine Skiing, the 2018 Winter Olympics, and the 2019 World Championships in Nordic Skiing). In nationwide population surveys (n = 2289), the contingent valuation method was employed, and the respondents were presented with two scenarios asking for their willingness-to-pay for live broadcasts and long-term athlete development. The aggregate willingness-to-pay amounted to €42 million (for live broadcasts) and about €800 million (for athlete development). However, only about 20% of the residents expressed a positive willingness-to-pay. The respondents’ willingness-to-pay is not only determined by well-studied factors like consumption capital, intangible factors, and socio-demographics, but also by life satisfaction. The willingness-to-pay for live broadcasts is comparably higher for alpine skiing, while the willingness-to-pay for athlete development is higher for Olympic winter sports athletes. The findings have implications for sport policy and sport finance, highlighting the challenge of turning public sport consumption into a willingness to contribute financially to sustainable athlete development.