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1
Darvin, Lindsey, Alicia Cintron, and Meg Hancock. "¿Por qué jugar? Sport socialization among Hispanic/Latina female NCAA division I student-athletes." Journal of Amateur Sport 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v3i2.6460.
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Representation of Hispanics/Latinas in intercollegiate athletics is lacking. During the 2014-2015 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic season, only 2.2 percent of all female Division I student-athlete’s identified as Hispanic or Latina (NCAA, 2015). This low percentage of Hispanic/Latina female participants calls into question how these young women become involved in athletics and sustain their involvement within sport. While previous research has examined the socialization processes of youth athletes and parents of youth athlete participants, there is little research aimed at examining these processes for elite-level athlete participants (Dorsch, Smith, & McDonough, 2015; Greendorfer, Blinde, & Pellegrini, 1986;). Thus, the aim of this current study was to examine the potential factors that may have contributed to consistent sport participation for an elite group of Hispanic/Latina female athletes throughout their youth and collegiate careers. Participants for this study identified as current NCAA Division I Hispanic/Latina female student-athletes. Results showed that family, specifically parents and siblings, contributed to socializing Hispanic/Latina athletes into sport, while family and coaches contributed to the persistence of their athletic endeavors. Findings also show a sense of cultural indifference, youth coaches who invested in the participants long-term, and a significant involvement of the patriarch of the family in their athletic success.
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Bonell Monsonís, Oriol, Evert Verhagen, Jean-Francois Kaux, and Caroline Bolling. "‘I always considered I needed injury prevention to become an elite athlete’: the road to the Olympics from the athlete and staff perspective." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 4 (December 2021): e001217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001217.
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In this study, we explored the perspectives about sports injury prevention of Belgium Olympic level athletes, coaches, managers and healthcare providers from various Olympic sports. We conducted a qualitative study, including 17 semistructured interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed by two independent coders through constant comparative data analysis based on Grounded Theory principles. Our findings overview the athlete’s journey to becoming an elite athlete, and how an elite sports context influences and modulates injury prevention practice at this level. Participants described an elite athletic career as a continuous and adaptive evolving process. According to athletes and all stakeholders, sports injury prevention is a learning process shaped by individual experiences. This embodiment provides athletes with insight into the importance of ownership of their bodies and self-awareness. Thus, experience, communication, empowerment, knowledge, education, the elite athlete context and sports culture, all play a fundamental role in sports injury prevention. Our findings support the importance of contextual factors in sports injury prevention in an elite sports context. These results also bring practical implications on how we should approach injury prevention differently along an athlete’s journey to becoming an elite athlete. Considering specific contextual factors and influencing the process through awareness, communication and a shared responsibility is essential to develop a healthy and successful athlete.
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Buerba, Rafael A., Stefano Zaffagnini, Ryosuke Kuroda, and Volker Musahl. "ACL reconstruction in the professional or elite athlete: state of the art." Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2020-000456.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are on the rise at all levels of sport, including elite athletics. ACL injury can have implications on the athlete’s sport longevity, as well as other long-term consequences, such as the development of future knee osteoarthritis. In the elite athlete, ACL injury can also have ramifications in terms of contract/scholastic obligations, sponsorships and revenue-generating potential. Although the goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to return any athlete to the same preinjury level of sport, management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete come with the additional challenge of returning him or her to an extremely high level of physical performance. Despite outcome studies after ACLR in elite athletes showing a high return-to-sport rate, these studies also show that very few athletes are able to return to sport at the same level of performance. They also show that those athletes who undergo ACLR have careers that are more short-lived in comparison to those without injury. Thus, returning an elite athlete to ‘near peak’ performance may not be good enough for the athletic demands of elite-level sports. A possible explanation for the variability in outcomes is the great diversity seen in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete in terms of rehabilitation, graft choices, portal drilling and reconstruction techniques. Recently, the advent of anatomical, individualised ACLR has shown improved results in ACLR outcomes. However, larger-scale studies with long-term follow-ups are needed to better understand the outcomes of modern ACLR techniques—particularly with the rise of quadriceps tendon as an autograft choice and the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures. The purpose of this article was thus to provide an up-to-date state-of-the-art review in the management of ACL injuries in the elite athlete.
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Lengkana, Anggi Setia, James Tangkudung, and Moch Asmawi. "THE EFFECT OF POWER LIMBS, SPEED REACTION, FLEXIBILITY AND SELF CONFIDENCE ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ELITE ATHLETES ATHLETIC WEST JAVA IN THE TRACK NUMBER." JIPES - JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT 4, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jipes.042.03.
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This study aims to reveal the effect of limb power, reaction speed, flexibility and confidence in the performance of athletic elite athletes on track numbers. This research was conducted at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) Lab. Sport Faculty of Sport and Health Education (FPOK), with a sample of 31 athletes. The analytical technique used in this study is to use path analysis (Path Analysis), with the aim to identify the influence between variables. The results showed that: (1). Power Limbs affect the achievement of elite athletes by 51.7%. (2). The speed of the reaction had an effect on the achievement of elite athletes by 49.3%. (3). Flexibility has no effect on elite athletes achievement of 0.3%. (4). Confidence affects the achievement of elite athletes by 20%. (5). Limb power affects 40.5% confidence. (6). The speed of the reaction affects the confidence of 30.7%. (7). Flexibility has no effect on confidence of 23.2%.
Keywords: Performance of elite athlete, athletic, limb power, reaction speed, flexibility and self confidence
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Boccia, Gennaro, Marco Cardinale, and Paolo Riccardo Brustio. "Elite Junior Throwers Unlikely to Remain at the Top Level in the Senior Category." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0699.
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Purpose: This study investigated (1) the transition rate of elite world-class throwers, (2) the age of peak performance in either elite junior and/or elite senior athletes, and (3) if relative age effect (RAE) influences the chance of being considered elite in junior and/or senior category. Methods: The career performance trajectories of 5108 throwers (49.9% females) were extracted from the World Athletics database. The authors identified throwers who had reached the elite level (operationally defined as the World all-time top 50 ranked for each age category) in either junior and/or senior category and calculated the junior-to-senior transition rate. The age of peak performance and the RAE were also investigated. Results: The transition rate at 16 and 18 years of age was 6% and 12% in males and 16% and 24% in females, respectively. Furthermore, elite senior throwers reached their personal best later in life than elite junior throwers. The athletes of both genders considered elite in the junior category showed a large RAE. Interestingly, male athletes who reached the elite level in senior category also showed appreciable RAE. Conclusions: Only a few of the athletes who reach the top 50 in the world at 16 or 18 years of age manage to become elite senior athletes, underlining that success at the beginning of an athletic career does not predict success in the athlete’s senior career. Moreover, data suggest that being relatively older may confer a benefit across the whole career of male throwers.
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Sands, William, Marco Cardinale, Jeni McNeal, Steven Murray, Christopher Sole, Jacob Reed, Nikos Apostolopoulos, and Michael Stone. "Recommendations for Measurement and Management of an Elite Athlete." Sports 7, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7050105.
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Athletes who merit the title ‘elite’ are rare and differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from athletes of lower qualifications. Serving and studying elite athletes may demand non-traditional approaches. Research involving elite athletes suffers because of the typical nomothetic requirements for large sample sizes and other statistical assumptions that do not apply to this population. Ideographic research uses single-athlete study designs, trend analyses, and statistical process control. Single-athlete designs seek to measure differences in repeated measurements under prescribed conditions, and trend analyses may permit systematic monitoring and prediction of future outcomes. Statistical process control uses control charting and other methods from management systems to assess and modify training processes in near real-time. These methods bring assessment and process control into the real world of elite athletics.
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Özdemir, Nurgül. "The Investigation of Elite Athletes’ Psychological Resilience." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 10 (August 26, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i10.4323.
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The performances of the athletes can change from competition to competition under the pressure of heavy exercise and success anxiety during the season. The help obtained from sports psychology in order to minimize these fluctuations in the performance of the athlete is an important component in increasing the psychological resilience of the athlete. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological resilience of elite athletes in terms of various variables. This research is a descriptive survey model study in terms of defining psychological resilience levels of elite athletes. In this study, the Psychological Resilience Scale developed by Friborg et al. (2005) and adapted to Turkey by Basım and Çetin (2011), and the personal data form developed by the researcher for collecting personal information were used to determine the psychological resilience of elite athletes. The data of the research was collected from 147 national athletes in different branches, including 79 males and 68 females. SPSS 21.00 statistical package program was used in data analysis. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, one-way variance analysis, correlation and regression analyses were used in data analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that the psychological resilience of elite athletes differed according to the athlete’s gender, sports branch, their tendency to use doping, whether the athletes make self-talk or not, but did not differ according to the athlete’s age, sports experience, and smoking and alcohol use.
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Szathmári, Attila. "‘I wouldn't do anything differently ... Although I won't let my child go in that direction’ Successful Hungarian Olympians’ understandings and experiences at the close of elite sport careers." Vezetéstudomány - Budapest Management Review 52, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/veztud.2021.05.06.
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Whilst the relationship between sport-related success and its effect on the identity of athletes has been acknowledged, less attention has been paid to understanding this relationship from the perspective of the individual. Elite sport follows the logic of individualism, competitiveness, and productivity, while elite athlete performance is depicted as being a remedy for society’s ills by empowering control over health and serving as a good example for future generations. This dualism is reflected in the viewpoints of elite athletes: in their experiences, reflections, and memories. The aim of this paper is to formally examine through Hungarian elite athletes’ experiences how elite sport is related to components of the athletic identity and their potential impact on individual sustainability. Results show (1) how essential the role of coaching is in elite athletes’ careers, (2) how sport is seen as a protective shield, indicating the importance of life-long career planning, and (3) that there is cognitive dissonance regarding the identity of elite athletes.
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Lee, On, So-young Park, and Seung-seok Woo. "Comparative analysis of return rate and career of elite male athlete by type of compulsory military service." Korean Journal of Sport Science 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2020.31.3.593.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the negative effects of long-term exercise (training and competition) suspension of male elite athletes due to compulsory military service on athletic performance, and to provide a basis for enhancing the importance of providing support systems and social conditions for maintaining athletic performance. Methods In this study, 17,418 male athletes aged 18 to 21 who were registered as athletes for the Korean Sports & Olympic Committee from 2003 to 2005 were enrolled. The athlete registration data includes information about the athlete's gender, age, sport and affiliation. According to the continuity of registration and belonging information, the compulsory military service type was classified into a manipulator. According to the form of Compulsory military service performed by male elite athletes, the return rate was confirmed and the career (year) was calculated. Results As a result of the survey, 12.49% of the athletes who served as general soldiers returned to the athletes after compulsory military service, showing a relatively low return rate compared to 78.91% of the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps, 76.55% of the National Police Agency's sports team, and 71.43% of the social service. Also, Athletes who served as general soldiers had a career of 2.46 years (± 1.94), while the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps was 10.21 years (± 3.58), the National Police Agency's sports team was 9.45 years (± 3.26), and the social service was 5.86 years (± 4.06), The exemption was 11.08 years (± 2.27), and the compulsory military service exception was 9.79 years (± 5.55). Conclusions Male elite athletes' decrease in athletic performance after compulsory military service is a natural result, as confirmed through the results of this study, and it is necessary to seek a support system between compulsory military service to maintain athletic performance.
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Schinke, Robert J., Randy C. Battochio, Timothy V. Dube, Ronnie Lidor, Gershon Tenenbaum, and Andrew M. Lane. "Adaptation Processes Affecting Performance in Elite Sport." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 6, no. 2 (June 2012): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.6.2.180.
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Sport researchers have considered the processes that elite athletes undergo to achieve positive psychological adaptation during significant chronic stressors throughout sport careers and also, acute stressors within important competitions. This review contains a description of competitive and organizational stressors that can hamper an elite athlete’s pursuit of adaptation within the aforementioned circumstances, followed by an identification of the responses that together can foster the desired outcome of adaptation. The authors propose that there are four parts that contribute to an elite athlete’s positive psychological adaptation, presented as parts of a process: (a) the appraisal of stressors, (b) coping strategies, (c) self-regulation strategies, and (d) a consolidated adaptation response. Subsequently, athlete adaptation is considered through examples taken from anecdotal literature and formal research studies pertaining to elite athlete adaptation. Implications are discussed for sport psychologists, mental training consultants, sport scientists, coaches, and athletes.
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Bandara, T. G. G. S. T. P., D. S. L. Perera, and H. A. C. S. Hapuarachchi. "Retrospective Study; Comparison of the Stride Pattern of Elite 400 meters Hurdlers in Sri Lanka with Elite Athletes in Asia and the World." Sri Lankan Journal of Applied Statistics 23, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v23i3.8084.
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This study aimed in identifying and comparing the stride pattern in the 400mH event of the top 10 Sri Lankan, Asian, and World levels athletes of 2019 top list. A retrospective research design was used and following a selective sampling method top 10 athletes were selected from each group as subjects (N 30). Each athlete’s 400 mH 2019 season best video was analysed. 400m event timings were recorded from World Athletics. Kinovea software version 0.8.26 and Minitab software version 19 were used for data analysis. One-way ANOVA, Tukey test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests were performed. It was significantly different from the 1st hurdle to the 6th hurdle in all three groups. Tukey test further revealed a significant difference in Sri Lankan athletes from the start to the 1st hurdle, and from the 6th hurdle to the 10th hurdle. Moreover, only the world-level athletes were significantly different from the 10th hurdle to the finish line. The 400m time was significantly different in all three levels. World-level athletes’ group have a moderate, and the Asian-level athlete group have a very weak correlation while the Sri Lankan athlete group have a strong correlation between 400m time and 400 mH time (r= 0.607, 0.135, 0.849) respectively. In conclusion, to improve the level of performance among Sri Lankan 400mH athletes compared with the other levels, the times taken from start to the first hurdle, between hurdles, and from last hurdle to the finish line needed to be improved while improving 400m performance.
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Wandik, Yos, Dina Dina, Tri Setyo Guntoro, Sutoro Sutoro, Oscar Oswald Oktovianus Wambrauw, Fitrine Christiane Abidjulu, Semuel Piter Irab, et al. "Interrelation of mental toughness, religiosity, and happiness of elite adolescent athletes based on gender, type of sport, and level of education." Retos 56 (May 24, 2024): 981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103469.
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There are no studies that comprehensively discuss mental toughness, religiosity, and satisfaction based on gender, type of sport, and different school levels, especially in the context of elite youth athletes. In fact, this variable is believed to be a very important construct in relation to athletes' performance and achievements on the field. The purpose of this research is to explore athlete’s mental toughness, religiosity, and life happiness based on gender, type of sport, and school level. A total of 97 elite youth athletes were included in the study (age = 15.22 ± 1.34; F = 36, M = 61). Research data were collected using standard instruments used by scientists around the world, namely the Mental Toughness Index (MTI), Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis were used to understand more deeply the three research variables based on the athlete’s gender, type of sport, and school level. This study found that there was a significant difference only in the athlete's religiosity variable based on school level (F = 6.212, p ≤ .01). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship with religiosity (r = .343; ρ = .323; p ≤ .01) and happiness in life (r = .340; ρ = .200; p ≤ .01). Apart from that, it also appears that religiosity has a significant relationship with happiness in life (r = .475; ρ = .406; p ≤ .01) and athlete age is significantly correlated with religiosity (r = .233; ρ = .200; p ≤ .05). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship directly to satisfaction and indirectly through religiosity. These three variables have an important role in competitive sports so coaches or athlete coaches need to provide psychological intervention to improve these three variables. Keywords: elite youth athletes, mental toughness, religiosity, satisfaction.
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Albion, Majella J., and Gerard J. Fogarty. "Career Decision Making for Young Elite Athletes: Are We Ahead on Points?" Australian Journal of Career Development 14, no. 1 (April 2005): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841620501400108.
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A comparison is made between the career decision making of secondary school students who are also elite athletes and a sample of non-athlete students. The 226 athletes (111 females, 115 males) in the study were on sporting scholarships with the Australian Institute of Sport or state/territory institutions. Measures used included the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire and the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. The non-athlete data were obtained from 272 secondary school students (149 females, 123 males). Only three athletes indicated a singular focus on a career in professional sport. There were significant relationships between athletic identity and career decision difficulties, especially in relation to dysfunctional myths, and there was only one difference between the difficulties reported by athletes and non-athletes. Tentative conclusions are drawn about the factors that impact on career decision making among elite athletes and possible directions for future research.
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Ma, Ying. "Modeling Social Network of Professional Sports Athletes Based on Machine Learning Algorithms." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6283618.
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With the progress of society and the development of science, the competition of competitive sports has become extremely fierce, and the talents of competitive sports have gradually shown their strong vitality. Elite athletes are an important group for the development of China’s competitive sports industry. To continue to progress and develop, it is inseparable from the careful training of elite athletes. In order to closely integrate the needs of China’s socialist modernization and the training of elite athletes, sports schools that focus on cultivating elite athletes need to strengthen their sense of urgency and mission. It is necessary to meet new challenges at the height of social development and constantly optimize the construction of the curriculum system and the reform of the teaching operation mechanism. The discussion and research of the current elite athlete’s talent training model has become a real problem faced by sports colleges, education departments, and sports departments. This paper conducts an experiment on the modeling of the sports athlete’s social network based on machine learning, and the experimental data are shown as follows: among the athlete social network pictures optimized by machine learning, there are 1,200 male athletes, accounting for 48%, and 1,000 female athletes, accounting for 40%. Before the optimization, male athletes accounted for 70.58% and female athletes accounted for 16.3%, which was a decrease of 22.58% for male athletes and an increase of 23.7% for female athletes. From the above data, it can be seen that after the research on the social network of sports athletes through machine learning, it has a positive effect on the development of the social network of athletes.
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Bermon, Stéphane, Pierre Yves Garnier, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, Neil Robinson, Sylvain Giraud, Raul Nicoli, Norbert Baume, et al. "Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 4328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1391.
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Objective: Prior to the implementation of the blood steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport, we measured the serum androgen levels among a large population of high-level female athletes as well as the prevalence of biochemical hyperandrogenism and some disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods and Results: In 849 elite female athletes, serum T, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, SHBG, and gonadotrophins were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry high resolution or immunoassay. Free T was calculated. The sampling hour, age, and type of athletic event only had a small influence on T concentration, whereas ethnicity had not. Among the 85.5% that did not use oral contraceptives, 168 of 717 athletes were oligo- or amenorrhoic. The oral contraceptive users showed the lowest serum androgen and gonadotrophin and the highest SHBG concentrations. After having removed five doped athletes and five DSD women from our population, median T and free T values were close to those reported in sedentary young women. The 99th percentile for T concentration was calculated at 3.08 nmol/L, which is below the 10 nmol/L threshold used for competition eligibility of hyperandrogenic women with normal androgen sensitivity. Prevalence of hyperandrogenic 46 XY DSD in our athletic population is approximately 7 per 1000, which is 140 times higher than expected in the general population. Conclusion: This is the first study to establish normative serum androgens values in elite female athletes, while taking into account the possible influence of menstrual status, oral contraceptive use, type of athletic event, and ethnicity. These findings should help to develop the blood steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport and to refine more evidence-based fair policies and recommendations concerning hyperandrogenism in female athletes.
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Do Carmo, Everton Crivoi, Allan Inoue, Cesar Cavinato Cal Abad, Frederico Antonio dos Santos Andrade, Valmor Tricoli, and Renato Barroso. "Pacing strategy during Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Bike: effects of performance level, age and sex." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/0620.jsc.04.
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Objectives: the aim of the present study was to verify the pacing strategy during a season of a Cross-Country Mountain Bike (XCO-MTB) and the effects of performance level, age and sex. Method: Overall, 802 paces in 4 age-sex categories were analyzed: male elite (EliteM; n = 272), female elite (EliteF; n = 170), male under-23 (U23M; n = 247) and female under-23 (U23F; n = 113). Races were divided into Initial Lap; middle one (Middle1); middle two (Middle2) and Final Lap. The athletes were divided into high performance (HP); intermediated performance (IP) and low performance (LP). The magnitude-based inference and the effect size were assessed to check the changes clinically important. Results: it was observed a similar fast-start strategy for all categories. Both HP EliteM and EliteF athletes showed higher speed in Final Lap than LP (EliteM - ES = 0.5; 90%CI -0.8 to -0.2; very likely and EliteF - ES = 1.0; 90%CI -1.4 to -0.6; almost certain). The U23F athletes showed higher speeds in Initial Lap than EliteF (ES = 0.21; 90%CI - 0.1 to 0.5; likely), however in Final Lap the speeds was lower in U23F (ES = 1; 90%CI -1.3 to -0.6; very likely). Conclusion: the fast-start strategy is typically used during a XCO-MTB race independently of performance level, age or sex. HP Elite athletes are able to maintain higher speeds in the Final Lap. U23F athletes used to do a more variable pacing strategy with more aggressive fast-start strategy and lower speed in Final Lap than EliteF.
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Gerber, Markus, Michael Kellmann, Serge Brand, Basil Gygax, Sebastian Ludyga, Caspar Müller, Sven Ramseyer, and Sarah Jakowski. "Differences in mental health outcomes between adolescent elite athletes and peers not engaged in elite sport." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 7 (December 1, 2022): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2022ciss013.
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Elite athletes are confronted with various challenges, pressures and stressors. Due to their status as student and athlete, adolescent elite athletes are exposed to a double burden of stress (pressure to be simultaneously successful in school and elite sport), which adds to the general risk for psychological problems in this developmental period. To facilitate the combination of elite sport and education, almost all cantons in Switzerland have established schools, which offer a special track for adolescent elite athletes. We examine (i) whether adolescent elite athletes differ from controls in a series of mental health outcomes, (ii) whether links between perceived stress and mental health symptoms are particularly strong among adolescent elite athletes, and (iii) whether perceived stress and training/competitive load interact to explain variance in mental health. Cross-sectional data from 156 athletes (134 from sport classes, 22 from regular classes) and 150 non-athletic controls (peers not engaged in elite sport) were analysed. All students were recruited from Swiss Olympic Partner schools, and attended grade 10-14. In total, 5–19% of the students reported moderate-to-severe mental health symptoms. With regard to depressive, burnout and insomnia symptoms, no significant differences were found between athletes and controls. A consistent link was observed between higher stress perceptions and more frequent mental health symptoms. However, engaging in elite sport did not seem to be an additional source of distress (or vulnerability factor) among adolescents with moderate-to-high stress levels. High training/competitive load did not amplify the association between perceived stress and mental health symptoms in elite athletes. Currently, no comprehensive framework or model of care exists to support and respond to mental health needs of young elite athletes. Our findings show that it is time to address these challenges to prevent mental health issues and ensure that young athletes can flourish while developing their full potential.
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Hunt, Kenneth, Eric Lakey, Jesse Roberts, and Pam Kumparatana. "Application of Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in Elite Athletes." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00064.
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Category: Sports Introduction/Purpose: Since its introduction into clinical practice, the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) has become commonplace across multiple different orthopaedic sub-specialties for a wide variety of patient populations. PROMIS computer adaptive tests (CATs) are increasingly administered following injury and/or surgical intervention. Yet, a gap in the literature remains with regard to the results of PROMIS scores in populations that may not conform to mean normal values in the NIH PROMIS scoring database. Examples include young, healthy patients and young, elite athletes. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of scoring tools in six PROMIS domains in young, healthy non-athlete individuals and young, uninjured elite athletes, comparing both to National Institute of Health (NIH) developed normal PROMIS means and Standard deviations. Methods: In an IRB approved prospective cohort study, healthy subjects were recruited from a large University with a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 athletics program between May and November 2017. Subjects were administered a one-time survey, including the following six PROMIS domains: Pain Interference CAT, Physical Functioning CAT, Mobility CAT, Social Functioning CAT, Depression CAT, and Global Health Short Form. Demographics included age, gender, sport and level of participation (where applicable), self-reported health status, history of recent orthopaedic injury, and history of foot/ankle surgery. Elite athletes were defined as participants > 18 years old actively participating in NCAA Division 1 athletics. Young people were defined as non-NCAA Division 1 athletes ages 18 to 35 years old. Following completion of data collection, results were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results: The final cohort consisted of a total of 206 participants, which included 39 elite athletes, and 167 healthy non-athletes. All six PROMIS domains demonstrated statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.01) comparing elite athletes to NIH normal values. Compared to healthy non-athletes, elite athletes’ scores were all significant different (p-value < 0.01) except for the PROMIS Social Functioning CAT (p = 0.0766) and PROMIS Global Health Short Form Physical Functioning T-score (p = 0.0916). Furthermore, when elite athletes were compared to similar age undergraduates students (n = 25) only PROMIS Depression CAT and Global Health Short Form Mental Health T-score were statistically significant (p-value < 0.01). Conclusion: Elite athletes’ baseline PROMIS scores are significantly different than both the NIH normal values, and young healthy non-athletes across PROMIS domains. This highlights the need to interpret the results of elite athletes’ scores in the context of normal values for this specific population, and taking this into account over the of course of care following injury and/or surgery. There is a need for further research to establish baseline normal values for PROMIS scores for elite athletes and other populations of specific interest to the orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeon, to ensure proper interpretation of scores throughout the course of treatment.
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Leońska-Duniec, Agata, Małgorzata Borczyk, Marcin Piechota, Michał Korostyński, Andrzej Brodkiewicz, and Paweł Cięszczyk. "TTN Variants Are Associated with Physical Performance and Provide Potential Markers for Sport-Related Phenotypes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610173.
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TTN encodes the third myofilament, titin, which plays structural, mechanical, regulatory, and developmental roles in sarcomeres. The aim of this research was to determine the interaction between novel and previously described TTN variants and athletic performance, as well as competition level, in Caucasians. Firstly, 100 athletes and 47 controls were recruited, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Secondly, 348 athletes (108 endurance, 100 sprint/power, 140 mixed-sport athletes) and 403 volunteers were included, and real-time PCR was performed. We found a significant overrepresentation of the rs10497520 CT and TT genotypes in the sprint/power athlete group (95% CI, 1.41–3.66, p = 0.0013). The rs10497520 T carriers were 2.17 times more likely to become sprint/power athletes (95% CI 1.35–3.49, p = 0.0021). We also found that the likelihood of having the TT genotype was higher for the highly elite and sub-elite sprint/power athletes. Possessing at least one TAA (rs10497520, rs55837610, rs72648256) haplotype resulted in an increase in the log-odds ratio by 0.80 (p = 0.0015), 1.42 (p = 0.003), and 0.77 (p = 0.044) for all, highly elite, and sub-elite sprint/power athletes, respectively. We demonstrated that harbouring the rs10497520 T allele, individually and in a haplotype combination, increased the chance of being an elite sprint/power athlete, indicating that this allele may be favourable for sprint/power performance.
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Jwaad, Riaad Ahmed, and Abdul Jaleel Jebar Naser. "Electronic Marketing Reality in Elite Players in Iraq." Journal of Physical Education 33, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v33(2)2021.1147.
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The research aimed at identifying the reality of electronic marketing in elite athletes. The researchers used the descriptive method on (193) athletes from different sports; individual and team. Direct questions and an electronic marketing scale were applied to conclude that athletic shows come first in most bought goods. The results showed that there is a difference between direct and electron shopping in favor of direct shopping. In addition to that, the results showed that sports federations do not provide athletes with proper apparels and equipment thus placing financial burdens on the athlete. Finally, the researchers concluded that language was not a barrier in electronic shopping, lack of safety and trust was the main barriers for athletes in electronic shopping.
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Davenport, Margie H., Autumn Nesdoly, Lauren Ray, Jane S. Thornton, Rshmi Khurana, and Tara-Leigh F. McHugh. "Pushing for change: a qualitative study of the experiences of elite athletes during pregnancy." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 8 (February 8, 2022): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104755.
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ObjectivesAthletes train and compete at the elite level during their reproductive years, yet sport policies that support pregnant athletes are lacking. The experiences of elite athletes during pregnancy are vastly under-represented, and such voices are needed to support evidence-informed policy. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of elite female athletes as they navigate pregnancy, and to identify sport policy considerations regarding participation during pregnancy.MethodsTwenty athletes (mean age 35±5 years) who, within the last 5 years, had trained or competed at the elite level immediately prior to becoming pregnant were included. Data were generated via one-on-one semistructured interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed through a process of content analysis.ResultsThe findings of this study are represented by one overarching message: mother versus athlete, and five main themes: (1) pregnancy planning and fertility, (2) pregnancy disclosure and discrimination, (3) training pregnant athletic bodies, (4) safety concerns, and (5) supportive network and equitable funding.ConclusionIn-depth stories shared by participants highlight the many significant decisions athletes must make as they navigate pregnancy alongside elite sport participation. The shared experiences of pregnant athletes highlight clear challenges that should be considered in the development of sport policy and practices that are inclusive and supportive of female athletes.
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Nazha, Bassel, Bhavi Pandya, Alex Spyropoulos, and Craig Kessler. "Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Elite Athletes: A Suggested Approach to Individualized Anticoagulation." Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 44, no. 08 (October 8, 2018): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1673690.
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AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity with potentially detrimental career consequences in elite athletes. Their unique predisposing factors entail a higher-than-expected VTE incidence. Anticoagulation treatment is challenging, especially among those athletes wishing to resume their competitive activities. The authors review the current VTE treatment guidelines from the perspective of treating elite athletes. They then provide an expert opinion individualized treatment approach based on the pharmacokinetic properties of direct oral anticoagulants that permits tailoring the drug's timing to the athlete's competitive endeavors. They also present low-molecular-weight heparin as an alternative. The proposed risk management approach allows mitigation against VTE recurrence, reducing the chance of major bleeding, and honoring the athlete's self-determination to resume their career while accepting the risks involved. A shared decision making with the athlete and his/her team along with the presence of adequate resources are key components. Ultimately, the authors hope this work will serve as a stepping stone to validated VTE treatment regimens that consider the particularities of elite athletes.
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Mahoney, Michael J., Tyler J. Gabriel, and T. Scott Perkins. "Psychological Skills and Exceptional Athletic Performance." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.181.
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To assess psychological skills relevant to exceptional athletic performance, a 51-item questionnaire was administered to a national sample of 713 male and female athletes from 23 sports. The athlete sample comprised 126 elite competitors, 141 preelite athletes, and 446 nonelite collegiate athletes. Sixteen leading sport psychologists also completed the questionnaire as they thought the ideal athlete might. Omnibus, individual item, discriminant, regression, factor, and cluster analyses all revealed significant differences among the athlete subsamples. The themes of concentration, anxiety management, self-confidence, mental preparation, and motivation were seen to have potential importance in skill-level differentiation, although age-difference confounds as well as gender and sport differences may have been involved. The ideal profile constructed by the sport psychologists generally paralleled the skill differences encountered, although the elite athletes did not report selected amplitudes in the profile.
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Lardi, Michele, Nikolai Kiselev, Christian Imboden, Olivia Stoffel, Andreas Heiniger, and Michael Schaub. "Unveiling the shadows - Substance use among para-athletes: A qualitative study with Swiss elite para-athletes." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss015.
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Background Despite the growth of para-sport, little research has been conducted on psychotropic substance use among Swiss elite para-athletes (McDuff et al., 2019; Rice et al., 2016; Weber et al., 2022). This study is among the first to explore this under-researched area, focusing on athletes’ perceptions and mental health concerns related to substance use. Methodology Adopting a qualitative research design, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with fifteen (N = 15) active Swiss adult elite para-athletes from nine different summer and winter sports. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the interview data, focusing on athletes' perceptions and experiences related to substance use (Guest et al., 2012). Findings On the one hand, an increase in athletic level and professionalisation seem to leave little room for the use of substances that could be detrimental to athletic performance. On the other hand, the results suggest that stress, negative emotions, physical pain, and a background of substance use may be positively associated with substance use in elite para-athletes (Lardi et al., in preparation). Conclusion The findings suggest a need for targeted interventions and support systems within athletic federations. Proposed measures include the development of comprehensive prevention strategies, regulatory frameworks, and treatment programs tailored to the unique needs of para-athletes. This study contributes valuable insights into substance use among Swiss elite para-athletes, advocating for specialized interventions to support athlete well-being. References Guest, G., MacQueen, K., & Namey, E. (2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384436 Lardi, M., Kiselev, N., Imboden, C., Stoffel, O., Heiniger, A., & Schaub, M. (in preparation). Unveiling the shadows - Substance use among para-athletes: A qualitative study with Swiss elite para-athletes. McDuff, D., Stull, T., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Hitchcock, M. E., Hainline, B., & Reardon, C. L. (2019). Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: A narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(12), 754-760. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100669 Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46, 1333-1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2 Weber, K., Patterson, L. B., & Blank, C. (2022). Doping in disabled elite sport: Perceptions, knowledge and opinions from the perspective of German and UK coaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, Article 102233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102233
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Ronkainen, Noora Johanna, and Violetta Oblinger-Peters. "Life in elite sport." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 072. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss072.
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Empirical research which aims to investigate elite sport from a holistic perspective (Magnusson & Stattin, 2006; Wylleman, 2019) is necessary to inform the ethical discussions surrounding issues such as performance and optimization. This symposium, therefore, intends to capture the complex trajectories of athlete’s lived experience from multiple angles and disciplines within the area of sport science. Starting from a psychological understanding, Philip Röthlin will introduce the prevalence of mental health disorders among Swiss elite athletes along with relevant contributing factors such as need satisfaction and organizational support. Colm Hickey will unearth how professional elite athletes are affected by abuse disguised as jokes in their daily lives from a sociological perspective. Helena Hlasová will explore retirement from elite sport through the lens of Dialogical Self Theory (Hermans & Kempen, 1993) and uncover the implicit ways in which elite athletes may or may not engage in “identity work” while transitioning out of their careers. Finally, Violetta Oblinger-Peters will present on how Olympic athletes find and create personal meaning(s) in their sport and discuss how the scientific concept translates into tangible support for athletes. Overall, the symposium intends to generate transferable knowledge of athletes’ lived reality in elite sport. References Hermans, H. J. M., & Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. Academic Press. Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (2006). The person in context: A holistic-interactionistic approach. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 400–464). Wiley. Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & De Knop, P. (2013). A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In P. Sotiriadou & V. De Bosscher (Eds.), Managing high performance sport (pp. 159–182). Routledge.
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Tricker, Ray, David L. Cook, and Rick McGuire. "Issues Related to Drug Abuse in College Athletics: Athletes at Risk." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.2.155.
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In recent years drug abuse by college athletes has received greater attention. Because of the recognition of the growing problem of drug use in athletics, the new NCAA drug testing policy, and recent deaths of elite athletes, the sport psychologist should be prepared to deal with this issue. In many college settings the sport psychologist may be expected to provide support with counseling or participate in the development of a drug abuse prevention program for student athletes. Therefore sport psychologists need to closely examine the factors that may predispose athletes toward using drugs, understand the role of prevention, and develop a thorough knowledge of positive, viable alternatives to drugs. This article addresses five important issues that relate to drug abuse in college athletics: (a) why athletes are at risk, (b) athletic leadership and its relationship to substance abuse, (c) the role of the sport psychologist, (d) issues related to the effectiveness of drug education for athletes, and (e) recommendations for athlete drug education programs.
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Doronina, Alexandra, István Ferenc Édes, Adrienn Ujvári, Zoltán Kántor, Bálint Károly Lakatos, Márton Tokodi, Nóra Sydó, et al. "The Female Athlete’s Heart: Comparison of Cardiac Changes Induced by Different Types of Exercise Training Using 3D Echocardiography." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 28, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3561962.
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We aimed to characterize female athlete’s heart in elite competitors in the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) Bikini Fitness category and compare them to athletes of a more dynamic sport discipline and healthy, sedentary volunteers using 3D echocardiography. Fifteen elite female fitness athletes were recruited and compared to 15 elite, age-matched female water polo athletes and 15 age-matched healthy, nontrained controls. Using 3D echocardiography, left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume index (EDVi) and LV mass index (LVMi) were measured. Fitness athletes presented similar LV and RV EDVi compared to healthy, sedentary volunteers. Water polo athletes, however, had higher LV and also RV EDVi (fitness versus water polo versus control; LVEDVi: 76±13 versus 84±8 versus 73±8 ml/m2, ANOVA p=0.045; RVEDVi: 61±12 versus 86±14 versus 55±9 ml/m2, p<0.0001). LVMi was significantly higher in the athlete groups; the hypertrophy, however, was even more prominent in water polo athletes (78±13 versus 91±10 versus 57±10 g/m2, p<0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize female athlete’s heart of IFBB Bikini Fitness competitors. The predominantly static exercise regime induced a mild, concentric-type LV hypertrophy, while in water polo athletes higher ventricular volumes and eccentric LV hypertrophy developed.
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Stillman, Mark A., Ira D. Glick, David McDuff, Claudia L. Reardon, Mary E. Hitchcock, Vincent M. Fitch, and Brian Hainline. "Psychotherapy for mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 12 (April 3, 2019): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100654.
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BackgroundAthletes, like non-athletes, suffer from mental health symptoms and disorders that affect their lives and their performance. Psychotherapy, either as the sole treatment or combined with other non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies, is a pivotal component of management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Psychotherapy takes the form of individual, couples/family or group therapy and should address athlete-specific issues while being embraced as normative by athletes and their core stakeholders.Main findingsThis narrative review summarises controlled and non-controlled research on psychotherapy for elite athletes with mental health symptoms and disorders. In summary, treatment is similar to that of non-athletes—although with attention to issues that are athlete-specific. Challenges associated with psychotherapy with elite athletes are discussed, including diagnostic issues, deterrents to help-seeking and expectations about services. We describe certain personality characteristics sometimes associated with elite athletes, including narcissism and aggression, which could make psychotherapy with this population more challenging. The literature regarding psychotherapeutic interventions in elite athletes is sparse and largely anecdotal.
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Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio, João Guilherme de Mello e. Gallinaro, Rodrigo Scialfa Falcão, Vincent Gouttebarge, Mary E. Hitchcock, Brian Hainline, Claudia L. Reardon, and Todd Stull. "Mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a systematic review on cultural influencers and barriers to athletes seeking treatment." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 11 (May 15, 2019): 707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100710.
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ObjectiveTo summarise the literature on the barriers to athletes seeking mental health treatment and cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes.DesignSystematic reviewData sourcesPubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, SportDiscus (Ebsco), and PsycINFO (ProQuest) up to November 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesQualitative and quantitative original studies of elite athletes (those who competed at the professional, Olympic, or collegiate/university levels), published in any language.ResultsStigma, low mental health literacy, negative past experiences with mental health treatment-seeking, busy schedules, and hypermasculinity are barriers to elite athletes seeking mental health treatment. Cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes include: (1) the lack of acceptance of women as athletes; (2) lower acceptability of mental health symptoms and disorders among non-white athletes; (3) non-disclosure of religious beliefs; and (4) higher dependence on economic benefits. Coaches have an important role in supporting elite athletes in obtaining treatment for mental illness. Brief anti-stigma interventions in elite athletes decrease stigma and improve literary about mental health.ConclusionThere is a need for various actors to provide more effective strategies to overcome the stigma that surrounds mental illness, increase mental health literacy in the athlete/coach community, and address athlete-specific barriers to seeking treatment for mental illness. In this systematic review, we identified strategies that, if implemented, can overcome the cultural factors that may otherwise limit athletes seeking treatment. Coaches are critical for promoting a culture within elite athletes’ environments that encourages athletes to seek treatment.
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Sorrigueta-Hernández, Alba, Barbara-Yolanda Padilla-Fernandez, Magaly-Teresa Marquez-Sanchez, Maria-Carmen Flores-Fraile, Javier Flores-Fraile, Carlos Moreno-Pascual, Anabel Lorenzo-Gomez, Maria-Begoña Garcia-Cenador, and Maria-Fernanda Lorenzo-Gomez. "Benefits of Physiotherapy on Urinary Incontinence in High-Performance Female Athletes. Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 3240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103240.
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Introduction: High performance female athletes may be a risk group for the development of urinary incontinence due to the imbalance of forces between the abdomen and the pelvis. Pelvic floor physiotherapy may be a useful treatment in these patients. Objectives: (1) To identify the scientific evidence for pelvic floor (PF) dysfunctions that are associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in high-performance sportswomen. (2) To determine whether pelvic floor physiotherapy (PT) corrects UI in elite female athletes. Materials and methods: Meta-analysis of published scientific evidence. The articles analyzed were found through the following search terms: (A) pelvic floor dysfunction elite female athletes; (B) urinary incontinence elite female athletes; (C) pelvic floor dysfunction elite female athletes physiotherapy; (D) urinary incontinence elite female athletes physiotherapy. Variables studied: type of study, number of individuals, age, prevalence of urinary incontinence described in the athletes, type of sport, type of UI, aspect investigated in the articles (prevalence, response to treatment, etiopathogenesis, response to PT treatment, concomitant health conditions or diseases. Study groups according to the impact of each sport on the PF: G1: low-impact (noncompetitive sports, golf, swimming, running athletics, throwing athletics); G2: moderate impact (cross-country skiing, field hockey, tennis, badminton, baseball) and G3: high impact (gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, ballet, aerobics, jump sports (high, long, triple and pole jump)), judo, soccer, basketball, handball, volleyball). Descriptive analysis, ANOVA and meta-analysis. Results: Mean age 22.69 years (SD 2.70, 18.00–29.49), with no difference between athletes and controls. Average number of athletes for each study was 284.38 (SD 373,867, 1–1263). The most frequent type of study was case-control (39.60%), followed by cross-sectional (30.20%). The type of UI was most often unspecified by the study (47.20%), was stress UI (SUI, 24.50%), or was referred to as general UI (18.90%). Studies on prevalence were more frequent (54.70%), followed by etiopathogenesis (28.30%) and, lastly, on treatment (17.00%). In most cases sportswomen did not have any disease or concomitant pathological condition (77.40%). More general UI was found in G1 (36.40%), SUI in G2 (50%) and unspecified UI in G3 (63.64%). In the meta-analysis, elite athletes were found to suffer more UI than the control women. In elite female athletes, in general, physiotherapy contributed to gain in urinary continence more than in control women (risk ratio 0.81, confidence interval 0.78–0.84)). In elite female athletes, former elite female athletes and in pregnant women who regularly engage in aerobic activity, physiotherapy was successful in delivering superior urinary continence compared to the control group. The risk of UI was the same in athletes and in the control group in volleyball female athletes, elite female athletes, cross-country skiers and runners. Treatment with PT was more effective in control women than in gymnastics, basketball, tennis, field hockey, track, swimming, volleyball, softball, golf, soccer and elite female athletes. Conclusions: There is pelvic floor dysfunction in high-performance athletes associated with athletic activity and urinary incontinence. Eating disorders, constipation, family history of urinary incontinence, history of urinary tract infections and decreased flexibility of the plantar arch are associated with an increased risk of UI in elite female athletes. Pelvic floor physiotherapy as a treatment for urinary incontinence in elite female athletes, former elite female athletes and pregnant athletes who engage in regular aerobic activity leads to a higher continence gain than that obtained by nonathlete women.
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Makaruk, Hubert, Marcin Starzak, Piotr Tarkowski, Jerzy Sadowski, and Jason Winchester. "The Effects of Resistance Training on Sport-Specific Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis." Journal of Human Kinetics 91 (April 15, 2024): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhk/185877.
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This systematic review examines the influence of resistance training (RT) on the performance outcomes of elite athletes. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, considering studies up to November 19, 2023. The inclusion criteria were elite athletes involved in high-level competitions. Studies were categorized by the competitive level among elite athletes, athlete's sex, performance outcomes, and a training modality with subgroup analyses based on these factors. Thirty-five studies involving 777 elite athletes were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed a large and significant overall effect of RT on sport-specific performance (standardized mean difference, SMD = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.66), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 84%). Subgroup analyses revealed differential effects based on the competitive level, the type of sport-specific outcomes, and sex. National elite athletes showed more pronounced (large SMD) benefits from RT compared to international elite athletes (small SMD). Global outcomes revealed a medium but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMD, while local outcomes showed a large SMD. Notably, female athletes exhibited a large SMD, though not reaching statistical significance (p > 0.05), probably due to limited study participants. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were found between heavy and light load RT. Resistance training is effective in improving sport-specific performance in elite athletes, with its effectiveness modulated by the competitive level, the type of the performance outcome, and athlete's sex. The findings underscore the need for personalized RT regimens and further research, particularly in female elite athletes, as well as advanced RT methods for international elite athletes.
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Chow, Bik C. "Moving on? Elite Hong Kong Female Athletes and Retirement from Competitive Sport." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2001): 47–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.10.2.47.
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The purpose of the research was to study the transitional experiences of elite female athletes who are going through the process of athletic retirement. Using a life history approach, six former and six current athletes in Hong Kong were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were utilized based on the Schlossberg’s (1981, 1984) transition model. Data were analyzed using typology and constant comparison methods. Diversity and commonality in the experiences of women withdrawing from elite sports competition were found. The life history approach was effective in illustrating the ways in which Hong Kong female athletes feel and think about career end, with a transition from competition to retirement evident as part of career passing. Content analysis of interviews revealed several salient themes related to sports retirement. Key distinctions across projected and experienced retirement were associated with a woman’s being an immigrant athlete, entering early into sport, and pursuing an education. Athlete status also affected transition to retirement and lifestyle after an elite sports career.
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Huybers, Twan, and Jason Mazanov. "What Would Kim Do: A Choice Study of Projected Athlete Doping Considerations." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 4 (July 2012): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.4.322.
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This paper reports on an empirical discrete choice model of the factors influencing a hypothetical athlete’s deliberations around using prohibited performance enhancing substances (doping) developed from a sample of 259 elite Australian athletes (76% Australian, Worlds or Olympic). Kim was constructed as a gender neutral athlete at the same level and stage of career as the respondent. The results indicate athletes felt Kim would be more at risk of considering doping if convinced by a coach or senior athlete of disproportionate immediate gains to performance with little or no consequences (e.g., low risk of prosecution). Conversely, athletes indicated Kim was felt to be less inclined to consider doping if doping would be fatal, to achieve or maintain performance, large fines ($150,000) or no financial gain. The choice model also indicates elite athletes’ projections about doping considerations were rational in character. The implications for managing the role of drugs in sport suggest antidoping could be improved with precisely timed testing, changing incentive structures within sport, concealing test accuracy and publicly humiliating athletes caught doping.
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Chambers, Monique, MaCalus Hogan, Dukens LaBaze, Ermias Abebe, and Joseph Kromka. "Patient Reported Outcomes in Athletes following ORIF of Jones Fracture." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 2473011417S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000127.
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Category: Lesser Toes, Midfoot/Forefoot, Sports Introduction/Purpose: Treatment of fractures to the 5th metatarsal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction, known as Jones’ fractures, can present challenges in the elite athlete significantly prolonging return to play. Non-operative treatments in elite athletes result in a high incidence of nonunion and secondary fracture. Primary screw fixation remains the standard of care for athletes. However, delayed union and nonunion are still very common despite surgical fixation due to the fracture occurring in a watershed area with decreased healing potential. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) is an autologous source of hematopoeitic and mesenchymal stem cells that has been used in the treatment of poor healing fractures. We hypothesize that open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) augmented with BMAC will improve patient-reported outcome measures following Jones’ fractures in athletes. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of elite athletes that underwent intramedullary screw fixation augmented with BMAC for Jones’ fractures at an academic medical institution. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively to determine their pain outcomes based on their visual analog score (VAS). Student’s t test was used in statistical comparison of the preoperative and postoperative outcome scores. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 16 elite athletes were treated with ORIF with BMAC for a Jones fracture with a mean age of 22.2 years (range 19–26). There were 9 males and 7 females included in the study. Type of athlete ranged across various sport activities, with all patients functioning at a collegiate and/or professional level of elite athletics. The mean visual analog score for pain decreased from 6.2 preoperatively (range 3-8) to 2.75 postoperatively (range 1-6 p = 0.06). All patients have returned to elite competitive sport activity with reports of minimal to no pain. Conclusion: Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones’ fractures with BMAC results in optimal surgical outcomes in the elite athlete. A higher powered and long-term study with validated patient-reported outcomes is needed to confirm our observations.
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Bender, Amy, Hans Van Dongen, and Charles Samuels. "Sleep Quality and Chronotype Differences between Elite Athletes and Non-Athlete Controls." Clocks & Sleep 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1010002.
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Previous research has found that elite athletes have insufficient sleep, yet the specific kinds of sleep disturbances occurring as compared to a control group are limited. Here we compare the subjective sleep quality and chronotype of elite athletes to a control group of non-athlete good sleepers. Sixty-three winter Canadian National Team athletes (mean age 26.0 ± 0.0; 32% females) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Athlete Morningness Eveningness Scale. They were compared to 83 healthy, non-athlete, good-sleeper controls (aged 27.3 ± 3.7; 51% females) who completed the PSQI and the Composite Scale of Morningness. The elite athletes reported poorer sleep quality (PSQI global score 5.0 ± 2.6) relative to the controls (PSQI global score 2.6 ± 1.3), despite there being no group difference in self-reported sleep duration (athletes 8.1 ± 1.0 h; controls 8.0 ± 0.7 h). Further, athletes’ chronotype distribution showed a greater skew toward morningness, despite there being no group differences in self-reported usual bedtime and wake time. These results suggest that a misalignment of sleep times with circadian preference could contribute to poorer sleep quality in elite athletes.
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Brown, Seth. "Learning to be a ‘goody-goody’: Ethics and performativity in high school elite athlete programmes." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51, no. 8 (July 9, 2016): 957–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215571145.
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Over the past few decades, New Zealand schools have started elite athlete programmes (EAPs) to develop talented sportspeople. The purpose of this study was to evaluate teachers/coaches and elite athletes’ perspectives of their learning experiences in two EAPs. Ball’s concept of performativity and Gore’s techniques of power were integral in examining the relationships between power, knowledge and social practices. The results showed that the EAPs emphasised corporate values of loyalty, self-sacrifice and work ethic and perpetuated the dichotomies of theory/practice, thinking/doing and mind/body discourses that assisted in the marginalised academic status of the EAP. Most of the elite athletes struggled to reconcile their athletic identity with their teenage identity as they sacrificed time with friends, pleasures such as frozen colas and other pursuits to be role models for younger athletes and others in their community.
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Sullivan, Claire F. "Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 35, no. 4 (November 2011): 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723511426293.
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Sex-segregated sports require governing bodies to clearly and accurately place athletes in two categories, one labeled “men” and the other labeled “women.” Sports governing bodies such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) used sex testing procedures to attempt to verify the sex of athletes competing in women’s events. In 2004, the IOC introduced the Stockholm Consensus to regulate the inclusion of, primarily, male-to-female transsexual athletes, to compete at the Olympic Games. These governing bodies, and others, are dealing with society’s basic categorization of humans and thus are entangled in attempts to scientifically and medically define sex. This article will focus on the history and implications of gender-verification testing and gender policy on notions of “fair play” and athlete eligibility.
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Bebetsos, Evangelos, Emmanuel Aggelakis, George Bebetsos, and Dimitrios Gargalianos. "Motivation Psychological Characteristics of Canoe-Kayak Sprint Elite Youth Athletes." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 85, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0003.
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AbstractThe objective of the current study was the investigation of anxiety and satisfaction levels among Elite Greek Youth athletes of Canoe-Kayak Sprint. Additionally, whether elements such as gender, age, athletic experience, and weekly practice-time, differentiated the sample. 122 athletes, (61 males and 61 females) between the ages of 15-17 yrs. old, who competed in the Hellenic Federation’s Canoe-Kayak Sprint National Championships. Study participants were invited to complete two questionnaires: a) the Greek version of “CSAI-2” (Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos, & Psichoundaki, 1998), and b) the Greek version of the “Athlete Satisfaction” scale (Bebetsos & Theodorakis, 2003). Results of the conducted study revealed that the sample differentiated: a) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, according to their athletic experience, and b) on somatic, and cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, leadership, and personal outcome, according to their weekly practice-time. Finally, no sex differences were found in any questionnaire variable. In conclusion, the survey results highlighted the importance of the psychological factors tested on Canoe-Kayak Sprint athletes’ performance. Knowing and understanding athletes’ psychological state, can help them out (the athletes) in identifying aspects such as stress and satisfaction that directly affect their racing performance.
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Tsai, Yu-Hung, Sheng-Kuang Wu, Shyr-Shen Yu, and Meng-Hsiun Tsai. "A Novel Hybrid Deep Neural Network for Predicting Athlete Performance Using Dynamic Brain Waves." Mathematics 11, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11040903.
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The exploration of the performance of elite athletes by cognitive neuroscience as a research method has become an emerging field of study in recent years. In the research of cognitive abilities and athletic performance of elite athletes, the tasks of an experiment are usually performed by athletics task of closed skills rather than open skills. Thus, little has been conducted to explore the cognitive abilities and athletic performance of elite athletes with open skills. This study is novel as it attempts at predicting how table tennis athletes perform by collecting their dynamic brain waves when executing specific plays of table tennis, and then putting the data of dynamic brain waves to deep neural network algorithms. The method of this study begins with the collection of data on the dynamic brain waves of table tennis athletes and then converts the time domain data into frequency domain data before improving the accuracy of categorization using a hybrid convolutional neural networks (CNN) framework of deep learning. The findings hereof were that the algorithm of hybrid deep neural networks proposed herein was able to predict the sports performance of athletes from their dynamic brain waves with an accuracy up to 96.70%. This study contributes to the literature in cognitive neuroscience on dynamic brain waves in open skills and creates a novel hybrid deep CNN classification model for identifying dynamic brain waves associated with good elite sports performance.
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Boraita, Araceli, Francisco Morales-Acuna, Manuel Marina-Breysse, María-Eugenia Heras, Alicia Canda, María-Eugenia Fuentes, Antonio Chacón, et al. "Bicuspid aortic valve behaviour in elite athletes." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 20, no. 7 (January 31, 2019): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez001.
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Abstract Aims To determine the prevalence and characteristics of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) among elite athletes and to analyse the effect of long-term exercise training on their aortas. Methods and results Consecutive BAV and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) elite athletes from a population of 5136 athletes evaluated at the Sports Medicine Center of the Spanish National Sports Council were identified using echocardiography. A total of 41 BAV elite athletes were matched with 41 TAV elite athletes, and 41 BAV non-athletic patients from three Spanish tertiary hospitals. Sixteen BAV elite athletes who had undergone at least two cardiac evaluations separated by more than 3 years were selected to assess their clinical course. The prevalence of BAV in elite athletes was 0.8%. The proximal ascending aorta was larger for both BAV groups in comparison to TAV athletes (P = 0.001). No differences in aortic diameters were found between BAV athletes and BAV non-athletes. In BAV elite athletes, the annual growth rates for aortic annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and proximal ascending aorta were 0.04 ± 0.24, 0.11 ± 0.59, 0.14 ± 0.38, and 0.21 ± 0.44 mm/year, respectively. Aortic regurgitation was the only functional abnormality, but no significant progression was found. Conclusion High-intensity training and sports competition may not aggravate BAV condition during elite athletes’ careers. BAV elite athletes with mild-to-moderately dilated aortas may engage in high dynamic cardiovascular exercise without adverse consequences, although an echocardiographic follow-up is recommended.
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Zimmermann, Paul, Jan Wüstenfeld, Lukas Zimmermann, Volker Schöffl, and Isabelle Schöffl. "Physiological Aspects of World Elite Competitive German Winter Sport Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095620.
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Nine Ski mountaineering (Ski-Mo), ten Nordic-Cross Country (NCC) and twelve world elite biathlon (Bia) athletes were evaluated for cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance as the primary aim of our descriptive preliminary report. A multicenter retrospective analysis of CPET data was performed in 31 elite winter sports athletes, which were obtained in 2021 during the annual medical examination. The matched data of the elite winter sports athletes (14 women, 17 male athletes, age: 18–32 years) were compared for different CPET parameters, and athlete’s physique data and sport-specific training schedules. All athletes showed, as estimated in elite winter sport athletes, excellent performance data in the CPET analyses. Significant differences were revealed for VE VT2 (respiratory minute volume at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)), highest maximum respiratory minute volume (VEmaximum), the indexed ventilatory oxygen uptake (VO2) at VT2 (VO2/kg VT2), the oxygen pulse at VT2, and the maximum oxygen pulse level between the three professional winter sports disciplines. This report provides new evidence that in different world elite winter sport professionals, significant differences in CPET parameters can be demonstrated, against the background of athlete’s physique as well as training control and frequency.
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Haughey, John Patrick, and Peter Fine. "Effects of the lower jaw position on athletic performance of elite athletes." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (December 2020): e000886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000886.
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When an athlete wears a mouthguard, the position of the lower jaw is changed by virtue of the teeth being unable to occlude. Little research is available in in this area, which have indicated both positive impact and no positive impact.ObjectivesThis study aims to explore the influence of the lower jaw position on athletic performance in elite athletes.MethodsA repeated measures study compared two lower jaw positions, the athlete’s normal (habitual) bite and the lower jaw position when the muscles of mastication are at physiological rest (physiological rest bite). 15 athletes completed a medicine ball putt (upper body power), vertical jump (lower body power), sit and reach (composite hamstring flexibility), passive knee flexion (hamstring muscle length) and star excursion balance (stability and balance) tests in each condition.ResultsPaired t-tests showed the physiological rest bite had significant (p<0.05) positive effect on athletic performance for each test. On average the physiological rest bite provided an increase of lower body power (5.8%), upper body power (10%), hamstring flexibility (14%) and balance and stability (4.8%) compared to the habitual bite.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of the need for further research to confirm if the lower jaw position can be optimised for athletic performance in athletes.
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Lubis, Leonardo, Bilqis R. S. Iasha, Guswan Wiwaha, and Hadiono Hadiono. "Perception of fatigue in elite athlete in West Java." Fizjoterapia Polska 23, no. 5 (December 31, 2023): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56984/8zg20b6rb.
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An elite athlete is someone who trains and competes in a high-level sport and has greater physical performance and physical endurance. In the training process, elite athletes use high resistance strength training strategies causing fatigue in athletes. On the positive side, fatigue is considered as a stimulus for muscle adaptation and increased muscle performance; on the negative side, it can lead to overreaching to overtraining. Monitoring and training time of athletes is needed to ensure athletes are consistent with training and minimize the risk of maladaptation of training to injury. Monitoring with the self-report method can be done as a marker of the athlete’s fatigue symptoms. This study aims to describe the perceptions of elite athletes towards fatigue. This research design uses descriptive method with cross-sectional design. The subjects involved in this study were the elite athletes of West Java KONI who did the training for PON XX 2021. In this case, the subjects were 215 elite athletes with 36 martial arts, 51 teams, 9 ratings, 34 games, 85 measured. Three RPE Scale with the highest frequency, namely the 13 scale “somewhat hard” (n = 64 29.8%), the 17 “very hard” (n = 47 21.9%), followed by a 12 “between light and somewhat hard” (n = 24 11.2%). There are athletes who choose scale of 6 “no exertion at all” (n = 6 2.8%) and for scale of 20 “maximum exertion” (n = 2 0.9%). Also, there are three RPE Scale with the lowest frequency, namely the 20 “maximum exertion” scale (n = 2 0.9%), followed by scale 19 “extremely hard” (n = 2 0.9%) with the same score and scale 18 (n = 3 1.4%). In this study, the perception of fatigue of elite athletes in West Java using the RPE scale of 20 scales is 13 “somewhat hard” and 17 “very hard”. There is no significant difference between gender, sport, duration, and age in selecting this scale.
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TEKKURŞUN DEMİR, Gönül, Celal BULĞAY, Ozan Veli ÇAKIR, Işık BAYRAKTAR, and Ebru ÇETİN. "Examination of the Anxiety of Catching the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Elite Athletes and Sedentaries." IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, no. 15 (December 2, 2020): 360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5332.
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The present study aims to examine the anxiety to catch COVID-19 from the viewpoint of elite athletes and sedentaries based on different variables. The Individual Anxiety sub-dimension of the Athlete’s Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Scale was applied. According to the study results, athletes had lower levels of anxiety to catch COVID-19 compared to sedentaries. It was concluded that female participants had higher levels of anxiety compared to male participants. It was also determined that female elite athletes also had higher levels of anxiety compared to male elite athletes. When the anxiety to catch COVID-19 was examined by age group, it was observed that elite athletes under the age of 19 had significantly lower levels of individual anxiety compared to other age groups. Additionally, it was found that male elite athletes had lower levels of anxiety compared to male sedentaries.
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Rungstrøm, Katja, Cathrine Hartung Frisk, Ditte Roth Hulgaard, and Mia Beck Lichtenstein. "Psychiatric Disorders in Elite Athletes." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6 (May 15, 2024): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v6i.140705.
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Previous literature has described the importance of increased knowledge about the mental health of elite athletes. This systematic literature review aimed to investigate clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders in elite athletes, including possible connections between being an elite athlete and psychiatric disorders. The databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Psychinfo have been systematically searched from January 1975 to December 2022. Two authors have conducted title-, abstract- and full-text screening as well as quality assessment independently. The search identified 12,490 records up until December 2022. After a removal of duplicates and double screening, 11 studies consisting of 4,492 elite athletes were included. The mean age of the included athletes was 18.6 years, and most studies included were Scandinavian. Most studies investigated multiple types of sport simultaneously. Findings revealed that eating disorder was the most studied psychiatric disorder in this population, while depression and anxiety were more sparsely investigated. Furthermore, female athletes had a higher occurrence of both eating disorders, depression, and anxiety than male athletes. Additional studies based on diagnostic interviews need to be conducted to investigate possible associations between elite athletes and psychiatric disorders.
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Hansen, Per Øystein, and Svein S. Andersen. "Coaching elite athletes: How coaches stimulate elite athletes' reflection." Sports Coaching Review 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2014.901712.
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LaPrade, Christopher M., Deepak V. Chona, Mark E. Cinque, Michael T. Freehill, Timothy R. McAdams, Geoffrey D. Abrams, Seth L. Sherman, and Marc R. Safran. "Return-to-play and performance after operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture in elite male athletes: a scoping review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 9 (February 10, 2022): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104835.
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ObjectiveTo examine the current evidence regarding return-to-play (RTP) and performance after Achilles tendon rupture in elite athletes treated with operative intervention.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished sources identified through a PubMed search of elite athletes, defined as professional or division one collegiate athletes in baseball, basketball, American football or soccer.MethodsOur search yielded a total of 2402 studies, with 13 studies fulfilling the study criteria of reporting elite athletes with objective measures of their athletic performance. A total of 709 elite athletes were included from the NBA, NFL, Major League Baseball (MLB), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football and professional soccer.Results and discussionOverall, 61%–100% of elite male athletes RTP after Achilles tendon rupture and operative repair. NBA players had inferior performance compared with their preoperative status as well as controls of non-injured players. Studies did not show significantly different performance after Achilles injury for MLB players. Professional soccer, NFL and NCAA football studies reported varying performance after injury.ConclusionsEvidence suggests that sports with explosive plantarflexion demands, such as basketball, may be associated with a greater decrease in performance despite operative intervention after Achilles rupture.
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Chumakova, O. S., M. Yu Isaeva, M. I. Abushenko, M. V. Vorobieva, L. E. Guseinova, R. R. Gasanova, G. I. Speshilov, A. G. Nikitin, A. V. Averyanov, and D. A. Zateyshchikov. "NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING HELPS IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PATHOLOGICAL LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY IN ELITE ATHLETES." Journal of Clinical Practice 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract843-7.
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To detect the reason of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) may be difficult in some cases especially in elite athletes. Object. To evaluate the efficiency of next generation sequencing (NGS) genetic test in differential diagnostics of pathological LVH in elite athletes. Material and methods. Analysis of echocardiographic data from 791 elite athletes revealed 15 individuals with LVH > 12 mm (1,9%). Based on the criteria of abnormality (asymmetric, severe and changes on electrocardiogram) 5 (0,6%) athletes were selected for genetic test. TruSight Cardio panel (“Illumina”) was used to identify variants of 174 genes with known associations to inherited cardiac conditions. Results. In 3 out of 5 athletes the pathogenic variants in MBPC3 and LMNA genes previously associated with HCM and other CMs were found. One athlete with negative genetic test result had severe untreated arterial hypertension as a possible cause for LVH. The second athlete didn’t have LVH in magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions. In elite athletes, the asymmetric LVH should be considered as pathological finding which requires comprehensive clinical evaluation and NGS genetic test.
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Pietrzak, Anna, and Aleksandra Tokarz. "Structure of Achievement Motivation Dispositions in Elite and Non-Elite Track and Field Athletes." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 83, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0022.
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AbstractAchievement motivation is a distinguishing disposition in elite and non-elite athletes. Implicit theories and competence perception influence the types of achievement goals and constitute separate achievement motivation dispositions. The context of sport promotes various achievement goals and implicit theories about athletic competence. For this reason, scientific research should focus on the intrapersonal profiles of achievement motivation dispositions (achievement goals, implicit theories, and competence perception) instead of specifying only one of them. This study explores differences between elite and non-elite athletes in terms of intrapersonal profiles of achievement motivation dispositions. 54 elite and 50 non-elite track and field athletes took part in the study. The results suggest that athletes tend to perceive their competence accurately. Cluster analysis of the studied dispositions was conducted. The clusters present sets of achievement dispositions that vary in intensity. Moreover, the results present trends of the differences between elite and non-elite athletes in two of the three clusters obtained in the study.
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Erciş, Sertaç. "Comparison of Mental Skills of Elite and Non-Elite Athletes." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 4a (July 9, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4a.3425.
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The main purpose of this reseach was to compare mental skills of elite and non-elite boys team athletes by Ottawa Questionnare. The reseach study was a descriptive-applied one. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire based on Ottawa questionnare that measured some mental skills factors. The subjects were 40 elite athletes and 40 non-elite athletes that they were randomaly taken up of basketball, volleyball, handball and futsall sport tournaments. T independent test was applied in order to analyze the related data to compare the results at p<0.05 level. The results indicated that the rate of Goal setting, self-confidence, Commitment, Stress reactions, Relaxation, Fear control, Activation, Focusing, Imagery, Competion planning, Mental practice and Refocusing skills is higher in elite athletic boy students in compare to non-elite ones.